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MUN
After over six years of participating in different Model United Nations of prestigious
schools from Colombia, the Model United Nations Team of Gimnasio Fontana is
faced with a serious decision: defining a new north in the values, goals and
challenges that this group of intrepid students wants to face in the upcoming
years. Many opportunities, invitations and options from different parts of Colombia
and the world are being offered to us, which can only be an indicator of how
careful we must be in the different paths that we, as political and diplomatic
researchers and spokesman, must walk. I firmly believe that the directions to
follow must come from two different perspectives; the one that has made us
delegates of the MUN Fontana, but also that which has made us a team.
The United Nations was founded in 1948 to guarantee the self determination of the
countries of the world. Once the organization had constructed its foundations and
was fully functional, it proposed a series of policies in order to provide instruments
for this self determination, also known as the ability of one country to have
sovereignty and autonomy over a certain territory defined by boundaries. These
instruments were universality and legitimacy. It is these two premises that must
also guide our Fontana delegate into this new period of our MUN group. We must
be universal in all our manners: language, rhetoric, manners and thought.
Globalization is inevitable, and it is present in every aspect of our lives and every
corner of our school. The more connected we are with global politics and global
diplomacy, the greater our success in the different MUN that we represent on
behalf of Gimnasio Fontana. Just as the UN had its good will goals for the
millennium, I truly hope that in the next couple of years we are able to define the
ones that will make us a universally competitive group. Im sure that this will give
us legitimacy in the eyes of the Fontana community and us.
With the end of the Cold War, the United Nations was able to have a partial break
from military confrontations and focus, in a greater degree, on the worlds
problems. The Economical and Social Council of the United Nations came out of
the basement and started gaining leadership amongst the other commissions.
Education in Human Rights, fundamental liberties for all the world citizens were
4
El grupo del Gimnasio Fontana tiene un corto trayecto en comparacin con otros
colegios que llevan casi tres dcadas participando en estos eventos. Sin embargo
y al mismo tiempo, logramos consolidar una fuerte posicin dentro del crculo de
los Modelos de las Naciones Unidas en Colombia. Ahora el grupo no es
solamente reconocido nacionalmente como un grupo unido y fuerte, pero tambin
es invitado a hacer parte de eventos internacionales. Claramente todo esto fue
logrado con un arduo trabajo. Miles de sesiones y reuniones, preparacin para los
eventos e incluso preparacin de eventos mismos, fueron las cosas que a pesar
de hacernos querer invertir nuestro tiempo, lograron desarrollar lo que hoy es el
grupo del Modelo dentro del Gimnasio Fontana.
Durante mi experiencia me di cuenta de la gran importancia de la dedicacin y la
pasin para poder llegar a desenvolverse de forma efectiva en esta actividad. Y
en los momentos en los que la pasin pareca muy lejos del alcance, el trabajo en
equipo de volva clave en la recuperacin de sta. Siendo motivado por los
compaeros del equipo y reavivando la pasin por lo que se haca, fue que el
grupo sali adelante: a partir de esfuerzos individuales consumados en una
colectividad apasionada y con ganas de ayudar y trabajar.
Puede que en este momento, cuando escribo esta carta, diga que el Modelo de
las Naciones Unidas como actividad ya concluy su etapa en mi vida. Creo que ya
exprim toda la sustancia posible a esta actividad en mi vida, teniendo el privilegio
de participar en varios eventos asumiendo diferentes posiciones. Y puede que
ahora, yo como individuo no est de acuerdo con mil y un cosas de las que las
Naciones Unidas hacen o de cmo funciona este mundo globalizado que parece
estarnos guiando a una deshumanizacin y destruccin de lo que somos. Pero
sustento con toda firmeza que sin haber participado en el Modelo, no tendra ni la
mitad de los instrumentos que tengo ahora para emitir juicios pertinentes y
crticos. Sigo creyendo que el Modelo influy de importante manera en mi vida y
que me hizo una persona ms crtica, con habilidades de investigacin, pero ms
que todo me permiti llevar a un punto clmax en lo que es mi pasin y esperanza
por el mundo.
