Lesson 41 Lesson 6-4 Lessons 62, 64,65, and 6-6 Lesson72 Get Ready! 4 Congruent Figures The triangles in each exercise are congruent. For each pai, complete the congruence statement ABC us 2. ar a oF Yr Zs i 4 Regular Polygons Determine the measure of an angle of the given regular polygon. 5. pentagon 6. octagon 7. decagon 8 18-gon © Quadrilaterals Determine whether a diagonal of the given quadrilateral always, sometimes, or never produces congruent triangles, | 9. rectangle 10. isoscelestrapezoid 11. kite 12. parallelogram 4 Scale Drawing ‘The scale of a blueprint is 1 in. = 20. 13. The length of a wall in the blueprints 2.5 in. What is the length of the actual wall? 14, What is the blueprint length of an entrance that is 5 ft wide? Georkins Ahead Vocabulary 15. Think about your reflection in a mirror. Ifyou raise your right hand, which hand appears to be raised in your reflection? If you are standing 2 ft from the mirror, how far away from you does your reflection appear to be? 16. The minute hand of a clock rotates as the minutes go by. What point of the minute \ hand stays fixed as the hand rotates? I 17. The pupils in your eyes dilate in the dark. What do you think it means to dilate a geometric figure? 18. An interior designer may use a repeating pattern when planning the tiling of a bathroom floor. What do you think ziling is in geometry?LENE ALA ry cern rte eked pein psec Perec ae Spanish cea pases on ad pees Pima Poe pero poe Pe) eed Problems with ioe | Transformations | | Have you ever watched a video in slow motion? The screen at the right shows the position of a butterfly over time. In geometry, a change in the position, size, or shape of a figure is called a transformation. In this chapter, you'll learn about transformations and apply them to the real world. & Vocabulary English/Spanish Vocabulary Audio Online: Spanish tion,p.575 __—_dilatacién lide reflection, p. 587 teflexin con desizamiento image, p. 544 imagen isometry, p. 54a isometria preimage,p.5¢s __preimagen reflection, p. 553 reflexion rotation, p. 559 rotacién symmetry, p. 568 simetria tesselation,p. 595 teselacon transformation, p. 544 trensformacion translation, p. 546 traslaciénTransformations Essential Questions How can you change a figure’s position without changing its size and shape? How can you change a figure’s size without changing its shape? 2 Coordinate Geometry Essential Question How can you represent a transformation in the coordinate plane? 3 Visualization Essential Question How do you recognize symmetry in a figure? Chapter Preview 9-1 Translations 9-2 Reflections 93 Rotations 9-4 Symmetry 9-5 Dilations 9-6 Composi ns of Reflections 97 Tessellations Chapter 9_ Transform:‘Think about how ‘round to turn Word A into Word 8. Vocabulary ransformation * preimage + image isometry + translation + composition of transformations Oz... > Translations Objectives To identify isometries ‘To find translation images of figures. E ‘Suppose you write the letters Sinn allie bene Tn TT) ha Spee ful) lets S me |<) ce ee in , squares of paper to change ae &— nen 1 he Pe ic hn Peper ets both sides. For.each pair of oT Eons. A eR Coe Ee ag te eee In the Solve It, you described changes in positions of letters. In this lesson, you will learn some of the mathematical language used to describe changes in positions of a geometric figure, Essential Understanding You can change the position ofa geometric figure ‘without changingits size or shape, A transformation of a geometric figure is a change in the position, shape, or size of the figure. When you play dominoes, you often move the dominoes by flipping them, sliding them, or turning them. Each move isa type of transformation, The diagrams below illustrate some basic transformations that you will study. es acd: ~ ~ ‘The domino flips. ‘The domino slides. The domino turns. Ina transformation, the original figure is the preimage. ‘Ihe resulting figure is, the image. An isometry is a transformation in which the preimage and image are congruent. 544 Chapter9 Transformationsoe Identifying on lsometry Does the transformation at the right appear to be an What must be true about an isometry? isometry? Explain. I ; Inansomety he mage No, this transformation involves a change in size, The i agen | sides of the preimage square and the sides ofits image rine moe rue} arenot congruent. @ Got it? 1. Does the transformation appear to be an isometry? Explain. ‘A transformation maps a figure onto its image and may be described with arrow notation (~). Prime notation (’)is sometimes used to identify image points, Inthe diagram below, K" is the image of K. a AUKQ > AIK ‘AJKQ maps onto A.K’Q". Fa Notice that you list corresponding points of the preimage and image in the same order, as you do for corresponding points of congruent or similar figures. [XESEED Naming images and Corresponding Parts How do you identify In the diagram, E'F’G'H’ ts an image of EFGH. corresponding , Qwhatare the images of ZF and ZH? points? f You can use CP isthe image of 2. 2H’ isthe image of ZH. the statement | FFGHOEFGH: |What are the pairs of corresponding sides? Coresponing plats FFandEF FGand FG have the same poston * a“ inthe names ofthe FHandFH GHand@ FFGH > EP GH preimage and image, Got lt? 2. inthe diagram, ANID ASUP. v ‘a. What are the images of £1 and point D? b. What are the pairs of corresponding sides? >? s Lesson 9-1_TranslationsWhat does the rule tell you about the direction each point moves? X= x= 2 means ‘that each point moves units left.’ = y ~ 5 means that each point moves 5 units down, 546 Essential Understanding ‘he size, shape, and orientation of a geometric figure stay the same when you slide the figure in one direction. Key Concept Translation A translation is a transformation that maps all points of a figure the same distance in the same direction, Awanslation is an isometry. The diagram at the right shows a translation in the coordinate plane. Each point of the black square Fe! B moves 4 units FE" right and ‘moves 4 units right and 2 units down. Using variables, you can say that each (x,y) pai in the original Ee figure is mapped tox, y"), where = x + 4and Y = y ~ 2. Youcan use arrow notation to write the following translation rule. YF + hy 2) EEE) Finding the Image of a Translation ‘What are the images of the vertices of APQR for the translation (x, y) + (x — 2, — 5)? Graph the image of APQR. coy Identify the coordinates of each vertex. Use the translation rule to find the coordinates of each vertex of the image. Gy — 2y~ 5) P(2,1)>(2 ~ 2,1 ~ 5), or P(0, -4). Q(3,3) (3 ~ 2,3 — 5), or QU, -2), R(-1,3) > (+1 ~ 2,3 ~ 5), or R(= 2). ‘To graph the image of APQR, first graph P’, Q’, and R’. Then draw and RP. (@ Gott? 3. a. what are the images of the vertices of AABC for the translation (,9)—-(« + Ly ~ 4)?Graph AABC and its image. b, Reasoning Draw AA’, BB’, and C exist among these three segments? How do you know? Chapter 9 Transformations ‘What relationships | | 2units down, |How do you know which pair of corresponding vertices to use? translation moves all points the same distance and direction. You can use ay pair of corresponding vertices, Pee) Writing a Rule to Describe a Translation | I ‘What is a rule that describes the wT translation PQRS— P'QR'S'? The coonaes ofthe vers | of bot + ‘An algebraic relationship between _, Use one pair of corresponding vertices to find (x yand iy’) — 4 the change in the horizontal direction (x) and the = ——~ “change in the vetca direction e S | Use A(—3, 4) and | 5 | its image P'S, 2). | f Horna change 5 -(-3) ee Vertical change:2 — 4 = — Ty Hy-2 ‘The translation rule is (x, y)> (x + 8, y ~ 2) @B Got it? 4, the translation image of ALMN is AL'M'N' with L(G, ~2), M’(3, ~4), and N'(6, ~2). What isa rule that dlescribes the translation? f = A composition of transformations is a combination of two or more transformations. In a composition, you perform each transformation on the image of the preceding transformation, In the diagram at the right, the field hockey ball can move from Player3 to Player 5 by a direct pass. This translation is represented by the blue arrow. The ball can also be passed from Player 3 to Player 9, and then from Player 9 to Player 5. The two red arrows represent this composition of translations. In general, the composition of any two translations is another translation. Translations Tesson 9EEE Composing Transl Chess The diagram at the right shows two ‘moves of the black bishop in a chess game: ‘Whereis the bishop in relation to its. original position? Use (0, 0) to represent the bishop's original position. Write translation rules to represent each move, (ey) (e+ 4,y — 4) Thebishop moves 4 squares right and 4 squares down, (y+ (e+ 2,7 + 2) The bishop moves 2 squares right and 2 squares up, ‘The bishop's current position is the composition of the two translations, First, (0, 0) translates to (0 + 4,0 ~ 4), or (4, 4), ‘Then, (4, ~4) translates to (4 + 2, -4 + 2), r(6, ~2). ‘The bishop is 6 squares right and 2 squares down from its original position. (BD Got it? 5. The bishop next moves 3 squares left and 3 squares down. Whereis the bishop in relation to its original position? @ Lesson Check Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? 1. If AJPT— AJ'P'T’, whatiis the image of P? 4. Vocabulary What is true abouta transformation that | The image of 77? Isnotan isometry? Include a sketch of an example, 2. Copy the graph at the right. 5. Error Analysis Your * * * Bt Graph the image of NILE for the friend says the eee translation (x 9) >(x 9 transformation 117NX: 3. Point H(x, y) moves 12 units left a - and 4 units up. What isa rule that Sees | ae describes this translation? 6. Reasoning Write the translation (x,)->(x + Ly ~ 3) asa composition ofa horizontal translation and a vertical translation, 548 Chapter 9 Transformations@ Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises | @ Practice Tell whether the transformation appears tobe an isomeity. Explain, © SeeProblem 1. 7 Image 8 9. | [ ‘mage I | Preimage image I preimage |_| ss * O Ee In each diagram, the blue figure is an image of the black figure. © See Problem 2. | (a) Choose an angle or point from the preimage and name its image. (b) List all pairs of corresponding sides. i 10. QR 11. py a Hi 12.6 WR. M | aa a | pos I ay xKs ' r i Copy each graph. Graph the image of each figure under the given translation. See Problem 3. 13. (wy) (e + y+ 2) 14. (x > (e+ 5,y— 1) 15. (wy) > (x — 2y +5) | y) { y CI ann | 6 i Coes} J Oo oo ‘The blue figure is a translation image of the black figure. Write arule todescribe See Problem 4. each translation. 16. 