remo 51 How ois Go! : ent hae Wenn Ras ea ae ee Pe hea eee autining Distance ono Veto GFE pence i er ae Pr . EO Pe Ree ae 2m 281 oy Pe a en neg : eee alia oT et i ry Pee el a Rar Pe ee ey Pee aes ea et Laat en eae eo Bee Laie aa ee i ay PC en peat kia ea ea Reece aa Feed Reena eas ee ae eee con Pent Ana OL Poe2. onan leYonver-ne ewer seza 5.1. How 00 we mexsuRE Distance TRAVELED? Por positive constant velocit » we can Find the distance a moving object raves using the formula Distance = Velocity x Time. {nthis section we see how to estimate the distance when the velocity is not constant. A Thought Experiment: How Far Did the Car Go? Velocity Data Every Two Seconds Acar is moving ‘th increasing velocity. Table 5.1 shows the velocity every two seconds Table 81 Velocity of car every nvo seconds “Time Gee) o [2746s To Velocity usec) | 20 [30 [38 | ae [as | so How far has the car traveled? Since we don't kaow how fast the ca is moving at every moment, the car aula the distance exactly, but we can make an estimate. The veloiy is ne ing, so the car is going at least 20 fuse for the fist two soconds. Since Distance Velocity x Time, the Feet aering 2 = A fet during te fist two seconds. Likewise, it goes at least 30 2 tn ‘eet during he next two seconds, and so on, During te tensccand period oes at least 20-24 30-2438 -2444-24 48-2 = 360 feet ‘Thus, 360 fet is an underestimate of the tla distance traveled during the ten seconds ‘To get.an overestimate, we can reason this way: Dating te ist tvo Seconds the vars velocity Seri Lust, 80 it moved at most 30-2 = 60 fet. In the next two seconds it nore most ‘88-2 76 fee, and soon, Therefore, over the tn-second periadit moved at mont 30:24 98-24 44-24 48.2450-2 = 420 feet Therefore, 380 feet < Total distance traveled < 420 feet. ‘There isa diference of 60 feet between the upper and lower estimates, Velocity Data Every One Second Nha if we want a more accurate estimate? Then we make more frequent velocity measurements, Say every second, as in Table 5.2 ao re: We tet lower estimate for each second by using the velocity at the beginning ofthat Rear iin the fst second the velocity is at least 20 fuse, so the car tevel atleast 20-1 op feet. Daring the next second the car moves at least 26 fect, and so on, We have New lower estimate = 20-14 26-14.30-1434-1438-1 FAL 14 A4-14-46-1448-14.49-1 = 376 feet Table 52 Velocity of car every second Tweie) [of [2s sts [els]s lo Tw Neteciy see) | 20 | 26 J 30 | 3a [as [at | aw | a | as | ao | ao'51 HOWDO WE MEASURE DISTANCE TRAVELED? 273 Notice that this lower estimate is greater than the old lower estimate of 360 feet. ‘We get anew upper estimate by considering the velocity atthe end of each second. During the first second the velocity is at most 26 fsee, so the car moves at most 26 1 = 26 feet; in the next second it moves at most 30 feet, and s0 on, 26-14-30-1434-1498-1441-1 $Ad 1446-1 +48-1449-145001 = 406 feet. New upper estimate ‘This is less than the old upper estimate of 420 feet. Now we know that 376 feet < Total distance traveled < 406 feet. “The difference between upper and lower estimates is now 30 feet, half of what it was before. By halving the interval of measurement, we have halved the difference between the upper and lower ‘estimates, Visualizing Distance on the Velocity Graph: Two-Second Data We can represent both upper and lower estimates on a graph of the velocity. The graph also shows how changing the time interval between velocity measurements changes the accuracy of our esti- mates. “The velocity can be graphed by plotting the two-second data in Table 5.1 and drawing a curve through the data points. (See Figure 5.1.) The area of the first dark rectangle is 20-2 = 40, the lower tstimate of the distance moved during the first two seconds, The area of the second dark rectangle is 30-2 = 60, the lower estimate forthe distance moved inthe next two seconds. The total area of the dark rectangles represents the lover estimate forthe total distance moved during the ten seconds. Tf the dark and light rectangles are considered together, the first area is 30-2 = 60, the upper estimate for the distance moved in the first two seconds. The second area is 38 2 = 76, the upper testimate for the next two seconds, The upper estimate for the total distance is represented by the sum of the areas of the dark and light rectangles. Therefore, the area of the light rectangles alone represents the difference between the two estimates. “To visualize the difference between the two estimates, look at Figure 5.1 and imagine the light rectangles all pushed tothe right and stacked on top of each other. Ths gives a rectangle of width 2 and height 30. The height, 30, is the difference between the initial and final values ofthe velocity 30 = 50 ~ 20. The wih, 2, i the ime interval between velocity measurements vet renee” ities % ai Owesinge 40 Sane “tresange) ve) | IX . | 0 Unigene ‘@eacres i ‘eeaalaa ‘ecianges) 10 | ine 2 4 6 8 W Figure :1: Velocity measured every 2 