Ahora, dejndolo al final pero sin nimos de restarle importancia, quiero motivar a
cada uno de los integrantes del grupo y a aquellos que desean serlo, a seguir
desarrollando esta actividad que tantos beneficios trae a la persona acadmica y
humanamente. Se necesita, como deca anteriormente, mucha pasin y
compromiso. Siempre con el espacio abierto al dialogo, se debe tener un grupo
que sea capaz de trabajar unido bajo ciertos parmetros, apoyndose unos entre
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otros. Vale la pena seguir con el proyecto y no privar a nadie de los inmensos
beneficios que este trae.
Juan Pablo Pacheco
12 de junio de 2009
El Modelo de las Naciones Unidas (MUN por sus siglas en ingles, Model United
Nations) tiene una larga historia en Colombia. En un principio, fue implementado
como un recurso acadmico por parte del Colegio Nueva Granada hace
aproximadamente 26 aos, teniendo una gran acogida y un gran xito tanto
internacional como nacionalmente. En este momento, las conferencias realizadas
en Colombia son reconocidas internacionalmente y tiene un gran xito a nivel
acadmico. Algunas de estas son la del Colegio Anglo Colombiano, la del Colegio
San Carlos, la del Colegio Rochester y algunas otras.
Esta actividad enriquece tanto a estudiantes como a profesores que participan, ya
que se exige el uso de altas competencias en el rea del conocimiento tanto
personal como grupal y desarrolla habilidades de expresin escrita y oral.
Un Modelo de las Naciones Unidas consiste en simular las diferentes funciones
que cumple el Organismo Internacional de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). Al inicio
de un modelo se asignan diferentes pases a cada colegio participante y los
estudiantes que sean escogidos para representar a dichos pases asumen el rol
de diplomticos ante diferentes comisiones de la ONU. Los temas que se discuten
en las comisiones son previamente escogidos y al debatirlos, cada representante
debe obedecer las leyes econmicas, polticas, sociales e internacionales del pas
al que representa. Estas condiciones llevan a un alto nivel de compromiso y
seriedad por parte de los estudiantes. Las temticas que se tratan en estas
conferencias varan desde conflictos como la guerra dentro de Colombia hasta el
logro de la paz en el Medio Oriente.
El Modelo de las Naciones Unidas en el Gimnasio Fontana se implement como
un proyecto acadmico hace 4 aos, con la ayuda de la profesora Edna Medina
junto con pocos estudiantes entre los cuales se encontraban Vernica Elcure,
Isabel Gaviria y Laura Prez. Luego, Aura Mara Gualdrn, se hizo cargo del
proyecto hasta el ao 2006 cuando Carolina Tutiva lleg para hacerse cargo del
grupo. Cuando Carolina entr, el grupo estaba consolidado y se tena un
cronograma establecido con anterioridad y todo estaba muy bien organizado.
Para este periodo, el grupo contaba con aproximadamente 15 participantes que
se destacaron innumerables veces por sus excelentes participaciones. En el ao
2007, en el mes de octubre, Beatriz Prez se hizo cargo de la organizacin del
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grupo de MUN, y ya para finales del mismo ao, el grupo contaba con
aproximadamente 30 participantes. Hoy en da, final del ao lectivo 2008-2009, el
profesor Juan Hernndez est a cargo del grupo de MUN. Este es un grupo en
constante crecimiento con estudiantes desde grado quinto (5) hasta grado once
(11), los cuales son personas comprometidas y que se caracterizan por su alto
inters en los asuntos polticos del mundo y sus posibles soluciones. Los
integrantes de esta actividad se destacan por su inquietud intelectual y sus
habilidades que son altamente fomentadas en este grupo.
Para el ao 2010- 2011 y 2011-2012 se constituy el presente manual como carta
de navegacin del grupo y se ha delegado un integrante del rea de Ciencias
Sociales como sponsor de estas actividades, quien cuenta con el apoyo del
equipo completo de los profesores de Ciencias Sociales.
