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LI CM N

Qua mt thi gian nghin cu v thc hin, n nay n tt nghip vi


ti: THIT K H THNG IU KHIN BM CHO MODULE PIN
NNG LNG MT TRI do ging vin -Thc s on Vn in hng
dn c hon thin. Trong sut thi gian nghin cu v theo ui ti,
chng em gp mt s vng mc nht nh v nhn c nhiu s gip
nhit thnh v qu bu...
Trc tin, cho php chng em gi li cm n su sc ti ging vin - Thc
s on Vn in tin tng giao n, ch o v hng dn tn tnh
trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti.
Chng em xin c by t lng cm n chn thnh ti cc ging vin
Nguyn Thnh Long, Nguyn Ngc Minh to iu kin thun li cho
chng em c lm vic ti phng th nghim o lng v iu khin gp
phn quan trng hon thin ti.
Chng em cng xin c gi li cm n ti cc thy c gio trong khoa
in-in t, cc anh ch lp K1, cc bn sinh vin lp K2 ng vin,
gp , to iu kin thun li nht gip cho chng em c hon thnh ti
ng tin c giao.
y l mt ti mi Vit Nam trong khi nng lc ca nhm cn hn
ch nn vic tm thm nhiu ti liu lm giu cho n cn thiu st. Chng
em rt mong nhn c nhiu hn na kin ph bnh ca cc thy c gio,
s chia s ti liu ca cc bn sinh vin chng em c th hon thin hn
kin thc ca mnh.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.

MC LC

LI CM N...................................................................................................1
MC LC.........................................................................................................2
M U...........................................................................................................5
PHN 1 NNG LNG MT TRI.............................................................8
1.1 Cu trc v ngun nng lng Mt Tri.................................................8
1.1.1 Cu trc Mt Tri.............................................................................8
1.1.2 Nng lng Mt Tri......................................................................10
1.1.3 Ph bc x Mt Tri.......................................................................11
1.2 Bc x ca nng lng Mt Tri v o lng bc x nng lng Mt
Tri..............................................................................................................14
1.2.1 Ph bc x nng lng Mt Tri....................................................14
1.2.2 o lng bc x nng lng Mt Tri..........................................15
PHN 2 PIN NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG NGUN PIN
NNG LNG MT TRI..........................................................................16
2.1 M u..................................................................................................16
2.2 C s pin nng lng Mt Tri.............................................................17
2.3 Pin Nng lng Mt Tri - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng................20
2.3.1 Cu to............................................................................................20
2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng......................................................................21
2.3.3 S tng ng v cc c trng quang in...........................22
2.4 H thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri.............................................23
PHN 3 THIT K H THNG IU KHIN BM CHO MODUL PIN
NNG LNG MT TRI..........................................................................26
3.1 t vn ..............................................................................................26
3.2 tng thit k v thit b hin c.......................................................27
3.2.1 tng thit k..............................................................................27
3.2.2 Thit b hin c...............................................................................28
3.3 Mch iu khin, nguyn tc hot ng................................................30

3.3.1 Gii thiu vi chp LM339...............................................................30


3.3.2 Thit k mch iu khin...............................................................33
3.4. Thit k mch cp ngun h thng hot ng......................................36
3.5 B tch tr nng lng(c quy)............................................................38
3.5.1 Qu trnh ho hc trong c quy Ch/ Acid......................................39
3.5.2 Cc s c thng gp cquy v cch khc phc.........................39
3.5.3 B iu khin np cho c quy........................................................41
3.6 B nghch lu in p...........................................................................43
3.6.1 Tnh ton v thit k mch lc.......................................................44
3.6.2Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin............................................46
PHN 4 TM HIU PHN MM LABVIEW, CARD PCI-1710, NG
DNG CNG C O LNG O - LABVIEW O BC X MT
TRI, O SC GI, O M............................................................50
4.1 Tng quan h thng o lng o Labview............................................50
4.2 Cc thnh phn ca Labview ng dng................................................52
4.2.1 Bng giao din (The Front Panel)..................................................52
4.2.2. S khi (The Block Diagram)..................................................54
4.2.3. Biu tng v vung u ni.....................................................56
4.3 Nhng cng c lp trnh LabVIEW.....................................................56
4.3.1. Tools Palette..................................................................................56
4.3.2 Bng iu khin (Controls Palette)................................................58
4.3.3. Bng cc hm chc nng (Function palette).................................60
4.4 Gii thiu Labview 8.5..........................................................................68
4.4.1 Nn tng kim tra v o lng t ng..........................................68
4.4.2 LabVIEW 8.5.................................................................................70
4.5 Gii thiu Card PCI-1710.....................................................................71
4.5.1 Khi qut chung...........................................................................71
4.5.2 Bng m t tn hiu kt ni vo / ra :.............................................73

4.6 S dng phn mm Labview phin bn 8.5 o bc x nng lng Mt


Tri tc ng ln h thng...........................................................................77
4.6.1 Front Panel Giao din..................................................................77
4.6.2 Block Diagram S khi..........................................................78
6.6 o sc gi.............................................................................................81
6.6.1 Nng lng gi...............................................................................81
6.6.2 Thit k my o sc gi.................................................................82
6.7 o m khng kh()...........................................................................83
PHN 5 KT LUN, KIN NGH...............................................................83
5.1 Kt lun.................................................................................................83
5.2 Kin ngh...............................................................................................84
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................85

M U
Nhn loi ang sng trong th k th 21- k nguyn ca s pht trin vt
bc v khoa hc cng ngh v ng dng cc thnh qu cng ngh mi. ng
hnh cng s pht trin ny l s tiu tn cc ngun nng lng khng ti to
l du m, than , in nng...
Bn cnh s pht trin mnh m nhn loi cng ang phi i mt vi
nhiu nguy c do s pht trin mang li nh hiu ng nh knh, nhim
mi trng, thin tai, ch ho...Theo c tnh ca Lin Hp Quc th trong
vng mt trm nm qua nhn loi s dng khong 30% tng tr lng du
m m th gii c c v d bo trong vng 30 nm tip theo th nhu cu
ny s tng ln gp ba(s liu tnh n thng 5 nm 2008), tuy nhin i vi
mi quc gia v vng lnh th th nhu cu v nng lng l khng th khng
c v n l iu kin tin quyt cho s pht trin ca bn thn quc gia ,
c bit l i vi cc quc gia ang pht trin. V th, thc v vic s dng
nng lng hp l, tit kim dn tr thnh nhu cu mi quc gia v i
hi cc quc gia phi c nhng bin php tch cc s dng nng lng
c hp l nht?
c th lm c vic ny, th bn cnh vic s dng v qun l nhu cu
nng lng hp l th vic nghin cu, pht trin, ng dng v s dng cc
ngun nng lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng gi, nng lng
Mt Tri...l v cng bc thit bi s di do, sn c v c bit l khng gy
nhim mi trng ca cc ngun nng lng ny.
i vi nng lng Mt Tri ni ring th nhn loi nghin cu v ng
dng n t nhng nm 40 ca th k trc ch to cc Pin Mt Tri cung
cp nng lng cho cc v tinh nhn to. Tuy nhin phi n nhng nm 70,
sau cuc khng hong du la u tin trn th gii th vic nghin cu, pht
trin v ng dng Pin nng lng Mt Tri mi c quan tm thc s v

pht trin mnh m t n nay. cc nc pht trin nh c, M, Nht


Bn...th vic s dng nng lng Mt Tri thay cho cc ngun nng lng
khc tr nn ph bin v nhn c nhiu s ng h. Cn vi cc nc
ngho hoc ang pht trin th vic nghin cu, s dng cc ngun nng
lng ny mi ch t c cc kt qu ban u, bi chi ph ban u ca mt
H THNG NNG LNG MI l kh ln v c th thay i c
thi quen sinh hot ca ngi dn th cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t...
Ring Vit Nam, cc hot ng nghin cu, ng dng v s dng cc
ngun nng lng mi v nng lng ti to ni chung cng nh nng lng
Mt Tri ni ring trong nhng nm gn y c trin khai kh mnh m.
Tuy nhin cha c su rng v mi ch dng quy m cc d n ginh cho
ngi ngho c chnh ph v cc t chc nc ngoi ti tr, cn i vi
i a s ngi dn th vn khng mun s dng ngun nng lng ny do
cha nhn thc c ch li ca n cng nh gi thnh chi ph ban u l qu
cao trong khi thu nhp bnh qun ca ngi dn li mc thp? V vy vic
nghin cu, trin khai cho sinh vin tip cn i vi cc h thng ng dng
cc ngun nng lng mi l vic cn c sm thc hin.
Mc ch nghin cu ca n:
n hon thnh nhm tho mn ba mc ch chnh: Mt l thit k thnh
cng h thng iu khin bm cho Module pin nng lng Mt Tri. Hai l
thit k thnh cng h thng o lng bc x nng lng Mt Tri, sc gi,
m s dng cng c o lng o Labview. Ba l tm hiu c bn v h
thng ngun nng lng Mt Tri, ch li m h thng mang li.
i tng v phm vi nghin cu:
i tng ca ti l kh phong ph v c nhiu mng: l H thng
ngun nng lng in Mt Tri( Bao gm nng lng bc x Mt Tri, Pin
Mt Tri, B tch tr nng lng, b bin i in p...) hai l h thng iu
khin bm cho tm pin Mt Tri, ba l phn mm Labview v card PCI-1710

thng qua thit k h thng o thng lng bc x nng lng Mt


Tri, o sc gi...
ngha thc t ca n:
H thng iu khin bm cho module pin nng lng Mt Tri l mt h
thng c kh nng t ng iu chnh v to ra chuyn ng tng i ca
tm Pin Mt Tri so vi Mt Tri, t s cho in p u ra ca tm pin
mi thi im trong ngy l tng ng nhau, ngha l hiu sut to ra in
p ca h thng pin s l cao nht. Bn cnh th vic thit k v o c
thnh cng lng bc x Mt Tri tc ng ln h thng, o m, o sc
gi s l cng c hu hiu kho st thc a khi lp t h thng pin nng
lng Mt Tri hoc ly kt qu c th d bo thi tit...
Ni dung ca n:
tho mn c cc mc tiu nu trn, n c trnh by trong 5 phn
Phn 1:

Nng lng Mt Tri

Phn 2:

Pin nng lng Mt Tri v h thng ngun pin nng

Phn 3:

lng Mt Tri
Thit k h thng iu khin bm cho modul pin nng

Phn 4:

lng Mt Tri
Tm hiu Labview, card PCI-1710, ng dng cng c o
lng o labview o bc x nng lng Mt Tri, o sc

Phn 5:

gi, o m
Kt lun Khuyn ngh

PHN 1
NNG LNG MT TRI

1.1 Cu trc v ngun nng lng Mt Tri


Nng lng Mt Tri l mt trong cc ngun nng lng ti to quan trng
nht m thin nhin ban tng cho hnh tinh chng ta. ng thi n cng l
ngun gc ca cc ngun nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng gi, nng
lng cc dng sng Nng lng mt tri c th ni l v tn. Tuy nhin
khai thc, s dng ngun nng lng ny cn phi bit cc c trng v
tnh cht c bn ca n, c bit khi ti b mt Tri t.
1.1.1 Cu trc Mt Tri
C th xem mt tri l mt qu cu kh cch qu t 1,495.10 8 km. T Tri
t chng ta nhn mt tri di mt gc m l 3159. t c th tnh c
bn knh ca Mt Tri l R=1,4.106km, tc l bng 109 ln ng knh Tri
t v do th tch ca Mt Tri cng ln hn th tch ca Tri t khong
130.104 ln. T nh lut Vn Vt Hp Dn ngi ta cng tnh c khi
lng ca mt tri l 1,989.1027 tn, ln hn khi lng ca Tri t l
33.1014 ln. Mt trung bnh ca mt tri l 1,4 g/cm 3, ln hn khi lng
ring ca nc khong 50%. Tuy nhin mt cc lp v khc nhau ca
Mt Tri rt khc nhau, phn li do b nn vi p sut cao nn mt c th
ln n 160g/cm3 nhng cng xa ra pha ngoi th mt cng gim v gim
rt nhanh.
Mt cch khi qut c th chia mt tri thnh hai phn chnh l phn pha
trong v phn kh quyn bn ngoi:
+ Phn kh quyn bn ngoi li chia thnh ba min khc nhau l Quang
cu, Sc cu v Nht min.
+ Phn bn trong c chia thnh ba lp l tng i lu, tng trung gian v
li Mt Tri.