seconds{274 Chapter Five KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFRITE INTEGRAL se or Ea “| og veresiate of dance Ii weasidakand 30 | » ly | iin Ft] = 9 | | | it ‘time Figute 6.2: Velocity measured every second Visualizing Distance on the Velocity Graph: One-Second Data Figure 5.2 shows the velocities measured every second. The area of the dark rectangles again rep- resents the lower estimate, and the area of the dark and light rectangles together represent the uppec estimate, As before, the difference between the two estimates is represented by the area of the Tight rectangles, This difference can be calculated by stacking the light rectangles vertically, giving « rectangle of the same height as before but of half the width. ts area is therefore half what it was before. Again, the height of this stack is 50 — 20 = 30, but its width is now 1 Example t Solution What would be the difference between the upper and lower estimates if the velocity were given every tenth ofa second? Every hundredth of a second? Every thousandth of a second? Every tenth of a second: Difference between estimates = (50 — 20)(1/10) Every hundredth of a second: Difference between estimates = (50 — 20)(1/100) = Every thousandth of a second: Difference between estimates = (50 ~ 20)(1/1000) Example2 Solution How frequently must the velocity be recorded in order to estimate the total distance traveled to within 0.1 feet? ‘The difference between the velocity atthe beginning and end of the observation period is 50-~ 20 30, Ifthe time between successive measurements is At, then the difference between the upper and lower estimates is (30) At. We want (Bo)At < 0.1, 7 o1 At< 24 = 0.003 <5 = 0.0053 So if the measurements are made less than 0.0033 seconds apart, the distance estimate is accurate to within 0.1 feet Visualizing Distance on the Velocity Graph: Area Under Curve ‘As we make more frequent velocity measurements, the rectangles used to estimate the distance trav led fit the curve more closely. See Figures $.3 and 5.4 In te limit, as the number of subdivisions increases, we see that the distance traveled is given by the area between the velocity curve and the horizontal axis, See Figure 5.5. In general: the velocity is positive, the total distance traveled isthe area under the velocity curve‘51 HOW DO WE MEASURE DSTANCE TRAVELED? 275 oo tno 24 6 8 10 24 6 8 10 246 8 10 Figute 53: Velocity measured every Figure 54: Velocity measured every Figure 55: Distance waveled is area 2 1/a second under curve Example With time ¢ in seconds, the velocity of a bicycle, in feet per second, is given by v(t) = 5. How far does the bieyele travel in 3 seconds? Solution The velocity is linear, See Figure 5.6. The distance traveled is the area between the line %(t) and the t-axis. Since this region is a triangle of height 15 and base 3, Distance traveled = Area of triangle 3 = 22.5 feet veloty t/a) 8 vt) tee, £ (608) Figure 56: Shaded area represonts distance traveled Negative Velocity and Change in Position {In the thought experiment, the velocity is positive and our sums represent distance traveled. What if the vek ive? Exampled A particle moves along the y-axis with velocity 30 cm/sec for 5 seconds and velocity ~10 emv/see for the next 5 seconds. Positive velocity indicates upward motion; negative velocity represents down ward motion. Waat is represented by the sum 30-54 (10) 5? Saluion ‘The is erm inthe sum represents an upward motion of 30:5 = 150 centimeters. The second term represents a motion of (—10) -5 = —50 centimeters, that i, 60 centimeters downward, Thus, the sum represents a change in postio of 150 ~ 50 = 100 centimeters upward Figure 5.7 shows velocity versus time. The area of the rectangle above the taxis represents upward distance, while the area of the rectangle below the t-axis represents downward distance. lon) 30 | > bea = 150 Upton is 1 sn =10f A rea = 80 Downward motion Figure 57: Difference in areas gives change in position276 Chapter Five_ KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL In general, if the velocity can be negative as well as positive, the limit of the sums represents ‘change in position, rather than distance traveled. Left and Right Sums We now write the estimates for the distance traveled by the car in new notation. Let v = f(t) denote any nonnegative velocity function. We want to find the distance traveled between times f = « and += b. We take measurements of f(t) at equally spaced times to, t,t, +++ fy, with time to = a and time t,, = D. The time interval between any two consecutive measurements is ata Poe. here At means the change, or increment, int. During the frst time interval, from to and f, the velocity can be approximated by fo). 