7] 18. => 19, Travel You are visiting San Francisco. From your hotel near Union Squate, you 4 See Problem 5. walk 4 blocks east and 4 blocks north to the Wells Fargo History Museum. Then ‘you walk blocks west and 3 blocks north to the Cable Car Barn Museum. Where is the Cable Car Barn Museum in relation to your hotel?20. Travel Your friend and her parents are visiting colleges. They leave their home in Enid, Oklahoma, and drive to Tulsa, which is 107 mi east and 18 mi south of Enid. From Tulsa, they go to Norman, 83 mi west and 63 mi south of Tulsa. Where is Norman in relation to Enid? Qrvry 24. inthe diagram attherght the orange figueisa translation imageot TTT ttt the red figure. Write a rule that describes the translation. vse 22, Minkabosta Pian 2MCharrortmaenta 1.069, ol : and G(7, 2). A translation maps point M to M'(~3, 6). What are the -— . ‘+ How can you use a graph to help you visualize the problem? ‘* How can you find a rule that describes the translation? 23. Coordinate Geometry PLAT has vertices P(-2, 0), L(—1, 1), A(0, 1), and T(-1, 0). 'T isthe image of PLAT for the translation (x, y) +(x + 2,y — 3). Show that PP, LL and TT” are all parallel. Geometry in 3 Dimensions SAMPLE Use the rectangle and (x,y) “(x + 3,y + 1) tod Follow the sample at the right. Use each figure, graph paper, and the given translation to draw a three-dimensional figure. 24. (uyJ>(e + ay — 27. Open-Ended You are a graphic designer for a company that manufactures ‘wrapping paper. Make a design for wrapping paper that involves translations. 28. Reasoning ‘The translation (x, y)-+(x + 5,y + 7) maps AMNO onto AM'N'O. Whet translation rule maps AM'N'O’ onto AMNO? 29, Landscaping The diagram at the right shows the site plan fora backyard storage shed, Local law, however, requires the shed to sit atleast 15 fe from property lines. Describe how to move the shed to comply with the law. 30. Computer Animation You write 2 computer animation program to help young children learn the alphabet. The program draws a leter, erases the leter, and ‘makes it reappear in a new location two times. The program uses the following composition of translations to move the letter. (uy) (x + 5,y + 7) followed by (% y) +(x ~ 9, - 2) ‘Suppose the program makes the letter W by connecting the points (1,2), (2,0), (2), (4,0) and (5, 2). What points does the program connect to make the last W? Property line 550 Chapter 9 Transformations raw a box. Property line31. Use the graph at the right. Write three different translation rules for which the image of AJKT has a vertex at the origin. [ Find a translation that has the same effect as each composition of translations. 32. (uy) > (x + 2,y + 5) followed by (x,y) >(x — 4, + 9) Ea 33. (x,y) >(x + 12,y + 0.5) followed by (x,y) >(x + 1,y = 3) @ Challenge 34. Coordinate Geometry ABC has vertices A(~2, 5), B(~4, —1), and C(2, ~3). ‘Show that the images of the midpoints ofthe sides of AABC are the midpoints of the sides of A.’B'C" for the translation (x,y) +(x + 4,y + 2). 35. Writing Explain how to use translations to draw a parallelogram. Standardized Test Prep \sarincr 36. ABC has vertices A(—5, 2), B(0, ~4), and C{3, 3). What are the vertices of the image of AABC under the translation (x,y)*(x + Z,y ~ 5)? BH ave, -3), 8, -9), C0, -2) © ar(~22, 7), B(-7, 0, 6(-4,8) DA(-12, ~3), B(-7, -9),C(-4, -2)_ DAC, -8), BY(10, -2), C1(7, -9) 37. What is the value of xin the figure at the right? eS ae Zane @Q16 DBs 38. In APQR, PQ = 4.5, QR = 4.4, and RP = 4.6, Which statement is true? B meP + mzQ< mcR {& ZRisthe largest angle. BH 2 Qisthe largest angle. D meR< mer Short 39. ABCD has vertices A(0, ~3), B(~4, ~2), and D(—1, 1). eee a. What are the coordinates of C? b. Is GABCD a rhombus? Explain. Mixed Review 40. Navigation An airplane lands ata point 100 km east and 420km south from 4 See Lesson 8-5. ‘where it ook off. Describe the magnitude and the direction ofits flight vector. 41. Given: BC = EF, BC || EF, B E @ See Lesson 4-7, a D iG F Get Ready! To prepare for Lesson 9-2, do Exercises 42-44. Write an equation for the line through A perpendicular to the given line. @ See Lesson 3:8. 42. AQL, -2);x = -2 43, A(-1, “Diy = 1 44, A(-1, Diy = xConcept Byte ~ Use With Lesson 9-2 In Activity 1, you will see how a figure and its reflection image are related. In Activity 2, ‘you will use these relationships to construct a reflection image. Activity 1 Step 1 Use a piece of tracing paper and a straightedge, Using less than half the page, draw a large, scalene triangle. Label its vertices A, B, and C. Step 2 old the paper so that your triangle is covered. Trace AABC using a straightedge. Step 3 Unfold the paper. Label the traced points corresponding to A, B, and Cas A, BY, and C’, respectively. AA’B'C isa reflection image of ABC. The fold is the reflection line. Bt 1, Use a ruler to draw Ad’, Measure the perpendicular distances from A to the fold and from A’ to the fold. What do you notice? 2. Measure the angles formed by the fold and AA’. 3. Repeat Questions 1 and 2 for B and B’and for Cand C’. Then, make a conjecture: Howis the reflection line related to the segment joining a point and its image? Activity 2 Step 1 On regular paper, draw a simple shape or design made of segments, Use less than half the page. Draw a reflection line near your figure. Step 2 Use a compass and straightedge to construct a perpendicular to the reflection line through one point of your drawing. 4. Explain how you can use a compass and the perpendicular you drew to find the reflection image of the point you chose. 5. Connect the reflection images for several points of your shape and complete the image. Check the accuracy of the reflection image by folding the paper along the reflection line and holding it up to a light source. reflection line > 552 Concept Byte Paper Folding and ReflectionsRipping fiure another type of | transformation. Reflections x Vocabulary flection + line of reflection & Tesson ~ Look at the shapes at the Peet eral pee Le Pe ee iad ee eR eee ome ed See In the Solve lt, you visualized shapes flipping across lines. Notice that when a figure fips across a line, the preimage and its image are congruent and have opposite : orientations, You can tell that two figures have opposite orientations ifthe corresponding vertices of the preimage and image read in opposite directions. 