T mt t nhn ln, ta c cm gic Mt Tri l mt qu cu la n nh.


Thc ra l mt khi kh khng l, bn trong n lun lun c s vn ng
mnh m khng ngng, l cc phn ng nhit hch v cng ln, s n hin
ca cc m en, s bin i ca cc qung sng v s bng pht d di ca
khu vc xung quanh cc m en l cc bng chng v s vn ng khng
ngng trong lng Mt Tri. Ngoi ra, bng knh thin vn c th quan st
c cu trc ht, vt th hnh kim, hin tng pht khi, pht xung
sng...lun lun thay i v rt d di
V mt vt cht th Mt Tri cha n 78,4% kh hydro(H2), Heli(He)
chim 19,8%, cc nguyn t khc chim 1,8 %. Nng lng mt tri do bc

x l khng l, mi dy n pht ra 3,865.1026J tng ng vi nng lng


t chy ht 1,32.1016 tn than tiu chun. Tuy vy nhng b mt ca Tri
t ch nhn c mt nng lng rt nh khong 17,57.10 16J tng ng
6.106 tn than .
1.1.2 Nng lng Mt Tri
Nng lng Mt Tri c s dng trn Tri t di nhiu dng khc
nhau v hnh thc khc nhau. Thc t hin nay, chng ta s dng nng lng
Mt Tri cp nhit v in:
+ Nng lng mt tri di dng nhit: Sinh nhit, gi nhit...
+ Nng lng mt tri di dng in: To ra in nng...
Nng lng Mt Tri c xc nh l sn phm ca cc phn ng nhit
ht nhn. Theo thuyt tng i ca Einstein v qua phn ng nhit hch,
khi lng c th chuyn thnh nng lng. Nhit mt ngoi ca Mt Tri
khong 6000K( Kenvin), cn bn trong nhit c th ln n hng triu
. p sut bn trong Mt Tri ln hn 340.108 MPa. Do nhit v p sut
bn trong Mt Tri cao nh vy nn vt cht nhanh chng b ion ho v
chuyn ng vi nng lng rt ln, chng va chm vo nhau v gy ra hng
lot cc phn ng ht nhn. Ngi ta xc nh ngun nng lng Mt Tri
ch yu do hai loi phn ng ht nhn gy ra; l cc phn ng tun hon
gia cc ht nhn Cacbon v Nit(C-N) v phn ng ht nhn proton-proton.
Mt tri l Ngun nng lng v tn m thin nhin ban tng cho con
ngi, hin hu khp ni trn Tri t v l ngi bn thn thit ca mi
trng. Vt trn tt c cc dng nng lng khc, hin nay nng lng mt
tri ang c chn l ngun nng lng tt nht cho tng lai.

10

1.1.3 Ph bc x Mt Tri
Bc x Mt Tri c bn cht l sng in t, l qu trnh chuyn cc dao
ng in t trng trong khng gian. Trong qu trnh truyn sng, cc
vecteur cng in trng v cng t trng lun vung gc vi nhau
v vung gc vi phng truyn ca sng in t. Qung ng m sng
in t truyn c sau mt chu k dao ng gi l bc sng
Trong chn khng, vn tc truyn sng ca sng in t ng bng tc
ca nh sng 3.108m/s. Cn trong mi trng vt cht, vn tc truyn ca
sng nh hn v bng v=c/n, trong c l vn tc nh sng, n l chit sut
tuyt i ca mi trng(n 1). Cc sng in t c bc sng tri di trong
mt phm vi rt rng t 10-7nm n hng nghn km.

nh sng nhn thy c bc sng t 0,4 m n gn 0,8 m, ch chim mt


phn rt nh trong ph sng in t ca bc x Mt Tri. Cn ch rng,
mc d c cng bn cht l sng in t nhng cc loi sng in t c bc
sng khc nhau th gy ra cc tc dng l, ho, sinh khc nhau. Ni ring
trong vng ph nhn thy c, s khc nhau v bc sng gy cho ta cm
gic v mu sc khc nhau ca nh sng. Khi i t bc sng di =0,8 m
n bc sng ngn =0,4 m ta nhn thy mu sc ca nh sng thay i
lin tc t , cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm. Mt ngi nhy nht i vi

11

nh sng mu vng c bc sng =580nm. S phn b nng lng i vi


cc bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau.
Bng 1.1.3a sau y s cho chng ta thy quan h gia mt nng lng
ca bc x in t ph thuc vo bc sng ca n, cn bng 1.1.3b l mi
quan h gia mu sc nh sng v bc sng ca n.
Bng 1.1.3a: Phn b ph bc x Mt Tri theo bc sng
Quang ph

Bc sng

Mt nng lng

T l(%)

(W/m2)
Tia v tr

< 0,1nm

6,978.10-5

Tia X

0,1nm

6,978.10-7

Tia t ngoi C

0,2 0,28 m

7,864.106

0,57

Tia t ngoi B

0,28 0,32 m

2,122.101

1,55

Tia t ngoi A

0,32 0,4 m
0,4 0,52 m

8,073.101
2,240.102

5,90
16,39

Tia nhn thy

0,52 0,62 m

1,827.102

13,36

0,62 0,78 m

2,280.102

16,68

0,78 1,4 m

4,125.102

30,18

1,4 3,00 m

1,836.102

13,43

3,0 100,0 m

2,637.101

1,93

Tia hng ngoi

0,1 10,0 cm
Sng v tuyn

10,0 100,0 cm
1,0 20 m

T bng trn ta thy rng mt nng lng bc x Mt Tri ch yu phn


b trong di bc sng t 0,2m (T ngoi C, mt 0,57%) n

12

0,3m (Hng ngoi, mt nng lng 1,93%), cn ngoi vng mt

nng lng khng ng k.


Bng 1.1.3b:Mu sc v bc sng ca nh sng Mt Tri
Mu sc

Bc sng(nm)

Vng sng(nm)

700

640 760

Cam

620

600 640

Vng

580

550 600

Xanh

510

480 550

Lam

470

450 480

Tm

420

400 450

1.2 Bc x ca nng lng Mt Tri v o lng bc x nng lng Mt


Tri0
1.2.1 Ph bc x nng lng Mt Tri
Tri t b bao bc bi mt tng kh quyn c chiu dy H khong 7991
km, bao gm cc phn t kh, hi nc, cc ht bi, cc ht cht lng, cht
rn v cc m my,.. V vy khi bc x Mt Tri xuyn qua lp kh quyn
n mt t th nng lng v ph ca n b thay i rt nhiu.
bn ngoi lp kh quyn Tri t, nng lng bc x Mt Tri c gi tr
l 1353W/m2( l hng s) v gi l hng s Mt Tri. Ph ca bc x Mt
Tri l mt ng cong lin tc c nng lng ch yu nm trong vng c
bc sng trong khong 0,1 m n 0,3 m . Khi cc tia Mt Tri xuyn vo
kh quyn n Tri t, gp cc phn t kh, hi nc, cc ht bi,.. s b
tn x, phn x v hp th nn mt phn nng lng ca n khng ti c
mt t v s suy gim nng lng ny do cc qu trnh vt l phc tp gy
ra, c bit l i vi nhng ngy my m, ma ging th s suy gim cn

13

xy ra mnh hn na. Nng lng bc x mt t nhn c(cn gi l


tng x) gm hai thnh phn: Bc x trc tip v bc x khuych tn.
Bc x trc tip(Trc x):L cc tia sng Mt Tri n thng mt t,
khng b thay i hng khi i xuyn qua lp kh quyn. Hng ca tia trc
x ph thuc vo v tr ca Mt Tri trn bu tri, tc l ph thuc vo thi
gian v a im quan st.
Bc x khuych tn(hay nhiu x): gi tt l tn x l cc thnh phn cc
tia Mt Tri b thay i hng ban u do cc nguyn nhn nh khc x,
phn x,..v vy hng ca nhiu x khng xc nh c.
Do cc qu trnh hp th, tn x, phn x ca tia Mt Tri xy ra khi n i
qua lp kh quyn nn cng bc x khi ti mt t ph thuc vo di
ng i ca tia trong lp kh quyn, di ny ph thuc vo cao ca
Mt Tri hay chnh xc hn l khong cch t Mt Tri n Tri t mi
thi im trong ngy khc nhau th cng nng lng bc x Mt Tri l
khc nhau. V d nh thi im 12h tra, khong cch t Tri t n Mt
Tri l ngn nht, v vy bc x nng lng b hp th v tn x l t nht.
Cn khi Mt Tri mc hoc ln th khong cch l xa Tri t nht nn bc
x b hp th v tn x l nhiu nht.
1.2.2 o lng bc x nng lng Mt Tri
Ngoi phng php xc nh cng Mt tri ti mt im bt k da
trn v tr a l ( cao Mt tri) trong thc t ngi ta ch to cc dng
c o cng bc x mt tri trc tip ti im cn o. Thit b o bc x
Mt tri thng c 2 loi : o trc x (pyrheliometer, actinometer) v o tng
x (pyranometer, solarimeter).
Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc u o hin i s dng cm bin hin i, cho
nhy v chnh xc cao hn rt nhiu.

