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Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 7e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical
Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by
Cornell University.
Frenkel Defect
Shottky Defect
Shottky
Defect:
Frenkel
Defect
Ex: NaCl
Na +
Cl cation
vacancy
Ca 2+ impurity
initial geometry
Cl Cl O2- impurity
Ca 2+
resulting geometry
an ion vacancy
resulting geometry
MgO-Al2O3 diagram:
d
b
rect.
R
circ.
L/2
L/2
d = midpoint
deflection
d
b
rect.
L/2
L/2
d = midpoint
deflection
circ.
location of max tension
Typ. values:
fs
! (MPa) E(GPa)
Si nitride
250-1000 304
Si carbide
100-820 345
Al oxide
275-700 393
glass (soda)
69
69
Material
Poly
mer
many
repeat unit
repeat
unit
repeat
unit
repeat
unit
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H Cl H Cl H Cl
Polyethylene (PE)
H
C
H
H H
C C
CH3 H
H H
C C
CH3 H
H
C
CH3
Polypropylene (PP)
10
Lower M
higher M
11
secondary
bonding
Linear
B ranched
Cross-Linked
Network
12
H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C
H R H R H R H R
H H H R H H H R
C C C C C C C C
H R H H H R H H
H H H H H R H H
C C C C C C C C
H R H R H H H R
13
CH3
H
C C
CH2
CH2
CH3
C C
CH2
CH2
H
cis
trans
cis-isoprene
(natural rubber)
trans-isoprene
(gutta percha)
14
random
alternating
block
graft
15
16
10 nm
17
18
19
elastic modulus
less than metal
20
Near Failure
fibrillar
structure
!(MPa)
x brittle failure
onset of
necking
near
failure
plastic failure
x
Initial
unload/reload
!
aligned, networked
crosscase
linked
case
crystalline
regions
slide
semicrystalline
case
amorphous
regions
elongate
crystalline
regions align
Stress-strain curves adapted from Fig. 15.1, Callister 7e. Inset figures along plastic response curve adapted from
Figs. 15.12 & 15.13, Callister 7e. (Figs. 15.12 & 15.13 are from J.M. Schultz, Polymer Materials Science, Prentice21
Hall, Inc., 1974, pp. 500-501.)
!(MPa)
x brittle failure
plastic failure
elastomer
!
initial: amorphous chains are
kinked, cross-linked.
final: chains
are straight,
still
cross-linked
Stress-strain curves
adapted from Fig. 15.1,
Callister 7e. Inset
figures along elastomer
curve (green) adapted
from Fig. 15.15, Callister
7e. (Fig. 15.15 is from
Z.D. Jastrzebski, The
Nature and Properties of
Engineering Materials,
3rd ed., John Wiley and
Sons, 1987.)
Deformation
is reversible!
Thermoplastics:
-- little crosslinking
-- ductile
-- soften w/heating
-- polyethylene
polypropylene
polycarbonate
polystyrene
T
viscous
liquid
mobile
liquid
crystalline
solid
Thermosets:
-- large crosslinking
(10 to 50% of mers)
-- hard and brittle
-- do NOT soften w/heating
-- vulcanized rubber, epoxies,
polyester resin, phenolic resin
Callister,
rubber
Fig. 16.9!
tough
plastic
Tm
Tg
partially
crystalline
solid
Molecular weight
Adapted from Fig. 15.19, Callister 7e. (Fig. 15.19 is from F.W. Billmeyer,
Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
1984.)
23
Decreasing T...
-- increases E
-- increases TS
-- decreases %EL
Increasing
strain rate...
-- same effects
as decreasing T.
!(MPa)
80 4C
60
20C
40
40C
20
0
60C
0
0.1
0.2
to 1.3
0.3
Adapted from Fig. 15.3, Callister 7e. (Fig. 15.3 is from T.S. Carswell and
J.K. Nason, 'Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical
Properties of Organic Plastics", Symposium on Plastics, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1944.)
24