1.2
Importancia y objetivos
El Modelo de las Naciones Unidas es una herramienta pedaggica innovadora de
aprendizaje, en la cual se fomentan e integran distintas reas del conocimiento
como la investigacin, la oratoria y la elaboracin de textos. Los participantes de
estos eventos tienen la posibilidad de poner en prctica sus conocimientos y
habilidades y adquirir destrezas como el manejo de voz, expresin oral, expresin
corporal, argumentacin, redaccin, resolucin de conflictos, pensamiento lgico,
coherencia y crtica, los cuales se encuentran totalmente alineados a la filosofa
institucional que propende por la formacin de sujetos crticos y creativos con el
desarrollo de valores como el respeto, la tolerancia y la coherencia.
El Gimnasio Fontana ha considerado sumamente relevante brindar a los
estudiantes espacios por los cuales se llegue a desarrollar los talentos y
habilidades, as como el pensamiento crtico y la opinin. Por lo tanto, el colegio
ha venido apoyando constantemente a este grupo.
Algunos de los objetivos que busca esta actividad son:
-
Formar lderes
Potencializar y fortalecer las habilidades argumentativas, escritas y
orales de los estudiantes participantes
Ampliar los niveles de investigacin de cada estudiante para fortalecer
sus capacidades cognitivas
Lograr que el equipo de MUN sea nacional e internacionalmente
reconocido por su excelencia en la preparacin de los participantes, la
calidad de los debates y la excelencia de los documentos redactados.
Reflexionar y ejecutar acciones de dialogo como estrategia para la
resolucin de conflictos.
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1.3
2.
MANUAL DE CONVIVENCIA
2.1
rea de Sociales
Grupo de MUN
ESTUDIANTE
S
Conferenc
ias y
eventos
PROFESOR
ENCARGADO
El objetivo de este organigrama es mostrar al grupo de MUN como parte del rea
de sociales. Adems visualizar la importancia de estudiantes y sponsor dentro del
grupo al organizar las participaciones a las conferencias y distintas actividades.
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2.2
El equipo de MUN, debe siempre estar unido. Todos son parte fundamental, todos
estn en el mismo nivel de importancia, y por esto, todo se debe hacer
conjuntamente. Todos tienen voz en el equipo y las opiniones de cada miembro
son importantes. Sin embargo se debe tener en cuenta la prioridad de tener una
comunicacin efectiva y asertiva desde el respeto y la empata.
2.2.2
Redes de Comunicacin
2.3
Los Model United Nations (MUN) son los eventos que se organizan por ciudad o
por institucin. En estos participan personas de colegios de diferentes ciudades
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17
2.4
2.5
2.6
Luego de este proceso, se decidir quienes pueden entrar a hacer parte del grupo
del modelo. Al decidirse esto, el nuevo participante deber firmar un compromiso
en el cual decide seguir comprometido con su rendimiento acadmico a pesar de
participar en los eventos. Luego de esto, la persona, entrar a hacer parte del
equipo de MUN. El Anexo 1 hace referencia a la rbrica que ha de utilizarse para
la evaluacin de los estudiantes durante el proceso de seleccin.
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2.7
etc.). De la misma forma, debe enviar circulares a los padres de familia para
que estos estn enterados de todo lo que se va a hacer que incluya gastos y
transporte.
Igualmente, el sponsor debe tener un mail desde el cual enve toda la informacin
a los miembros del equipo para mantenerlos informados. De igual forma, el
sponsor debe ser quien coordine las fechas de los das para quedarse en el
colegio, y debe informarlos con tiempo. Adems debe ser quien tenga un contacto
con los sponsors de los otros colegios para tener informacin acerca de los
eventos.
Por ltimo, el sponsor debe estar pendiente de que los dems miembros trabajen
y debe revisar este trabajo y en lo posible corregirlo, ya sea con la ayuda de otro
miembro del rea de Sociales. Adems de no permitir faltas de respeto entre los
integrantes del grupo o con otro miembro de la comunidad Fontana o de los
diversos participantes de los Modelos a los que se asista. Tambin debe informar
del incumplimiento con el manual de convivencia al coordinador(a) del rea de
Ciencias Sociales o director(a) de nivel correspondiente y a los miembros de la
junta directiva por parte de algn miembro del equipo en actividades del Modelo.
esto, la responsabilidad debe ser tomada con seriedad y responder por los
trabajos asignados. Los delegados sern representados por los secretarios y
voceros para poder determinar acuerdos acerca de cualquier aspecto.