0 the distance traveled is approximately Fito) At, During the second time interval, the velocity is about j(t1) so the distance traveled is about F(ts)At. Continuing in this way and adding all Une estimates, we get an estimate for the total distance traveled. In the last interval, the velocity is approximately f(t, 1), 80 the last term is f(fn—1) At ‘Total distance traveled F(tg)At + f(ta)At+ f(la)At+---+ H(bn-r)At between t = cand =b ‘This is called a lei-hand sum because we used the value of velocity from the left end of each time imerval. It is represented by the sum of the areas of the rectangles in Figure 5.8. ‘We can also calculate right-hand sum by using the value ofthe velocity tthe sight end of ‘each ime interval In that ease the estimate for the first interval is f(t), for the second interval itis f(te) Mt, and so on. The estimate forthe last interval is now f(én) At, $0 Total distance traveled. 54, ats f(ts)At+ flts)At-+---+ fltn)ALt between? = aand t =b “The right-hand sum is represented by the area of the rectangles in Figure 5.9. If fis an increasing function, as in Figures 5.8 and 5.9, the lefi-band sum is an underestimate and the Fight hand sum is an overestimate ofthe total distance traveled. If f is decreasing, asin Figure 5.10, then the role ofthe two sums are reversed, v=, Hen) Ftta-a) mates Ate} I su) U tf ha ty tet ty Figure $8: Left-hand sums Figure $8: Right-hand suns‘51 HOW 00 WE MEASURE DISTANCE TRAVELED? 277 Dire Rare seins vas) 110) ~ | (a) mate a= hb Figure 6:1 1: Lett and ight sume if fis decreasing Accuracy of Estimates For either increasing or decreasing velocity functions, the exact value of the dist somewhere between the two estimates. Thus, the accuracy of our estimate depends on how close these two sums are, For a function which is increasing throughout or decreasing throughout the interval (a, 0} ce traveled lies Difference between EK) and $(6) ‘(Absolute values make the differences nonnegative.) In Figure 5.10, the area ofthe light rectangles is the difference between estimates, By making the time interval, Af, between measurements stall ‘enough, we ean make this difference Between lower and upper estimates as small as we like. Exercises and Problems for Section 5.1 Difference between \7(0) — #(a)|- At upper and lower estimates, Exercises 1. igre 51 shows the velo ofa ear for Feat Taking the Limit to Obtain the Definite Integral Now we take the limit of these sums as. goes to infinity. If f is continuous for a < ¢ symbol are O and n~ 1 for the left-hand sum, and 1 and n forthe right-hand sum, whereas the ims onthe J sign are « and b Computing a Definite Integral In practice, we often approximate definite integrals numerically using a calculator or computer. ‘They use programs which compute sums for lagcr and larger values of n, and eventually give a value forthe integral. Some (but not all) definite integrals can be computed exactly. However, any definite integral can be approximated numerically. Tn the next example, we see how numerical approximation works. For each value of 1, we show an over- and an under-estimate for the integral f?(1/t) dt. As we increase the value of n, the over and underestimates get closer together, trapping the value of the integral between them. By inereasing the value of n sufficiently, we can calculate the integral to any desired accuracy Cats ethandan hand sus win =2fr J, Ws tion eves the left-and righthand sums for n = 10 and n= 250 and the integral? (= 1)/2 = 0.5, Therefore, to = At sf = 1.6 and Here a = 1 and b = 2, so for n (See Figure 5.20.) We have Lefehand sum = f(u)At-+ f(L8)At = 110.5) + 2005) L 1 Righthand sum = /(2.5)A¢+ f(2)At = (0.5) + 3(05) In Figure 5.20 we see that the left-hand sum is bigger than the area under the curve and the right- hhand sum is smaller. So the area under the curve f(t) = 1/t fromt = 1 (0 £ = 2 is between them: 2 osssn< fa In Problems 56-57, graph a continuous function f(x) > O.on 49, A tunction f such dat f2 f(a) de < J2.f(=)d 0,10} with heaven properties te Problems 50-52 decide whether the statement i rue or 86, The maximum vale taken on by f(2) for < = < 10 fase, Juslfy your answer is Ltn addition f° f(a) de = 57. The maximum value taken on by f(x) for < x < 10 50. On the intemal « and y-axes, say cm. Then f(a) and x are measured in the same units, so [ * fedae is measured in square units of cm x cm = cm?, Again, this is what we would expect since in this context the integral represents an area. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus We have seen that change in position can be ealeulated ste limit of Rlemann sums ofthe velocity function v = f(é). Thus, change in position is given by the definite integral f f(t) dt. If we let F(O denote the postion funtion then the change in pesition ean also be wrien a5 F() ~ F(a), Taswetove Change in position from J(ijdt= = F(b) - Fla’ [1 en aay (@)- Fle) We also know thatthe postion and velocity f are related using derivatives: P(t) = f(t ‘Thus, ve have uncovered a conection between I ineral and derivative, which sso important itis ced the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus applies to any function F with a conunvous Sesivaine f =P" ‘Theorem 5.1: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus? If fis continuous on the interval [a and f(¢) = F(t), then [soa-F6-F0) ‘To understand the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, think of f(@) = PY(t) as the rate of change of the quantity F(t). To caleulate the total change in P(e) between times t = a and t Wwe divide the interval « < #< binto m subintervals, each of length At. For each small interval, we cstimate the change in F(t), writen A/F, and add these. In each subinterval we assume the rato of change of F (dis approximately constant, so that we can say AF x Rate of change of F x Time elapsed, For the first subinterval, from to tof, the rate of change of F(t) is approximately F"(to), so AP» F' (to) At. Similarly, for the second interval AFF’ (h) At. Summing overall the subintervals, we get Total changeinF() apa Sop AF x SSF (tu) At winecarramctnd “2g0P 2 ‘We have approximated the change in F(t) as a left-hand sum. However, the total change in F(e) between the times t = a and t = bis simply F(b) — F(a). “Taking the limit as n goes to infinity converts the Riemann sum toa definite integral and suggests the following interpretation ofthe Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:> This resalt is sometimes called the First Fundamental Theorern of Calculus, to distinguish it from the Second Funda- ment Theorem of Calelas discussed in Seton 6 Se ould equally wel hve used righthand sur, since the definite repr her common kimi,‘58 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND INTERPRETATIONS 231 ; a roy Flay= _ Taslennaein Of ya between t = aand t= b In words, the definite integral ofa rate of change gives the total change. ‘This argument does not, however, constitute a proof of the Fundamental Theorem. The errors in the various approximations must be investigated using the definition of limit. A proof is given in Secrion 6.4 where we learn how to construct antderivatives using the Second Fundamental Theorem cof Calculus, ee seee ee ree eeeeeseeceeceseece Example! if P"(t) = f(2) and J(t) is velocity in miles/hour, with tin hours, what are the units of f° f(t) dé and F(b) — F(a)? oon Since the units of F(0) are miles/hovr andthe units of tare hours, he units of fo F(t de are {ies/lout) hours = mies. Since F measares change in positon, the units of F(H) ~ F(a) fare miles. As expected, the units of [2 f(t) dé and F(b) — F(a) are the same, The Definite Integral of a Rate of Change: Applications ‘of the Fundamental Theorem Many applications are based on the Fundamental Theorem, which tells us thatthe definite integral of arate of change gives the total change, Example2 Let P(t) represent a bacteria population which is § million at time t ~ 0. After ¢ hours, the popt= lation is growing at an instantaneous rate of 2* million bacteria per hour. Estimate the total inerease in the bacteria population during the first hou, andthe population at t= 1, Soluion _ Since the rate at which the population is growing is F(t) = 2, we have Change in population = F(1) — F(0) = [ hat Using a ealeulator to evaluate the integral, ‘Change in population f 2 dt = 1.44 million bacter ‘Since #*(0) = 5, the population at t = Lis given by Population = a) = Foo) + f 2 dt =5 +144 = 6.44 million lo ‘The following example shows how representing s quantity as a definite integral, and thereby as ‘an area, can be helpful even if we don’t evaluate the integral Example Two cars start from rest ata traffic light and accelerate for several minutes, Figure 5.40 shows their velocities as a function of time. (a) Which car is ahead after one minute? __(b)_ Which car is ahead after two minutes?292 ChapterFiveKEY CONCEPT: THE DERRITE INTEGRAL owe ton Figure 540: Velocities of owo cars in Example 3. ‘Which is ahead when? Solulon (a) For the first minute car I goes fester than car 2, and therefore car 1 must be ahead atthe end of one minute, (6) Atthe end of two minutes the situation is less clear, since ear 1 was going faster for the first minute and car 2 for the second, However, if = f(t) is the velocity ofa car after ¢ minutes, then we know that Distance traveled in two minutes = i: ” Hayat, since the integral of velocity is distance traveled. This definite integral may also be interpreted as the area under the graph of f between 0 and 2. Since the area representing the distance traveled by car 2is clearly larger than the area for car 1 (see Figure 5.40), we know that car 2 thas traveled farther than car 1 Example4 Biological activity in water is reflected in the rate at which carbon dioxide, COp, is added or re- moved. Plants take CO2 out of the water during the day for photosynthesis and put CO into the water at ight, Animals put CO» into the water all the time as they breathe. Figure 5.41 shows the rate of change of the CO level in a pond.* At dawn, there were 2.600 mmol of COs per liter of water. (a) At what time was the CO. fevel lowest? Highest? (©) Estimate how much COs enters the pond during the night (t = 1210 ¢ = 24). (© Estimate the CO level at dusk (twelve hours after dawn), (@) Does the COs level appear to be approximately in equilibrium? {espe 006-14 oot 002 0 -om 4 108 pul cn Figure 541: Rate at which COs enters a pond over a 24-hour period “Daa fom RD. Beyer, The Pater of Phoosyhesis ond Respiration in Laboratory Microsystems (Mem. 1s. roid, 1965),52 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND INTERPRETATIONS 293 Solution _Let f(t) be the rate at which COs is entering the water at time f and let F(#) be the concentration (of COp in the water at time f, so F(t) = f(t). (@) From Figure 5.41, we see /(f) is negative for 0 < ¢ < 12,0 the CO» level is decreasing during. this interval (daytime). Since f(2) is positive for 12 < t < 24, the CO» level is increasing during this interval (night), The COz is lowest at = 12 (dusk) and highest at ¢ = O and ¢ = 24 (dav) (0) We want to caleutate the total change in the COs level inthe pond, (24) ~ F(12). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 2 F(24)~ F012) = [seat We use values of f(t) from the graph (displayed in Table 5.7) to construct a left Riemann sum approximation to this integral with m = 6, At = 2: [toa 500) 24 f(14) 2+ F(16)-2+ 2+ F(22)-2 ie (0.000)2 + (0.045)2-+ (0.035)2 +--+ (0.012)2 = 0.278. ‘Thus, between t= 12 and t = 24, 24 ‘Change in CO level = F(24) ~ F(12) F(t) dt = 0.278 mmoWliter. (©) To find the CO level at ¢ = 12, we use the Fundamental ‘Theorem to estimate the change in CO; level during the day: 12 (12) ~ FO) F(t) de Using a left Riemann sum asin part (), we have FU2)-FO)= [fedex 0.28. ‘Since initially there were (0) = 2.600 mmoVlter, we have F(12) = F(0) ~ 0.328 = 2.272 mmolfiter. (@) The amount of CO; removed during the day is represented by the area of the region below the taxis; the amount of CO» added during the night is represented by the area above the t-axis. "These areas look approximately equal, s0 the COe level is approximately in equilibrium. Using Riemann sums to estimate these areas, we find that about 0.278 mmol/1 of CO was released into the pond during the night and about 0.328 mnol/l of CO was absorbed from the ppond during the day. These quantities arc sufficiently close that the difference could be due to ‘measurement error, or to errors from the Riemann sum approximation, Table5.7 Rate, (1), at which CO is entering or leaving water (read from Figure 5.41) oe | 12 | 0000 | 16 | ooss | 20 ovo] 4 | nos | 1s | oor | 2294 Chapter Five KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL Calculating Definite Integrals: Computational Use of the Fundamental Theorem ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus owes its name to its central role in linking rates of change (Gerivatives) to total change. However, the Fundamental Theorem also provides an exact way of ‘computing certain definite integrals. Bramples Compute [” 2ede by wo diferent methods. Solution Using left- and right-hand sums, we can approximate this integral as accurately as we want. With = 100, for example, the left-sum is 7.96 and the right sum is 8.04. Using n. = 500 we learn 7.992.< [ede < 8.08, ‘The Fundamental Theorem, on the other hand, allows us to compute the integral exactly. We take fc) = 2x, We know that if F(x) = 22, then F(x) = 2, So we use f(x) = 2x and P(e) = x? and obiain a [rete = #0) FQ) = 38 = Notice that to use the Fundamental Theorem to calculate a definite integral, we need to know the antiderivative, P. Chapter 6 discusses how antiderivatives are computed Exercises and Problems for Section 5.3 Exercises scoot 1. IF f(0ismeasuredin dollars per yearand ts measure concentration) in grit er om in sea wate, nd where inyears, what athe unt of {f(t}? 2 isdaph below te sutfce of the water nm 12, If f(¢) is measured in meters/second® and ¢ is measured 8, For the ewo cars in Example 3, page 291, esrimate: imseconds, what are the units off #() de? (@) The dixances moved by car I and car 2 during the fist mine 241 (2) measured in pour a= seas inf, ya eyo ca vege he see what are the units of f° fe) ea? ba In Exercises 4-7, explain in words what te intepral represents eigen In Bxercines 9-14, let f(t) = F'(O). Write the imegeal “f° $0) and evaluat sing the Fundamental Theorem of 4. f vl0) ah where o() i velocity im metervsec and tis Cilelus ie in soconds i ae 5, [Bald where ft) is acceleration in kev? and tis ee ‘ime in hours. ee 201 4) aa, where f(t isthe rate at which the work's Ts FUG) = Ine = 1, hn & Sonos i population is growing in year t, in billion people per 12+ year. B. 1. ff se) do, where (2) is eof change of salinity (alt 14, FL) = tanta =Db= x Problems robs 15. (a) Differentiate a? + 2. 16. (a) What is the derivative of sin £7 w : i peor of Cts)" (Te wl oa atl tet 20) = oc uke 2 cee ‘Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find [oe + nae be rire ce byte patie betwesn = Oand t= 1/21. 18. 9. 24, (@) WG) = hain, fre FCO, (©) Find [ sin Beast two ways: {Numerically Gi) Using the Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus. (@) F(a) =e" find FC), oo sna [ (© Numerically. (i) Using the Fundamental Theorem of Callus. 