4 r _—# : - The vertices of |_ i _ 7 ~ | The vertices of | ‘BUG read 1 Z_\ <— ABU’ read | | u' i clockwise 1 counterclockwise, | Essential Understanding ‘The size and shape of a geometsic figure stay the same when you flip the figure across line. Its orientation reverses. Reflection across a line , called the line of reflection, isa transformation with these two properties: + Ifa point Ais online, then the image of Ais itself (thatis, A’ = A), | + Iapoint Bis not on line r, then ris the perpendicular bisector of BB’. The preimage B and | itsimage 8 are | ) equidistant from | the line of reflection. | Areflection across a line is an isometry. ReflectionsPIESEEED Reflecting a Point Across a Line Multiple Choice Ifpoint P(3, 4) is reflected across the line y = 1, what are the coordinates ofits reflection image? DBs ) ©e-2 D(-3,-2) Graph point P and the line of reflection y = 1. Pand its reflection image across the line ‘must be equidistant from the line. ‘Move along the line through Pthat | perpendicular tthe ine of election, How does a graph help you visualize the problem? ‘A graph shows that y= 1 isa horizontal line, s0 the fine through P that perpendicular to the line of reflection is 2 vertical line, Pis3 units above the line y = 1, so P’ is 3 units below the line y = 1."Theline y = Lis the perpendicular bisector of PP’ if P’ is (3, -2)."The correct answer is C. @ Got it? 1. whatis the image of P3, 4) reflected across the line x = —1? Graphing @ Reflection Image Coordinate Geometry Graph points A(—3, 4), B(0, 1), and C(4, 2). What is the image of AABC reflected across the y-axis? Step 1 Step2 Step 3 Graph AABC. Show the Find 4’, BY, and C. B' is Draw AA'B'C. yeaxis as the dashed in the same position as B line of reflection, because Bis on the line of reflection, Locate A’ and C so that the y-axis is the perpendicular bisector of Aa and relate to the line of reflection? The image wil also Intersect the line of reflection. Tor B Gott? 2. Graph ABC from Problem 2, Whats the image of AABC reflected across the xaxts? 554 Chapter 9 TransformationsLL fiking Beginning from a point on Summit Trail, a hiking club will build a trail to the Overlook and a tall to Balance Rock. Working under a tight budget, the club members want to minimize the total length ofthe two trails. How can you find the point on ‘Summit Trail where the two new trails should start? Assume the trails will be straight and that they will cover similar terrain. ‘To see how the Tangle ‘he ending points O and R, The point Pon Summit Tall for Reflect O across Summit Tal to Inequality Theorem ofthe two tails "which OP + PR is as small as“ O'. Then find the intersection of applies, look at another possible ‘Summit Trl and RO”, possible starting point, S. You can use ‘ARO’ to explain why Csr Siopar You need to find the point P on line fsuch that OP + PRisassmall as possible. Locate 0 the reflection image of © across. Because isthe perpendicular bisector of 00", PO = PO’ and OP + PR = OP + PR By the Triangle Inequality ‘Theorem, the sum O'P + PRissmallestwhen R, P, and 0’ ate collinear. o, the trails should start atthe point Pwhere RO intersects inet. ‘B Got lt? 3, Reasoning Your classmate began to solve the problem above by reflecting point inne Wil hermetic! wort Explain, J Lesson Check Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? 7 Use the graph of AFGH. 4, Vocabulary What is the relationship between a line of reflection and a segment joining corresponding points ofthe preimage and image? 41. What are the coordinates of H reflected across the yraxis? 5. Error Analysis A classmate | reflected point 4 across line ras shown in the diagram. Explain your classmate’s error. Copy point A and line rand show the correct location of A’. I 2. What are the coordinates of Greflected across the line x = 3? 3. Graph AFGH andits reflection image across theline y 6. What are the coordinates of a point P(x, y) reflected, across the y-axis? Across the x-axis?@ Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises Qractce —rachpintisrfected acrosthelin indested. Find ihe coordinates of each image. 7. Qacross x = 1 8. Racross y + 9. Sacrossthe y-axis 10. Tacross y = 11, Vacrossx = -3 12, Vacrossihexaxis COP PPT ETT Coordinate Geometry Given points J(1, 4), A(3, 5), and R(2,1), graph AJAR and its reflection image across each line. 1B.thexaxis 14. they-ais 15. y 19, Civil Engineering ‘Town officals in Waterville and Drighton plan to construct a water pumping station along the Franklin Canal, The station, will provide both towns with water. Where along the canal should the officials bulld the pumping station to minimize the total length of pipe needed? Qrr'y copy each igure and tine ¢, Draw each fgur’s reflection image acrosslin ¢ « @ See Problem 1. @ See Problem 2. 18. x @ See Problem 3. 