Daniel Gillard (drg5264)

Section 15

Theme: Is Performance in School Affected by Alcohol and Gender?

1. What is the mean GPA of all PSU students?
2. Is there a difference between the mean GPAs for males and GPAs for females?
3. Is there a difference in the proportion of males that have missed class as a
result of drinking and the proportion of females that have missed a class as a
result of drinking?
4. Is there a difference in the mean GPAs of people who miss class due to
alcohol and people who do not miss class due to alcohol?
Introduction: Penn State is a top ranked academic university, but it is also widely
considered a top party school. We are curious as to whether academic performance
of Penn State undergraduates is affected by the consumption of alcohol.

One Population Mean

What is the mean GPA of all PSU Students?
We will construct a 95% confidence interval to help determine the mean GPA of all
PSU students.

Histogram of gpa
Normal
40

Mean
StDev
N

3.239
0.5043
189

Frequency

30

20

10

N
189

Mean
3.2390

0.6

StDev
0.5043

1.2

SE Mean
0.0367

1.8

2.4
gpa

3.0

3.6

4.2

95% CI
(3.1666, 3.3114)

We can say with 95% confidence that the mean GPA of all PSU students will fall
between 3.166 and 3.3114. This means that for confidence intervals computed
using the same procedure, they will include the true population value for 95% of all
possible random samples from the population. This means that 95% of the time, the
mean population GPA will be between 3.166 and 3.3114. This will help us compare
the mean GPA of all students compared to the GPAs of those who miss class due to
drinking.

Difference between Two Population Means

Is there a difference between the mean GPAs for males and GPAs for females?
We will conduct a hypothesis test

Histogram of gpa
Gender
Female
Male

25

Frequency

20

15

10

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

gpa

Difference = mu (1) - mu (2)

Estimate for difference: 0.2195
95% CI for difference: (0.0651, 0.3739)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 2.81

P-Value = 0.006

DF = 126

Hypothesis test:
1. Ho: There is no difference in mean GPAs for males and females
Ha: There is a difference in mean GPAs for males and females
2. Condition 2 is satisfied when we look at the histogram of sample data, we see
that populations are normal to begin with . Minitab gives us that the test stat
is equal to 2.81.

3. Because the alternative hypothesis indicates that this a 2-sided p-value, we

have to double the p-value that Minitab gives us of .006. The new p-value is .
012.
4. Because the p-value is less than .05, we can claim statistical significance and
reject the null.
5. The rejection of the null hypothesis leads us to determine that there is a
difference between the GPAs of males and females.

The confidence interval for the difference between the two mean GPAs is (0.651,
0.3739). Since this interval does not include 0, we can conclude that the mean GPAs
are different. Also, the p-value is less than .05, so this is further evidence that we
can conclude that the mean GPAs are different. The p-value is the level of marginal
significance that helps represent the probability of an event occurring. In this case,
we accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis.

Difference between two population proportions (Hyp Test)

Is there a difference in the proportion of males that have missed class as a result of
drinking and the proportion of females that have missed a class as a result of
drinking?

Chart of Gender, Miss_ Class

100

80

Count

60

40

20

0
Miss_Class
Gender

No

Yes
Female

No

Yes
Male

Ho: There is no difference between gender and missing classes

Ha; There is a difference between gender and missing classes
Ho: p1-p2=0
Ha: p1-p20
Sample

Sample p

1
2

26
23

122
79

0.213115
0.291139

Difference = p (1) - p (2)

Estimate for difference: -0.0780245
95% CI for difference: (-0.201781, 0.0457319)
Test for difference = 0 (vs not = 0): Z = -1.24

P-Value = 0.217

Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.240

We cannot reject the null.

Since the p value of .240 is larger than .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis.
This means that we cannot conclude that there is gender and missing class. Put
simply, this means that there is not a difference how many classes are missed due
to drinking according to gender; men and women are equally as likely to miss class
due to drinking. In this problem, p1 was females who have missed a class due to
drinking and p2 was males who have missed a class due to drinking.

Relationship between two quantitative variables (Regression Analysis)

Is there a difference in the mean GPAs of people who miss class due to alcohol and
people who do not miss class due to alcohol?
Ho: there is no linear relationship between mean GPAS of people who miss class due
to alcohol and people who do not miss class due to alcohol
Ha: there is a linear relationship between mean GPAS of people who miss class due
to alcohol and people who do not miss class due to alcohol
B1=0
B10

Scatterplot of gpa vs Missed_ Classes

4

gpa

0
0

10

15
Missed_ Classes

20

25

30

GPA= 3.399-(.02529)(# of missed classes)

The significance of b1, which is -.02529, means that for every class that is missed,
a students GPA will go down by .02529.

Predictor
Missed_Classes

Coef
-0.025287

SE Coef
0.006427

T
-3.93

P
0.000

Because the p-value , which is 0.000, is less than .05, we reject the null and claim
statistical significance.
In order to find the confidence interval, we used the following equation where b1 is
the slope of the line of best fit, the SE Coef value is the standard error, and the t*
multiplier is determined from the t-table (95% confidence and n-2= 199 df).
-.02529 +/- 1.98 (0.006427) = (-0.03862546, -.01256454)
For each additional class that is missed, the mean GPA is expected to go down
between .0386 and .0126. Because 0 is not included in the interval, there is a linear
relationship between GPA and the number of missed classes.

Conclusion
For the most part, these results are what we expected for our tests. Overall, people
that miss classes due to drinking tend to have lower GPAs and males tend to have
lower GPAs than females. One thing that surprised us was that there is apparently
no correlation between gender and missing classes due to drinking. In the future we
may want to investigate if there is a relationship between missing classes due to
drinking or other causes.