Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC CNG NGH HA

PHN TCH HM LNG ST, AMONI,

CNG, CLORUA V DN IN TRONG
NC TRC V SAU CT LC IONIT

GVHD: Th.s NGUYN TH THOA

Sinh Vin: PH TH NGA
Lp: I HC CNG NGH HA - K4

H Ni 5-2013

LI CM N
GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 1

SVTH:Ph Th Nga

Sau 4 nm hc tp ti trng, c thy c ch bo, dy d tn tnh, em tch

ly c lng kin thc nht nh, hc hi c mt s kinh nghim qu bu khng
ch hon thnh bi kha lun tt nghip ny m cn l hnh trang gip em ng
vng v theo ui ngnh ngh m em la chn. Thy c chnh l nhng tm
gng, ngn n sng du dt chng em nhng bc i u tin bc vo i.
Li u tin em xin gi li cm n chn thnh, lng nh n su sc ti cc thy
c gio trng i Hc Cng nghip H Ni ni chung v cc thy c gio cng tc
ti khoa Cng ngh ha n ring to mi iu kin c v kin thc ln c s vt
cht gip em v cc bn sinh vin trong sut thi gian lm kha lun. Chnh v

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

vy, trong thi gian qua em rt c gng v chm ch khng ph s k vng ca

thy c vi chng em.
c bit l c Nguyn Th Thoa ngi gn b, trc tip nh hng, truyn
t kinh nghim tim ti liu mt cch hiu qu, x l cc thng s v hng dn cc
bc i ng n cho em c th hon thnh tt ti m em la chn.
Mc d c gng hon thnh tt nhim v, song do hn ch v ti liu, hn
ch v kh nng nhn thc cng nh kinh nghim thc t, nn em khng trnh khi
nhng thiu st. v vy em knh mong cc thy c xem xt v ch dn thm.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 2

SVTH:Ph Th Nga

MC LC
T VN
Nc l mt ti nguyn thin nhin v cng quan trng i vi con ngi, sinh
vt. Ngoi nhng ng dng ca n trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy, n cn c
ngha to ln trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh: giao thng, xy dng, ha hc, y t, sn
xut,...Trong phi ni n tm quan trng ca nc ct. Nc ct c s dng rng
ri trong ngnh y t, gio dc, cc phng th nghim,...nh pha ch thuc tim, thuc
ung, bit dc, ra dng c y t, ra vt thng, pha ch ha cht, ra dng c th
nghim, tin hnh phn tch cc ch tiu ha hc,...Hin nay vic ch to ra nc ct
ch yu c thc hin bng cc thit b dng in hoc nhit nn ch ph nng lng
v lng pht thi gy nhim mi trng tng cao. a s phng th nghim ca cc
trng hc u c my ct nc bang in cung cp nc ct ti ch cho hc sinh, sinh
vin hc tp v tin hnh th nghim. Ti phng th nghim ca trng i Hc Cng
Nghip H Ni cng ang s dng phng php iu ch nc ct ny. Thc t hin
nay vn nng lng ti Vit Nam ni ring v th gii ni chung ang l vn
c quan tm hng u. Chnh v vy vn c nhiu ngi quan tm l nghin
cu cc phng php x l nc n gin li khng gy nh hng ti mi trng, tit
kim c chi ph nng lng, nng cao hiu qu kinh t, c th p dng c cho mt
s phng th nghim nh dng nng lng t nhin, phng php trao i ion bng
nha ionit,... Trong bi lun vn tt nghip ny em la chn ti phn tch nc trc
v sau x l qua ct lc ionit v so snh vi nc ct 1 ln.
Bi kha lun ny em tm hiu v trnh by mt s vn sau:

Tm hiu tng quan v nc ct

Tm hiu tng quan v phng php o dn in
Tm hiu mt s phng php phn tch hm lng st, amoni, cng,
clorua v dn in.
Tin hnh thc nghim phn tch hm lng st, amoni, cng, clorua v
dn in trong nc trc, sau ct lc ionit v nc ct bng my ti
phng th nghim ca trng,
Trnh by kt qu t c

Phn I. TNG QUAN

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V NC CT
1.1. nh ngha
Nc ct l nc tinh khit nguyn cht, c iu ch bng cch chng ct v
thng c s dng trong y t nh pha ch thuc tim, thc ung, bit dc, ra
dng c y t, ra vt thng.
- Thnh phn nc ct khng cha cc tp cht hu c hay v c, do cng l
dung mi thch hp ra dng c th nghim, pha ch ha cht hoc thc hin
mt s phn ng ha hc.
- Trong thc t, ngi s dng thng mua nc ct bn ti cc nh thuc di
dng ng chai. Tuy nhin, iu kin gia nh nu thch hp vn c th t iu
ch nc ct bng cch cho nc l vo un si v hng hi nc ngng t
trong mi trng lnh.
1.2. Phn loi
Nc ct thng thng c chia thnh 3 loi: nc ct 1 ln (qua chng ct I
ln), nc ct 2 ln (nc ct ln c chng ct thm ln 2), nc ct 3 ln (nc ct
2 ln c chng ct thm ln 3). Ngoi ra, nc ct cn c phn loi theo thnh
phn l ha (nh TDS, dn in,...) Theo mt so tiu chun Vit Nam nc ct cn
c phn loi nh sau:
- Loi 1:
Khng c cht nhim bn ho tan hoc keo ion v hu c, p ng nhng yu cu
phn tch nghim ngt nht, bao gm c nhng yu cu v sc k cht lng c tnh
cao.
- Loi 2:
C rt t cht nhim bn v c, hu c hoc keo, thch hp cho cc mc tiu phn
tch nhy, bao gm c quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) v xc nh cc thnh phn
lng vt.
- Loi 3
Ph hp vi hu ht cc phng th nghim lm vic theo phng php t v iu
ch cc dung dch thuc th
1.3. Mt s thng s CO' bn nh gi cht lung nc
Ty theo tng loi nc vi mc ch s dng khc nhau, s c mt s tiu chun
tng ng vi mc ch s dng. Tuy nhin, mt s ch tiu c bn c dng ph bin
l:
- dn in

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

c: do cc cht rn l lng, cc cht hu c phn r hoc do ng thc vt

thy sinh gy nn. c lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng do vy nh
hng n qu trnh quang hp di nc.
- cng ca nc: biu th hm lng mui canxi v magic trong nc
- Hm lng oxi ha tan trong nc.
- Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD)
- Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)
- Hm lng st tng.
- Hm lng clorua (C
- Hm lng sunfat (SO42')
- Hm lng Nit: tn ti 2 dng: dng kh ha tan NHj v dng ion ha NH 4+
- Hm lng kim loi nng: Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg...
- Hm lng cht du m; cht bo, acid hu c,...
- Vi sinh vt.
Hin c 2 tiu chun v nc ct c p dng l: TCVN 4581-89 v Tiu chun nc
tnh khit trong Dc in 4.

=TCVN 4851-89 (ISO 3696-1987)

Tiu chun ny quy nh nhng yu cu v phng php th tng ng cho ba
loi nc dng dng trong phng th nghim phn tch cc ha cht v c.
Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho nc e phn tch vt hu c, phn tch cc
cht hot ng b mt, hoc phn tch sinh hc thay t.
Trong mt s trng hp, khi c nhng phng php phn tch c bit cn s
dng nc v trng, khng cha sunua hoc c mt sc cng b mt nht nh, phi
tin hnh th nghim, tinh ch hoc x l sch nc b sung.
- M t nc
Nc l cht lng trong sut, khng mu khi quan st bng mt thng.
- Phn loi nc
Nc loi mt:
Khng c cht nhim bn ho tan hoc keo ion v hu c, p ng nhng yu cu
phn tch nghim ngt nht, bao gm c nhng yu cu v sc k cht lng c tnh
cao; phi c sn xut bng cch x ] tip t nc loi 2 (v d thm thu ngc
hoc kh ion ha sau lc qua mt mng lc c kch thc l 0,2 mm loi bo cc
cht dng ht hoc chng ct li mt my lm bng silic axit nng chy.
Nc loi 2:
C rt t cht nhim bn v c, hu c hoc keo, thch hp cho cc mc tiu
phn tch nhy, bao gm c quang pho hp th nguyn t (AAS) v xc nh cc
GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

thnh phn lng vt; phi c sn xut, v d nh bng cch chng ct nhiu ln,
hoc bng cch kh ion ha hoc thm thu ngc sau chng ct.
Nc loi 3:
Ph hp vi hu ht cc phng th nghim lm vic theo phng php t v
iu ch cc dung dch thuc th; phi c sn xut bng cch chng ct mt ln,
kh ion ha hoc thm thu ngc. Neu khng c quy nh no khc, loi ny c
dng cho phn tch thng thng.
Ch thch: ngun nc cung cp ban u l nc ung c v sch. Nu nc b
nhim ban nng v bt k phng din no, cng cn phi c x l trc.
- Yu cu
Nc phi tho mn y cc hn mc v yu cu trong bng sau. Cch th
c tin hnh bng cc phng php quy nh phn di.
STT
1