20. a at ® DAN, i Y 23. Coordinate Geometry ‘The following steps explain how to reflect point A across the line y = Step 1 Drawline ¢ through (5,1) perpendicular to the line y ‘The slope of y = xis 1, so the slope ofline € is 1 » (—1), or ~1. Step 2 From 4, move two units left and two units up to y = x. Then ‘move two more units let and two more units up to find the location of A’ on line €. The coordinates of 4’ are (1, 5). ‘. Copy the diagram. Then draw the lines through B and C that are perpendicular to the line y = x. Whats the slope of each line? b. Reflect B and C across the line y = x, What are the coordinates of B' and C'? © Graph AA'B'C. d. Make a Conjecture Compare the coordinates of the vertices of AABC and AA'B'C’, Make a conjecture about the coordinates of the point P(a, b) reflected across the line y = x. 24, Coordinate Geometry AABC has vertices A(—3, 5), B(-2, -1), and C(0, 3). Graph ABC and AA'B'C’, the reflection of AABC across the line y =~ (Hint: See Exercise 23.) 556 Chapter 9 Transformations25. Recreation When you play pool, you can use the fact that the ball bounces off the side of the pool table at the same angle at which ithits the side. Suppose you want to put the ball at point B into the pocket at point P by bouncing it offside RS, Off what point on B5 should the ball bounce? Draw a diagram and explain your reasoning, 26. Think About a Plan ‘The coordinates ofthe vertices of AFGHare F(2, —1), G(—2, —2), and H(—4, 3). Graph AFGH and its image AF'G'H fora reflection across the line y + Whatis the relationship between the line y = x ~ 3 and FF, GG’, and Fi’? ‘= How can you use slope to find the image of each vertex? Copy each pair of figures. Then draw the line of reflection you can use to map one figure onto the other. 27. 28. 29. 0 30. History ‘The work of artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) |[ has an unusual characteristic His handwriting isa mierorimageof normal handwriting, 2. Write the mirror image of the sentence, “Leonardo da Vinci was left handed” Use a mirror to check how well you did. b. Explain why the fact about da Vinct in part (a) might have made mirror ‘writing seem natural to him. 31. Open-Ended Give three examples from everyday life of objects that come in a left-handed version and a right-handed version. Find the image of 0(0, 0) after two reflections, first across line €, and then across line 3. 32 ey 35. Ox = -2,0y:y = canis axis, £9: y-axis 36. fy:y = 3, fix = -2 = 26: x 3B. osx = a fry =b 39. Ox = a ly:y =x 40. Oy = Be eyiy = x 41, Reasoning When you reflect a figure across @ line, does every point on the preimage move the same distance? Explain. 42, Security Recallthatwhenarayoflight hit a mirortbounces _Mirore wall ofthe mirtor at the same ang st whic hits the mix. You tre nwaling a security camera Atwhat pointon te mitrored wallshouldyousim the eameraat Cin order toview he doorat [_C*_[—3— De Dena diagram and explain your resoning. Lesson 9-2 Reflections em]Qeraterse 43. Use the diagram atthe right. Find the coordinates of the given point, a. A’, the reflection image of A across y = x b. A”, the reflection image of A across y A’, the reflection image of A" across y d. A’”", the reflection image of A” across y e. Howare A and A’ related? Reasoning Can you form the given type of quadrilateral by drawing a triangle and then reflecting one or more times? Explain, 44, parallelogram 45. isosceles trapezoid 46. kite 47, rhombus 48, rectangle 49, square 50. Coordinate Geometry Show that B(b, a) isthe reflection image of A(a, b) across theline y = x. Hint: Show that y = xis the perpendicular bisector of AB. : Standardized Test Prep SATIACT Extended 51. Whats the reflection image of (a, b) across the line y = —6? Da-6b) DBab-6 OQOE2-4b) Da-12- '52. The diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular and bisect each other. What is, the most precise name for the quadrilateral? E rectangle @ parallelogram GD rhombus D kite 53, AD bisects 2A of CAB, with point D on CB. Which of the following is true? cD _ CA CE GD = BA > GB _ CA cB GA. AB ® bem Ba © peta Conk > Ge = De 54, Write an indirect proof ofthe following statement: The hypotenuse ofa tight triangle isthe longest side of the right triangle. aI Mi ixed Review For the given points, 47H’ isa translation of AB. Write aruletodescribeeach See Lesson 9-1. translation, 55. A(-1, 5), (2,0), A'3,3), BIG, -2) 56. A(-8, ~4),B(-7,1),A'(-4, -9),B'(-2,2) 57. Maps A map of Alberta, Canada, uses the scale 1cm = 25km.Onthe map, the @@ See Lesson 7-2 distance from Calgary to Edmonton is 11.1 em, How far apart are the two cities? Get Ready! To prepare for Lesson 9-3, do Exercises 58-63, Use a protractor to draw an angle with the given measure, © See p. 824. 58, 120° 59. 90° 60. 72° 61. 60° 62. 45° 63. 36° 558 Chapter 9 TransformationsRotations Objective To draw and identify rotation images of figures eee Cea se Poe ks a eee em etd per reneleey Se ee aed ee | foe ac folow RSS IPR ae eee ee eC aed See owe Rotations, about its center point. In this lesson, you will learn how to recognize and construct Reflections, and rotations of geometric figures. Translations Soran In the Solve It, you thought about how the shapes move as the disk turns, or rotates, Essential Understanding ‘The size, shape, and orientation ofa geometric figure stays the same when you turn the figure about a point. Oz, > Vocabulary a _ tation Key Concept Rotation About a Point + center of rotation + angle of rotation Arotation of x abouta point R, called the * center of center of rotation, is transformation with regular polygon these two properties: + Theimage of Risitself(thatis, R’ =A). pr _-¥ + ForanyotherpointV, RV’ = RVand =< f° Forany otherpoint V, RV’= RVand — & Step 1_ Step 2 step 3 Step 4 abentapeiat whale r Draw CO. Use a ‘Use a compass Locate B’ and L' ina Draw AL'O'B'. jones micas | eee ae Everts: | omcmcindws wma sn Rarenesricy = Ist inert fom eed side