2ne™ de two ways: Polltion is removed fom ake on dy ¢ at arate fF (0) ka/day. (@) Explain the meaning ofthe statement f(12) = 500, (0) 1 J Fle) dt = 4000, give the unis ofthe 5, the 1S.fnd the 4000, (6) Give the meaning of f° (0 at 000. il leaks out ofa tanker at arate of r= FE) gallons per minute, where fis in minutes, Writ a definite integral expressing the total quantity of oil whic leaks out ofthe tanker in the fist hour Water is Yeaking out of @ tank at a rate of R(t) gal Toasthour, where ¢ is measured in hours (a) Write 2 definite integral chat expresses the total ‘amount of water that leaks ou inthe frst two hours. (b) In Figure 5.42, shade the region whose area repre sents the total amount of water that leaks out inthe first two hours. (6) Givean upper and lower estimate ofthe total amount ‘of water that leaks out the first wo hours Figure 542 2. As eval deposits are depleted, it becomes necessary 10 Stripsmine large areas for each ton of coal. Figure 5.43 shows the number of acres of Ind pe illion ons of coal ‘that will be defoced during strip-mining asa function of ‘he number of million tons removed, starting from the present day. (a) Estimate the total number of acres defaced in ex- teacting the next million tons of coal (measured from the present day). Draw four rectangles under the cuve, and compute their area {43 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND INTERPRETATIONS 25. 295 (b) Re-estimate the number of ecres defaced using rect- angles above the curve Use your answers o parts (a) and (b) to get a better estimate of the actual numberof ares defaced. eee © sp — | eee eee ea eee rain a 1p | ae ont oe 123 ¢ 8 Figure 543 The rate at which the world’s cl is consumed Cin billions ‘of barels per year) is given by r = f(t), where tis in years and = 0 isthe start of 2004. (a) Write definite integel representing the total quan tity of oil consumed between the start of 2004 and the start of 200. (b) Besween 2004 and 2009, the rate was modeled by 32e 08 Using alefichand sum with five subdi- visions, fad an approximate value forthe total quan- tty of oil consumed bewoen the start of 2008 and the stat of 2008. (©) Interpret each of the five terms in the sum fom part (b) in terms of ol consumption. A bungee jumper leaps off the starting platform at time £ = 0 and rebounds once during she first 5 seconds. With velocity measureé cownward, for in seconds and 0 < € <5, the jumpers velocity is approximated by u(t) = at? + 16¢ meters/see (@) How many meters does the jumper travel during the firs five seconds? (©) Where isthe jumper relative to the tating postion sat the end ofthe fve seconds? (© What does J? v(t) dt represent in terms of the ump? ‘An old rowboat has sprang a leak, Waters lowing ito the boat ata rac, (0), given in he tbl. (a) Compute upper and lower estimates forthe volume of water that has flowed into the boat during the 15 minutes, (©) Draw a graph illustrate the lower estimate (0) iersaia [12 of sfiofis 20 | 24 | a6 ‘ase on wow fons olick. wan plresclctivimodulesj pf. Accessed Feb 12,2012296 Chaplr Five KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFINTE INTEGRAL 26, Annual coal production in the US (in billion tons per year) is given in the tabi.* Estimate the fotal amount ‘of eoal produced in the US between 1997 and 2009, If 1 = {(t) is the rate of coal production £ years since 1997, write an integral to represent the 1997-2009 coal production ve [ 1997 [900 [ 2001 [2003 [ 2005 [ 2007 [2009 ae [1.090 } 1.094 [1.121 | 7.072 [1.182 | 147 | 107s 27, The amount of waste a company produces, W, in tons per week, is approximated by WW = 3.75e~°°%, where tis in weeks since January 1, 2005. Waste removal for the company costs $15,/ton. How much does the company pay for waste removal during the year 2005 28. A.wo-day environmental cleanup started at 8 arn on the fist day. The number of workers fuctuated as shown in Figure 5. [rthe workers were paid $10 per hour, how uch was the total personne cost ofthe cleanup? vee 0 40 30 ~ 10 16 24 32 40 a Figure 5.44 29, Suppose in Problem 28 thatthe workers were paid $10 per hour for work during the time period 9 am to 5 pm and were paid 15 per hour for work during the est ofthe ‘day. What would the tol personnel costs ofthe cleanup have been under these conditions? ‘A warehouse charges its customers $5 per day for ev- ‘ery 10 cubic leet oF space used for storage. Figure 5.45, records the sorage used by one company over a month How much will the company have to pay? 30, cote 30,000 20,000 16,000 dep 10 20 30 Figure 8.5 inipioww Sate poveneatleoavpgelspecialtl 31. A cup of coffe at 90°C is put inte @ 20°C room when £ = 0. The coffees temperature is changing at a rite of O 1 °C per minute, with in minutes, Est ‘ate the cofee’s temperature when { = 10 ‘Water is pumped out of a holding tank at a rate of 5 ~ Se" lters/minute, where ¢ isin minutes since the pump is stared. Ifthe holding tank contains 1000 liters of water when the pump is started, how much water does it hold one hous later? 32. Problems 33-34 concem the greph of J’ in Figure 5.46. 33, Which is greater, (0) oF F(1)? 34, Liste following in increasing order: AO2I2 9)- 10, 40) - 10) 35. A force P parallol tothe axis is given by te graph in Figure $47. Esme the wor, W, done by the force, Ws fr Fle ‘wher tert etna Figure 547 36, Let f(l) = 7.4) =e, Use Ie and right-hand sums ofS rectmgls each to estimate J(2). 37. The graph of a continuous function fis given in Fige tre $48, Rank the following integrals in ascending nu- ‘merical order. Explain your reasons © Rie Gi) fp Fle)ae Gi) LU@YPae GH LU@Pee. 100 e) ou 2 Figure 5.48, Accessed May 2011.238, The graphs in Figure 5.49 ropresent the velocity, v, of @ particle moving along the z-axis for ime 0 < tS 8. ‘The vertical setles ofall graphs are the same. Identity the graph showing which panicle: (@) Has a constant acceleration, (b) Ends up farthest to the left of where it stated. (©) Ends up ue farthest rom its starting point. (2) Experiences the greatest inital acceleration. (@) His the greatest average velocity (D) Has the greatest average acceleration. ‘S8THEFUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND INTERPRETATIONS 297, 42, Height velocity sraps are used by endocrinologist to fotlow the progress of eildren with growth defclences. Figure 5.50 shows the height velocity curves of on aver age boy and an average gil betwaan ages 3 and 18 (8) Which curve is for girls and which is for boys? Ex- plain how you can tel. ) About how much does the average boy grow be- tween ages 3 and 10? {) The growth spurt associated with adolescence and. the onset of puberty occurs between ages 12 and 1S forthe average boy and between ages 10 and 125 forthe average girl. Estimate the height gained by teach average child during this growth spurt. (@) When fully grown, about how muck taller isthe erage man than the average woman? (The average boy and gil are about the same height at age 3.) ym) 10 Figure 5.49 Pac suuwuwe 39. A car speeds up at a constant rate from 10 to 70 mph fn ‘over aperid of hal en our Is foe eeieney (in miles por gallon nceaes wi ped; vals ae in he abl Mats lower and upper eats ofthe gusty of fil adn tonne In Problems 43-45, evaluate the expressions using Table 58, Give exact values if possible; otherwise, make the best possi= ble estimates using lel-hand Riemann sums. Speed pth wo] [ola] 0] or Fuel eficicny (moa) | 15 [18 [at | 23 [26 [25 [26 Table 5a + [oofoa[o2[os]oalos #0] 03 [oa lo2tos [foal as 1n Problems 40-41, oi is pumped fom a well at arate of 0 [eof es} sa[si[ao]os r(t bares per day. Assume tat sin days, (4) < 0 and tp >0. 40. What does the value of {{° r(¢) dé tells us about the ofl ae “= fie 4 fio AA, Rank in order from leas to greatest: . . a «© [sume [ * ede, [eros f °° at298 Chapter Five KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL In Problems 46-48, let C(n) be a city’s eos, in lions of dollars, for plowing the roads, when » inches of snow have fallen. Let e(n) = O(n). Evaluate the expressions and inter- ret your answers in terms ofthe cost of plowing snow, given eco, [eadn=75, es) =07, eoty=04, Cis) =8, O(24) = 13, [cee 7. 60) aint [stom Problems 49-S1 refer tox May 2, 2010, article? “The crisis began around 10 am yesterday when & 10-f00t wide pipe in Weston sprang a lesk, which ‘Strongthen Your Understanding In Problems 52-53, explain what is wrong with the statement, £52. IF f(0) represen the ate in Ibs pr year, al wich a dog ‘ins weight years after itis bor, then {2 J(Oat rep Tesens the weight ofthe dog when the dois four yeas old $3, If {(2) = J the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus stotes that P VEde = vB Vi. 5.4 THEOREMS ABOUT DEFINITE INTEGRALS Properties of the Definite Integral ‘worsened throughout the afternoon and eventually ‘ul off Greater Boston from th Quabbin Reserva, where most of ts water supply is stored.Before water was sto tothe ruptured pipe at 6:40pm). brown watorhed been roaring from a massive crates {ata rete of 8 milion gallons an bour ashing nto the nearby Chares River Let rt) be the rate in gallons that water Nowed from the pipe Ehours afer it sprang its leak chistes ater [ toa 50, Which is larger: [reraerwtor 51, ive acetone overnite of [ry In Problems 34-85, sve an example of 54, A funtion f(x) end imi of feegrition aan seh that 8 f(a)de = et 5. The soph ofa velocity funtion ofa a that wavels 200 mits in burs, 36, True or False? The units for an integral ofa function (2) are the samme as the units for f(z) For the definite integral f° f(2) da, we have so far only considered the case a b We sill set 29 = @, aq = 2, and Av = (5 —a)/n. As before, we have {o f(x)dx = Timy-100 Dima S(@i) Az. ‘Theorem 5.2: Properties of Limits of Integration fa, b, and ¢ are any numbers and f is « continuous function, then 1 [seve -f Fla)ee: Ja nejde= [ends In words: 1, The integral from b to a is the negative of the integral from a to b. 2, The integral from a to ¢ plus the integral from cto bis the integral from ato b. 7a camsaphic rape its regions wate system" The Boston Globe, May 2, 2030.‘SSTHEOREMS ABOUT OEFINTE INTEGRALS 299 By imerpreting the integrals as areas, we can justify these results for f > 0. Infact, they are true forall functions for which the integrals make sense. Why is fi" f(@) da = — fo f(w) de? By definition, both integrals are aproximatedby suns ofthe for J J) The ony ference in the sums for f° f(x) de and f? f(x) dais that in the first Ax = (a —b)/n = =(8~ a)/n and ee ee ae Ede sting em tou he arma he sane, We mabe Si f(@)de =~ f2 fle) dx. Why is [2 f(e) di +f? fe) dx = J? F(@) da? Suppose a < c < 6, Figare 5.51 suggests that f° f(z) dz-+ f2 fle)dz = f° f(x) de since the area Under f from ato ¢ plus the aree under f from ¢1o-b together make up the whole area under from aos. This property holds for all numbers a, 5, and, not just those satisfying a < ¢ < b, (See Figure 5.52.) For example, the area under f from 3 to 6 i equal tothe area from 3 to 8 minus the area from 6:08, 0 fre yae= f° s)e0- (oe [ terees [ teres. | Ste) Sle) | | @ ¢ 6 a b fet Figure S51: Addiiviy ofthe deine gue 52 Addit ofthe definite inegal (a < ¢< 3) ing (a-< b<) Examplet Given that 2° cos(2) dr = 0.98 and J) cos(a®) dex = 0.90, what are the values of the following integrals? (See Figure 553.) @ f cos(a*) de © cos(2?) de Figure 8.53: Graph of f(x) = cos(=") Soluion (a) Since, by the adltivity property, 1.25 1 12 [ costs!) ate = f * cosa) de we get 0.98 = 0.90 [cos 2") de, [ * cos) r= 0.08,300 Chapter Five KEY CONCEPT: THE DEFNITE INTEGRAL (b) By the additivity property, we have f. cost”) eset de + | eolo?y a By the symmetry of cos(22) about the y-axis, [ cos(z?) da [ *cos(a) ea = 0.90, [sede = 090 +090 = 1.80 (©) Using both properties in Theorem 5.2, we have cools?) de = (fcserace [enter ac) 1.88. 1.25 7 ‘Theorem 5.3: Properties of Sums and Constant Multiples of the Integrand Let f and g be continuous functions and let ¢ be a constant. 2 fuersaede= f reydes [aeyar 2 f[eteode~ef’ rea In words: 1. The integral of the sum (or difference) of two functions is the sum (or difference) of their integrals. 2, The integral ofa constant times a function is that constant times the integral of the func- tion. Why Do These Properties Hold? Both canbe visualized by thinking ofthe definite integral asthe limit of a sum of ares of rectangles. or property 1, suppose that f and g are positive onthe interval [a6] s0 thatthe area under ‘f(a)-tol) i approximated bythe sum of the areas of rectangles lke the one shaded in Figure 5.54, ‘The area ofthis rectangle is (fas) + oe) Ow = fade + o(as)dx. Since f(2)Ae is the area ofa rectangle under the graph of f, and o(x4)Av is the area of a rectangle under the graph of g, the area under /(:) + g(x) is the sum of the areas under f(2) and g(2). For property 2, notice that multiplying a function by ¢ stretches or shrinks the graph in the vertical direction by a factor of c. Thus, it stretches or shrinks the height of each approximating rectangle by c, and hence multiplies the area by c.SSATHEOREMS ABOUT OEFINTE TEGRALS 301 Sx) + 060) JG) Figure 5.54: Area = f(f(2) +g(al}de= ff s(a)de + JP ale)de Example? Evaluate the dente negra "(1+ 3) tesa. Soluion We can break this integral up as follows: [orsia [ras [sear [res [ode From Figures 5.55 and 5.56 and the area interpretation ofthe integral, we sce that free Arner > and few Araof 2 .2.2=2. rectangle twiangle formers Prats [ace ‘Therefore, +3-2=8, 2 FigureS.55: Arca representing {2 1d Figures $6: Area representing [dv ‘Area Between Curves ‘Theorem 5.3 enables us to find the area ofa region between curves. We have the following result: Ifthe graph of (2) lies above the graph of g(z) fora <« ) grea or sar than te) Lo A) i average ofthe temperatures athe beginning andthe Gi) fg F(#) de con SP Slade end ofthe hour? Explain this in tems of the concav- a) = f? F(a) er (vi) The number 0 iy of the graph of FF, (it) The mumber 20° (wii) The number —10 38, In 2010, the population of Mexico" was growing at 1.2% a year. Assuming that this growah rate continues into che 7 future and that tis n years since 2010, the Mexican pop- 0 ‘lation, P, in milions, i given by ® P= 12.0) m0 (a) Predict the average population of Mexico bewween Figure 5.71 2010 and 2050. (0) Find the average of the population in 2010 and the predicted population in 2050. 44, (@) Using Figures §.72 and 5.73, find the average valve (6) Explain, in terms ofthe concavity of the graph of P, on 0S 2S 20r why your answer to part (bis larger or smaller than @ fi) ofa) Gi) fla)-ale) your ansver opr (0) 1s the following statement true? Explain your an 36. (a) Using a graph, decide if the area under y = e°**/ wee between O and 1 is mote or Tess then L (b) Find the area, 37. Without computation, show that l+a%de <6, TK f@) - 2) wf @ [ee *htpfowiindexmundcom/mexica/papuaion proviral, Accessed April 28,2011 ‘Average(J) - Average(a) = Average( fg) costa + 2)! % de=0 Figure 5.72 Figure 5.73, F tan?