Por ltimo, lo ms deseable e importante es que el ambiente entre los delegados
sea de amistad, cooperacin y tolerancia.
Este manual de convivencia podr ser modificado por los miembros del grupo si
se cree necesario, y esta modificacin especifica, debe pasar por todos quienes
tengan que ver con el modelo para aprobar la misma e incluirla dentro del
manual.
These descriptions concerning the committees and their functioning, along with
the general description of the rules within a MUN, should be the ones taken into
account when organizing internal conferences. The following document was
written by the members of the MUN group during the academic year of 2008-2009.
3.1
Delegate: A delegate
is
a
participant
that
represents
a
State/Organization/Political or Ethnical Group inside a Model of the United
Nations. If the delegate is the representative of any Member State has the
23
right of vote in each and every commission (except when being an observer
country inside one) that shall never be denied.
Observer: It is the name received by a delegation that has been invited to a
debate in a committee inside the United Nations which it is not actually
member. This delegation will be able to speak and debate over the
convenient topics but will not be able to vote. Another type of observer
inside the Model United Nations is the observer that has no delegation
assigned and has only the right to see and learn from the discussions inside
all committees.
Delegation: It is the group of all the delegates of a
State/Organization/Political or Ethnical Group representing it during the
Model United Nations.
Sponsors: The teachers that has the obligation to guide a determined group
of students before, during and after a Model United Nations.
Secretary General: The maximum authority inside the United Nations.
Inside the Model United Nations the Secretary General is the one
organizing and supervising the academic and logistic development of the
event.
Presidents: The maximum authorities inside a committee. Presidents shall
organize and supervise the academic and logistic development inside a
determined committee.
Press: The organism that shall take and transmit the information of what
has happened during the Model United Nations.
Floor Secretaries: Control and supervise the communication by floor
messages inside delegates. They shall also supervise that no personal
messages are being written between delegates.
3.1.2 Procedure:
Roll Call: Before starting each period of the session, presidents shall make
a roll call in order to determine which countries are present inside the room.
After hearing the name of their country each delegate shall announce
Present or Present and Voting (which means that the delegate will not
abstain in any voting procedure). Arriving late to any committee at any time
(Beginning, After Recess or After Lunch) is equal to an immediate warning.
Quorum: The amount of delegations that need to be present in order to start
the work of the committee. Usually the number shall be of minimum of a
Half plus One delegate inside the committee.
Open the Session: After Roll Call and quorum verification any delegate can
do a Motion to Start the Session in order to start with committee work.
24
3.1.5 Papers:
27
Expecting that the security of the Cuban government and of the Cuban people is
granted by the international community,
Grieved by the repercussions the Cuban Missile crisis made to the international
stability and security,
Convinced that the international community is going to work for a better world,
Conscious that the actual situation could lead to a massive belligerent problem,
Fully bearing in mind the United Nations Charter, the Havana Declaration, and
other documents respecting to the right of self determination of the peoples,
Seeking for a solution that goes along with the wills of international community,
Resolves,
1. Encourages the start of a negotiation table between the United States of
America, Cuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to discuss a
solution for the Cuban situation, within the context of the next conditions:
a. The presence of the United Nations, international law experts and other
competing international entities that have to do with the matter.
b. Stop of all soviet military activity in the island in order to prevent a
quarantine imposed by the United States.
c.
Retire of the missiles in Turkey, Italy and Cuba within the time that the
United Nations Secretary General considers necessary after an
agreement between him and the parties in dispute.
d. .An agreement for not to invade Cuba made by the United States of
America.
Suggests that the first issues to address in the Agenda of the negotiation
table shall be:
I. Cuban right of self determination.
II. Compromise of the United States to not intervene any more within
the Cuban government and its right to exist.
28
Preambulatory Clauses
Operative Clauses
29
Aproving,
Accepts;
Alarmed,
Affirms;
Aware of,
Approves;
Bearing in mind,
Calls;
Believing,
Calls upon;
Concerned,
Condemns;
Confident,
Declares;
Contenplating,
Deplores;
Declaring,
Draws attention;
Deeply concerned,
Designates;
Deeply regretting,
Emphasizes;
Emphasizing,
Encourages;
Expecting,
Endorses;
Fulfilling,
Fully aware,
Further invites;
Further deploring,
Have resolved;
Having heard,
Notes;
Keeping in mind,
Proclaims;
Mindful,
Reaffirms;
Noting further,
Recommends;
Noting,
Reminds;
Regrets;
Praising,
Requests;
Reaffirming,
Resolves;
Realizing,
Solemnly affirms;
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Recalling,
Strongly condemns;
Recognizing,
Supports;
Referring,
Trusts;
Seeking,
Urges;
Welcoming,
3.2
Committees
The World Bank is basically a source of financial and technical assistance for
developing countries around the world. The World Bank helps governments in
these countries to reduce poverty by providing them with money and the technical
expertise they need for a wide range of projects in education, health,
infrastructure, communications, and government reforms, including many other
purposes.
The World Bank is made up 2 development institutions owned by all the 185
member countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) was
established in 1944. Its creation aimed to the poverty reduction in middle-income
countries. It promotes the sustainable development through loans, services of
analysis and advice, and risk management products.
The International Development Association (IDA) was established in 1960. It is the
part of the World Bank that provides help to the poorest countries. It aims to
reduce poverty by giving credits that have no interests, grants for economical
31
BLOCK
MEMBER COUNTRIES*
PERCENTAGE
VOTING POWER
Presidency
United States
16.39%
Vice-Presidency
United Kingdom
4.3%
France
4.3%
Japan
7.86%
Germany
4.49%
North America
Canada, Mexico
3.96%
Latin-America
Argentina,
Bolivia, 9.81%
Colombia,
Chile,
Ecuador,
Honduras,
Guatemala,
Jamaica,
Nicaragua,
Panama,
Haiti, and Venezuela
Africa
OF
32
Marruecos, South-Africa,
Gabon, Argelia, Central
African Republic, Eritrea,
and Kenya
Middle East
Europe
Asia
Oceania
go
to:
Committee procedure:
1) The delegates must understand that in this committee the political debates
are out of order. The Board of Governors debates will be only on
economical issues.
2) Every single project must be sustainable for the World Bank; delegates
must remember that we are not a beneficence agency.
33
3) Limited resources: The Board of Governors must take into account that the
committee has limited resources (1.3 billion USD). This amount will be
distributed between all of the projects that the World Bank decides to
approve.
4) Delegates must specify if they are talking on their delegations name or in
the blocks name.
5) All delegations must have knowledge of all the programs that are or have
been developed on their territory.
6) Delegations must take into account their countrys economical relations.
7) Each block must present a loan proposal.
8) A loan proposal will be accepted with an 85% of the committees vote.
9) An informal debate will be accepted after the loans proposals lecture.
10)Procedure:
One proposal will be presented by block per subject. Two delegates of each block
will be in charge of the presentation and further answers to the committees
questions. This is not a forum for debate.
A lobby time of 15 minutes will be permitted in order for the delegations to send
amendments. Amendments pass with a simple majority vote. After changes are
made, the committee proceeds to the lecture of the next proposal.
After the lecture of all the proposals, an informal debate takes place and the vote
procedure follows it.
Bank Loans:
There are three different bank loans. Each delegation must chose and develop a
proposal for each subject.
I.
Country/Continent
34
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Project name
Initiation date
Revision date
Finalization date (Stipulated)
Margin of error (Dates) Determines the time in which the Project
can be extended after the finalization date without being canceled.
Loan amount:
a. Technical outlay Costs of investigation and wages of the
project developers.
b. Physical outlay Construction and project development costs.
c. Banking outlay Estimated pay for the World Bank. (Consider
5% of the total loan amount).
VIII.
Thematic axis (Sector) Defines the sector in which the loan will be
used. (Ex. Education, Healthfulness):
a. Millennium Goal to achieve Direct quotation of the
Millennium Goal.
IX.
Loan objective:
a. Theoretic objective Explains carefully the projects impact for
the Millennium Goal to achieve.
b. Physical objective Explains briefly what will be built at the
end of the project.
X.
XI.
Justification The need of the project, the benefits for the debtor
country, and the need of the World Banks loan are established.
Loan distribution:
a. Percentages of loan delivery- A table organizing the
percentages of the loan that will be delivered should be made.
(Ex. September 2002 10% USD 10.000.000)
b. Delivery system Determines in which way the delivery will be
made (USD or specie)
c. Fund administration entity Delegates a governmental entity
that must be in charge of the administration and good use of
the loan (Ex. Ministry of Education, Mexico).
35
XII.
XIII.
Payment conditions:
a. Payment table dates and amount Establishes the dates
and amounts when the loan will be returned.
b. Interest Determines the interest plus inflation.
c. Payment Establishes the time in which the loan has to be
returned based on the IDA or the IBRD parameter.
d. Payment method Establishes the agency in charge of the
payment and clarifies if it will be made on USD or local
currency.
e. Fraud prevention What happens if the debtor does not
respect the established dates?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Country/Continent
Project name
Initiation date
Revision date
Finalization date (Stipulated)
Margin of error (Dates) Determines the time in which the Project
can be extended after the finalization date without being canceled.
Loan amount:
36
Thematic axis (Sector) Defines the sector in which the loan will be
used. (Ex. Education, Healthfulness):
a. Millennium Goal to achieve Direct quotation of the
Millennium Goal.
IX.
Loan objective:
a. Theoretic objective Explains carefully the projects impact for
the Millennium Goal to achieve.
b. Physical objective Explains briefly what will be built at the
end of the project.
X.
XI.
Justification The need of the project, the benefits for the debtor
country, and the need of the World Banks loan are established.
Loan distribution:
a. Percentages of loan delivery- A table organizing the
percentages of the loan that will be delivered should be made.
(Ex. September 2002 10% USD 10.000.000)
b. Delivery system Determines in which way the delivery will be
made (USD or specie)
c. Fund administration entity Delegates a governmental entity
that must be in charge of the administration and good use of
the loan (Ex. Ministry of Education, Mexico).
XII.
37
Payment conditions:
a. Payment table dates and amount Establishes the dates
and amounts when the loan will be returned.
b. Interest Determines the interest plus inflation.
c. Payment Establishes the time in which the loan has to be
returned based on the IDA or the IBRD parameter.
d. Payment method Establishes the agency in charge of the
payment and clarifies if it will be made on USD or local
currency.
e. Fraud prevention What happens if the debtor does not
respect the established dates?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Country/Continent
Project name
Initiation date
Revision date
Finalization date (Stipulated)
Margin of error (Dates) Determines the time in which the Project
can be extended after the finalization date without being canceled.
Loan amount:
a. Technical outlay Costs of investigation and wages of the
project developers.
b. Physical outlay Construction and project development costs.
c. Banking outlay Estimated pay for the World Bank. (Consider
5% of the total loan amount).
VIII.
Thematic axis (Sector) Defines the sector in which the loan will be
used. (Ex. Education, Healthfulness):
38
Loan objective:
a. Theoretic objective Explains carefully the projects impact for
the Millennium Goal to achieve.
b. Physical objective Explains briefly what will be built at the
end of the project.
X.
XI.
Justification The need of the project, the benefits for the debtor
country, and the need of the World Banks loan are established.
Loan distribution:
a. Percentages of loan delivery- A table organizing the
percentages of the loan that will be delivered should be made.
(Ex. September 2002 10% USD 10.000.000)
b. Delivery system Determines in which way the delivery will
be made (USD or specie)
c. Fund administration entity Delegates a governmental entity
that must be in charge of the administration and good use of
the loan (Ex. Ministry of Education, Mexico).
XII.
XIII.
Payment conditions:
a. Payment table dates and amount Establishes the dates
and amounts when the loan will be returned.
b. Interest Determines the interest plus inflation.
39
International Development
Association (IDA)
International
Bank
for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
Interest
Less tan the 2% plus the Between the 1.5% and the 4%
current inflation rate.
plus the current inflation rate.
Payment
Grace
Period
Loan
*To be part of the IDA, the country must be classified as a High Indebted Poor
Country (HIPC).
3.2.2 ECOSOC
ECOSOC stands for Economical and Social Council. Its mayor concern is to
analyze economical problems and issues in general that are related and have
40
social implications. But unlike the other social committees, this one requires an
expanded and critical view on the economical state of the world. Its participation
globally gained importance after the end of the Cold War, when the need for social
development created from economical basis had more importance than war or
control of weapons. As it is a council, ECOSOC does pass resolutions that are
immediately adopted and some smaller organizations work under its mandate.
considered out of order as they would be futuristic for that time. The main goal is to
try to improve the decisions made by the Council at that time, or even to change
the course of history through dialogue and new proposals. Creativity is really
important as a solution, or something close to one, was already agreed upon. At
the same time, information about events that happened after the date can be used
in the investigation to try to avoid solutions that had a visible effect.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations
and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the
six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New
York (United States of America).
The Courts role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes
submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred
to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine
years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is
assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English
and French.
Members of the Court
The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year
terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council.
These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a
candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies. This
sometimes makes it necessary for a number of rounds of voting to be carried out.
The Court may not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover,
the Court as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal
legal systems of the world.
How the Court works
The Court may entertain two types of cases: legal disputes between States
submitted to it by them (contentious cases) and requests for advisory opinions on
legal questions referred to it by United Nations organs and specialized agencies
(advisory proceedings).
Contentious cases
Only States (States Members of the United Nations and other States which have
become parties to the Statute of the Court or which have accepted its jurisdiction
under certain conditions) may be parties to contentious cases.
The Court is competent to entertain a dispute only if the States concerned have
accepted its jurisdiction in one or more of the following ways:
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Order of procedure
1. Points which may interrupt a speaker
-
3.2.7 UNICEF
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund is the force that promotes
the creation of a world where the rights of absolutely all the children are respected
and works worldwide for improving the quality of life in kids and the opportunities
for having a better development. International community has provided UNICEF
with special power to influence people in charge of making decisions and different
allies. Actually more than 7200 are working with UNICEF in 191 countries in the
world, including Colombia. UNICEF is based on The Convention on the Rights of
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Children. It was created on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and
healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. In
1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System. UNICEF
relies on contributions from governments and private donors and UNICEF's total
income for 2006 was $2,781,000,000. Governments contribute two thirds of the
organization's resources; private groups and some 6 million individuals contribute
the rest through the National Committees. Their essential priorities are: education,
immunization, child protection and well-being, HIV/AIDS and early childhood.
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3.3
In an MUN conference, Press and Logistics have many tasks to ensure the event
works. Press is in charge of documenting all the events that occur during the
conference. Also it is responsible for the making of a newspaper reporting on each
day of the conference. Information passes through this committee to be edited and
printed, including official communiqus, last minute news and so on. Usually there
is a press director with a whole team taking pictures, editing, printing, writing and
doing many other tasks necessary.
Logistics team is there to ensure that the event flows easily. Their responsibilities
include making sure technology works (microphones, lights), organizing meals,
keeping people in their respective rooms, and maintaining order during the
conference. Every problem that arises which is non-academic should be
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addressed by the logistics group. This team usually also has a director. Both the
logistics and press teams should also work together to assure a better outcome
ANEXOS
Anexo 1. Rubrica para la evaluacin de los estudiantes que entren en el proceso
de seleccin al grupo del Modelo de las Naciones Unidas.
4
Excelente 3 Buena
Ensayo
2 Aceptable 1 Mala
Argumentacin
Coherencia
Gramtica
Control de nervios
Fluidez
Ingles
Debate
Originalidad de las
ideas
Argumentacin
Fluidez
Capacidad para
sintetizar
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