110c , tnh
bng
Mc cc
loi ch tiu
mg/kg,
ln hn Loi 2
Loi khng
1

Tn ch tiu
pH 25c phm
vi bao hm
dn in 25c
tnh bng mS/cm,
khng ln hn

Khng p dng (xem Khng p dng

6 Hm lng Silicdioxit
0,01
ch thch 1)
(xem ch thch 1)
tnh bng mg/1,
khng
0,01ln hn
0,1
(xem ch thch 2) (xem ch thch 2)

Loi 3
5,0-7,5

0,02
Khng quy
nh

0,5

*Ch thch:
Cht oxi ha, hm
o Do nhng
khn trong vic gi tr pH ca nc tinh khit cao v gi tr o
lng oxi(O) tnh Khng
p dngkh
(xem
0,08
0,4
cthch
khng
bng mg/1, khng ln
ch
3) chc chan, nn khng quy nh gii hn pH ca nc loi 1 v
loi 2.
hn
o
Gi
tr dn in ca nc loi ! v loi 2 ng vi nc va iu ch xong;
hp th
trong bo qun nc c th b nhim bn bi cacbon trong kh quyn v cht
254nm,chiu dy lem,
Khng
quy
kim
ca bao b thu tinh0,01
tan vo nc,
dn ti
nhng thay i dn in.
0,001
tnh bang n v hp
nh
o Khng quy nh gii hn cht oxy ha c v cn sau khi bay hi ca nc
th, khng ln hn
loi I v kh c php th ph hp mc tinh khit ny. Tuy nhin, cht lng
ca nc c bo m do s ph hp vi cc yu cu khc v do phng
Hm lng cn sau Khng p dng (xem
1
2
php iu ch.
khi bay hi
ch thch 3)
- Ly mu
Ly t' l nc ln mt mu nc i din khng t hn 21 kim tra theo quy
nh ny.
Ch thch:
o Mau ny c dng kim tra dn in ca nc loi I v loi 2. o Mau
phi trong mt binh cha thch hp, sch s, kn ch dnh ring ng mu
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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

nc, c kch thc sao cho mu cha y hon ton. Phi gi gn cn thn
trnh mi nguy c nhim bn mu. o C th dng cc bnh cha g ha (c
ngha l bnh cha c luc si t nht 2h trong dung dch axit clohydric C(HC1) 1 mo 1/1; sau hai ln mi ln lh trong nc ct; lm bng thu tinh bosilicat
cng nh cc bnh cht do tr thch hp. (V d polietilen polypropylen) nhng
ch yu phi m bo mu khng b nh hng do bo qun, c bit l i vi
cht oxy ha v hp th.
Bo qun
Trong bo qun, nc c th b nhim bn do ho tan nhng thnh phn d tan
ca bnh cha bng thy tnh hay cht do hoc do hp th cacbon dioxit v
cc tp cht khc ca kh quyn trong phng th nghim. V l do trn, khng nn bo
qun nc loi I v loi 2: nc sau khi iu ch c dng ngay nh quy nh 2: nc
sau khi iu ch c dng ngay nh quy nh. Tuy nhin, nc loi 2 c th c iu
ch vi lng va phi v bo qun trong cc bnh cha thch hp, tr, sch, kn, y
v c trng bng nc cng loi.
Vic bo qun nc loi 3 khng phc tp, nhng cc bnh cha v iu kin bo
qun phi ging nh vic b qun nc loi 2.
Bnh cha bo qun chi nn dnh ring cho mt loi nc.
Phng php th
Cc php xc nh quy nh trong mc ny phi c tin hnh trong mt kh
quyn khng c bi, sch v phi c nhng bin php thn trng thch hp ngn
nga mi nhim bn mu v cc phn mu th.
o pH +
Thit
b
Thit b thng thng trong phng th nghim v pH mt, c trang b mt in
cc thu tinh v mt in cc so snh AglAgCl.
+ Cch tin hnh
Chun ha pH mt theo hng dn ca ngi sn xut, dng cc dung dch m
c gi tr pH t 4,0 n 8,0. Chuyn mu th nghim vo cc v iu chinh nhit ca
nc n 25 1 c. Nhng cc in cc v xc nh pH.
dn in +
Thit b
Tht b thng thng trong phng th nghim.
>
Bnh nn, c mt ng bo him cha cc ht vi-xt h ch th.
> My o dn in vi bnh o dch chuyn c, l loi binh o dn in
trc tip c b chinh nhit t ng, o nc loi 1 v loi2.
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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Ch thch: Nu my o khng c b chnh nhit phi lp mt b trao i nhit, c

th iu chnh nhit ca nc th nghim 25 1 c.
>
My o dn in e o nc loi 3.
+ Cch tin hnh.
>
Nc loi 1 v loi 2
Dng my o dn in c chinh nhit 25 lc o dn
in.
>
Nc loi 3
Chuyn 400 ml mu vo bnh nn lp ng bo him v iu chnh nhit ca
nc n 25 1 c. Dng my o dn in o dn in theo hng dn s
dng ca ngi sn xut.

Th gii hn cht oxy ha

Ch thch: Nhng gii hn tng ng vi cht oxy ha bi th bng miligam oxy
(O) trn lt, l 0,08 v 0,4 i vi nc loi 1 v loi 3.
+ Thuc th
Dng nc loi 2 iu ch cc dung dch thuc th sau:
>
Axit sunturic, dung dch khong mol/1
> Kal pemanganat, dung dch tiu chun, C(i/5KMn04)= 0,0 mol/1
+ Cch tin hnh.
>
Mau th
1000 1111 nc loi 2 hoc 200 ml nc loi 3
>
Th
Cho 10 ml dung dch axit sunturic 1 mol/1 v l,0ml dung dch kali pemanganat
tiu chun C(i/5Kmn04) =0,01 mol/1 v mu th, un si trong 5 pht. Kim tra xem
mu ca hn hp khng b bin i hon ton.
o hp th +
Thit b
Thit b, dng c trong phng th nghim thng thng
>
Quang ph k, c b chn lc bin i lin tc hoc.
' Quang ph k, c b chn lc bin i khng lin tc, c trang b cc knh lc m
bo truyn ti a min ln cn 254 nm.
>
Cuvet lm bng cng vt liu silic dioxit chiu dy lcm v 2cm.
Ch thch: Nu quang ph k khng nhy, c th tng cng nhy bng cc cuvet
dy hn.
+ Cch tin hnh

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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

y mu vo cuvet 2cm o hp th bng quang ph k c b chn lc bin

i lin tc di sng khong 254 ran bng quang ph k c cc knh lc thch hp,
sau iu chnh hp th v khng (0) i vi cng mu nc c trong cuvet 1 cm.
Xc nh cn sau khi bc hi khi un nng 110c +
Thit b
Thit b ca phng th nghim thng thng
>
Bnh bay hi quay, dung tch khong 250 ml.
>
B hi nc.
> a bng bch kim, silic dioxit hoc thy tinh bosilicat, c dung tch lOOml.
> T sy c th t 110 2c.
+ Mu th
Chuyn ] 000 ml mu th nghim vo mt ng c nt
>
Xc nh
Cho 100 ml mu th vo bnh bay hi quay sch v kh v chng ct b hi
nc di p sut gim. Khi nc bc hi, thm lin tc mu th cho n khi ton b
mu th bay hn n khong 50 ml.
a bng bch kim, silicdioxit hoc thu tinh bosilicat sy trc 2h trong t sy
110 2c, ngui trong bnh ht m v cn chnh xc n ,0001g. Chuyn nh
lng cn vo a vi 2 ln nc mu, mi ln khong 5ml. Bc hi cn cho n kh
trong b hi nc. Chuyn a v cn t b hi nc vo t sy t 110 2c v sy
khong 2h. Ly a ra khi l, ngui trong binh ht m n nhit phng v cn
chnh xc n 0,0001 g. sy li, lm ngui v cn n khi hiu s gia hai ln cn k
tip nhau khng vt qu 0,0002 g.
Th gii hn v silic dioxit phn ng.
Ch thch: Gii hn tng ng vi hm lng silic dioxit biu th bng miligam
Sic>2 trn lt, l 0,01 v 0,02 cho nc loi 1 v loi 2 tng ng.
+ Thuc th
>
Silicdioxit, dung dch chun 1 (dung dch c).
Cn 1 g silicdioxit tinh khit nghin mjn (99,9% S1 O2 ) sy kh 110c chnh
xc n 0,0001 g cho vo a bch kim. Thm 4,5 g natri cacbonat (Na 2C03 khan) v
trn cn thn mu bng mt a thu tinh kh, u trn. Ri hn hp vo gia a v
san bng sao cho mu chim mt ch khong 300 mm ng knh. Ph hn hp bng
0,5 g natri cacbonat, sau nh nhng qut nhng phn cn dnh trn a thu tinh cho
vo a.
y a bng mt np bch kim v t vo l nung 300 400C. Nung nng
hn hp, t t a nhit ln trong khong 10 pht hoc cho n khi nng chy hon
ton. Ly a ra khi l v nh nhng lc trn thu gn khi lng nng chy. e
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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

ngui, ra cht nng chy dnh mt di ca np bng nc nng, thu vo chn; sau
ho tan khi nng chy bng nc nng, ngui, chuyn dch dung dch vo mt
bnh nh mc dung tch 1000 mi, pha long n vch v lc k.
Chuyn dung dch vo bnh cht deo bo qun 1 ml dung dch chun ny cha
1 mg SO.
>
Silic dioxit dung dch chun II (dung dch long).
Chuyn 5,0 rnl dung dch chun silic dioxit (6.6.1.1) vo mt bnh nh mc dung
tch 1000 ml, pha long n vch v lc k.
lml dung dch chun ny cha 0,005 mg Si02. Khi no dng mi pha dung dch ny.
>
Amon molip t trong mt hn hp 80ml nc v 20ml dung dch axit sunurc
(6.6.1.5), khng un nng. Bo qun trong bnh cht do.
>
4-metylamino phenol sunat (Metol) dung dch ch th.
Ho tan 0,2 g metol v 20 g kali disunit (kali metabisunt) trong 100 ml nc,
khng un nng, bo qun trong chai cht do.
Loi b dung dch sau 4 tun hoc khi bt u c du hiu phn hy.
'r Axit sunfuric,C(H2S04) khong 2,5 tnol/1 - sunfuric, d = 1,84 g/ml vo nc va
c 1000 ml dung dch. Bo qun trong binh cht do.
>
Axit oxalic, dung dch 50 g/1.
+ Thit b
Thit b ca phng th nghim thng thng
>
a bng bch kim, c dung tch khong 250 ml
>
Cc ng Netsle ging nhau, dung tch 50 ml
>
L nung c th t 300 400c.
>
Bp cch thu, c th t khong 60QC.
+ Cch tin hnh
>
Mu th
Ly 520 ml nc loi 1 hoc 270 ml nc loi 2.
>
Th
Cho bc hi mu th trong a lin tip tng t mt c c mt th tch nc
cui cng l 20 ml. Thm vo 1 ml dung dch amoni molipdat. Sau ng 5 pht, cho
thm lml dung dch axit oxalic v trn k. sau 1 pht, thm vo lml dung dch metol v
un nng trong 1 pht trn bp cch thu, gi khong 60c. Chuyn dung dch vo
mt trong cc ng Netsle.
Chun b mt dung dch mu chun theo cng cch tin hnh nhng dng mt
hn hp 19,0 ml mu v 1,0 ml dung dch chun silic dioxit thay cho 20ml c c do
lm bc hi mu th. Chuyn dung dch vo mt ng Nesle khc.

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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Nhn thng t trn xung, kim tra cng mu xanh to nn trong dung
dch th khng vt qu cng mu to nn trong dung dch chun. Bin bn th
nghim
Mi bin bn phi bao gm cc c trng sau y:

K hiu mu.

Ch dn phng php s dng;

Ket qu v phng php hiu th s dng

Bt k nt c bit bt thng no nhn xt c trong qu trnh xc nh

Bt k thao tc no khng c trong tiu chun ny hoc c coi nh l tu p

dng.
Tiu chun ny hon ton ph hp vi ISO 3696 1987.
^Chtiu nc tinh khit theo tiu chun Dc in 4
Nc tinh khit l nc c lm tinh khit t nc ung c bng phng
php ct, trao i ion hoc bng cc phng php thch hp khc. Nu khng c qui
nh g khc, nc tinh khit c dng pha ch cc ch phm khng yu cu v
khun v khng c cht gy st.
Aqua puricata: H2O p.t.l: 1 8,0
Tnh cht: cht lng trong, khng mu , khng mi, khng v.
dn in: khng qu 4,3 pS/cm 20 c
Gii hn acidkim:

Thm 0,05 ml dung dch methyl (TT) vo I 0 ml ch phm mi un si

ngui. Dung dch khng c c mu .

Thm 0,1 ml dung dch xanh bromothymol (TT) vo 10 ml ch phm. Dung dch
khng c c mu xanh lam.
Amoni: khng qu 0,2 phn triu. Ly 20 nil ch phm, thm 1 ml thuc th
Nessler (TT), sau 5 pht kim tra bng cch nhn theo chiu dc ng nghim. Dung
dch khng c c mu m hn mu ca dung dch i chiu c tin hnh ng
thi bng cch thm 1 ml thuc th Nessler (TT) vo hn hp gm 4 ml dung dch
amoni mu 1 phn triu v 16 ml nc khng c amoni.
Clorid: ly 10 ml ch phm, thm 1 ml dung dch acid nitric long (TT) v 0,2
ml dung dch bc nitrat 2% (TT). Dung dch khng c thay i trong t nht 15 pht.
Nitrat: khng qu 0,2 phn triu. Ly 5 ml ch phm vo mt ng nghim, ngm
su trong nc , thm 0,4 ml dung dch kali clorid 10% (TT), 0,1 ml dung dch
diphenylamin (TT) v 5 ml acid suluric m c khng c nit (TT) (va nh tng
git va lc), trong cch thu 50 c trong 15 pht. Dung dch thu c khng c
c mu xanh m hn mu ca dung dch i chiu c tin hnh trong cng iu
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SVTH:Ph Th Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

kin nhng thay ch phm bng hn hp gm 4,5 ml nc khng c nitrat v 0,5 ml

dung dch nitrat mu 2 phn triu.
Sulfat: ly 10 ml ch phm, thm 0,1 ml dung dch acid hydrocloric long (TT)
v 0,1 ml dung dch bari clorid (TT) 6,1 %. Dnng dch khng c thay i t nht
trong mt gi.
Calci v magnesi: ly 100 ml ch phm, thm 2 ml dung dch m amoniac pH
10,0; 50 mg hn hp en eriocrom T (TT) v 0,5 ml dung dch natri edetat 0,01 M, mu
xanh c to thnh.
Cht kh: ly 100 ml ch phm thm 10 ml dung dch acid sullric 10% (TT) v
0,1 ml dung dch kal permanganat 0,02 M, un si trong 5 pht, dung dch vn cn
mu hng nht.
Kim loi nng: khng c qu 0,1 phn triu. Lay 150 ml ch phm cho vo
cc thu tinh, em bc hi trn cch thu ti khi cn 15 mi Ly 1 2 ml dung dch ny
tin hnh th kim loi nng theo phng php 1. Dng dung dch ch mu 1 phn
triu Pb chuan b mu so snh.
Cn sau khi bay hoi: khng qu 0,001%. Bay hi 100 ml ch phm ti kh trn
cch thy v sy trong t sy n khi lng khng i 100 - 105 c. Khi lng cn
cn li khng c qu 1 mg.
Nhm: nu mc ch s dng l sn xut cc dung dch thm tch th phai
tin hnh php th nhm nh sau: ly 400 ml ch phm, thm 10 ml dung dch m
acetat pH 6,0 v 100 ml nc ct. Dung dch phi t yu cu th gii hn nhm (10
mg/1). Dng dung dch i chiu l mt hon hp gm 2 ml dung dch nhm mu 2
phn triu, 10 ml dung dch m acetat pH 6,0 v 98 ml nc ct. Chun b mu trng
gm hn hp 10 ml dung dch m acetat pH 6,0 v 100 ml nc ct.
nhim khun: tng s lng vi khun hiu kh sng li c khng c ln
hn 102 vi khun/ml, xc nh bng phng php lc qua mng lc, dng mi trng
thch casen u tng.
Ni c t vi khun: nu sn xut dung dch thm tch, m khng c cc
phng php thch hp loi b ni c t vi khun phi tin hnh php th ni c t vi
khun. Khng c nhiu hn 0,25 EU/ ml.
Bo qun v ghi nhn: ng trong bnh kn. Bnh ng khng c lm thay i
tnh cht ca nc. Dn nhn thch hp vi nc iu ch dung dch thm tch.
Trch dc in 4.

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

CHNG II. PHNG PHP O DN IN

2.1. nh ngha
^ dn ca mt cht c nh ngha l kh nng thc hin hoc truyn nhit, in,
m thanh.
2.2. o n v o ca dn in
v mt lch s, n v chun ca dn in l mhos/cm (mho l vit nghch
o ca t ohm). in tr c gi tr 100 ohms/1 cm tng ng vi dn in
1/100 mhos/cm. n v nihos/cm sau c thay th do ngnh cng nghip s dng
mt n v c th chuyn i tng ng gi l Siemen/cm. dn in lun lun
c trinh by theo n v microSiemens/cm (phn triu Siemen) m ton b cc con
s c th c s dng.
dn in ca nc (Electrical conductivity: EC) lin quan n s c mt ca
cc ion trong nc. Cc ion ny thng l cc mui ca kim loi nh NaCl, KC1, S0 42"
NO3', P04',...Tc ng nhim ca nc c dn in cao thng lin quan n tnh
c hi ca cc ion tan trong nc. Do , dn in ca nc c trng cho tng
lng cht rn ha tan trong nc (TDS)...
dn in ca nc ph thuc v tng ti l thun vi nhit nc. Nhit
nc tng ln lc th dn in ca nc s tng 2-3%. Thng thng dn in
c o nhit tiu chun l 25c.
e xc nh dn in, ngi ta thng dng cc my o in tr, cng
dng in hoc bt o dn in.
2.3. Phng php o dn in
2.3. . Phng php o dn in hng in cc tip xc
Tt c cc dung dch c cha nc th lun c dn in trong mt chng mc no .
Vic o c kh nng ca mt dung dch c th dn in c gi l dn (nghch o
ca in tr). S b sung cc cht dn in nh mui, axit hay baz vo nc tinh khit
s lm tng kh nng dn in ca cht lng. iu ny lm tng kh nng dn in
ca dung dch (gim in tr).
Mt b thit b o c dn in ca dung dch thng qua mt b phn tch
kt ni bn trong vi dy cp ti u d c nhng ngp trong dung dch. u d c
thit k tch hp vi mt cm bin nhit v hai in cc tip xc vi dung dch. Dy
vng quanh b phn tch c p mt in th vo gia hai bn in cc v ln ca
dng in sinh ra tng quan tuyn tnh vi dn in ca dung dch.
Khi nhit ca dung dch thay i, dn ca n cng thay i. Thng thng,
s thay di nhit c b tr bi mt nhit k (ci in tr nhy

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

nhit ) gn trong cm bin o dn sa i h s gc ng tng quan t

o c c c. Khng quan tm n nhit thc ca dung dch, gi tr hin th l gi
tr ca dn in ca dung dch nu nhit l 25 QC (nhit tham kho c chp
nhn quc t). S b tr nhit ny c th thc hin t ng hoc thay i bng tay.
B tr nhit trong php o dn
H thng o dn t s chnh xc ch khi c b tr nhit tt. Bi v h
s chung ca dung dch t khong 2-3% trn c, cn phi cn thn trong sn xut v thit
k cc thit b c b tr nhit t ng. Tng t nh th, ngi vn hnh phi o
nhit chnh xc khi ci t thit b vi s b tr nhit bng tay cho kt qua
chnh xc. H s nhit dung dch i khi khng tuyn tnh v lun thay i theo
dn thc t. Vic hiu chun ti nhit o thc t s gip php o t chnh xc tt
nht.
Hu ht cc b phn tch dn c kh nng iu chnh s b tr nhit bng
tay. Ngi vn hnh phi ci t b tr nhit theo nhit dung dch ti thi im
thc hin o dn. S b tr nhit bng tay thch hp vi cc ng dng o c c
s thay i nhit t. Tuy nhin, s b tr' t ng c u tin s dng hn bi vi sau
khi thit b hot ng n s khng thay i nu vi vic ci t sai do khng hay
thao tc thc hnh km.
2.3.2. Phng php o dn in hang dng in cm ng (khng in cc) o
dn in thng phi thc hin trong cc dung dch c th bao bc, ng bm hoc ph
ln b mt ca cc in cc o truyn thng ( loi tip xc). Khi o dung dch c dn
cao trn 10,000 microSiemens/cm vi in cc truyn thng th cn phi s dng loi c
hang s K (cell constant) ln. Nhng in cc ny c b mt din tch in cc nh v
do dn ti vic d b ng bm v phn cc lm cho vic o c khng cn chnh
xc. e gii quyt nhc im ny, cc u o bng k thut cm ng t c pht
trin khc phc cc vn ny, nNguyn tc hot dng:
Cc u o dn cm ng hot ng da vo cm ng mt dng in trong vng
lp khp kn ca dung dch v o ln ca dng in ny xc nh dn in ca
dung dch . Trong hnh 1, b iu khin truyn tn hiu ni vi hai li dy 1 v 2. Li
cm ng dng in sinh ra trong dung dch v c o li. Tn hiu AC trong vng lp
xuyn qua trc ng u o vi dung dch bao xung quanh. Li 2 (tip nhn) d ln
ca dng cm ng v c o bi cc b phn tch in t hin th gi tr c tng
ng.

