SOUND : Longitudinal waves

E
where E is elasticity and is density of medium

Velocity of sound v =

Newtons formula Isothermal v =

=

P
Laplace correction Adiabatic v =

CP
ratio of specific heat of gas, 5/3 for mono atomic, 7/5 for diatomic ,
CV

9/7 for triatomic with linear arrangement and 4/3 for triatomic with triangular arrangement
Velocity

P
=

RT
=
V

RT
finally v
M

T
T temp in Kelvin and M molecular mass of gas
M

MOIST air is LIGHT than DRY air

For change in centigrade Vt = 332 + 0.61t m/s
Speed in Stretched string v =

T
T is tension and mass per unit length

t x
Equation of wave y = A sin 2 . Wave travelling in +x direction.
T

This equation is periodic in T and

Maximum particle velocity is A and maximum acceleration is 2A
2x
2t
Stationary wave equation y = 2A sin
cos

For strings 1 =

v
1 T
=
where 1 is the lowest frequency of vibration
2L 2 L m

Second harmonic OR first overtone 2 = 21

Third harmonic OR second overtone 3= 31
For Closed Organ pipes =
Fundamental note 1 =

4L
2n 1

v
4L

First overtone OR third harmonic 2 = 31, then 51 and so on

Open Organ Pipes =
Fundamental note 1 =

2L
2n

v
2L

First overtone or second harmonic 2 = 21, then 31 and so on

Beats are heard when two sources are sounded with close frequency difference (< 10)
Beat frequency (1 2)
When prong loaded with wax frequency decreases and when filed frequency increases.

DOPPLER EFFECT
Apparent frequency is different than actual frequency if there is relative motion between the source and
listener.
If they are approaching each other the frequency increases, if they are moving apart frequency decreases
[( v + v m ) v L ]
is actual frequency, is apparent frequency, vL velocity of listener and vs velocity
[( v + v m ) vs ]
of source, vm is velocity of medium.
' =

Direction from source to listener is positive.

Pitch, loudness and quality are characteristics of musical note.
Pitch depends on intensity. Loudness depends on intensity.
Quality depends on waveform of constituent overtones.
Resonance occurs when forced frequency is equal to natural frequency of vibrating body.