14

Hnh 1.2.2a. Trc x k

Hnh 1.22b. Nht x k

Hnh 1.2.2c. u o bc x dng Sensor

15

PHN 2
PIN NNG LNG MT TRI V
H THNG NGUN PIN NNG LNG MT TRI

2.1 M u
Nng lng mt tri c coi l ngun nng lng sch v v tn m thin
nhin ban tng cho chng ta. Mt trong nhng k thut s dng nng lng
Mt Tri l sn xut in nng - in Mt Tri. sn xut in Mt Tri
ngi ta thng s dng hai cng ngh: Cng ngh nhit Mt Tri v cng
ngh pin Mt Tri.
Trong cng ngh nhi t M t Tringi ta thng s dng h thng cc
gng h t thu nng lng Mt Tri to thnh cc ngun nhit c mt
nng lng cao v do c nhit lng rt cao, c th lm bc hi nc
nhit v p sut ln. Hi sinh ra vi p sut ln s lm quay cc tuabin
sn xut in nng.
Trong gii hn ca ti chng em ch xin cp n cng ngh pin Mt
Tri. Pin Mt Tri l thit b s dng bin i trc tip nng lng Mt Tri
thnh nng lng in nh vo cc t bo quang in. Cc Panel ny cn sn
xut ra nng lng chng no cn c bc x Mt Tri chiu ti n. Cc h
thng Panel hay Pin Mt Tri rt n gin, khng c phn chuyn ng,
khng cn i hi chm sc bo dng thng xuyn nh nhng h thng
khc, c bit khng nhim mi trng nn c quan tm nghin cu,
pht trin v ng dng ngy cng mnh m vo khoa hc k thut v cuc
sng. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu i cht v cu to, nguyn l hot ng
v cc c trng c bn ca Pin Mt Tri v ng dng mnh m ca n

16

2.2 C s pin nng lng Mt Tri


Xt mt h hai mc nng lng in t E1 v E2 trong E1 < E2 .(hnh v)
Khi chiu mt chm tia sng vo mc nng lng E 1, cc lng t nh
sng hay cn gi l Photon c nng lng l hv( vi h l hng s Planck, v v
l tn s nh sng) s b in t hp th v chuyn sang mc nng lng cao
hn l E2. . Ta c phng trnh cn bng nng lng: hv= E2 - E1

Trong cc vt rn, do tng tc rt mnh ca mng tinh th ln in t


vnh ngoi nn mc nng lng ca n b tch ra nhiu mc nng lng nh
rt st nhau v to thnh cc vng nng lng. Vng nng lng thp b cc
in t chim gi khi trng thi cn bng gi l vng ho tr m b trn ca
n c nng lng Ev. Vng nng lng pha trn tip theo hon ton trng
hoc b chim mt phn nh gi l vng dn, Vng di ca vng c nng
lng Ec. Cch ly gia hai vng ho tr v vng dn l mt vng cm c
rng nng lng Eg, trong khng c mc nng lng no cao nht ca
in t.
Khi chiu sng vt rn c cu trc vng nng lng ni trn, Photon c
nng lng hv ti h thng v b in t vng ho tr hp th v n c th
chuyn ln vng dn tr thnh in t t do e - , ng thi li vng

17

ho tr mt l trng c th coi nh ht in dng nguyn t, k hiu l h +.


L trng ny c th di chuyn v tham gia vo qu trnh dn in.
Hiu ng lng t ca qu trnh hp th Photon c th m t bng phng
trnh sau: ev - hvev

e-

+ h+

iu kin in t c th hp th nng lng ca Phton v chuyn t


vng ho tr ln vng dn, to ra cp in t l trng l hv= hc/ Eg = Ec
- Ev. T c th tnh c bc sng gii hn C ca nh sng c th to
cp e- - h+
C=

hc 1,24
hc
= Eg = Eg ( m)
Ec Ev

Trong thc t c ht dn b kch thch e- v h+ u t tham gia qu trnh


hi phc, chuyn ng ti b ca cc vng nng lng: in t e- gii
phng nng lng chuyn ti b vng dn Ec , cn l trng ti b vng
dn Ev. Qu trnh hi phc ch xy ra trong mt thi gian rt ngn, c 10 -12
10-1 giy v gy ra dao ng mng (Photon). Nng lng b tn hao do qu
trnh hi phc s l (hv-Eg).
Tm li, khi chiu sng vt rn, in t vng ho tr hp th nng lng
photon hv v chuyn ln vng dn to ra cp ht dn in t-l trng e - - h+ ,
tc l to ra mt in th. Hin tng ny gi hin tng quang in trong.
Li dng hin tng ny, ngi ta pht minh ra mt loi thit b dng hp
th nng lng Mt Tri v bin i thnh nng lng in- gi l Pin Mt
Tri! Vy cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Pin Mt Tri(Solar cell) nh
th no? ng dng ca n ra sao? V kh nng pht trin ca n nh th no?
Cc ni dung s c trnh by ln lt phn di.

18

2.3 Pin Nng lng Mt Tri - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng


2.3.1 Cu to
Mt lp tip xc bn dn p-n c kh nng bin i trc tip nng lng bc
x Mt Tri thnh in nng nh hiu ng quang in trong gi l Pin Mt
Tri(solar cell).
Pin Mt Tri c sn xut v ng dng ph bin ngy nay l nh vo
kh nng tuyt vi m n mang li cho mi trng khi m nng lng in
c sn xut ra bng chnh nng lng m to ha ban cho con ngi nng lng sch Mt Tri.

19

Pin Mt Tri ngy nay c sn xut ch yu t vt liu tinh th bn dn


silicon(Si) c ha tr 4. c vt liu tinh th bn dn tinh khit loi n th
ngi ta pha vo tinh th Si tp cht l Photpho ha tr 5 gi l Donor, cn
to ra bn dn loi P th ngi ta pha vo Si l Bo ha tr 3 gi l Acceptor.
i vi pin Mt Tri lm t vt liu tinh th Si, khi c chiu sng th hiu
in th h mch gia hai bn cc khong 0,55V, dng on mch ca n
di bc x Mt Tri 1000W/m2 khong 30mA/cm2.
Ngoi pin lm t vt liu tinh th Si, ngi ta cn nghin cu ch to th
nghim t cc loi vt liu khc c nhiu ha hn nh h bn dn hp cht
nhm 3-5, nh hp cht ng-cadimi sunfit(CuCdS), Galium-Arsent(GaAs),..
tuy nhin hin nay vic nghin cu v ch to cc loi pin ny mi ch
dng quy m th nghim
Mt hng khc nhm nng cao hiu sut bin i quang in ca pin Mt
Tri l thit k, ch to cc pin gm mt s lp tip xc p-n tng cng
kh nng hp th proton c nng lng khc nhau trong ph bc x Mt Tri.
2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Khi chiu sng lp tip xc p-n, di tc dng ca nh sng c bc sng
thch hp v cng mnh, cc cp in t - l trng c to thnh, v
do tc dng ca in trng tip xc ETX nn cc cp b tch ra v b gia tc
v cc pha i din to ra mt sut in ng quang in. Nu ni cc u
bn dn p v n bng mt dy dn th trong dy dn s xut hin mt dng in
gi l dng quang in v cho mch ngoi mt cng sut hu ch. Sut in
ng quang in xut hin trong lp tip xc pn khi chiu sng n, ph thuc
vo bn cht vt liu to nn bn dn, nhit lp tip xc, cng bc x
v bc sng ca nh sng tc ng.

20

2.3.3 S tng ng v cc c trng quang in


Nh chng ta bit, khi c chiu sng, nu ta ni cc bn dn p v n
ca mt tip xc p-n bng mt dy dn, th pin Mt Tri pht ra mt dng
nng lng quang in Iph. V th ta c th coi pin Mt Tri tng ng nh
mt ngun dng.
Lp tip xc bn dn p-n c tnh chnh lu tng ng nh mt diode, tuy
nhin khi phn cc ngc, do in tr lp tip xc c gii hn nn vn c mt
dng in c gi l dng in d qua n. c trng cho dng in
d qua lp tip xc p-n ngi ta a vo i lng in tr shun Rsh
Khi dng quang in chy trong mch, n phi i qua cc lp bn dn p v
n, cc in cc, cc lp tip xc, c trng cho tng cc in tr ca cc
lp l mt in tr R s ni tip trong mch(c th gi l in tr ni ca
pin Mt Tri), nh vy mt pin Mt Tri khi c chiu sng c s tng
ng nh sau:

T s tng ng trn, p dng nh lut Kichp I ta c th vit c


phng trnh c trng sng Volt-ampe ca pin Mt Tri nh sau:
I= I I D I sh

21

Trong :

I : dng quang in(A/m2)


I D : dng qua diode(A/m2)
I sh : in tr sn(in tr d) ( / m 2 )
I SC : dng on mch
VOC : th h mch

PM: im lm vic cng sut cc i

- Ch :
+Dng on mch l dng in trong mch ca pin Mt Tri khi lm ngn
mch ngoi. Lc hiu in th mch ngoi ca pin bng 0.
+ Th h mch VOC l hiu in th c o khi mch ngoi ca pin Mt
Tri h mch, khi R= , I=0.
2.4 H thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri
Hin nay c hai cng ngh ch to ngun in pin Mt Tri thng dng.
l h ngun in pin Mt Tri ni li v h ngun c lp. Trong h
ngun pin ni li, in nng mt chiu t dn pin c bin i thnh dng
in xoay chiu v ho ng b vo mng li in cng nghip, u im ca
loi ngun ny l khng phi s dng b tch tr nng lng gy tn km v
nhim mi trng. Trong h ngun in pin Mt Tri c lp, ngi ta
thng s dng cho nhng vng khng c li in hoc quy m h gia nh.
Cng ngh ny phn ln c u tin s dng cho nhng vng nng thn,
vng su vng xa thuc quc gia ang pht trin bi tnh gn nh, cng sut
ph hp v iu khin, s dng d dng. Trong gii hn ca ti, chng em
ch nghin cu loi h ngun pin Mt Tri c lp

22

Theo , mt h ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri c lp c nh ngha l


mt h thng cc thit b bao gm dn pin Mt Tri, b tch tr nng lng,
b bin i in v cc ti tiu th(bao gm ti mt chiu v xoay chiu).

Dn pin Mt Tri gm mt hoc mt s module pin Mt Tri ghp song


song, ni tip hay hn hp vi nhau c cng sut in, hiu in th ph
hp vi yu cu ca cc ti tiu th. Trong h thng ngun in pin Mt Tri
th dn pin c vai tr ch o v chim n 60% tng chi ph u t. Dn pin
nhn nh sng Mt Tri v bin i trc tip thnh in nng mt chiu, in
nng ny mt phn c s dng trc tip cho ti tiu th, mt phn c
tch tr nng lng nh b tch tr sau c bin i thnh in xoay
chiu.
B tch tr nng lng c vai tr quan trng khi m cc ti tiu th cn c
nng lng cung cp mt cch lin tc hoc vo cc thi im khng c nng.
Nng lng m pin Mt Tri thu c hay c th l in p thu c
khng n nh do tri c lc nng to, lc li m u, nhiu my v th c th
n nh in p hay kim sot qu trnh np in cho cquy th ngi ta phi
ch to b iu phi nng lng. B iu phi ny c th t ng np cho

23

cquy khi c quy thiu in v t ng dng np khi cquy y trnh hin


tng n hoc nh hng ti tui th ca cquy.
Cc thit b s dng trong sinh hot ch yu l cc thit b in xoay chiu
nh qut in, n chiu sng,..V th c th s dng chng t ngun in
mt chiu thu c chng ta phi s dng mt thit b bin i in nng t
mt chiu sang xoay chiu hay cn gi l b nghch lu in p(inverter).
Tt c cc thit b iu khin qu trnh phng-np in cho cquy, thit b
bin i inu c nhim v chung l phi hp, iu tit s cung cp v
cn bng nng lng trong h thng; nn chng c gi chung l thnh phn
cn bng nng lng BOS(Balance Of System).

24

PHN 3
THIT K H THNG IU KHIN BM
CHO MODUL PIN NNG LNG MT TRI

3.1 t vn
Trong h ngun pin Mt Tri, thnh phn quan trng nht l dn Pin. Ty
thuc vo cng sut ca h, dn Pin c th c din tch ch khong 0.5m 2
nhng cng c th din tch n hng chc hay hng trm m 2. Vi Pim Mt
Tri tinh th silic hin nay th 1 Panel Pin cng sut khong 100W c din
tch 1m2.
Vic nh hng Pin Mt Tri l cng vic cn c quan tm c bit v
n nh hng trc tip n in nng do dn Pin pht ra hng ngy.
Nh chng ta bit, Tri t phi thc hin cng mt lc hai chuyn
ng, mt chuyn ng quanh chnh trc ca n v mt chuyn ng xung
quanh mt tri. V vy, t Tri t ta c th coi Mt Tri chuyn ng hng
ngy trn bu tri t ng sang Ty v lch theo hng Bc Nam so vi
ng Xch o theo mt ng hnh sin, t v tr cc bc v 23,45 vo
ngy H Ch(21-6) v t v tr cc nam v -23,45 vo ngy ng
Ch(21-12) hng nm. Do vy phng ti ca Mt Tri i vi mt mt c
nh no t trn mt t bin thin lin tc v phc tp.
V mt l thuyt, thu c nng lng Mt Tri mt cch trit , tc l
lm cho lng bc x Mt Tri chiu vo dn Pin l ti a mi thi im
trong ngy th ta phi lm cho dn Pin lun hng v pha Mt Tri. Mun
vy dn Pin phi quay theo hai trc: trc Bc-Nam hng tm Pin Mt
Tri t ng sang Ty tng ng vi v tr hng ngy ca Mt Tri trn bu
tri; trc ng-Ty quay tm Pin Mt Tri ln xung theo hng BcNam. Hn th na, khi tri ma, h thng c th t nghing mt gc

25

nc ma c th t v sinh cho Panel Pin. Mt h thng c th t ng


nh hng dn Pin nh vy c gi l H thng iu khin bm cho
modul pin nng lng Mt Tri.
3.2 tng thit k v thit b hin c
3.2.1 tng thit k
Mc tiu ca h thng iu khin bm cho panel pin nng lng Mt Tri
l thit k lm sao cho panel ny lun lun chuyn ng tng i so vi
hng ca nh sng Mt Tri, c ngha n gin l khi Mt Tri mc hng
ng vo bui sng th panel phi quay v hng ng, khi Mt Tri nh
12h tra th panel cng phi t ng quay theo sao cho hng ca tia bc x
l vung gc vi panel pin nng lng Mt Trinhm tho mn mc tiu
duy nht l lm sao cho lng bc x thu c mi thi im trong ngy l
ln nht v cng l tng ng nhau.
Nh vy, mun tho mn mc ch ny, panel trong h thng iu khin
bm ny cn c c hai chuyn ng: chuyn ng th nht theo trc BcNam hng tm Pin Mt Tri t ng sang Ty tng ng vi v tr hng
ngy ca Mt Tri trn bu tri t sng n ti. Chuyn ng th hai l
chuyn ng theo trc ng-Ty quay tm Pin Mt Tri ln xung theo
hng Bc- Nam.

26

Bn cnh vic tho mn yu cu v cng ngh, nhm n ch thit


k n tnh thm m, da trn vic tham kho nhiu hnh nh v a ra
hnh nh ngi nh vi mi mu xanh l cy, gi nn hnh nh ca mi trng
xanh, sch, biu tng ca cc ngun nng lng mi - nng lng ht nhn,
nng lng gi v nng lng Mt Tri.
3.2.2 Thit b hin c
Thit b hin c ca nhm l mt panel pin Mt Tri a tinh th Projecta,
c hnh dng trn, c sn xut t cc t bo quang in c bng silicon,
cc t bo ny c kh nng pht in nhiu hn t bo ca pin Mt Tri v
nh hnh trn cng mt din tch vi cng mt cng bc x nh sng.
Trn cng ca Panel c ph mt lp knh gia cng trong sut gip bo v
tm pin trong mi thi tit, ng thi do c lng st thp nn cho php nh
sng xuyn qua tt hn, gim thiu lng nh sng phn x li mi trng.

27

Thng s k thut:
Cng sut pht
in p ra Max
in p ra Min
ng knh panel
dy

10 W
18 V
420 mm
4mm

3.3 Mch iu khin, nguyn tc hot ng

28

3.3.1 Gii thiu vi chp LM339

29

OUTPUT

U RA

Vcc

NGUN CUNG CP

INVERTING INPUT

U VO O

NON-INVERTING

U VO KHNG O

INPUT
Ngun n hoc kp c di in p rng.(t 2V n 36V vi ngun n v
t 1V n 18V
Dng cung cp rt nh (1,1mA) c lp vi in p ngun(1,4mW/mt cu
so snh in p 5V).
Dng vo thun nh:25nA
Dng lch u vo thp:5nA
in p lch u vo thp:1mV
Di in p u vo ch thng bao gm c mass(ni t).

30

in p bo ha u ra thp:250mV(I0=4mA).
in p vi phn u vo bng in p ngun.
u ra tng thch vi cc ch TTL,DTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS.
Nhng thit b ny bao gm 4 b so snh in p chnh xc vi thng s
in p lch nh, ln nht ch 2mV vi LM339A. Tt c nhng b so snh
ny u c thit k c bit lm vic c ngun p n vi di in
p rng. Chng cng c th hot ng vi ngun chia p.
Nhng b so snh ny cng c c tnh duy nht, trong di in p u
vo ch thng bao gm c mass mc d hot ng vi ngun p n.

31

3.3.2 Thit k mch iu khin


S nguyn l

32

S mch ng board mch

S b tr linh kin

33

Trc khi cho mch hot ng ta cn iu chnh mt s thng s sau:


+ iu chnh bin tr VR1 sao cho: khi PC1 v PC2 cng nhn c lng
nh sng nh nhau th Led2 bt u tt(in p u vo 4 ln hn in p u
vo 5 mt cht). Nh vy, khi PC1 v PC2 c cng lng nh sng th ng
c s dng quay.
+ iu chnh VR2 sao cho: khi Mt Tri ln ng c s t ng quay v
hng ng nh RL2 v dng li khi gp cng tc hnh trnh SW2(Chun b
cho ngy hot ng mi bt u). V cng m bo rng ban ngy in p
u s 8 ln hn u s 9 nn Q2 lun b kha. ng c khng th quay sang
hng ng m ch c th quay t ng sang Ty.
Ch : Trong mch ta thay IC1d bng mt trasistor Q5.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
- Khi PC1 c chiu sng nhiu hn PC2, in p u vo 5 ln hn u
vo 4 dn n u ra 2 (+) led2 sng, C3 c np t t qua R5 R6 v r7
c phn cc sao cho u 7 ln hn u 6 u 1(+) Q1 dn rle RL1
tc ng lm ng c quay chm t ng sang Ty
- ng c s dng quay khi nh sng chiu vo PC1 v PC2 bng nhau
hoc khi tm Panel Mt Tri chm vo cng tc hnh trnh SW1. Nh vy
m bo l Panel s lun nhn c nh sng Mt Tri mt cch trc
din(Ngha l m bo yu cu iu khin bm)
- Khi tri bt u ti hoc khi tri c ma, m u th in p chn s 9 ln
hn chn s 8 nn ng c s t ng quay v pha ng chun b cho
chuyn ng bm ca mt ngy mi.
Cc s c ca h thng v cch khc phc:
- V mt l do no m PC2 c lng nh sng ln hn PC1(nh ma c
sm chp, do n chiu...) th ng c vn c ng yn v RL1 v RL2 khng
b tc ng.

34

- Vo ban m, khi c nh sng vo PC1 m khng chiu vo PC2 th cng


khng nh hng g(ngha l gi nguyn trng thi) v trc ta iu
chnh cho VR2 Q5 dn, dng in t chn 1 s qua Q5 m khng qua Q1
ng c khng th quay sang Ty

3.4. Thit k mch cp ngun h thng hot ng


Khi t ngoi tri, H thng iu khin bm s phi t cung cp nng
lng cho mnh. Mun vy th nng lng thu c t pin t ngoi tri s
np cho c quy. Nng lng c tch tr ny, mt phn c cung cp cho
mch iu khin thng qua mch cp ngun, mt phn th cp trc tip cho
ng c hot ng.
S mch nguyn l

35

S board mch:

S b tr linh kin:

36

3.5 B tch tr nng lng(c quy)


Trong h thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri c mt thnh phn rt quan
trng gp phn to nn h thng ngun nng lng Mt Tri hon chnh l
b tch tr nng lng. Vo ban ngy, khi c nng thch hp, in nng thu
c t tm pin s c tch vo b tch tr ny, vo ban m hoc khi tri
ma khng c nh nng(ngha l khng c nng lng pht ra t tm pin)
nng lng ny c ly ra cung cp cho ti tiu th.
Trong h thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri c lp ph bin hin nay
th nng lng pht ra t tm pin ch yu c tch tr vo cc b cquy c
dung lng ph hp. Trn thc t c rt nhiu loi cquy khc nhau vi cu
to, chng loi, mu m a dng ph hp vi cc h thng khc nhau. Tuy
nhin loi c quy hay c s dng nhiu nht l c quy Ch/ Acid(c quy
nc).
3.5.1 Qu trnh ho hc trong c quy Ch/ Acid.
Trong mt cquy c cc h thng bn cc dng v m. Bn cc dng
c ph mt lp b mt l PbO 2, cn bn cc m th c ph lp ch xp
nguyn cht Pb. Dung dch in phn l axit sunfuric H2SO4
Khi cquy lm vic, tc l khi n c np hoc phng in s to ra cc
phn ng ha hc :
bn cc m xy ra cc phn ng:
2

Pb SO4

phong
ien
PbSO 2e
nap ien

bn cc dng xy ra cc phn ng:


2

PbO2 4H SO4

phong
ien
2e PbSO4 2H 2O
nap ien

Kt qu chung ca cc phn ng trn l


phong
ien
PbO2 Pb 2H 2SO4 2PbSO4 2H 2O
nap ien

37

3.5.2 Cc s c thng gp cquy v cch khc phc


- Np qu no: S np in qu no cho cquy gy ra s n mn cc in v
s to kh qu mnh lm bong, rung hot cht cc bn cc. Cc hot cht b
bong ra, ri xung y bnh lm on mch cc bn cc. Trong qu trnh np
s gy ra s to kh(H2 v O2 ) v th nu thng xuyn np qu no m khng
c thit b cnh bo hoc t ng dng th rt c th gy chy, n. S np qu
no cng gy s tng nhit cquy lm h hng cc bn cc v cc tm cch
in v lm hi nc b bay hi nhiu, dn n gim dung lng ca cquy.
- Np cha : nu cquy thng xuyn b np cha no, m biu hin
ca hin tng l trng lng ring ca dung dch thp v mu ca cc bn
cc ngy cng sng hn , cong vnh, b sunfat ho...s nhanh chng lm hng
cquy v phi thay th. V vy, khi s dng phi ch n qu trnh np sao
cho cquy in 100% dung lng mi dng hoc ct d.
- Cc cc v u dy ni b han g, n mn: Hin tng ny rt hay xy ra
i vi cc u cc ca cquy ni vi cc dy dn do khng c bo qun
cn thn. Ch han g ny gy ra cc s c nh khng tip xc in khi np v
phng in ca cquy. Khi pht hin s c ny phi dng bn chi st nh
sch sau ra bng dung dch amoniac long trung ho acid sau ra
li bng nc sch, lau kh, sau u ni dy v ph ln n mt lp du m
cch in
- S mt nc: Trong qu trnh np in, c bit l giai on cui, khi
dung lng ca cquy t gn 100% th cc phn ng ho hc xy ra rt
mnh. bn cc m c phn ng to kh H2 thot ra nh sau:
2H+ +2e- H2
Cn cc dng xy ra cc phn ng to oxy:
SO42- + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2e- + 1/2 O2
Kt qu ca hai phn ng trn l: H2O H2 + 1/2 O2

38

Nh vy nc b mt i trong qu trnh np in v ta thy dung dch trong


c quy cn dn v th trong qu trnh s dng nn ch tra dung dch nh k
ng thi trong qu trnh np c quy nn ch n phng php np in cho
ph hp nh np bng hai bc, np chm, thit k b iu khin np,...
3.5.3 B iu khin np cho c quy
Nh ni trn, c th iu tit c qu trnh np in ca cquy sao
cho ph hp, tng tui th ca c quy th ngi ta phi thit k mt b iu
khin np in. B iu khin ny c th t ng np cho cquy. Khi dung
lng y th t ng ngt hoc khi c quy phng in di mc cho
php(phng in su)th cng t ng dng li.
i vi h ngun in pin Mt Tri c lp th b thit k b iu khin
np li cng cn thit hn do nng lng Mt Tri thu c tng thi im
l khng ng u, c lc rt mnh c th t cng sut np cc i nhng
cng c lc li xung thp do c my m hoc ma ging... V vy b iu
khin np s iu tit in p sao cho ph hp vi in p cn np cho cquy.
Khi thit k b iu khin np cho cquy th cn quan tm nhng thng s
sau:
+ Ngng in th ct trn Vmax: L gi tr in th trn hai cc ca cquy
c np in no, dung lng t 100%. Khi nu ta tip tc np in
m khng c thit b cnh bo hoc kho t ng th cquy s b np qu no,
dung dch s b si, bay hi nc v c kh nng cn b n cquy..V th khi
c du hiu cquy c np no, hiu in th trn cc bn cc t gi tr
V=Vmax th b iu khin s t ng ct hoc hn dng t dn pin Mt Tri,
sau khi hiu in th ca cquy gim xung di ngng V max th b iu
khin li khp mch cho php np vo cquy.

39

+ Ngng in th ct di Vmin: Tng t nh trn vi Vmin l gi tr in


th trn hai cc ca cquy khi n phng in n gi tr cn di ca dung
lng cquy(v d i vi cquy ch/acid th ngng Vmin =30%V)
Thit k s nguyn l

Board mch ng

Hot ng:
Khi in p ra ca c quy thp hn in p nh mc(Um=12V), Diode

40

Zenner 14,2V cha b nh thng lc cc B ca Transistor T1 khng c


dng in chy qua lm cho T1 b kha li. Lc ny c dng qua R7, R6
T2 phn cc thun c dng qua R4, R3, Tranzitor B633 c phn cc
thun, cho php nng lng thu t panel pin nng lng Mt Tri c np
vo cquy. Lc ny Led D2 sng, biu th c quy ang c np.
Khi c quy c np y, in p trn hai u ca cquy vo khong
14,2V. Hai diode zenner b nh thng T1 c phn cc thun v dn. T2
b phn cc ngc v kha, lc ny Led D2 s tt. Tranzitor B633 b phn cc
ngc v kha li, bo v pin nng lng Mt Tri khng b nh hng khi
c dng phng ngc t cquy.
3.6 B nghch lu in p.
Nghch lu in p c lp vit tt l NLL l thit b bin i ngun in
mt chiu thnh ngun in xoay chiu vi ti c lp khng ph thuc vo
li in. Dng xoay chiu c th bin i c vi tn s mong mun nn
cng gi l thit b bin tn gin tip. Gin tip v thng c c ngun
mt chiu phi c mt khu chnh lu.
S nguyn l

41

3.6.1 Tnh ton v thit k mch lc


i2
k2
n11
u
- = + i1

n2

u2

zt

n12
k1

+Thit k my bin p
My bin p c nhng thng s sau
U1=24V, U2=220V,I1=13A,I2 =1,4A
n1 = 90 vng ; n2 = 825 vng
d1 = 1.9 mm ; d2 = 0.7 mm
h = 7,5 cm ; c = 2 cm
a = 3 cm

; b = 4 cm

+La chn phn t lm kha chuyn mch:


La chn van ng m: Ta la chn IGBT v IGBT c nhng u im sau:
+ Tc chuyn mch cao v tn hao chuyn mch thp
+ Lm vic c vi in p cao
+Mch bin i s dng IGBT n gin mun ho, iu khin n gin
Ta chn IGBT da vo cc thng s sau:
Dng lm vic qua van: Ta c: I=26 A dng lm vic ghi trn van
I

>= 0,6

43 A (Ta

chn phng thc lm mt bng cnh tn nhit cng vi qut

thng gi)
in p ngc t ln van: U=220V trnh trng hp h mch pha th
cp chn IGBT c nhng thng s sau:

42

Imax=50A
Umax=600V
Ta chn IGBT FM2G50S60 c hnh dng v cu trc nh sau:

Thng s ca IGBT l:

43

La chn phn t bo v IGBT


chng xung ngc tc ng tr lai van ta mc mt Diode ngc vi
van, do trong IGBT tch hp sn c Diode bo v nn ta khng cn thit b
bo v l Diode.
3.6.2Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin
to ra khi pht xung ta s dng vi mch CD4047B c cc thng s
sau :S chn ca vi mch nh sau:

c im ca vi mch nh sau:
- Cng sut tiu th thp
- Hot ng trng thi n l ch khng n nh
- Cc u ra n nh mc cao, c th b b xung ch yu cu mt tn hiu
duy nht ngoi R hoc C cc u vo c im kim tra tnh in p
20Vc chun ho c tnh, c tnh u ra chun v i xng
- Mch cch ly
in p u ra ca 4047 l 11V mc cao v 0.05 V mc thp.
Dng in v in p lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm
vic ln.
cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817.

44

in p vo lm vic ca PC ln nht l 6V v th khi ni gia u ra Q v


Q

ca 4047 v PC ta ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr. Suy ra ta

chn R=4.7k .
S kt ni gia mch iu khin v PC817 nh sau:

-Mch khuych i:
to ra in p i xng t vo chn G ca IGBT ta s dng mch
khuych i . IC khuych i c chn y l IC HA17741/PS
S chn ca HA17741/PS nh sau:

45

Vy ta c s y ca IC trong mch nh sau:

Thit k ngun nui IC


Ta cn to ngun 12 V v -12 V cung cp ngun cho ICHA 17741
U1=220V, f=50Hz, I 2 = 0.3 (A)
S mch nh hnh sau:

46

La chn phn t bo v:
Bo v s c qu ti v ngn mch bng cu ch
+La chn cu ch mch ng lc:Chon cu ch c U = 220 V
ICT = 30 A
+ La chn cu ch mch iu khin
U = 220 V
I CT = 1 A
+ Bo v qu nhit bng Rle nhit
Qua tnh ton phn trn, m bo tui th tt nht cho thit b ta thit
b lm vic ti 85 o C ri ct mch iu khin ra khi in ngun t s ct
ton b u ra. Chn rle nhit KSD 301 85 o C

47

PHN 4
TM HIU PHN MM LABVIEW, CARD PCI-1710,
NG DNG CNG C O LNG O - LABVIEW
O BC X MT TRI, O SC GI, O M

4.1 Tng quan h thng o lng o Labview


LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) l mt
phn mm c vit ra nhm mc ch pht trin nhng ng dng rng ln
trong o lng v iu khin ging nh ngn ng lp trnh C hoc Basic cng
nh l Windows, tuy nhin LabVIEW khc so vi cc ngn ng trn l cc
trnh ng dng ca n t trong cc VI(Virtual Intrument) nm trong th vin
ca LabVIEW, mt s ng dng c bit ca LabVIEW l to cc giao din
ngi dng quan st mt cch trc quan cc hin tng vt l trn thc t.
Khc vi nhng ngn ng lp trnh h thng c vit trn nn vn bn
to ra cc dng lnh hoc m lnh. Trong khi LabVIEW li s dng mt
ngn ng lp trnh ho G to ra nhng chng trnh ng dng c bit.
LabVIEW c rt nhiu cng dng to ra mt trnh ng dng theo ca
ngi s dng n, trong LabVIEW cha ng nhiu khi to sn c t
trong th vin, c bit n cn bao gm cc th vin ca cc hm v cc
chng trnh con cho mt nhim v no . LabVIEW cn c nhng hng
dn v nhng v d.
LabVIEW l mt ngn ng lp trnh ho m s dng cc biu tng
thay v cc hng vn bn to ra cc ng dng. Tri vi cc ngn ng lp
trnh vn bn c s, ni m hng dn xc nh mnh lnh thc hin chng
trnh, LabVIEW s dng lp trnh lu , lung d liu xuyn qua cc
nt trn s khi xc nh mnh lnh thc hin ca cc VI v cc hm chc

48

nng. Cc VI, hay cc thit b o, l cc chng trnh LabVIEW m bt chc


cc dng c vt l.
Trong LabVIEW, cc bn xy dng mt giao din ngi dng bng vic s
dng mt tp hp cc dng c v cc i tng. Giao din ngi dng c
bit n nh l giao din ngi - my (Faces-machine). Sau khi bn thm m
s dng trnh by ho ca cc hm chc nng ti iu khin cc i tng
giao din. M ngun ho ny cng c bit n nh m G hoc m s
khi. S khi cha ng m ny.
Cc ng dng quen thuc ca LabVIEW trong o lng v iu khin bao
gm:
+ Kim tra qu trnh sn xut.
+ Kim tra s hp thc mi trng.
+ Kim tra thi gian thc ng tin cy.
+ Kim tra hin trng di ng.
+ Kim tra RF v truyn thng.
+ Thu nhn d liu.
+ Thu nhn hnh nh.
LabVIEW c kt hp cht ch vi phn cng, thm vo hng ngn kt
ni vi cc thit b vo/ra vi hng trm thit b khc nhau. LabVIEW c th
c s dng dnh cho nhiu thit b nh:
+ GPIB, Serial, Ethernet, VXI, PXI Instruments.
+ Data Acquisition (DAQ).
+ PCI Extensions for Instruments (PXI).
+ Image Acquisition (IMAQ).
+ Motion Control.
+ Real Time (RT) PXI.
+ PLC (through OPC Server).

49

Phn tch LabVIEW: y l h thng phn tch o lng kh mnh c


xy dng trn mt mi trng pht trin LabVIEW. N bao gm kh nhiu
cc cng c tr gip ngi dng phn tch d liu nh :
- Hn 400 mu hm phn tch o lng trong cc biu thc khc, ti u,
lc, ton hc, chui s hc, thng k,vv.
- Vi 12 VI Express mi c bit c thit k dnh cho phn tch o
lng, bao gm b lc v phn tch quang ph.
- Cc VI x l tn hiu dnh cho Filtering, Windowing, Transforms, Peak
Detection, Harmonic Analysis, Spectrum Analysis,..vv
4.2 Cc thnh phn ca Labview ng dng
LabVIEW bao gm cc th vin ca cc hm chc nng v cc cng c
pht trin c thit k c bit dnh cho thit b iu khin. Cc chng
trnh LabVIEW c gi l nhng dng c o bi v s xut hin v hot
ng ca chng m phng cc dng c thc t. Tuy nhin, chng l tng t
ti cc hm chc nng t cc chng trnh ngn ng truyn thng. Cc VI c
c 2 tng tc l: mt tng tc giao din ngi dng v mt m ngun
tng ng, v truy nhp cc tham s t cc VI tng cao.
LabVIEW gm c 3 thnh phn chnh l: Bng giao din(The Front
Panel), S khi(The Block Diagram), Biu tng v u ni(The
icon/connect)
4.2.1 Bng giao din (The Front Panel)
Front Panel l mt m ngi s dng h thng nhn thy. Cc VI bao gm
mt giao din ngi dng c tnh tng tc, m c gi l bng giao din, v
n m phng mt trc ca mt dng c vt l. Bng giao din c th bao
gm cc nm, cc nt y, cc th v cc dng c ch th v iu khin
khc. Bn nhp vo d liu s dng bn phm v chut ri sau quan st cc
kt qu trn mn hnh my tnh.
50

Vo Start >> All Programs >> National Instruments LabVIEW mt ca s


Labview xut hin >> valuate v ca s Getting Started s xut hin ngay sau
>> Blank VI hin th bng giao din hoc bn c th chn New v sau
hp thoi New xut hin v trong hp thoi mc nh con tr danh
mc Blank VI. hin th bng giao din bn ch cn kch vo nt OK pha
gc phi di. C 2 cch trn u m bng giao din mi bn c th
xy dng mt VI mi hon ton.
Ngoi ra bn c th m mt bng giao din c sn trong LabVIEW bng
cch trong hp thoi New, t mc Create New, la chn VI>>From
template>>Tutorial (Getting Started)>>Generate and Display. V sau kch
nt OK hin th bng giao din. Bng giao din s xut hin nh hnh sau:

Ta cng c th m bng giao din ca mt VI c sn trong th vin


LabVIEW bng cch trong hp thoi bng giao din vo File>>Open sau
kch p vo cc v d c sn.
Trong bng giao din bao gm mt thanh cng c ca cc nt lnh v cc
dng c ch bo trng thi m bn s dng cho qu trnh chy v x l cc VI.

51

N cng bao gm nhng tu chn phng v cc tu chn phn phi v sp


thnh hng cho vic son tho cc VI.
Thanh cng c giao din ging nh hnh v di

Cc nt t tri qua phi c ngha nh sau:


1. Nt chy chng trnh(c mi tn sang phi) (thanh khng sng b
v: li, phi sa li chng trnh)
2. Nt chy lp
3. Nt dng cng p chng trnh
4. Nt tm dng
5. Text setting (nh dng kch thc, mu sc font)
6. Ging u i tng theo hng dc v ngang
7. Phn b cc i tng
8. Thay i kch thc cc i tng
9. Lnh b sung
10. Ca s tr gip
4.2.2. S khi (The Block Diagram)
S khi cha ng m ngun th, thng bit nh l m G hoc m
s khi, cho n VI chy nh th no. M s khi s dng th biu
din cc chc nng iu khin cc i tng trn giao din. Cc i tng
trn giao din xut hin nh biu tng cc thit b trn s khi. Kt ni
iu khin v cc u ca dng c ch th ti Express VIs, VIs, v cc chc
nng. D liu chuyn thng qua dy dn t cc iu khin n cc VI v cc
hm chc nng, t cc VI v cc hm chc nng n cc VI v cc hm chc

52

nng khc, v t cc VI v cc hm chc nng n cc dng c ch th. S di


chuyn ca d liu thng qua cc nt trn s khi xc nh mnh lnh thc
hin ca cc VI v cc hm chc nng. S di chuyn d liu ny c bit
nh lu lp trnh.
1. M s khi ca mt h thng no bng cch chn
Window>>Show Block Diagram. Hoc cng c th gi ti s khi bng
cch trn bng giao din nhn <Ctrl E>. S khi c nn mu trng nh
hnh v di y

2. Nghin cu cc i tng trn s khi


Mi bng giao din c km theo mt s khi, l VI tng ng ca
mt chng trnh. Bn xy dng s khi s dng ngn ng lp trnh
th, cn gi l ngn ng G. Cc thnh phn ca s khi i din cho cc
nt chng trnh chng hn nh cc vng lp For, cc cu trc Case v cc
hm chc nng nhn. cc thnh phn l dy cng th hin lung d liu
bn trong s khi.
3. S phn cp
Sc mnh ca LabVIEW nh v trong bn cht s phn cp ca cc VI.
Sau khi bn to ra mt VI, bn s dng n nh mt VI con trong s khi
53

ca mt VI tng cao hn. Bn c th c mt s v tn bn cht ca cc tng


trong s phn cp.
4. Cc dng dy ni trn s khi

4.2.3. Biu tng v vung u ni


Sau khi xy dng mt VI, ta phi to icon v connector pane cho n c th
s dng c nh mt subVI. Mi VI u c mt icon, n nm gc trn bn
phi ca c hai ca s Front panel v Block diagram.
4.3 Nhng cng c lp trnh LabVIEW
Cc cng c lp trnh trn LabVIEW bao gm cc cng c to ra cc
thit b o. N bao gm cc cng c trong bng giao din (The Front Panel)
v cc cng c trong s khi (Block Diagram)
4.3.1. Tools Palette
LabVIEW s dng mt bng Tools ni, bng m bn c th s dng
son tho v g li cc VI. Bn s dng phm <Tab> ti bng thng qua cc
cng c s dng thng thng trn bng mu. Nu bn c ng Tools palette,

54

chn View\Show\Tools Palette hin th bng mu. Tools palette c minh


ho nh hnh di y

55

4.3.2 Bng iu khin (Controls Palette)


Bng Controls bao gm mt th, bng ni m t ng m ra khi bn
khi ng LabVIEW. Bn s dng bng ny t cc iu khin v cc
dng c ch th trn bng giao din ca mt VI. Mi biu tng lp trn cha
ng cc bng mu con. Nu bng Controls khng xut hin, bn c th m
bng bng cch la chn View>>Show Controls Palette t menu ca bng
giao din. Bn cng c th bt ln trn mt vng m trong bng giao din
truy nhp mt s sao chp tm thi ca bng Controls. S minh ho sau y
hin th lp u tin ca bng Controls.

1. Cc iu khin v dng c ch th s( Numeric Controls and Indicator ).


Bn s dng iu khin s nhp cc i lng s, trong khi nhng
dng c ch th s th hin th cc i lng s. Hai i tng s c s
dng thng dng nht l digital control - iu khin s v digital indicator
ch th s.

56

2. Cc iu khin v dng c ch th kiu logic(Boolean Controls and


Indicator )
Bn s dng iu khin v dng c ch th kiu logic cho vic nhp v hin
th cc gi tr kiu Bool (ng/sai- True/False). Cc i tng i s Bool m
phng cc chuyn mch - cng tc, cc nt bm, n LED. Cc i tng ai
s Bool c s dng thng dng nht l vertical toggle switch cng tc
o chiu thng ng v round LED - n LED xung quanh.

vertical toggle switch

round LED

3. Vic nh dng cc iu khin v dng c ch th (Configuring Controls


and Indicator ).Bn c th nh dng gn ht cc iu khin v cc dng c
ch th s dng nhng tu chn t nhng menu m ra ca chng.

57

4.3.3. Bng cc hm chc nng (Function palette)


Bng Function bao gm mt bng th, bng ni m t ng m ra khi
bn chuyn ti s khi. Bn s dng bng ny t cc nt (hng s,
dng c ch th, cc VI v ) trn s khi mt VI. Mi biu tng lp trn
cha ng cc bng mu con. Nu bng Function khng xut hin r rng,
bn c th chn View>>Show Function Palette t menu ca s khi
hin th n. Bn cng c th m ra trn mt vng m trong s khi truy
nhp mt mt s sao chp tm thi ca bng Functions. Lp trn ca bng
Functions c minh ho nh hnh sau y

- Hm Boolean(Boolean Function): cha cc hm logic: and, or, xor, nor v


cc hm logic phc tp khc. ng dn truy cp Funcition>>Boolean.
Biu tng ca hm Boolean:

58

- Hm cu trc function: bao gm mt vng lp For, While, cu trc Case,


Sequence, cc bin ton cc v cc b. ng dn truy cp Function
>>Structures. Biu tng ca hm Structures.

- Hm File I/O- File I/O Function: Thc hin cc chc nng cho mt tp tin
nh lu, m tp tin theo dng nh phn, spreadsheet, ng mt tp tin...Ngoi
ra hm ny cn cha cc chc nng m rng khc v lu tr d liu.
ng dn truy cp: Function>> File I/O:

59

- Hm Thi gian Time function:


Xc nh dng thi gian, o khong thi gian tri hoc tr hon mt tin
trnh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. ng dn truy cp:
Function>>Timing

- Hm Dialog & User Interface: S dng hm ny to ra cc hp thoi


ti nhc nh ngi s dng vi cc ch dn. ng dn truy cp: Function>>
Dialog & User Interface. Biu tng ca hm:

60

- Hm so snh Comparison Functions: S dng hm ny so snh cc


gi tr i s Bool, cc chui, cc gi tr s, cc mng v cc cm. Hm so
snh x l cc gi tr Boolean, string, numeric, array v cluster khc nhau.
Bn c th thay i phng php so snh ca vi hm Comparison. ng
dn truy cp: Function>> Comparison. Biu tng ca hm:

- Hm chui String Function: S dng hm ny lin kt hai hay nhiu


chui, tch mt tp con ca cc chui t mt chui, chuyn d liu vo bn
trong chui, v nh dng mt chui s dng trong mt cng on x l t
hoc ng dng bng biu. ng dn truy cp: Function>>String.
Biu tng ca hm:

61

- Hm mng Function Array : S dng to ra v iu khin cc mng.


ng dn truy cp: Function>>Array. Biu tng ca hm:

- Hm cm & bin th Cluter & Variant: To ra v iu khin cc cm,


chuyn i d liu LabVIEW t mt khun dng, c th thao tc c lp kiu
d liu, thm nhng thuc tnh ti d liu, v chuyn i d liu bin th ti
d liu LabVIEW.
ng dn truy cp: Function>>Cluter & Variant. Biu tng:

62

- Hm iu khin ng dng- Application Control: S dng hm ny lp


trnh cc VI iu khin v cc ng dng LabVIEW trn my tnh a phng
hoc qua mt mng. Bn c th s dng cc VI v cc hm chc nng ny
nh dng nhiu VI ti cng mt thi im. ng dn truy cp: Function>>
Application Control. Biu tng ca hm:

- Hm dng sng Waveform: S dng hm ny xy dng dng sng


m bao gm cc go tr dng sng, thay i thng tin, thit lp v khi
phc cc thnh phn v thuc tnh ca dng sng. ng dn truy cp:
Function>>Waveform. Biu tng ca hm l:

63

- Hm ng b ho - Synchronization Function: S dng hm ny ng


b cc nhim v thi hnh song song v chuyn d liu gia cc nhim v
song song. ng dn truy cp: Function>> Synchronization. Biu tng ca
hm l:

- Hm ha v m thanh Graphic & Sound Function:


S dng hm ny to ra yu cu hin th, d liu cng vo v cng ra t
cc phai ho v cho chy nhng m thanh. ng dn truy cp:
Function>>Graphic & Sound. Biu tng ca hm l:

64

- Hm pht sinh bo co Report Generation Function: S dng hm ny


to v iu khin cc bo co ca cc ng dng LabVIEW. ng dn
truy cp: Function>>Report Generation. Biu tng ca hm l:

- Hm s hc Numeric Function: S dng hm ny to v thc hin


nhng thao tc s hc, lng gic, Lgarit, s phc ton hc trong cc s v
chuyn i nhng s t mt kiu d liu ny sang mt kiu d liu khc.
ng dn truy cp: Function>>Numeric. Biu tng ca hm:

65

4.4 Gii thiu Labview 8.5


4.4.1 Nn tng kim tra v o lng t ng
Trong gn 30 nm qua. National Instruments khng ngng i mi
phng php kim tra v o lng . Vi PC v cc cng ngh thng mi,
thit b o o lm tng nng sut v gim chi ph cho cc ng dng kim tra
v o lng t ng qua phn mm d tch hp LabVIEW v phn cng o
lng v iu khin modul cho PXI, PCI, USB v Enthernet.
LabVIEW l mt ngn ng lp trnh ho kh mnh trong cc lnh vc
kim tra, o lng v iu khin. K t khi ra i nm 1986, cc k s v nh
khoa hc trn ton th gii tin cy vo NI LabVIEW nh cht lng ngy
cng cao, hiu qu sn xut ln hn. Ngn ng lu ha ca LabVIEW
hp dn cc k s v nh khoa hc trn th gii nh mt phng php trc
gic hn trong vic t ng ho cc h thng o lng v iu khin. Ngn
ng lu kt hp vi I/O gn lin v iu khin giao din ngi s dng
tng tc cng n ch bo lm cho LabVIEW tr thnh mt s la chn l
tng cho cc k s v nh khoa hc.

LabVIEWW ra i t nhng nm 1986 v cc phin bn gn y nht l:


- Thng 4/2000: LabVIEW 6.0 o lng thng minh kt ni.
- Thng 1/2002: LabVIEW 6.1 C kh nng hot ng mng netword, phn
tch.

66

- Thng 5/2003: LabVIEW 7.0 Express VIs, I/O Assistants, FPGA / PDA
targets.
Nhn dp k nim 20 nm ra mt n phm thit k h thng ho
LabVIEWcho mi trng h thng iu khin, kim nghim v nhng,
National Instruments cho ra i LabVIEW 8.2.

Gn y nht National Instruments va tung ra phin bn mi nht ca nn


tng thit k h thng ho cho ng dng pht trin h thng kim tra, iu
khin v nhng LabVIEW 8.5.
4.4.2 LabVIEW 8.5
Vi ngn ng lu song song ca LabVIEW, ngi s dng c th d
dng ng dng ca h theo cc kin trc a li v FFPA t chc d liu tt
hn, iu khin, phn tch v x l tn hiu. Xy dng trn kh nng a tuyn
on t ng ca cc phin bn trc, LabVIEW 8.5 iu chnh cc ng dng
ngi s dng da trn tng s li c sn v to ra cc b iu khin ( driver )
v th vin nng cao thng lng cho cc ng dng RF, I/O s tc cao
v ng dng kim
Vi LabVIEW, cc k s v cc nh khoa hc c th tch hp cc h thng
cng nghip da trn PLC hin ti vi cc b iu khin t ng ho kh
trnh ( PAC ) tin tin hn, b sung I/O tc cao v logic iu khin phc
tp v cc h thng cng nghip ca h. LabVIEW 8.5 b sung thm rt nhiu

67

ci tin v I/O, o lng v hin th gip xy dng cc h thng cng nghip


da trn PAC, bao gm mt th vin driver OPC mi c kh nng m rng
tnh kt ni cng nghip cho ngi s dng LabVIEW, tng gn gp i s
lng b iu khin logic kh trnh ( PLC ) v thit b cng nghip.
* Nhng c tnh b sung ca LabVIEW 8.5 :
- H tr cc b x l Freescale ColdFire
- Kt hp cc cng c qun l file d n v m ho pht trin theo nhm
- Cng c qun l b nh cp thp gip ti u ho hiu nng
- Th vin i s tuyn tnh BLAS ti u mi
- Cc thut ton ti u cho nhiu b hon iu khc nhau v lc m
ho knh
- Nhng ci tin trong thit k v m phng iu khin v thit k b iu
khin PID.
- H tr tp file.m.
My nm va qua, cc nh cung cp chp bao gm Intel v AMD s
dng n kin trc b x l a li khc phc nhng thch thc v s tiu
tn nhit v tiu th in vn c khi tng tc ng h. Kin trc song song
ca b x l a li em n c hi c s dng cc h thng a li nhng
tin tin trn th trng cho cc nh ch to my, gip h t c tc
vng lp nhanh hn v x l c nhiu tn hiu hn.
LabVIEW 8.5 v LabVIEW Real Time Module (module thi gian thc)
cung cp kh nng a x l i xng (SMP) h tr cc h thng thi gian
thc nhng. Cc nh thit k phi cn nhc xem liu phn mm ca h c th
tn dng c nhng u im ca SMP v b x l a li t c hiu
nng ln hn m vn duy tr c kh nng thc thi tt yu trong cc h
thng thi gian thc hay khng

68

4.5 Gii thiu Card PCI-1710


4.5.1 Khi qut chung
PCI 1710 l mt card DAS a chc nng cho bus PCI. Thit k mch tin
tin mang li cho bn nhiu chc nng v cht lng cao hn, bao gm 5
chc nng iu khin v o lng mong mun : b chuyn i A/D 12 bit,b
chuyn i D/A, u vo s, u ra s v b m/ b thi gian .

+ Bus PCI Plug and Play


PCI 1710 s dng mt PCI iu khin ti giao din card bng bus PCI .B
iu khin thc thi y c tnh k thut chng hn nh : a ch c s v
thit lp ngt, c iu khin t ng bi phn mm. Khng dy ni hoc s
thit lp chuyn i DIP l yu cu cho vic nh dng ca ngi s dng .
+ Nhng kiu u vo v vic thit lp nhng phm vi linh hot

69

PCI 1710 c trng mt knh t ng /my qut linh hot. Mch in, tt
hn phn mm ca bn, iu khin thi gian chuyn mch b dn knh. Trn
bng mch SRAM lu tr cc gi tr khuch i khc nhau v s nh dng
cho mi knh. Thit k ny cho php bn thc hin ly mu tc cao nhiu
knh( ln ti 100kHz) vi nhng li ch khc nhau cho mi knh vi s kt
hp t do ca mt u ra v cc u vo khc nhau.
+ Vng nh FIFO trn bng mch ( First In First Out)
PCI 1710 c mt b m FIFO trn bo mch n c th lu tr ti 4K mu
A/D. PCI 1710 pht sinh mt ngt khi FIFO y na. c tnh ny cung cp
lin tc s di chuyn d liu tc cao v nhiu s thc hin c th on
trc trn h thng Windows.
+ B m lp trnh trn bng mch
PCI 1710 cung cp mt b m lp trnhc sinh ra mt trig tc
cho b chuyn i A/D. Chp b m l mt IC 82C54 hoc tng ng, n
bao gm 3 b m 16 bit trn 1 xung nhp 10MHz. Mt b m t cc knh
u vo. Hai ci khc c ni vi nhau to ra mt b thi gian 32 bit cho
mt trig tc cao.
*c tnh ca PCI 1710
- 16 u ra n hoc 8 u vo tng t khc nhau, hoc mt s kt hp
- B chuyn i A/D 12 bit, vi nhp ly mu ln ti 100kHz
- Chng trnh khuch i cho mi knh u vo
- Knh t ng/ qut linh linh hot.
- B m FIFO ly mu 4K trn bng mch.
- Hai knh u ra tng t 12 bit
- 16 u vo s v 16 u ra s.
- Lp trnh tng bc/ b m.

70

4.5.2 Bng m t tn hiu kt ni vo / ra :


Tn tn hiu
AI<015>

Quan h

Phng

AIGND

hng
u vo

M t
u vo tng t t knh 0
n knh 15. Mi cp knh
AI<i, i+1>, c th c nh
dng nh c hai u vo kt
thc n hoc mt u vo

AIGND

phn bit.
S tip t u vo tng t.

Nhng chn ny l nhng


im quy chiu cho cc thit b
o u ra n v im tr li
dng sai lch cho thit b o
khc nhau. Ba quan h ni t
(AIGND, AOGND v DGND)
c ni cng nhau trong Card
DA0_ REF

AOGND

u vo

PCI 1710
u ra tng t knh 0 quan
h bn ngoi. y l u vo
quan h bn ngoi cho u ra

DA1_ REF

AOGND

u vo

tng t knh 0
u ra tng t knh 1 quan
h bn ngoi. y l u vo
quan h bn ngoi cho u ra

DA0 _OUT

AOGND

u ra

tng t knh 1.
u ra tng t knh 0. y
l u ra tng t knh 0. y
l chn cung cp in p u ra

71

DA1 _OUT

AOGND

u ra

ca knh ra tng t 0
u ra tng t knh 1. y
l chn cung cp in p u ra

AOGND

c u ra tng t knh 1
S tip t u ra tng t.

Cc in p u ra tng t
c quan h ti cc im nt
ny. Ba quan h tip t
(AIGND, AOGND v DGND)
c ni cng nhau trong card
DI<0..15>
DO<0..15>
DGND

DGND
DGND
-

u vo
u ra
-

PCI 1710
Cc tn hiu u vo s
Cc tn hiu u ra s
S tip t s
Chn ny cung cp cc quan
h cho tn hiu s ti cc u
ni vo ra nh cung cp
ngun +5V DC. Ba quan h
tip t
(AIGND,

AOGND

DGND)
c ni cng nhau trong
CNT0_ CLK

DGND

u vo

card PCI 1710


u vo xung nhp b m 0.
Chn ny l u vo xung
nhp bn ngoi ca b m 0,
c th t ti 10Mhz bn ngoi
hoc 100Khz bn trong v c

CNT0_ OUT

DGND

u ra

72

thit lp bi phn mm.


u ra b m 0. y l

CNT_GATE

DGND

u vo

chn ra ca b m 0
u vo cng b m 0.
Chn ny l iu khin cho b
m 0.

PACER_OUT

DGND

u ra

u ra xung nhp tc .
Chn ny to ra xung nhp tc
khi bt. Nu b chuyn i
A/D nm trong kiu nt bm
nhanh, ngi s dng c th s
dng tn hiu ny nh mt s
trng tn hiu cho cc ng dng
khc. Mt cp mp t cao
xung thp bm nhanh chuyn
i A/D bt u.

TRG_GATE

DGND

u vo

Cc trig bn ngoi A/DChn ny l cc i khin tn


hiu du vo Trig bn ngoi.
Khi TRG_GATE c ni vi
ngun +5V, n s cho php tn
hiu Trig ngoi ti u vo.
Khi TRG_GATE c ni mass
DGND, n s v hiu ho tn
hiu trig ngoi ti u vo

EXT_TRG

DGND

u vo

Trig ngoi A/D- Chn ny


l u vo tn hiu Trig ngoi

73

cho b chuyn i A/D. Mt


mp t u thp ti u cao cc
trig ca b chuyn i A/D
+12V
+5V

DGND
DGND

u ra

bt u.
Ngun +12V DC. Chn ny

u ra

cp ngun 12V DC
Ngun +5VDC.

4.6 S dng phn mm Labview phin bn 8.5 o bc x nng lng Mt


Tri tc ng ln h thng.
4.6.1 Front Panel Giao din
1. M mt giao din mi v m bng mu iu khin Control Palette
2. Chn Meter ng h o t Controls Palette >> Express >> Numeric
Indicators >> Meter v t ln giao din.
3. Thay i tn v thay i dung lng vo hp nhn Label box v n
vo mt ch bt k trn giao din.
4. Thay i li kch c ca khi ch th. Kch p ln gi tr cao nht ca
bng ch th sau nhp li gi tr theo mong mun.
5. t mt sensor o nhit Thermometer t Controls Palette >>
Express >> Numeric Indicators, gn tn cho n v thay i li chia.
6. ta c th theo di c di nhit trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh chn Chart t Controls Palette >> Express >> Grap Indicator, gn tn v
thay i mt s i lng.
7. dng li khi VI ang chy ta chn nt dng Stop Stop Button t
Controls Palette >> Express >> Buttons.

74

4.6.2 Block Diagram S khi


1. M s khi ca h thng bng cch chn Windows >> Show
Diagram.
2. Chn cc phn t trong danh sch di y t bng mu Functions v
t chng ln s khi:
(Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> EasyIO >>
SelectPop) . M mt thit b la chn vi mt ca s hp thoi bao gm danh
sch cc thit b c thit t cho ngi s dng la chn, v s lng
nhng thit b gn sn. N bao gm cc u vo v u ra sau:
- Devnum( I32 ) : S lng thit b ca phn cng c ci t trong h
thng bng Device Manager

75

- Subdevconts( I16 ) : ch r s lng ca nhng bo mch m rng hoc bo


mch con (nu bo mch m rng c ci t). Nu bo mch m rng khng
c thit t, gi tr l 0 .
- Error out : Cha ng thng tin li. Nu error in ch ra mt li; error out
cha ng cng thng tin li .
Hay ni mt cch khc n m t trng thi m VI to ra:
- Status l ng nu mt li xut hin mc nh l sai.
- Code l m li.
Soure : trong a s cc trng hp, tn ca VI hoc hm chc nng m sn
sinh ra li mc nh l chui trng rng. VI ny c s dng m ra mt
hp thoi v la chn thit b thch hp.
Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> Advance >>
Device Manager ) M thit b c ci t tng ng v quay li cn iu
khin cho nhng thao tc sau bng cch n ch r s lng thit b. S lng
thit b c gn bng Advantech Device Manager. Thit b cn c m
trc khi thao tc
( Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> EasyIO >>
SelectPop ) La chn knh : m ra mt ca s vi danh sch cc knh ca
cn iu khin DriverHandle ch r thit b cho ngi s dng la chn,
v u ra la chn cc knh thng tin tham s Chan Info v danh sch di
in p u vo Gain List. S dng VI ny m ra mt hp thoi v la
chn thit b thch hp.
( Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> EasyIO >>
SelectPop ) M ra mt ca s hp thoi vi danh sch di in p u vo
cho ngi s dng la chn Gain List v la chn m khuch i u ra

76

Gain Code. S dng VI ny m ra mt hp thoi v la chn gi tr


khuch i.
( Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> dvance >>
SlowAI ) nh dng mt u vo tng t ca knh u vo in p bng
vic t m khuch i tng ng trong cn iu khin ch r thit b.
( Functions >> UserLibraries >> AdvantechDA&C >> Advance >>
SlowAI ) c gi tr hin thi ca mt knh u vo tng t vi bo mch
m rng v quay li in p c chuyn i t cn iu khin
DriverHandle ch r thit b. H tr bo mch m rng bao gm PLCD
770/779/789/789D/788.
ng thit b
Multiple function Hm nhn( Functions >> Numberic ) Nhn 2 s v
tr li gi tr tch ca chng, trong hot ng ny, bn cn 2 khi nhn, bn
ly 1 khi t bng mu, khi cn li c th dng cch copy v paste.
( Functions >> Cluster,Class,&Variant ) Tr li nhng thnh phn
cm c tn c ch r. Khng cn phi theo di lnh nhng phn t bn
trong cm. Sau khi ni mt cm ti hm ny ta c th la chn 1 thnh phn
ring t hm.
( Functions >> Cluster,Class,&Variant )Tp hp 1 b t nhng phn t
ring l. S dng hm ny thay i cc gi tr ca nhng thnh phn ring
l trong cm hin hu, khng phi ch r nhng gi tr mi cho tt c cc
phn t
( Express/ Arithmetic & Comparison/Express Boolean ) : Hm Xor.
Nu c hai u vo u l True hoc u l False, th u ra l True. Mt u
vo l True, u cn li l False th u ra l False.
:

77

Bo li :

( Programming/ Timing ) :

6.6 o sc gi
6.6.1 Nng lng gi
Gi l s chuyn dch tun hon ca khng kh trong kh quyn gy ra do
s nung nng khng u b mt Tri t bi Mt Tri. Tuy vy, gi l mt
qu trnh a l rt phc tp v vy ch c th d bo s bin i vi xc sut
nht nh. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh th ngun nng lng ny phc
v nn kinh t quc dn. Cc trm nng lng gi thng s dng gi trn
cao 20-70m so vi mt t.

78

c tnh quang trng nht nh gi ng nng ca gi l vn tc gi.


Di nh hng ca hng lot cc yu t kh tng nh s nhiu lon kh
quyn, s thay i tc ng ca Mt Tri v lng bc x truyn xung b
mt Tri t, a hnh, a th...s lm tc gi thay i c v ln v
hng(Hng vct vn tc cho thy v tr tnh theo gc ca n ng vi
hng c ly lm gc tnh ton, thng l hng Bc).
Vn tc gi trung bnh theo thi gian c xc nh bng t s ca tng cc
gi tr vn tc gi tc thi Vi vi s ln o trong khong thi gian o:
VTB=

Vi

(m/s)

Tng t th vn tc gi trung bnh trong ngy c xc nh bng t l


tng vn tc gi trung bnh gi vi thi gian 24gi trong ngy.
o vn tc gi tc thi ngi ta s dng my o gi qun tnh nh hay
cn gi l phong tc k. Bn cnh , o vn tc gi trung bnh trong
khong thi gian di(vi chc giy, vi pht), ngi ta s dng cc loi my
o gi khc nhau, chng c ng h ch th v cc b phn ghi chp, m bo
lu tr c tc gi trn bng ghi. Tuy nhin vi phong tc k c th cho
sai s t 5% n 10% cn vi cc my hin i s dng cng ngh cao th sai
s cho php khng c qu 1,5%.
6.6.2 Thit k my o sc gi
Trn ngyn l hot ng ca my pht in chy bng nng lng gi: khi
cnh qut c gn trn trc ca roto ng c in mt chiu c quay nh
tc ng ca gi thi trc tip vo b mt s cho ta hai u ra ca cun dy
trn Stato mt hiu in th. Nu ni hai u dy ny qua mt ti tiu th s
c dng in chy qua n v sinh cng. V nh vy, ng nhin in th
u ra s bin i ln hay nh ty thuc vo vn tc gi mnh hay yu. Ngha
l in p u ra t l vi vn tc gi hay sc gi.

79

Trn c s ny nhm n ch to mt my pht in c nh chy bng


sc gi, ly in p u ra thng qua mch bin i a vo card PCI1710, s
dng phn mm Labview thit k b o sc gi tng t nh o thng lng
bc x Mt Tri. Nh vy chng ta c th c c mt thit b o na c
th o c tng i chnh xc vn tc gi v qua y cho chng ta thy r
hn v hiu hn v cch thc hot ng cng nh sc mnh o lng ca
phn mm o lng o Labview.
4.7 o m khng kh()

PHN 5
KT LUN, KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Nng lng Mt Tri l mt trong cc ngun nng lng ti to quan trng
nht m thin nhin ban tng cho hnh tinh chng ta. ng thi n cng l
ngun gc ca cc ngun nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng gi, nng
lng cc dng sng
Pin nng lng Mt Tri l thit b bin i trc tip nng lng Mt Tri
thnh in nng chng ta c th s dng m khng h gy nhim mi
trng. cc phn 2, 3, 4 ca n chng em trnh by c c s, cu
to ca pin nng lng Mt Tri, thit k thnh cng h thng iu khin bm

80

cho module cng nh trnh by c mt h thng pin nng lng Mt Tri


y , qua gip sinh vin hiu r hn v cu to cng nh nguyn tc
hot ng ca n. H thng iu khin bm c thit k c th t nh
hng dn pin c nh theo v tr tng i ca Mt Tri vi Tri t c th
gip sinh vin nghin cu m rng nhng ng dng ca n cho cc h thng
khc, c th l cho dn pin c ln hn v khi chng ta phi tnh li kt cu
sao cho tha mn c yu cu ca h thng. Ngoi ra, cc bn sinh vin
cng c th nghin cu v ng dng mch iu khin ca h thng ny
ng dng vo cc h thng khc nh h thng cnh bo trm hay nghin cu
su hn na nhng ng dng rng ri ca cm bin quang.
Bn cnh h thng iu khin bm, trn tinh thn hc tp v tip thu nhng
nghin cu ca cc anh ch sinh vin K1, chng em pht trin v thit k
thnh cng cc h thng o lng bc x nng lng Mt Tri, o sc gi, o
m khng kh thng qua card PCI1710 v phn mm o lng o Labview.
Vic hon thnh h thng o lng ny s gip cc bn sinh vin c th hiu
su hn, thc t hn v h thng o lng o v nhng kh nng mnh m m
Labview mang li.
H thng iu khin bm cho module pin nng lng Mt Tri l mt h
thng hon ton mi Vit Nam, bn cnh ngha n thun v iu khin
t ng th n cn c mt ngha to ln v mi trng. l kh nng to ra
in nng trc tip t tm pin nng lng Mt Tri m khng h gy nhim
mi trng, in nng c th s dng dng ngun in mt chiu hoc
ngun in xoay chiu thng qua b bin i in p(B nghch lu).
5.2 Kin ngh
Nng lng Mt Tri l mt ngun nng lng mi, trong khi cc ngun
ti liu nghin cu v n li khng nhiu Vit Nam, cc ti liu ch yu l

81

ting nc ngoi nn chng em cn b hn ch trong vic lm giu cho n,


y cng l nhc im ln m chng em cn khc phc trong thi gian ti.
Vit Nam l mt quc gia c tim nng to ln v cc ngun nng lng
mi nh nng lng gi, nng lng sng bin v nng lng Mt Tri.
Trong hon cnh t nc ta cn ngho, phi hn ch nhim mi trng li
ang l vn ln ca cc quc gia, c bit l cc quc gia ang pht trin?
Vic tm ti, nghin cu cc thit b s dng cc ngun nng lng ny sao
cho thit thc, gi thnh h v c kh nng ng dng thc t, mang tnh ph
bin c coi nh nhim v khng ch ca ring sinh vin nghnh in.
Chng em mong rng, trong thi gian ti, b mn cung cp in s nghin
cu v a vo gio trnh ging dy cc ngun nng lng mi, gip sinh
vin sm c iu kin tip cn, nghin cu v hiu bit r hn v cc ngun
nng lng ny.
Labview l mt phn mm c thit k khng ch ginh ring cho vic o
lng m n cn nhiu ng dng rng ri na m bn thn sinh vin cha c
iu kin tm hiu, v vy nu c th a vo gii thiu ging dy ti
trng th s to ra nhiu s hng th mi cho sinh vin, gip sinh vin hon
thin hn kin thc ca mnh.
Trn y l nhng bo co v ton b cng vic ca nhm n tt nghip
chng em, trong c nhng vic lm c v c nhng vic m cha
c hon thin nh mong mun, chng em xin ha s n lc c gng hon
thin kin thc bn thn v mong mun c c hn na s ng vin, chia
s kin thc, kinh nghim ca cc Thy, cc bn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
1.PGS.TS ng nh Thng(2006): Pin Mt Tri v ng dng,
2.PGS.TS L Danh Lin(2006): C s nng lng mi v ti to.

82

2. Trnh Quang Dng(2001): in Mt Tri


3.PGS.TS Nguyn Bn, TS Hong Dng Hng: Nng lng Mt Tri
4.Bo Khoa hc v i sng, s 280, ngy 24/12/2005): Gii php no cho
nng lng bn vng
5. Nguyn Th Cc, Nguyn Th Nh(2007): n tt nghip Nghin cu
phn mm Labview v card PCI-1710 Ging vin hng dn Th.S on Vn
in
6. Hieutq: T hc nhanh Labview 8.2 bng hnh nh.
Ting Anh
7. Labview Advanced I, ca hng National Insrument.
8. Manual Labview 8.5
Internet
9. http://www.minhdt.info
10. http://www.dientuvietnam.net
11. http://www.dieukhientudong.com
12. http://www.vagam.dieukhien.net
13. http://www.advantech.com/support

83

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