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Loi u do cm ng t ny loi tr c cc vn hay gp phi khi s ng vi

in cc o truyn thng, Lp du m, hay ng m bng dn in ha s khng cn
l mi bn tm khi s dng loi u o dng in cm ng ny.
2,3.3.

Mt s thit b do dn in

2.3.3.1Thit b o pH mV ISE EC TDS DO Nhit SCHOTT Prolab 2000

Hng sn xut: SCHOTT Xut x: Germany

Chc nng: o nhit , PH, o nng mui, o lng Oxy trong nc, o dn
in, TDS
Khong o pH: -2.000 ,.. +20.000 pH / -2.00 ... +20,00 pH
- phn gii: 0.001 / 0.01 pH
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.003 pH /0.01 pH
GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

-Khong o mV: -1999.9 mV ... +1999.9 mV /-1999 mV ... +1999 xnV

- phn gii: 0 . 1 / 1 m V
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.2 raV / 1 mV
- Khoang o ISE (La chn ION): 0.000 ... 10,000 mg/1 /0.00 ... 100.00 mg/1 /
0.0 ... 100.0 mg/1 / 0 ... 2000 rng/1
- phn gii: 0.001 / 0.01 / 0 . 1 / 1 mg/1
- Hiu chun: t 2 ... 3 im
- Nng chun: 0.01 ... 10 000 mg/1 c th la chn 19 nng
- Khong o dn in (EC): 0.000 ... 2.000 mS/cm / 0.00 ... 20.00 mS/cm / 0,0 ...
200.0 mS/cm / 0 ... 2000mS/cm / 0.00 ... 20.00 mS/cm / 0.0 ... 200.0 mS/cm ... 0 ... 2000
mS/cm
- phn gii: 0.001 / 0.01 / 0 . 1 / 1 mS/cm / 0.01 / 0 . 1 / 1 mS/cm
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.5%
- Hng s in cc c hiu chun: 0.450 ... 0.500 cm" 1; 0.585 ... 0.715 cm"1;
0.800 ... 1.200 cm'1. Hiu chun bng dung dch d 0.01 mol KCL
- Hng s in cc c th iu chnh: 0.250 ... 2.500 cm'1
- Khong o TDS: 0 ... 2000 mg/1. H s c th ci t gia 0.40 v 1.00
- phn gii: 1
- chnh xc: 1
- Khoang o mn: 0.0 ... 70.0. o mn theo thang mrc bin t nhin
(UNESCO 1966b)
- phn gii: 0.1
- chnh xc: 0.1 /0,2
- Khoang o nhit : -10.0 ... 120.0c
- phn gii: 0.1
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.1
- Khong o nng Oxi: 0.00 ... 20.00 mg/1 0 ... 90.0 mg/1
- phn gii: 0.01 /0.1
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.5%
- Khong o Oxy bo ha: 0 ... 200.0% / 0 ... 600 %
- phn gii: 0.1 /1
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.5%

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Khong o p sut ring phn: 0 ... 200.0 mbar / 0 ... 1250 mbar
phn gii: 0 . 1 / 1 mbar
chnh xc (1 dgit): 0.5%
Chc nng b tr' nhit , mn v p sut khng kh 500 ... 1100 mbar
- Khong o nhit : -10.0c ... +120c
- chnh xc (1 digit): 0.1 c
2.3.3.2.
THIT B O DN IN EC 215
EC 215 l thit b o dn in a phm vi b nhit t ng cng vi bn phm
v o m bo phn gii v chnh xc cao nht p ng yu cu ca bn.
Hiu chun c thc hin n gin bng tay ln n im 1 ch bng cch iu
chnh mt nt bm trn mt trc ca thit b o. Vi mt h s nhit do ngi s
dng la chn v cm bin nhit kt hp
trong vic thm d, b nhit hin th s.
Bao gm dng c o ny l phn ng
nhanh chng vic thm d ca HI 76303.
Vic thm d ny c trang b mt b cm
bin bch kim 4 vng, cm bin nhit tch
hp bn trong v Im dy (3,3T). Thit b ny
c th c s dng o tnh axt, mau kim,
hoc nhit cao.
Thng s k thut:

GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 17

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Hiu chun

1 im bng tay
T ng, 0 - 5 0 (32 - 122F) vi B iu
chnh 0 - 2.5%/C
H 76303, cm bin bch kim 4 vng, cm
Khoa:Cng ngh ha
bin nhit , 1 m dy (3.3') (bao
gm)
0.0 - 199.9 pS/cm; 0 - 1999 pS/cm; 0.00 Thit
b tch hp0.0
12-Vdc
(bao
gm)
19.99mS/cm;
199.9
mS/cm
dn in
0 - 50C (32 - 122F); RH ti a 95%

B nhit
Cc d
Kha lun tt nghip

Ngun in
Thang o
Mi trng
Kch thc

240 X 182 X 74 mm (9.4 X 7.2 X 2,9")

Trng lng

0.1kgpS/cm;
1.0
(2.2 lb.)
1 uS/cm; 0.01 raS/cm; 0.1 mS/cm

phn gii
chnh

1% F.s. (khng c hiu chun sai)

xc

2.3,3.3. THTT B O DN IN
BN MODEL: YSI3100 HNG SX: YSI M
YSI 3100 c thit k dng trong phng th
nghim, cung cp kt qu c chnh xc v tin
cy cao o nc siu tinh khit, ch b nhit
t ng. Hiu chun a im. Cc chi tiu phn tch gm dn in, sut in tr, tng
cht rn ha tan TDS, mn v nhit .
Hiu chun

a im, ln ti 5 im

Cnh bo m thanh

Kt ni cm bin

7-pin Mini Din

Hng s cm bin, cm'

0.001 ti 100 cm

Chng ch

UL, CSA, CE

ng h

Luu tr d liu

100 im

Kch thc

Kch thc

22.9 X 24.1 X 11.2 CM

Khi lng

1.1 kg

Mn hnh

Graphic LCD

Mi trng hot ng

m 95%

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 18

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Cng kt ni

RS-232

Ngun in

AC, 115V, 220V

B nhit

Phng php

Tuyn tnh, khng tuyn tnh

Nhit tham kho

10

H s nhit

0 - 10%/C, khng tuyn tnh

- 100 c

Khng chng thm nc. Dng trong

phng th nghim.
2 nm vi thit b

Chng thm nc
Bo hnh

Thng s k thut chung ca thit b YSI 3100

0.1 % ton thang

0.1

chnh xc
0 - 9.999 k
0.30% ton thang
0.20% ton thang
0 -99.99 k
0.10% ton thang

phn gii
0.1% ton thang
0.0001 pS
0.001 pS
0.1% ton thang
0.01 iS

Tn s
0.001 k
40 Hz
80 Hz
0.01 k
290 Hz

95.0 -999.9 pS

100.0 - 999.9 k
0.10% ton thang
1.00 -9.99 M

0.2% ton thang

0.1 |iS
0.5% ton thang

950 - 9999 |tS

10.0-29.9
Mton thang
0.10%

1%gS
ton thang

10100.1 k
Hz 0.01 M
10100.1 M

9.50 - 99.99 Ms

Ch tiu
Thang o
0.10% ton thang

95.0 - 999.9 mS

mn
0 ti 80 ppt (NaCl)
0.30% ton thang
0.1 mS

dn in
Thang o
0 -0.9999 pS
0.950-9.999 pS
9.50 pS-99.99 pS

TDS
0.95 - 3.00 s

0.01 mS

0 ti 19,999 mg/L

Nhit
ton thang
-5 ti 100c
1.0%

0.01

Sut in tr'
Thang o

chnh xc

phn gii

0-9.999 Q

0.2% ton thang

0.001

0 -99.99 Q

0.1% ton thang

0.01 Q

GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 19

1010

Hz
1010

chnh xc
Hz
1460
.l ppt
Hz
0.50%
1460
0.1 C
Hz

Hz
1010
Hz
1010
Hz
290 Hz
80 Hz
40 Hz
phn
gii
0.1 ppt
1 mg/L
0.01

Tn s
1460
Hz
1460
Hz
SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

CHNG III: TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP XC NH

3.1. XC NH CNG CHUNG
3.1.1 .Phng php chun to phc
3.1.1.1. Nguyn tc
Chun to phc Ca v Mg vi dung dch nc ca mui dinatri ca EDTA
pH=10. Dng modan en 11 (ETOO) lm ch th. Chi th ny to hp cht mu hoc
tm vi ion Ca v Mg. Trong qu trinh chun EDTA trc ht phn ng vi cc ion
Ca v Mg t do, sau im tng ng phn ng vi cc ion Ca V Mg lin kt
vi cht ch th gii phng ch th v lm mu dung dch i t sang xanh tm.
Cc phn ng xy ra khi xc nh cng:
a pH ln 10: M2+ + OH' M(OH)2 M2' +
ETOO > Phc 1 (mu tm)
M2+ + EDTA Phc 2 (khng mu)
Phc 1 + EDTA + Phc 2 + ETOO (mu xanh)
3.1.1.2.

iu kin tin hnh

Phi iu chnh mi trng pH=10 v ti pH ny Ca2+, Mg2 phn ng tt vi

EDTA, ch th i mu r rt.
Dng m amoni iu chnh mi trng pH
3.1.1.3.

Cch tin hnh

Ht mu vo binh nn c dung tch ph hp.

iu chinh mi trng pH n 10 bng dung dch m amoni.
Chun trc tip bng dung dch EDTA tiu chun t buret xung, ng thi lc
u.
Chun cho ti khi dung dch i mu t tm sang xanh lc th dng li.
3.1.1.4.
Tnh kt qu
Hm lng tng Ca v Mg (Cca-Mg), tnh bng mol/1 theo cng thc
r _CV
v
''Ca-Mg v O
Trong :
C| l nng dung dch EDTA, mmol/1
V() l th tch mu th, ml
Vj l th tch dng dch EDTA tiu tn trong chun , mi

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

3.1.2.
Phng php quang ph hp th nguvn t
3.1.2.1.
Nguyn tc
e gim s nhiu, thm lantan clorua (nu dng ngn la khng kh/axetylen) trc khi
o bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t. i vi Ca s hp th o
422,7nm v Mg 285,2nm.
3.1.2.2.
iu kin tin hnh
Phng php ny dng phn tch nc ngun v nc ung v c th dng
phn tch nc c hm lng canxi ln ti 50 mg/1, magie ln ti 5 mg/1. i vi
mu c hm lng canxi v magie cao hn th th tch mu ly phn tch phi
nh hn.
Dng ngn la ca hn hp khng kh/axetylen thm lantan clorua. Dng ngn la
ca hon hp oxit nito/axetylen th thm cesi clorua.
Cc mu sau khi axit ha phi lc trnh tc h thong mao qun.
Dng ngn la ca hn hp khng kh/axetylen khong tt nht t 3 - 50 i vi
caxi v t 0,9 - 5 i vi magie. Dng ngn la oxit nito/axetylen khong tt nht
t 2 20 i vi canxi v t 0,2 2 oi vi magie,
3.1.2.3.
Cch tin hnh
Chun b dung dch th cho thit b: chun b mt s bnh nh mc lOOml. Nu
dng ngn la khng kh/axetylen thi thm vo mi bnh lOml dung dch lantan
clorua cha 20g La/1, hoc lOml dng dch cesi clorua cha 20g Cs/1 nu dng
ngn la oxit nito/axetylen.
Thm lng mu ph hp vi khong nng vo bnh.
Thm HC1 0,1 mol/1 ti vch.
Tin hnh o bc sng 422,7 nm vi canxi v 285,2 i vi magie. Tin hnh
tng t vi mu trng.
Lp th hiu chnh i vi canxi nng t 0; 0,5; 1,0;...5,0 v magie nng
t 0; 0,05; 0,1; . ..;0,5.
3.1.2.4.
Tnh kt qu
Hm lng canxi (PCAI)V magie (pMgl), mg/1 theo cng thc:

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Page 21

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

^l
Vn

pMgl - PMg2 v

PCal = PCa2 ,,

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Trong :
PCA2 ' nng ca canxi, mg/1 (theo th hiu chnh) p Mg2 l nng ca magie, mg/1
(theo th hiu chnh)
f: h s pha long bi vic thm HC1, p=l,l8g/ml vo mu th (thng thng l 1,008)
v0 l th tch ca mu th gc, ml
V] l th tch ca bnh nh mc, ml (lOOml)
Hm lng ca canxi (Cca) v magie (CMg), mmol/1 c tnh theo cng thc:
Pca

P-Cai
40,1

3.2. XC NH HM LNG AMONI

_ p- Mgi
PMg 24,3

3.2.1.
Phng php chng ct v chun
3.2.1.1. Nguyn tc
iu chinh pH ca phn mu th n khong 6,0 - 7,4. Thm magi oxit to
mi trng kim yu, chng ct amoniac c gii phng v thu vo binh cha c sn
dung dch axit boric. Chun amoni trong phn ct c bang dung dch chun axit
boric/ch th.
3.2.1.2. iu kin tin hnh
p dng cho nc cha x l, nc ung, nc thi nng amoni tnh theo nito
ti I Omg/I.
u ra ca ong sinh hn phi nhng ngp vo dung dch hp th.
Phi lm sch my chng ct mi khi my ngng lm vic trong t ngy Lng
axit trong bnh hng phi lun du so vi lng amoni
3,2.1.3, Cch tin hnh
Chn the tch phn mu th nu bit s b hm lng amoni gn ng trong mu
theo bng sau:
Nng amoni CN (mg/1)
Th tch phn mu th (ml)
250
0-10
10-20
20-50
50-100

100
50
25

Ly 50 5ml dung dch axit boric/chi th vo bnh hng ca my chng ct.

Ly phn mu th vo binh ct Thm vi git chi th xanh bromothymol.
iu chnh mi trng pH =6-7,4 v thm nc khng amoni ti th tch tng
cng 350ml.
GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

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SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

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Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Thm vo vi ht bt, cht chng to bt ri lp bnh vo my ct Chun

dung dch trong bnh hng bng HO chun 0,02M n mu hng.
Tin hnh tng t vi mu trng.
3.2.1.4.
Tnh kt qu
Nng amoni tnh theo nit (CN)tnh bng mg/1, c tnh theo cng thc
v.v2
CN = -^c. 14,0 .1000
Trong :
vo l th tch ca phn mu th, ml;
VI l th tch ca axit clohidric chun tiu tn trong chun mu, ml;
V2 l th tch ca axit clohidric chun tiu tn trong chun mu trng (7.3),
ml;
c l nng chnh xc ca dung dch axit clohidric dng chun , mol/1; 14,01 l
khi lng nguyn t ca nt, g/mol;
Ket qu c th th hin bang nng khi lng (miligam trong lt) ca nit CN, ca
amoniac CNH3> hoc ca ion amoni CNH4+- hoc bng micromol trong lt ca ion
amoni,
C(NH4+)- H s chuyn i gia cc nng ny c trnh by bng 2.
CN
MG/1

CN = LMG/1
CNHJ= LMG/1
CNH4 = LMG/1

GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

CNH3
MG/1

4+ MG/1

0, 823

1,216
1

1,288
1,059

0,777

0,944

Page 23

C(MH4+)
MMOL/1

71,4
58,7
55,4

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

C(NH4+)- lmg/1

0,014

0,017

0,018

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Th d:
Nng ion amoni CNH4 1 mg/1 tng ng vi nng nit l 0,777mg/l.
3.2.2.
Phng php trc ph dng thuc th Nessler
3.2.2.1. Nguyn tc
Khi thuc th Nessler c cho vo dung dch th amoni s phn ng rt nhanh vi
tc nhn ny to ra phc mu vng nu. Tuy nhin khng phi ton b lng amon u
phn ng ngay lp tc cho nn cn c thi gian dung dch pht trin mu ti a.
Cng mu t l thun vi hm lng amoni ong dung dch th. o hp th
quang bc sng = 400nm.
Phng trnh phn ng:
2NH + 2K [Hgl 1 = Hg NH I + 4K + NH !
3

2 L & 4 J &2

23

3.2.2.2. iu kin tin hnh

Sau khi to cc in kin hin m cho mu, yn dung dch khong 10-15 pht
cng mu pht trin ti a.
Cc dng c thy tinh phi c ra sch bng dung dch ra sau c trng k
bng nc ct,
iu kin hin mu ti u pH=l2.
Ty thuc vo hm lng amoni trong mu m ta ly th tch ph hp sao cho
nng amoni khng qu 5 mg/1.
3.2.2.3. Cch tin hnh
Ht mu vo bnh nh mc chun b sn ri thm cc iu kin hin mu, nh
mc ti vch bng nc ct.
yn dung dch khong 10-15 pht ri em o quang = 400nm.
Tin hnh tng t vi mu trng.
Lp ng chun vi khong nng ph hp vi mu th nhng khng vt qu
5mg/l.
3.2.2.4. Tnh kt qu

-fC

Trong :
CNH4+ l nng amoni trong mu, mg/1 f l h s
pha long nu axit bo qun mu. c l nng
amoni tnh theo ng chun, mg/1 v0 l th tch mu,
ml
V1 l th tch bnh nh mc

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 24

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

3.3. XC NH HM LNG Fe
3.3.1.

Phng php so mu

3.3.1.1. Nguyn tc
Trong mi trng axit, ion st (III) to vi ion CNS' phc mu , em so mu
bng mt dung dch mu vi dung dch tiu chun.
3.3.1.2. iu kin tin hnh
Phi iu chnh mi trng pH v khong axit.
Thc hin so mu vi dy mu tiu chun, cc ng so mu hnh tr phi ng nht,
c cng kch thc, mu sc.
Lng dung dch vo cc ng phi tng i bng nhau.
Nng ca st trong mu phi nm trong khong nng ca dy mu tiu
chun.
Thc hin so mu bng mt.
3.3. L3.Cch tin hnh
Ht mu vo cc thy tinh, thm dung dch HNO3 ri un si khong 5 pht.
Chuyn ht sang bnh nh mc, nh mc ti vch.
Ht mt th tch xc nh dung dch va nh mc vo ng so mu.
Thm cc iu kin hin mu ri tin hnh so mu.
3.3.1.4.
Tnh kt qu
Hm lng st (III) c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
X l nng st trong mu, mg/1
c l nng st trong ng so mu c cng mu bng vi ng mu, mg/1 VI l th
tch bnh nh mc, ml V2 l th tch mu th, ml
3.3.2.

Phng php trc ph dng thuc th 1,10-phenantrolin

3.3.2.1. Nguyn tc
Thm dung dch 1.10- phenantrolin vo lng mu v o hp thu ca phc cht
mu da cam- bc sng bng 510 tim. Nu xc nh lng st tng hoc tng st
ho tan, thm hydroxyl- amoni clorua d kh st (II) n st (III). Nu c st khng tan,
oxyt st hoc phc cht st, cn phi x l s b ho tan cc cht . Phc cht st
(II)-1.10- phenantrolin bn trong khong pH t 2,5 n 6 v mu sc t l vi hm
lng Fe(II). Quan h gia nng st v hp th l tuyn tnh vi nng st nh
hon 5,0 Itig/l, hp thu cao nht khi o X - 510 ran.
GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 25

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

3.3.2.2. U kin tin hnh

Phng php ny c th p dng xc nh nng st trong khong 0.01 n 5
mg/1. C th xc nh nng st cao hn 5 mg/1 bng cch pha long mu thch
hp.
Mi trng pH =3,5-5,5 tt nht l 4,5.
Phi yn dung dch hin mu 10-15 pht mu pht trin toi a o
hp th quang bc sng ,=51 Onm.
3.3.2.3. Cch tin hnh
Ht mt th tch mu xc nh vo cc c m ri x l s b chuyn ht st
(III) v st (II) vi NH20H.HC1.
Chuyn nh lng vo bnh nh mc.
iu chnh mi trng pH =4,5-5 bng m axetat, ri thm cc iu kin hin
mu, nh mc ti vch.
yn dung dch trong khong 10-15 pht ri o quang bc sng thch hp.
3.3.2.4. Tnh kt qu
Nng st CFe ca mu mg/1 c tnh theo cng thc

CFe=F(A|-Ao)
Trong :
F l dc ca ng chun Ai l
hp th ca mu Ao l hp
th ca mu trang
3.4. XC NH HM LNG CLORA
3.4.1.
Xc nh Cl bng thy ngn thyoxyanate
3.4.1.1. Nguyn tc
Nguyn tc l ion thyocyanat ca mui thy ngn thyoxyanat b chim ch bi
ion clorit v gii phng ra ion thyoxyanat t do. vi s c mt ca ion
Fe III trong dung dch s to ra phc c mu mu. Cng mu ca phc st vi
thyoxyanat tng ng vi hm lng ion clorit trong dung dch.
2C1' + Hg(SCN>2 + 2Fe3+ = HgCl2 + 2IFe(SCN)I2*
3.4.1.2. Diu kin tin hnh
Phng php cho php xc nh lng vt anion clorit trong dung dch. Dung dch
sau khi hin mu, nh mc phi yn 10 pht ri mi em i o quang bc
sng ?i=460nm.
3.4.1.3. Cch tin hnh
Ht mt th tch chnh xc mu vo hnh nh mc
Thm cc iu kin hin mu, nh mc ti vch bang nc ct.
e yn dung dch 10 pht ri o quang bc sng =460nm.
GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 26

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Lp ng chun vi nng clorua 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 mg/ml

3.4.1.4. Tnh kt qu

Trong :
X l nng clorua trong mu, mg/ml c l nng
clorua tnh theo ng chun, mg/ml V1 l th tch bnh
nh mc, ml Vo l th tch mu, ml
3.4.2.
Phng php chun vi cht chun Ag+
3.4.2.1. Nguyn tc
Phn ng ca ion cloma vi ion thm vo to thnh kt ta bc clorua khng ha
tan. Vic thm d 1 lng nh ion bc to thnh cromat mu nu vi ion cromat c
thm lm cht chi th. Phn ng ny c dng bit im kt thc. Mi trng pH
thch hp cho php chun ny l t 6,5-7.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh chuan :
Ag+ + Cl" -^AgCl ''trng
Ag~ + Cr042' ->Ag2Cr04 '4'nu

3.4.2.2. u kin tin hnh

Phng php ny c th p dng xc nh trc tip clorua ha tan vi nng
t 5mg/l n 150 mg/1).Khong xc nh c th m rng 400mg/l bng cch s
dng buret c dung tch ln hn hoc bng cch pha long mu. Do c nhiu cht
gy nhiu nn Phng php ny khng p dng c vi nc nhim c hm
lng clorua thp.
iu chnh mi trng pH - 6,5-7 bng NaOH v HNCH.Phi mi trng
trung tnh v trong mi trng axit th CrO4" <- CnO?2' khng kt ta gch vi
Ag+. trong mi trng bazo th AgOH kt ta trng.
Lng ch th cho vo phi va u kt ta gch xut hin st im tng
ng. Nu [CrO4'] ln th c kt ta gch trc tng ng gy ra sai s m.
Nu [CrO4 ] nh th c kt ta gch sau tng ng gy ra sai s dng.
3.4.2.3. Cch tin hnh
Ht mt th tch mu xc nh vo bnh nn c dung tch ph hp.
iu chnh mi trng pH =6,5-7.
Thm dung dch ch th.

GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 27

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

Chun dung dch bng dung dch AgN03 tiu chun n khi dung dch
chm mu nu .
3.4.2.4. Tnh kt qu
Nng clorua(Pcl), tnh bng mg/l
C.f.(V s -V b )
Fcl
~' V
Trong :
Pci: nng clorua, mg/I va:
th tch mu, ml
vb:th tch dung dch bc nitrat dng chun mu trng, ml vs;
th tch dung dch bc nitrat dng chun mu th, ml C: nng
thc ca bc nitrat, mo 1/1 f: h s chuyn i, 135453 mg/mol
3,4,3,
Phong php chun iot xc nh clo tng s
3.4.3.l.
Nguyn tc
Clo tng s phn ng vi kali iodua trong dung dch axit gii phng iot t
do.Iot va sinh ra b kh ngay bng dung dch chun thiosunfat bit, c thm
vo dung dch. Chun lng hiosunfat cha phn ng bng dung dch chun kali
iodat.
Phng trnh chun ;
KI03+Na2S203^KI+NaI+Na2S406+I2
3.4.3.2.

iu kin tin hnh

p ng vi mu c nng clo t 0,7 mg/l n 15 mg/1 Chun ti khi dung

dch chuyn sang mu xanh bn t nht 30s.
Tin hnh xc nh ngay sau khi ly mu, trnh lc mu, trnh mu tip xc vi
nh sng, trnh mu b kt ta v lm nng.
Nu nng clo tng s d kin ln hn 15 mg/1 thi pha long bng nc ct.
3.4.3.3.
Cch tin hnh
Ly mu vo bnh nn c th tch tng ng ph hp.
Thm 10 ml dung dch Na2s203 sau thm khong 1 g KlO, 20ml H3PO4 v Iml
dung dch h tinh bt.
Chun ngay bng dung dch KO n khi xut hin mu xanh bn.
3.4.3.4.
Tnh kt qu
Nng clo tng s, C(C12) mmol/1, theo cng thc:
K,c.
Pm
-2V a
Trong :
C[ l nng thc t, ca dung dch chun natri thiosunfat, mmol/1
c2 l nng ca dung dch chun kaliiodat; mmol/l
GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 28

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

v0 l th tch, ca phn mu th trc khi pha long (nu c), ml

V3 l th tch ca ung dch chun kali iodat tiu tn trong chun , ml
V4 l th tch ca dung dch chun natri thiosunat, dng chun (V4 = 10
ml);ml.
Nng ng lng cht c th c chuyn i thnh nng khi lng,
P(CL2) mg/1, theo cng thc sau:
P(CI2) M.C(C12)

Trong : M l khi lng mol ca clorua (M = 70,91 g/mol), tnh bng g/mol

PHN II. THC NGHIM

CHNG I. DNG c V HA CHT

1.1. Dng c
1.1.1. My o quang ph 10UV-VIS spctrophotometer USA.
- Cm ngun in
- Bt nt on/off pha sau my my bt u khi ng
- i n khi mn hnh n nh, h thng kim tra xong, chn test Abs.
- Chn bc sng bng cch n set ri bm bc sng cn o
- Trng ra sch cuvet bng nc ct ri trng ra
vi ln bng chnh dung dch cn o.
- dung dch cn o vo khong 1/2 - 2/3 th tch
cuvet. Dng giy mm lau sch bn ngoi
cuvet.
- t cuvet cha mu trng vo v tr B. t cuvet
cha mu cn o vo cc v tri cn li.
- Hiu chnh mu trang.
- n v tr mu cn o trn bn phm.
- c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh v ghi li.
- Tt my v rt ngun in
1.1.2. My o dn in cm tay HI8733
HANNA
1.1.2.1. Thng s k thut
Thang o tS/cm
mS/crn

0,0-199,9/0-1999
0,00-19,99/0,0-199,9

phn gii p.s/cm 0,1/1

mS/cm 0,01/0,1
ng
1 % trn ton thang
loi tr li u d
Chc nng b nhit T ng iu chnh t 050C vi h s |3 c th
GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa
Page 29
iu chinh t
0-2,5% gi tr c
u d
HI 7633w ATC vi

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

iu kin lm vic
Loi pin/tu th
Kch thc
Khi lng

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

cp ni c bc bo v
di lm
0-50 c m tng i
cc i 95%
9V( pin kim)/100 gi
s dng lin tc
185x82x45 mm
355g

1.1.2.2.
Thao tc s dng
- Ra sch u d bng nc ct ri dng giy mm lau kh.
- Nhng u d vo dung dch cn o sao cho dung dch ngp qua 4 l nh trn u d.
Khuy nh ui ht bt kh cn bm li trn u d
- Bt nt on/off, chn n v o ph hp vi dung dch cn o.
- i n khi gi tr hin th trn mn hnh n nh th c kt qu o
- Ghi li gi tr va o c.
1.1.3.
Cn phn tch
- Cm ngun in
- Bt 4,on/ofF\ i n khi mn hnh hin th v 0.
- M ca cn a b cn vo cn
- Khi mn hnh hin th gi tr ca b cn, nhn 4,Tare tr b
- a cht cn cn vo cn ri mang ra ngoi
- ng ca cn li
- Bm nt on/off tt
- Rt ngun in
1.1.4.
Cc dng c thng thng trong phng th nghim
V d: buret 25ml, cc thy tinh (50ml, lOOml, 250ml, ...), bnh tam gic 250ml, bnh
tam gic 500ml, b pipet 0,1 ml - 50ml, bp in, phu lc, uac thy tnh,...
1.2. Ha cht
1.2.1.
Dung dch H2SO4 c
1.2.2.
Dung dch HNOj c
1.2.3.
Dung dch NH- c
1.2.4.
m amon
Cn 9,14g NH4CI ha tan trong 500ml nc ct v ht 80ml NH4OH 25%, nh mc
bng nc ct ti 1 OOOml.
1.2.5.
Dung dch EDTA chun 0,01 M
Sy mui Na^EDTA 80c trong vng 2h, ngui trong bnh ht m. Cn
3,725g ha tan trong nc ri nh mc thnh lOOOml, bo qun trong bnh PE.
GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 30

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

1.2.6.
Ch thi modan en l(ETOO)
Ha tan 0,5g modan en 11, dng mui ca natri axit l(l-hydroxy-2- naphtylazo)-6nitro-2-naphtol-4-simfonic
(CSiiIisKiO-SNa)
trong
lOOml
trietanolamin[(HOCH2CH2)3N] c th thay 25ml trietanolamin bng th tch n 25ml
etanol gim nht dung dch.
1.2.7.
Dung dch chun CaC03 0,01 M
Sy CaC03 105c trong 2h ri ngui trong bnh ht m. Cn 1,001 g, tm t
bng nc, thm tng git HC1 n tan hon ton ri cho thm nc, un si vi pht
ui C02, lm ngui n nhit phng ri thm vi git metyl . Thm dung dch
NH3 cho en dung dch chuyn mu da cam. Chuyn nh lng vo bnh nh mc
lOOOml.
1.2.8.
Dung dch chun AgN03 0,02M
Cn 3,404g AgN03 ha tan vi nc, nh mc lOOOml. dung dch bo qun trong
bnh thy tinh sm mu.
1.2.9.
Dung dch K2Cr04 100g/l
Cn lOg KCrOha tan trong nc, pha long thnh lOOml
1.2.10.
Dung dch NaCl 0,02
Cn l,1688gNaCI c sy kh, ha tan v pha long thnh lOOOml
1.2.11.
Dung dch HNO3 0,1 M
Ht 3,3 ml HNO3 c pha long thnh 500ml
1.2.12.
Dung dch NaOH 0,1M
Cn nhanh 2,084g NaOH ha tan, pha long thnh 500ml
1.2.13.
Dung dch m axetat
Cn 68g CH3COONa ha tan trong 500ml nc ct v ht 72ml CH 3COOH
99,5%, nh mc bng nc ct n lOOOml
1.2.14.
Dung dch NH2OH.HCl 100g/l
Cn 50g NH2OH.HCI ha tan trong nc ct, pha long thnh 500ml
1.2.15.
Dung dch chun Fe2+ 0,lg/l
Cn 0,503g FeS04.7H20 tm t bng lml H2SO4 c, nh mc lOOOml bng
nuc ct
1.2.16.
Dung dch chun Fe2+ 10mg/l
Ht chnh xc 10ml dung dch Fc2 0,1 g/1 pha long nh mc ti lOOml bng
nc ct
1.2.17.
Dung djch 1.10-phenantrolin (C2H8N2.H20)
Cn 0,lg ch th, ha tan trong lOOml nc ct, khuy v gia nhit ti 80 c, khng
c un si. Trong trng hp khng un si th thm 2 git HC1 c khuy u cho
n khi tan ht

GVHDiNguyn Thi Thoa

Page 31

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

Kha lun tt nghip

Khoa:Cng ngh ha

1.2. 8, Thuc th Nessler

Ha tan 2,5g KI Vo 5ml nc, thm 3,5g Hgl v khuy n tan hon ton. Dng
nc a th tch dung dch ln ti 30ml, thm 70 ml NaOH 10% v yn dung dch
trong 2-3 ngy. Gn ly phn trong sut khi kt ta. Bo qun dung dch trong chai
thy tinh sm mu
1.2.19.
Dung dch Rock 10%
Cn lOg K2NaC4H4Q6 ha tan trong nc ri pha long thnh lOOml
1.2.20,
Dung dch chun NH4+ 0,lg/l
Ha tan 3,819g NH4C1 c sy kh t nht 2h 105c vo 800ml nc khng
amoni, nh mc ti lOOOml 1.2.21 Dung dch chun NH4+10mg/l
Ht chnh xc 1 Oml dung dch NH4CI 0,1 g/1 nh mc thnh 1 OQml

GVHD:Nguyn Thi Thoa

Page 32

SVTH:Ph Thi Nga

CHNG II. TIN HNH THC NGHIM-KT QU V

THO LUN
2.1. dn in
2.1.1.
Cch tin hnh
Ht khong 200m! mu vo cc 250ml ri dng my o dn in c b chnh nhit 25 lc. i cho gi tr hin th
trn mn hnh ca my n nh th c kt qu, ghi li.
2.1.2. Kt qu
2.1.2.1.
Nc cp (nc sinh hot ti trng)
Mu th

Thi gian
28/03/2013

dn in (pS/cm)
930
1010
920

8
9

29/03/2013
01/04/2013
02/04/2013
03/04/2013
04/04/2013
05/04/2013
08/04/2013
09/04/2013

10

10/04/2013

1120

1
2
3
4
5

1260
920
930
1340
1400
1370

*Nhn xt: Nc cp nhn chung c dn in tng i n nh, gi tr o c tng i cao nhng vn t yu cu i vi nc

sinh hot.
2.1.3,
Nc chy qua ct lc iont

Mau

Thi gian

Tc dng ra
(ml/pht)
30
40

Lu lng (lt/h) dn in
(pS/cm)
71,7
1,8
2,4
90,8
50,6
1,68
70,4
1,8

2
3
4

24/04/2013
25/04/2013
26/04/2013
27/04/2013

28/04/2013

40

2,4

91,6

6
7

05/05/2013
06- 14/05/2013

44
30

2,64
1,8

100,8
67,2

28
30

*Nhn xt: Ga tr o c nm trong khong 50-100 |j,s/cin nh hn rt nhiu so vi nc ct. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 4851-89
(ISO 3696-1987) t yu cu v dn in ca nc loi 2, loi 3. Tuy nhin gi tr o c c n nh km.
2,1.3.1. Nc ct ln
Mau th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Thi gian
14/03/2013
15/03/2013
18/03/2013
19/03/2013
20/03/2013
21/03/2013
22/03/2013

dn in (pS/cm)
6,9
10,4
5,4
6,5
12,7
16,5

25/03/2013
26/03/2013
27/03/2013

22,8
24,6
7,3

8,0

*Nhn xt: Ga tr o c nm trong khong 5-25 pS/cm t yu cu v dn in ca nc loi 2 theo tiu chun Vit Nam
4851-89 (ISO 3696-1987) v nh hn,n nh hn so vi nc qua ct ionit.

2.1. cng chung

2.1.1. Cch tin hnh
- Dng pipet ht 50ml mu vo bnh nn 250ml, Neu mu l nc ct hoc nc chy qua ct ionit th ht thm vo bnh 2ml
CaC03 0,0IM.
- Thm 4ml dung dch m amoni
- Thm I git chi th modan en 11
- Chun ngay bng dung dch EDTA t buret ng thi lc u. chun nhanh lc u v chm n khi gn cui. Tip tc
thm EDTA n khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm sang xanh lc. sc thi mu khng thay i nu thm 1 git EDTA na.

- Ghi li th tch EDTA tiu tn.

2.1.2. Kt qu
2.1.2.1. Nc cp (nc sinh hot ti trng)
Mau
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Ngy
11/03/2013
12/03/2013
13/03/2013
14/03/2013
15/03/2013
18/03/2013
19/03/2013
20/03/2013
21/03/2013
22/03/2013

Vedta

tiu tn (ml)
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,1
7,1
6,85
7,0
7,0
7,0

(rag/1)
173,751
173,751
173,751
173,751
176,233
176,233
170,028
173,751
173,751
173,751

CcaCQ3

*Nhn xt: Hm lng CaCOj trong nc cp tng i n nh. Theo QCVN 01 - 2009/BYT, cng tnh theo CaC3 gii
hn l 300mg/l. Nh vy, tt c cc mu nc sinh hot ny u t QCVN 01 : 2009/BYT oi vi nc sinh hot.
2.1.2.2. Nc chy qua ct ionit
Mau
Ngy
Vedta tiu tn (ml)
CcaCQ3 (iug/l)
1

24/04/2013
25/04/2013
26/04/2013
29/04/2013
30/04/2013

1,8

8
9

01/05/2013
02/05/2013
03/05/2013
06/05/2013

1,8
1,8
1,75

10

07/05/2013

2
3
4
5
6
7

1,8
1,8
1,7
1,7

1,8
1,8

4,664
4,644
4,664
2,162
2,162
4,664
4,644
3,403
4,644
4 644

*Nhn xt: Hm lng CaCO nhn c nh hn xp x 43 ln so vi nc cp v c n nh cao.

2.1.2.3.
Nc ct 1 ln

Mau
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Ngy
VEDTA tiu tn (ml)
11/03/2013
1,7
12/03/2013
1,8
13/03/2013
1,75
14/03/2013
1,7
15/03/2013
1,75
18/03/2013
1,75
19/03/2013
1,8

8
9

20/03/2013
21/03/2013

10

22/03/2013

1,8
1,8
1,8

CcaCO (ntg/1)

2,162
4,644
3,403
2,162
3,403
3,403
4,644
4,644
4,644
4,644

*Nhn xt: Hm lng Ca CO; phn tch c ca cc mu tng i n nh v gn tng ng so vi nc qua ct ionit, nh hn
rt nhiu so vi nc cp.
2.2. Hm lng clorua
2.2.1.
Cch tin hnh
Dng pipet ht lOOml mu th vo bnh nn dung tch 250ml. Neu mu th l nc ct 1 ln th ht 200ml mu vo binh nn c dung
tch ln hn.
iu chnh mi trng pH ca mu nam trong khong 6,5-7 bng dung dch HNO3 0,1M v dung dchNaOH 0,1M. Ghi li VnNcuv
VNaQH dng.
- Thm lml dung dch ch th K2C1O4 100g/l.
Chun dung dch bng cch thm tng git AgN03 vo n khi dung dch chm chuyn mu hi nu .
- Ghi li VAgN03 tiu tn.
2.2.2.
Kt qu
2,2,2,1.
Nc cp (nu'c sinh hoat tai trng)
Mau
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8

9
10

Ngy
25/03/2013
26/03/2013
27/03/2013
28/03/2013
29/03/2013
01/04/2013
02/04/2013
03/04/2013
04/04/2013
05/04/2013

VAgN03 tiu tn (ml)

1,8
2,0
1,9
2,0
1,8

1,9
1,8
1,8
1,8

1,9

Cciorua (mg/l)
12,763
14,181
13,472
14,181
12,763
13,472
12,763
12,763
12,763
13,472

*Nhn xt: Hm lng clorua trong nc cp ri vo khong 2-14 mg/1, n nh tng i, t yu cu i vi nc sinh hot.
2.2.2.2.
Nc ehv qua ct ionit
Mau
1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

9
10

Ngy
24/04/2013
25/04/2013
26/04/2013
29/04/2013
30/04/2013
01/05/2013
02/05/2013
03/05/2013
06/05/2013
07/05/2013

VAgNO tiu tn (m)

1,0
1,1

1,15
1,2
1,2
1,2

1,15
1,15
1,2
1,2

Cciorua(mg/l)
7,091
7,799
8,154
8,509
8,509
8,509
8,154
8,154
8,509
8,509

*Nhn xt: Hm lng clorua gim khong mt na so vi nc cp, n nh ca cc mu tng i tt nhng li cao hn so
vi cc mau nc ct phn tch.
2.3.2.3NUC ct 1 ln
03/04/2013
0,55
1,950
Ngy
VAgN03 tiu tn
(ml)
Cciorua (mg/1)
9
04/04/2013
1,773
25/03/2013
2,127 0,5
0,6
10 0,5 05/04/2013
1,773
26/03/2013
1,773 0,5
2
3
27/03/2013
2,127
0,6
4
28/03/2013
0,5
1,773
"Nhn 5xt: Hm
lng
clorua
phn
tch
c
gim
nhiu
ln
so
vi nc cp, n inh ca cc mu tt v c hm lng nh
29/03/2013
0,5
1,773
han nc qua ct
ionit.
01/04/2013
2,127
6
0,6
7 2.3. Hm
02/04/2013
0,5
1,773
lng amoni
Mu

2.3.1.
Cch tin hnh
2.3.1.1. Lp ng chun
Chn b 11 bnh nh mc c cng dung tch 25ml c nh s th t T dung dch tiu chun NH,+ 10mg/l, ht chnh xc cc
th tch tng dn cho vo cc binh nh mc nh bng di:

Bnh

10

11

VNH4
10mg/l
CNH4
(mg/1)
Rock
Nessler
Nc
ct

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

10

11

0,285

0,330

0,368

0,401

2m
Iml
nh mc ti 25ml

yn dung dch 10-15 pht

- o mt quang ca cc ng tiu chun ?L=400nm
- Lp bng:
BINH
A

0 0,038

0,076

4
0,123

5
0,164

6
0,209

- V ng chun

2.3.1.2. Xc nh NH/
Ht 20ml mu vo bnh nh mc 25ml
Thm 2ml dung dch Rock 10%
Thm lmLNessler
nh mc ti vch bng nc ct, lc u
e yn dung dch 10-15 pht ri em o mt quang k=400nm
2.3.2.
Kt qu

7
0.250

2.3.2.1. Nc cp (nc sinh hot ti trng)

Mu
Ngy
A
06/05/2013
0,137
1
07/05/2013
0,135
2
3
08/05/2013
0,135
4
09/05/2013
0,130
5
10/05/2013
0,140
11/05/2013
0,137
6

2.4.1.2. Nc chy qua ct ionit

2
Mu
Ngy
3
4
5

06/05/2013
07/05/2013
A2-X
A3-2
08/05/2013
09/05/2013
10/05/2013
11/05/2013
6
2.4.1,3. Nc ct 1 ln
Mu
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ngy
06/05/2013
07/05/2013
08/05/2013
09/05/2013
10/05/2013
11/05/2013

0,297
0,306 c
^amoni
0,301
(mg/1)
0,302
0,297
0,299

(nig/1)
0,839
0,827
0,827
0,797
0,858
0,839

Camoni

0,498
0,496
0,498
0,498
0,500
0,499
A3.2

A_x

0,312
0,315
0,312
0,313
0,311
0,312

0,21!
0,149
0,187
0,181
0,218
0,202

'-'amoni

0,498
0,496
0,498
0,498
0,500
0 499

(mg/l)
0,120
0,095
0,120
0,114
0,134
0,124

2.5. Hm lng Fe tng

2.5.1.
Cch tin hnh
2.5.1.1.
Lp ng chun
- Chn b 10 bnh nh mc c cng dung tch 25ml c nh s th t
T dung dch tiu chun Fe2+10mg/l, ht chnh xc cc th tch tng dn cho vo cc bnh nh mc nh bng di
- Thm Iml HC1 c v 0,5ml NH2OH.HCl
- un si cn mt na
- Thm 5mt m axetat v lml phenantroln

nh mc ti vch bng nc ct
yn dung dch 10" 15 pht
o mt quang ca cc ong tiu chun =51 Onm
Lp bng:
Bnh

0,5
0,7
1,5
1,7
VFez+
0
0,2
1,0
1,2
2,0
1 Omg/1
0,40 0,48
Cbc
0
0,08 0,20 0,28
0,60 0,68 0,80
(mg/1)
A
0,013 0,037 0,057 0,081 0,094 0,117 0,134 0,154
0
V ng chun:

0.18

2.5.1.2.
Xc nh Fe tng
Ht 25ml mu vo cc c m I OOml
Thm lml HC1 v 0,5ml NHiOH.HCl
un si cn mt na, ngui
Chuyn nh lng vo bnh nh mc 25ml
Thm 5ml m axetat
Thm Iml phenantrolin ri nh mc bng nc ct ti vch
- yn 10-15 pht roi em o quang bc sng =51 Onm
Lm tng t vi mu trng
2.5.2. Kt qu
2.5.2.1.
Nc ct 1 ln

Mu

A2-X
0,15
0,151
0,152

A3.2
0,236
0,235
0,235

CFe, mg/1
0,037
0,029
0,024

09/05/2013
0,147
10/05/2013
0,15
11/05/2013
0,151
6
2,5.2,2 Nc chy qua ct ionit

0,236
0,236
0,234

0,053
0,037

1
2
3

Ngy
06/05/2013
07/05/2013
08/05/2013

4
5

Mu

Ngy
A2-X
06/05/2013
0,146
1
07/05/2013
0,15
2
3
08/05/2013
0,151
4
09/05/2013
0,15
5
10/05/2013
0,149
11/05/2013
0,145
6
2.5.2,3. Nc cp (nc sinh hot ti trng)
Mu
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ngy
06/05/2013
07/05/2013
08/05/2013
09/05/2013
10/05/2013
11/05/2013

A3-2
0,236
0,235
0,235
0,236
0,236
0,234

A
0,03
0,029
0,035
0,031
0,03
0,03

0,026

Cie. mg/1
0,058
0,034
0,029
0,037
0,042
0,056
CFe, mg/1
0,153
0,147
0,179
0,158
0,153
0,153

Phn III: Kt lun

Sau thi gian nghin cu v lm thc nghim em thu c cc kt qu sau:
Nm c tng quan v nc ct
Nghin cu cc phng php xc nh mt s ch tiu trong nc: st, amoni, cng, clorua, dn in.
Tin hnh thc nghim phn tch hm lng st, amoni, cng, clora, dn in ca 3 mu nc v thu c kt qu trong
bng sau:

Mu
Nc ct
Nc chy
qua ct
ionit
Nc
cp

0.095-

(-1 2+
Upe ,
mg/1
0.026-

0.134

0.053

0.149-

0.029-

0,218

0.058

12,763-

0.797-

0.147-

14,181

0.858

0.179

n
in

CcaCO g/l

Cciorua?
mg/1

5,0-25,0

2,162-4,644

1,773-2,127

2,162-4,644

7,091-8,509

920-

170,028-

1400

176,233

50,0100,0

CNH4

mg/1

Qua kt qu trn em a ra mt s nhn nh:

T bng s liu thu c c th kt lun c rng nc ct bng my c cht lng tt hn so vi nc chy qua ct ionit.
Nc ct 1 ln c ct bang my ca trng v nc sau khi chy qua ct ionit c dn in nh hn rt nhiu so vi nc sinh
hot ti khu vc Ty Tu.
- Nc ct bng my c n nh hn so vi nc chy qua ct ionit
Nc ct 1 ln c ct bng my ca trng c dn in nm trong khong 5,0 - 25,0 pS/cm. Nc sau khi chy qua ct ionit c
dn in nm trong khong 50- 100 pS/cm. Theo TCVN 4851-89 (ISO 3696-1987) nc loi 3 c sn xut bng cch chng
ct I ln, kh ton ha hoc thm thu ngc phi c dn in 25c tnh bng mS/cm khng ln hn 0,5. Vy c th kt lun
nc ct 1 ln ny ph hp vi hu ht cc phng th nghim lm vic theo phng php t v iu ch cc dung dch thuc th.
Nu khng c quy nh no khc, loi ny c dng cho phn tch thng thng.
Nc ct 1 ln c hm lng Ca Mg tng ng nc chy qua ct ionit v nh hn rt nhiu so vi nc sinh hot n ung trc
khi cho vo my ct nc.
Ti liu tham kho
n mn v bo v kim loi (Trnh Xun Sn. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia H Ni)
Cc TCVN v cht lng nc v thuc th:

Dc in 4

TCVN 4851-89 (ISO 3696-1987)

TCVN 6224-1996

TCVN 6201-1995

TCVN 5988-1995 (ISO 5664-1984)

TCVN 6179-1:1996 (ISO 7150-1:1984)

TCVN 3797:83

TCVN 6225-3:2011
Hng dn th nghim Ha phn tch (Trn Bnh, Nguyn Ngc Thng. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia H Ni)
Ha hc phn tch cng c (Quc Gia - Tng Hp)____________________________
Gio trnh c s ha hc phn tch ( Hong Minh Chu, T Vn Mc, T Vng Nghi. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut)
Gio trnh ha phn tch c s (Trn T Hiu. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia)
Gio trnh Phn tch cng nghip (Nguyn Th Thu Phng, Phm Th Mai Hng, V Th Thn, Nguyn c Hi, Nguyn Th
Thoa. Nh xut bn Gio Dc)
Gio trnh Ha v c (Hong Nhm. Nh xut bn Gio dc)
Gio trnh Pha ch ha cht (i hc Cng Ngh ng Nai)
Gio trnh Phn tch cng c ( Trn T Hiu, T Vng Nghi, Nguyn Vn Ri, Nguyn Xun Trung. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut)
Mt s trang web trn internet.