ZO at - ¢ oA 7 a ° NM C B @D Got lt? 1. Copy ALOB from Problem 1. What is the image of A LOB for a 50° rotation eons ‘The canter of a regular polygon isthe point thats equdstant om ts vrs. The See eta eee oie ee nena ae ee this fot ind rotaon images egearplygons Identifying « Rotation image p Polat.Xiathe center ofreguli pentagon PENTA. Whatlsthe 4 7 gu oa pea fet ese ac aca —, 72° rotation of Tabout X © 216° rotation of TN about X wih arte fe 7 ° jangles congruent? p J penTAis divided into ine eee Themen anges, pohgon sequidstant A ee from the vertices so the x= — five segments from X are The measure ofeach of the 5 e ‘congruent. The fives sides. T ‘N >| congruent angles is 360 ~ 5, or 72. ia of PENTA are congruent because PENTA is regular othe tangles When Trotates 72° about X, itmoves 216 + 72 = 3,s0.a 216° rotation about X ae all congruent by SSS. one vertex counterclockwise. The moves each vertex three vertices image of Tis N. counterclockwise. The image of TV is PA. (@ Gott? 2. whatis the image of F fora 144° rotation about X? 560 Chapter9 TransformationsFinding on Angle of Rettion -«(EREEBESTFSrowse Design Hubcaps of car wheels often have interesting rotation, in degrees, about C that maps Q to X? Can you visualize the ‘The design consists of 9 spokes, so it divides the circle into 9 congruent parts. nine 40° angles at Since 360 -+ 9 = 40, each parthas a 40° angle at the center, Moving the center? counterclockwise, Q touches 6 spokes as itrotates to point X. The angle of Each angle would be formed by joining the tips of two consecutive spokes to ¢, © Got lt? 3. a. in Problem 3, whatis the angle of rotation about C that maps Mo@ 'b, Reasoning Ifa 50° rotation abouta point P maps point A to point B, what angle of rotation maps point B to point A? rotation that maps Q to Xis 6 + 40°, or 240°. A composition of rotations about the same point Is itself a rotation about that point. To sketch the image, add the angles of rotation to find the total rotation. EXE) Finding a Composition of Rotations g r Do you need to do ‘What is the image of KITE for a composition of a 30° rotation and a ‘two rotations? 60° rotation, both about point K? No. Bath rotations are 1 about the same point, so -The angle of rotation for the composition is 30° + 60° = 90°, Draw KITE, the angle of rotation of Locate image points ofthe vertices for a 90° rotation. Use the image points to K the compositions equal Pan to the sum of the two ana a angles of rotation E ror r vy \ K (QB Got lt? 4. what are the coordinates of the image of point A(~2, 3) for a composition of ‘two 90° rotations about the origin’? Lesson 9-3 Rotation:Gg \ Lesson Check | Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? 1, Copy the figure and point P, Draw the image of 5. Vocabulary AA’B'C’ js a rotation image of ' ABC rotated 70" about P ‘ABC about point O. Describe how to ind the angle of rotation. 8 Pe 6. Error Analysis A classmate ' ' [~~ drew a 118° rotation of A POR A c about point P, as shown at the | right. Explain and correct your | Inthe figure below, point Ais the center of classinate's ero. square SORE. 7. Compare and Contrast 2. Whatis the image of Bfora @ Compare rotating a igure i 90° rotation about A? about a point to reflecting the J figure across a line. How are the 3. Whats the Image of RQ for a transformations alike? How are they different? 186" rotation about A? a 8. Reasoning Point P(x, y) is rotated about the origin, Rn by 135° and then by 45°. What are the coordinates of the image of point P? 4, What is the image of Sfora composition of a 30° rotation and a 240° rotation, both about point 4? @ Practice and Problem-Solving Exer es Qrractice —copycach gure and point P Draw themage ofeach ure forthelven © See Probiem 1 rotation about P. Use prime notation‘ label the vertices ofthe image, 9. 60° 10. 90° 11. 180° 12. 90° poo £ 5 k A D P a T D 3 7 c y Copy each figure and point P. Then draw the image of JKfor a 180° rotation about P. Use prime notation to label the vertices of the image. reper 2 a 15. 16. 4K an k , 562 Chapter 9 TransformationsPoint Ois the center of regular hexagon HEXAGN. Find the image of @ See Problem 2. the given point or segment for the given rotation. 17. 60° rotation of Eabout 0 He 18, 120° rotation of AY about O N x 419. 240° rotation of NG about O 20. 360° rotation of Habout 0 ae Native American Art Find the angle ofrotation about Cthat a) maps QtoX See Problem 3 and (b) mapsXto Q. 23. x Q For Exercises 24-28, copy AXYZ. Draw the image of AXYZ forthegiven See Problem 4, composition of rotations about the given point. 24, 45°, then 45°; X 25. 45°, then 45% ¥ 26. 30°, then 30°; Z 27. 20°, then 160°; Z 28. 135°, then 135% ¥ 29, 180°, then 180°; X x Zz 30. In the diagram atthe right, ]7IV is the rotation image of MIN about point E, Name all pairs of congruent angles and all pairs of congruent segments in the diagram. 31, Language Arts The symbol is called a schwa. Itis used in dictionaries to represent neutral vowel sounds such as a in ago, ‘in sanity, and w in focus. ‘What transformation maps a to a lowercase e? Find the angle of rotation about C that maps the black figure to the blue figure. 32. flee 3. 34, c ay35. Think About a Plan The Millenium Wheel, also known as the London Eye, contains 32 observation cars. Determine the angle | of rotation that will bring Car 3 to the position of Car 18, ‘+ How do you find the angle of rotation that a car travels when itmoves one position counterclockwise? ‘+ How many positions does Car 3 move? 36. Reasoning For center of rotation P, does an x° rotation followed by a y” rotation give the same image as a y° rotation followed by an x° rotation? Explain, 37. Writing Describe compositions of rotations that have the same effect as a 360° rotation about a point X. 38. Coordinate Geometry Graph A(5,2). Graph B, the image of A for a 90° rotation about the origin O. Graph C, the image of A fora 180° rotation about O. Graph D, the image of A for a 270° rotation about 0. What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? Explain, Point Os the center ofthe regular nonagon shown atthe right. A_8 39, Find the angle of rotation that maps Fo H, i 40. Open-Ended Describe a composition of rotations that maps H1t0C. 41 Error Analysis Yurfrend sys hat As the image of FD fora 10° orion { / about O. What is wrong with your friend's statement? F Inthe figure at the right, the large triangle, the quadrilateral, A and the hexagon are regular. Find the Image of each point or segment for the given rotation or composition of rotations. (dint: Adjacent green segments form 30° angles.) 42. 120° rotation ofBaboutO —_—«43. 270° rotation of L about 0 44, 300° rotation of IB aboutO 45, 60° rotation of ZaboutO 46. 180° rotation of JK about © —_47. 240° rotation of Gabout 0 48. 120° rotation of FaboutH 49, 270° rotationof MaboutL = 50. 60” rotation followed by 120° rotation of Fabout 51. 45" tan followed by 25 tation of about 0 @ cratenge 52. Reasoning ttyovare given gure and acon iageat the figure how can you & find the center and ange ofvotton? 53. Coordinate Geometry Draw ALMN with vertices L(2, ~1), M(6, ~2), and N(4, 2) Find the coordinates of the vertices after a 90° rotation about the origin and about each of the points L, M, and N, 564 Chapter 9 TransformationsI Standardized Test Prep sagiact 54, What is the image of (1, ~6) for a 90° counterclockwise rotation about the origin? DE) B® (-1,6) & (-6,-1) dD (-1,-6) 55, The costume crew for your school musical makes aprons like the one shown. If blue ribbon costs $1.50 per foot, what is the cost of ribbon for six aprons? 18in, sis BD $42.00 @ss1.50 D $63.00 56. In AABC, mZA + mZB = 84. Which statement must be true? @ Be> Ac ®Ac> Bc © aB> Be D BC> AB Short 57. Use the following statement: If two lines are parallel, then the lines do not intersect. a. What are the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the statement? b, Whatis the truth value of each statement you wrote in part (a)? Ifa statement is false, give a counterexample. Mixed Review ABIG has vertices B(—4, 2), 1(0, ~3), and G(1, 0). Graph ABIG and its @ See Lesson 9-2. reflection image across the given line. 58. the y-axis 59, the x-axis 60.x-4 Find the value of x. Round answers to the nearest tenth. @ See Lessons 8-2 and 8- 61. 62. L 18m soft Get Ready! To prepare for Lesson 9-4, do Exercises 63-66. Point Ois the center of the regular octagon. Find the image of the given @@ See Lessons 9-2 and 9-3. point or segment for the given rotation or reflection. It Aiea 63. point A; a 90° rotation about center 0 64. point H; a 180° rotation about center O 4 a 65. AB; areflection across AE ¢ Fj 66. GH; a reflection across AE f : :~- Concept Byte Use With Lesson 9-3 In Lesson 9-1, you leamed how to describe a translation using variables. In these activities, you will use tracing paper to perform translations, rotations, and reflections. ‘You will also describe certain rotations and reflections using variables. You can use the vector arrow shown in the diagram to represent the translation (x, y) — (x + 4,y + 2)."The translation shifts ABC with A(~3, 3), B(=1, 1), and CUI, 4) to AA’B’C with 4’, 5), B33) and C15, 6). You can see this translation using tracing paper as follows: Step 1 Draw AABC and the vector arrow on graph paper. Also, show the line containing the arrow. Step2 Trace AABC and the vector arrow. Step3 Move your tracing of the vector arrow along the vector line until the tail ofthe tracing is on the head of the original vector arrow. The vertices of your tracing of AABC should now be at (1,5), BG, 3), and C(5, 6). a 2 3. 4, Show that the composition of the translation in Question 1 followed by the translation in Question 2 gives you the translation in Question 3. 566 Concept Byte Tracing Paper TransformationsActivity 2 ass ‘orotate a figure 90° about the origin, trae the figure, one axis, andthe origin. Then ‘tum your tracing paper counterclockwise, keeping the origin in place and aligning the traced axis with the other original axis. 5. Use ABC from Activity 1 with A(~3, 3), B(—1, 1), and C(1, 4). Whatis the image of AABC for a 90° rotation about the origin? 6. Copy and complete the table. Use tracing paper to find point P’, the image of. point P, fora rotation of 90° about the origin. 7. Study the pattern in your table, Complete this rule for a rotation of 90° about the origin: (x, y) + (5, ). 8, Test your rule with tracing paper. For A TRN with T(0, 2), R(3,0), and N(4, 5), a 90° rotation about the origin should resultin AT'R'N’ with 1"(~2, 0), R'(0,3), and N'(-5,4). Does it? 9. In parts (a) and (b) below, what should be the result of each composition? a. 2 90° rotation about the origin followed by a 90° rotation about the origin b. (&.y) + (-»,3) followed by (x,y) (-y,2) Use tracing paper. Test your conjectures from parts (a) and (b) on AABC from Activity 1 _Activity3 To reflect a figure across an axis using tracing paper, trace the figure, the axis, and the origin. Then turn over your tracing paper, keeping the origin in place and aligning the traced axis withthe original axis, 10. What is the reflection image of AABC across the x-axis? Across the y-axis? 11. Copy and complete the table. Use tracing paper to find point P, and P,, the reflection images of point P across the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. 12. Study the table, Complete these rules for reflections across the axes. a axis: (x,y) (1%, 9) b, y-axis: (sy) > ( 13, Testyour rules on AKLM with K(~2, 3), L(3, 1), and M(I, ~2). a. Across the x-axls, AKLM should map to _2_. Does it? b. Across the y-axis, AKLM should map to_?-. Does it? 14, In parts (a) and (b) below, what should be the result of each composition? a. (29) = (% -y) followed by (x,y) (x,y) b, areflection across the x-axis followed by a reflection across the y-axis . Use tracing paper. Test your conjectures from parts (a) and (b) on AABC from Activity 1. 15. Compare the results of Questions 9 and 14, Make a conjecture about the compositions suggested by each. 16. Use tracing paper to find a rule for a reflection across the line y = x. Test your rule on ABC from Activity 1. Eee) ~aper Transformations ‘Concept Byte Tracing PSymmetry Objective To identify the type of symmetry in a figure Suna ead r ia in r Pee ee ee eR ad Sea eas ee ae eee eas Ce ene Condi Here's a chance to apply what you know about rotations and. 2: The design is its own reflection image In the Solve it, you made a figure that sits own image under a transformation. In this Jesson, you will learn to clasify figures with this property. =. Essential Understanding some figures appear unchanged after a reflection Vocabulary across a line or a rotation about a point. Such figures are said to have symmetry. symmetry ‘line symmetry A figure has symmetry if there is an isometry that maps the figure onto itself. *reflectional symmetry — sline of symmetry Ow Concept Types of Symmetry | symmetry A figure has line symmetry or reflectional symmetry if there Stcilald is a reflection for which the figure is its own image. The line of reflection Is called a line of symmetry. It divides the figure into congruent halves. | Afigure has rotational symmetry ifthere is @rotation of 180° or less for which the figure is its own image. The angle of rotation Le for rotational symmetry is the smallest angle needed for the figure to rotate onto itself. A figure with 180° rotational symmetry also has point symmetry. Each segment joining a point and its 180° rotation Image passes through the center of rotation. A square, which has both 90° and 180° rotational symmetry, also has point symmé 568 Chapter 9 TransformationsIdentifying Lines of Symmetry ‘How many lines of symmetry does a regular hexagon have? How can you see the inks lines of symmetry? sia beak Draw diagram of a See ace ae : regular hexagon and look # forthe ways wil reflect ac0ss line onto isl s The hexagon reflects onto itself across each line that > asses through the midpoints ofa pair of parallel sides. ‘Te hexagon also reflects onto itself across each slagonal that passes through the center ofthe hexagon, 5 Count the nes of symmetry A regular hexagon has « six lines of symmetry. QB Got it? 1. a, Drawa rectangle that is not a square. How many lines of symmetry does your rectangle have? b, Reasoning Isa median of atriangle aline of symmetry for the triangle? Explain Identifying Rotational Symmetry tow doyouitentiy _Doesthe igure have roatonal symmetry? Iso, what isthe angle of otaton? rotational aymmety? Look for a possible ‘ . : came pt Tk abt Sages omedy Joining preimage image pistbece ” Also st There sno center pointaboutwhich the Thestarhasotatlonal as triangle wil otate ont isl. Thisigure symmetry he angle of ‘symmetry. does not have rotational symmetry. rotation is 72°. (J Got lt? 2. a. Does the figure at the right have rotational symmetry? Ifso, 7 whatis the angle of rotation? b, Does the figure have point symmetry? Explain, Lesson 9-4 Symmetry‘Three-dimensional objects can have various types of symmetry, including reflectional I symmetry ina plane and rotational symmetry about a line. Reflectional Symmetry Rotational Symmetry : The plane divides FSB | The object can be rotated the object into about line so thatthe image congruent halves. matches the preimage. EXER) identifying Symmetry in a Three-Dimensional Obj How can you identify Symmetric Design Does the object have reflectional symmetry ina pitta ce plane, rotational symmetry about a line, or both? object? Forreflectional symmetry, 8 tryto visual a plane sting the objec. For rotational mmr ty to imagine rotating the object about line ‘The bowl has both reflectional ‘The pitcher has reflectional symmetry in aplane and rotational symmenry ina plane, symmetry about a line, (QB Got lt? 3. Does the lampshade have reflectional symmetry in a plane, rotational symmetry abouta line, or both? @ Lesson Check Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? Use the figure below for Exercises 1 and 2. 4. Vocabulary fa figure has point symmetry, must it also have rotational symmetry? Explain, 1. Does the figure have line symmetry? Ifso, copy the figure and draw its 5. Error Analysis Your friend thinks ines) of symmetry. that the regular pentagon in the diagram at the right has 10 lines of symmetry. Explain and correct your friend's error. 2. Does the figure have rotational symmetry? Ifso, what isthe angle of rotation? 6. Open-Ended The word CHECKBOOK has & ee horizontal line of symmetry. Find two other a words for which this is true. 570 Chapter 9 Transformations@ Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises a