Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC LC
LI CM N...................................................................................................1
MC LC.........................................................................................................2
M U...........................................................................................................5
PHN 1 NNG LNG MT TRI.............................................................8
1.1 Cu trc v ngun nng lng Mt Tri.................................................8
1.1.1 Cu trc Mt Tri.............................................................................8
1.1.2 Nng lng Mt Tri......................................................................10
1.1.3 Ph bc x Mt Tri.......................................................................11
1.2 Bc x ca nng lng Mt Tri v o lng bc x nng lng Mt
Tri..............................................................................................................14
1.2.1 Ph bc x nng lng Mt Tri....................................................14
1.2.2 o lng bc x nng lng Mt Tri..........................................15
PHN 2 PIN NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG NGUN PIN
NNG LNG MT TRI..........................................................................16
2.1 M u..................................................................................................16
2.2 C s pin nng lng Mt Tri.............................................................17
2.3 Pin Nng lng Mt Tri - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng................20
2.3.1 Cu to............................................................................................20
2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng......................................................................21
2.3.3 S tng ng v cc c trng quang in...........................22
2.4 H thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri.............................................23
PHN 3 THIT K H THNG IU KHIN BM CHO MODUL PIN
NNG LNG MT TRI..........................................................................26
3.1 t vn ..............................................................................................26
3.2 tng thit k v thit b hin c.......................................................27
3.2.1 tng thit k..............................................................................27
3.2.2 Thit b hin c...............................................................................28
3.3 Mch iu khin, nguyn tc hot ng................................................30
M U
Nhn loi ang sng trong th k th 21- k nguyn ca s pht trin vt
bc v khoa hc cng ngh v ng dng cc thnh qu cng ngh mi. ng
hnh cng s pht trin ny l s tiu tn cc ngun nng lng khng ti to
l du m, than , in nng...
Bn cnh s pht trin mnh m nhn loi cng ang phi i mt vi
nhiu nguy c do s pht trin mang li nh hiu ng nh knh, nhim
mi trng, thin tai, ch ho...Theo c tnh ca Lin Hp Quc th trong
vng mt trm nm qua nhn loi s dng khong 30% tng tr lng du
m m th gii c c v d bo trong vng 30 nm tip theo th nhu cu
ny s tng ln gp ba(s liu tnh n thng 5 nm 2008), tuy nhin i vi
mi quc gia v vng lnh th th nhu cu v nng lng l khng th khng
c v n l iu kin tin quyt cho s pht trin ca bn thn quc gia ,
c bit l i vi cc quc gia ang pht trin. V th, thc v vic s dng
nng lng hp l, tit kim dn tr thnh nhu cu mi quc gia v i
hi cc quc gia phi c nhng bin php tch cc s dng nng lng
c hp l nht?
c th lm c vic ny, th bn cnh vic s dng v qun l nhu cu
nng lng hp l th vic nghin cu, pht trin, ng dng v s dng cc
ngun nng lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng gi, nng lng
Mt Tri...l v cng bc thit bi s di do, sn c v c bit l khng gy
nhim mi trng ca cc ngun nng lng ny.
i vi nng lng Mt Tri ni ring th nhn loi nghin cu v ng
dng n t nhng nm 40 ca th k trc ch to cc Pin Mt Tri cung
cp nng lng cho cc v tinh nhn to. Tuy nhin phi n nhng nm 70,
sau cuc khng hong du la u tin trn th gii th vic nghin cu, pht
trin v ng dng Pin nng lng Mt Tri mi c quan tm thc s v
Phn 2:
Phn 3:
lng Mt Tri
Thit k h thng iu khin bm cho modul pin nng
Phn 4:
lng Mt Tri
Tm hiu Labview, card PCI-1710, ng dng cng c o
lng o labview o bc x nng lng Mt Tri, o sc
Phn 5:
gi, o m
Kt lun Khuyn ngh
PHN 1
NNG LNG MT TRI
10
1.1.3 Ph bc x Mt Tri
Bc x Mt Tri c bn cht l sng in t, l qu trnh chuyn cc dao
ng in t trng trong khng gian. Trong qu trnh truyn sng, cc
vecteur cng in trng v cng t trng lun vung gc vi nhau
v vung gc vi phng truyn ca sng in t. Qung ng m sng
in t truyn c sau mt chu k dao ng gi l bc sng
Trong chn khng, vn tc truyn sng ca sng in t ng bng tc
ca nh sng 3.108m/s. Cn trong mi trng vt cht, vn tc truyn ca
sng nh hn v bng v=c/n, trong c l vn tc nh sng, n l chit sut
tuyt i ca mi trng(n 1). Cc sng in t c bc sng tri di trong
mt phm vi rt rng t 10-7nm n hng nghn km.
11
Bc sng
Mt nng lng
T l(%)
(W/m2)
Tia v tr
< 0,1nm
6,978.10-5
Tia X
0,1nm
6,978.10-7
Tia t ngoi C
0,2 0,28 m
7,864.106
0,57
Tia t ngoi B
0,28 0,32 m
2,122.101
1,55
Tia t ngoi A
0,32 0,4 m
0,4 0,52 m
8,073.101
2,240.102
5,90
16,39
0,52 0,62 m
1,827.102
13,36
0,62 0,78 m
2,280.102
16,68
0,78 1,4 m
4,125.102
30,18
1,4 3,00 m
1,836.102
13,43
3,0 100,0 m
2,637.101
1,93
0,1 10,0 cm
Sng v tuyn
10,0 100,0 cm
1,0 20 m
12
Bc sng(nm)
Vng sng(nm)
700
640 760
Cam
620
600 640
Vng
580
550 600
Xanh
510
480 550
Lam
470
450 480
Tm
420
400 450
13
14
15
PHN 2
PIN NNG LNG MT TRI V
H THNG NGUN PIN NNG LNG MT TRI
2.1 M u
Nng lng mt tri c coi l ngun nng lng sch v v tn m thin
nhin ban tng cho chng ta. Mt trong nhng k thut s dng nng lng
Mt Tri l sn xut in nng - in Mt Tri. sn xut in Mt Tri
ngi ta thng s dng hai cng ngh: Cng ngh nhit Mt Tri v cng
ngh pin Mt Tri.
Trong cng ngh nhi t M t Tringi ta thng s dng h thng cc
gng h t thu nng lng Mt Tri to thnh cc ngun nhit c mt
nng lng cao v do c nhit lng rt cao, c th lm bc hi nc
nhit v p sut ln. Hi sinh ra vi p sut ln s lm quay cc tuabin
sn xut in nng.
Trong gii hn ca ti chng em ch xin cp n cng ngh pin Mt
Tri. Pin Mt Tri l thit b s dng bin i trc tip nng lng Mt Tri
thnh nng lng in nh vo cc t bo quang in. Cc Panel ny cn sn
xut ra nng lng chng no cn c bc x Mt Tri chiu ti n. Cc h
thng Panel hay Pin Mt Tri rt n gin, khng c phn chuyn ng,
khng cn i hi chm sc bo dng thng xuyn nh nhng h thng
khc, c bit khng nhim mi trng nn c quan tm nghin cu,
pht trin v ng dng ngy cng mnh m vo khoa hc k thut v cuc
sng. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu i cht v cu to, nguyn l hot ng
v cc c trng c bn ca Pin Mt Tri v ng dng mnh m ca n
16
17
e-
+ h+
hc 1,24
hc
= Eg = Eg ( m)
Ec Ev
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19
20
21
Trong :
- Ch :
+Dng on mch l dng in trong mch ca pin Mt Tri khi lm ngn
mch ngoi. Lc hiu in th mch ngoi ca pin bng 0.
+ Th h mch VOC l hiu in th c o khi mch ngoi ca pin Mt
Tri h mch, khi R= , I=0.
2.4 H thng ngun pin nng lng Mt Tri
Hin nay c hai cng ngh ch to ngun in pin Mt Tri thng dng.
l h ngun in pin Mt Tri ni li v h ngun c lp. Trong h
ngun pin ni li, in nng mt chiu t dn pin c bin i thnh dng
in xoay chiu v ho ng b vo mng li in cng nghip, u im ca
loi ngun ny l khng phi s dng b tch tr nng lng gy tn km v
nhim mi trng. Trong h ngun in pin Mt Tri c lp, ngi ta
thng s dng cho nhng vng khng c li in hoc quy m h gia nh.
Cng ngh ny phn ln c u tin s dng cho nhng vng nng thn,
vng su vng xa thuc quc gia ang pht trin bi tnh gn nh, cng sut
ph hp v iu khin, s dng d dng. Trong gii hn ca ti, chng em
ch nghin cu loi h ngun pin Mt Tri c lp
22
23
24
PHN 3
THIT K H THNG IU KHIN BM
CHO MODUL PIN NNG LNG MT TRI
3.1 t vn
Trong h ngun pin Mt Tri, thnh phn quan trng nht l dn Pin. Ty
thuc vo cng sut ca h, dn Pin c th c din tch ch khong 0.5m 2
nhng cng c th din tch n hng chc hay hng trm m 2. Vi Pim Mt
Tri tinh th silic hin nay th 1 Panel Pin cng sut khong 100W c din
tch 1m2.
Vic nh hng Pin Mt Tri l cng vic cn c quan tm c bit v
n nh hng trc tip n in nng do dn Pin pht ra hng ngy.
Nh chng ta bit, Tri t phi thc hin cng mt lc hai chuyn
ng, mt chuyn ng quanh chnh trc ca n v mt chuyn ng xung
quanh mt tri. V vy, t Tri t ta c th coi Mt Tri chuyn ng hng
ngy trn bu tri t ng sang Ty v lch theo hng Bc Nam so vi
ng Xch o theo mt ng hnh sin, t v tr cc bc v 23,45 vo
ngy H Ch(21-6) v t v tr cc nam v -23,45 vo ngy ng
Ch(21-12) hng nm. Do vy phng ti ca Mt Tri i vi mt mt c
nh no t trn mt t bin thin lin tc v phc tp.
V mt l thuyt, thu c nng lng Mt Tri mt cch trit , tc l
lm cho lng bc x Mt Tri chiu vo dn Pin l ti a mi thi im
trong ngy th ta phi lm cho dn Pin lun hng v pha Mt Tri. Mun
vy dn Pin phi quay theo hai trc: trc Bc-Nam hng tm Pin Mt
Tri t ng sang Ty tng ng vi v tr hng ngy ca Mt Tri trn bu
tri; trc ng-Ty quay tm Pin Mt Tri ln xung theo hng BcNam. Hn th na, khi tri ma, h thng c th t nghing mt gc
25
26
27
Thng s k thut:
Cng sut pht
in p ra Max
in p ra Min
ng knh panel
dy
10 W
18 V
420 mm
4mm
28
29
OUTPUT
U RA
Vcc
NGUN CUNG CP
INVERTING INPUT
U VO O
NON-INVERTING
U VO KHNG O
INPUT
Ngun n hoc kp c di in p rng.(t 2V n 36V vi ngun n v
t 1V n 18V
Dng cung cp rt nh (1,1mA) c lp vi in p ngun(1,4mW/mt cu
so snh in p 5V).
Dng vo thun nh:25nA
Dng lch u vo thp:5nA
in p lch u vo thp:1mV
Di in p u vo ch thng bao gm c mass(ni t).
30
in p bo ha u ra thp:250mV(I0=4mA).
in p vi phn u vo bng in p ngun.
u ra tng thch vi cc ch TTL,DTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS.
Nhng thit b ny bao gm 4 b so snh in p chnh xc vi thng s
in p lch nh, ln nht ch 2mV vi LM339A. Tt c nhng b so snh
ny u c thit k c bit lm vic c ngun p n vi di in
p rng. Chng cng c th hot ng vi ngun chia p.
Nhng b so snh ny cng c c tnh duy nht, trong di in p u
vo ch thng bao gm c mass mc d hot ng vi ngun p n.
31
32
S b tr linh kin
33
34
35
S board mch:
S b tr linh kin:
36
Pb SO4
phong
ien
PbSO 2e
nap ien
PbO2 4H SO4
phong
ien
2e PbSO4 2H 2O
nap ien
37
38
39
Board mch ng
Hot ng:
Khi in p ra ca c quy thp hn in p nh mc(Um=12V), Diode
40
41
n2
u2
zt
n12
k1
+Thit k my bin p
My bin p c nhng thng s sau
U1=24V, U2=220V,I1=13A,I2 =1,4A
n1 = 90 vng ; n2 = 825 vng
d1 = 1.9 mm ; d2 = 0.7 mm
h = 7,5 cm ; c = 2 cm
a = 3 cm
; b = 4 cm
>= 0,6
43 A (Ta
thng gi)
in p ngc t ln van: U=220V trnh trng hp h mch pha th
cp chn IGBT c nhng thng s sau:
42
Imax=50A
Umax=600V
Ta chn IGBT FM2G50S60 c hnh dng v cu trc nh sau:
Thng s ca IGBT l:
43
c im ca vi mch nh sau:
- Cng sut tiu th thp
- Hot ng trng thi n l ch khng n nh
- Cc u ra n nh mc cao, c th b b xung ch yu cu mt tn hiu
duy nht ngoi R hoc C cc u vo c im kim tra tnh in p
20Vc chun ho c tnh, c tnh u ra chun v i xng
- Mch cch ly
in p u ra ca 4047 l 11V mc cao v 0.05 V mc thp.
Dng in v in p lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm
vic ln.
cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817.
44
chn R=4.7k .
S kt ni gia mch iu khin v PC817 nh sau:
-Mch khuych i:
to ra in p i xng t vo chn G ca IGBT ta s dng mch
khuych i . IC khuych i c chn y l IC HA17741/PS
S chn ca HA17741/PS nh sau:
45
46
La chn phn t bo v:
Bo v s c qu ti v ngn mch bng cu ch
+La chn cu ch mch ng lc:Chon cu ch c U = 220 V
ICT = 30 A
+ La chn cu ch mch iu khin
U = 220 V
I CT = 1 A
+ Bo v qu nhit bng Rle nhit
Qua tnh ton phn trn, m bo tui th tt nht cho thit b ta thit
b lm vic ti 85 o C ri ct mch iu khin ra khi in ngun t s ct
ton b u ra. Chn rle nhit KSD 301 85 o C
47
PHN 4
TM HIU PHN MM LABVIEW, CARD PCI-1710,
NG DNG CNG C O LNG O - LABVIEW
O BC X MT TRI, O SC GI, O M
48
49
51
52
54
55
56
round LED
57
58
- Hm File I/O- File I/O Function: Thc hin cc chc nng cho mt tp tin
nh lu, m tp tin theo dng nh phn, spreadsheet, ng mt tp tin...Ngoi
ra hm ny cn cha cc chc nng m rng khc v lu tr d liu.
ng dn truy cp: Function>> File I/O:
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
- Thng 5/2003: LabVIEW 7.0 Express VIs, I/O Assistants, FPGA / PDA
targets.
Nhn dp k nim 20 nm ra mt n phm thit k h thng ho
LabVIEWcho mi trng h thng iu khin, kim nghim v nhng,
National Instruments cho ra i LabVIEW 8.2.
67
68
69
PCI 1710 c trng mt knh t ng /my qut linh hot. Mch in, tt
hn phn mm ca bn, iu khin thi gian chuyn mch b dn knh. Trn
bng mch SRAM lu tr cc gi tr khuch i khc nhau v s nh dng
cho mi knh. Thit k ny cho php bn thc hin ly mu tc cao nhiu
knh( ln ti 100kHz) vi nhng li ch khc nhau cho mi knh vi s kt
hp t do ca mt u ra v cc u vo khc nhau.
+ Vng nh FIFO trn bng mch ( First In First Out)
PCI 1710 c mt b m FIFO trn bo mch n c th lu tr ti 4K mu
A/D. PCI 1710 pht sinh mt ngt khi FIFO y na. c tnh ny cung cp
lin tc s di chuyn d liu tc cao v nhiu s thc hin c th on
trc trn h thng Windows.
+ B m lp trnh trn bng mch
PCI 1710 cung cp mt b m lp trnhc sinh ra mt trig tc
cho b chuyn i A/D. Chp b m l mt IC 82C54 hoc tng ng, n
bao gm 3 b m 16 bit trn 1 xung nhp 10MHz. Mt b m t cc knh
u vo. Hai ci khc c ni vi nhau to ra mt b thi gian 32 bit cho
mt trig tc cao.
*c tnh ca PCI 1710
- 16 u ra n hoc 8 u vo tng t khc nhau, hoc mt s kt hp
- B chuyn i A/D 12 bit, vi nhp ly mu ln ti 100kHz
- Chng trnh khuch i cho mi knh u vo
- Knh t ng/ qut linh linh hot.
- B m FIFO ly mu 4K trn bng mch.
- Hai knh u ra tng t 12 bit
- 16 u vo s v 16 u ra s.
- Lp trnh tng bc/ b m.
70
Quan h
Phng
AIGND
hng
u vo
M t
u vo tng t t knh 0
n knh 15. Mi cp knh
AI<i, i+1>, c th c nh
dng nh c hai u vo kt
thc n hoc mt u vo
AIGND
phn bit.
S tip t u vo tng t.
AOGND
u vo
PCI 1710
u ra tng t knh 0 quan
h bn ngoi. y l u vo
quan h bn ngoi cho u ra
DA1_ REF
AOGND
u vo
tng t knh 0
u ra tng t knh 1 quan
h bn ngoi. y l u vo
quan h bn ngoi cho u ra
DA0 _OUT
AOGND
u ra
tng t knh 1.
u ra tng t knh 0. y
l u ra tng t knh 0. y
l chn cung cp in p u ra
71
DA1 _OUT
AOGND
u ra
ca knh ra tng t 0
u ra tng t knh 1. y
l chn cung cp in p u ra
AOGND
c u ra tng t knh 1
S tip t u ra tng t.
Cc in p u ra tng t
c quan h ti cc im nt
ny. Ba quan h tip t
(AIGND, AOGND v DGND)
c ni cng nhau trong card
DI<0..15>
DO<0..15>
DGND
DGND
DGND
-
u vo
u ra
-
PCI 1710
Cc tn hiu u vo s
Cc tn hiu u ra s
S tip t s
Chn ny cung cp cc quan
h cho tn hiu s ti cc u
ni vo ra nh cung cp
ngun +5V DC. Ba quan h
tip t
(AIGND,
AOGND
DGND)
c ni cng nhau trong
CNT0_ CLK
DGND
u vo
CNT0_ OUT
DGND
u ra
72
CNT_GATE
DGND
u vo
chn ra ca b m 0
u vo cng b m 0.
Chn ny l iu khin cho b
m 0.
PACER_OUT
DGND
u ra
u ra xung nhp tc .
Chn ny to ra xung nhp tc
khi bt. Nu b chuyn i
A/D nm trong kiu nt bm
nhanh, ngi s dng c th s
dng tn hiu ny nh mt s
trng tn hiu cho cc ng dng
khc. Mt cp mp t cao
xung thp bm nhanh chuyn
i A/D bt u.
TRG_GATE
DGND
u vo
EXT_TRG
DGND
u vo
73
DGND
DGND
u ra
bt u.
Ngun +12V DC. Chn ny
u ra
cp ngun 12V DC
Ngun +5VDC.
74
75
76
77
Bo li :
( Programming/ Timing ) :
6.6 o sc gi
6.6.1 Nng lng gi
Gi l s chuyn dch tun hon ca khng kh trong kh quyn gy ra do
s nung nng khng u b mt Tri t bi Mt Tri. Tuy vy, gi l mt
qu trnh a l rt phc tp v vy ch c th d bo s bin i vi xc sut
nht nh. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh th ngun nng lng ny phc
v nn kinh t quc dn. Cc trm nng lng gi thng s dng gi trn
cao 20-70m so vi mt t.
78
Vi
(m/s)
79
PHN 5
KT LUN, KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Nng lng Mt Tri l mt trong cc ngun nng lng ti to quan trng
nht m thin nhin ban tng cho hnh tinh chng ta. ng thi n cng l
ngun gc ca cc ngun nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng gi, nng
lng cc dng sng
Pin nng lng Mt Tri l thit b bin i trc tip nng lng Mt Tri
thnh in nng chng ta c th s dng m khng h gy nhim mi
trng. cc phn 2, 3, 4 ca n chng em trnh by c c s, cu
to ca pin nng lng Mt Tri, thit k thnh cng h thng iu khin bm
80
81
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83