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Microfinance has come of age and has lost its innocence. It is now
coming to be seen as just another business which makes its profits as
and where it canIt is also moving away from government
and NGO into the hands of real businesses; it has been 'wal-martised'.
Akhuwat reminds us of what we set out to do and why we did it. It takes
us back to the early days of innocence when poverty alleviation was
what microfinance was for. Akhuwat is breaking the mould, and is one
of the most important innovations in microfinance anywhere.
Akhuwat demonstrate that there is another way, that generosity and
brotherhood can be equally powerful motivation as profit maximization.
This conclusion goes far beyond microfinance.

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self-reliance to transform the lives of thousands. It is a story that seeks
40

to inspirebut most importantly it serves as a reminder of the spirit and


objectives which initiated the birth of the microfinance movement.

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Point his home. His gift has provided and will continnue to provide, an
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prime example of a wonderful corporate citizen who cares about his
community and is taking action to validate his belief.

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Never has a man accomplished such a huge and lasting revolution in
the worldIf greatness of purpose, smallness of means, and
astounding results are the true criteria of human genius, who
would dare to compare any great man in modern history with
Muhammad (PBUH).
The most famous men created: arms, laws, and empires only. They
founded, if anything at all, no more than material powers which often
crumbled away before their eyes. This man moved not only armies,
legislations, empires, peoples and dynasties, but millions of men in
one-third of the inhabited world, and more than that, he moved the
altars, the gods, the religions, the ideas, the beliefs, and the souls. On
the basis of a Book, every letter of which has become law, he created a
spiritual nationality, which blended together peoples of every tongue
and of every race. He has left us as the indelible characteristic of this
Muslim nationality the hatred of false gods and the passion for the
One and Immaterial GodThe conquest of one-third of the earth to his
dogma was his miracle; rather it was not the miracle of a man but that
of reason. His life, his meditations, his heroic revilings against the
superstitions of his country, and his boldness in defying the furies of
idolatry, his firmness in enduring them for thirteen years at Makkah, his
acceptance of the role of public scorn and almost of being a victim of
his fellow countrymen: all these and finally, his migration, his incessant
preaching, his wars against odds, his faith in his success and his super
human security in misfortune, his forbearance in victory, his ambition,
184

which was entirely devoted to one idea and in no manner striving for an
empire, his endless prayers, his mystic conversations with God, his
death and his triumph after death all these(served) to affirm
conviction which gave him power to restore a creedPhilosopher,
orator, apostle, legislator, warrior, conqueror of ideas, restorer of
rational dogmas, of a cult without images; the founder of twenty
terrestrial empires and of one spiritual empire, that is Muhammad.
As regards all standards by which human greatness may be
measured, we may ask, is there any greatest man than he?

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"You can't imagine what a great treat you gave us last week with your
spectacular presentation on Akhuwat. I am copying Malcolm Harper,
your admirer, and who I know will be envious that Fletcher got a
chance to hear your talk.
I just wanted to let you know that the students attending were so taken
with the simple idea of the Brotherhood. You took a complex idea and
made it so human. We were all in awe. Thank you so much.
I hope to stay in touch. You inspired so many of us. My warmest and
most heartfelt thanks. "

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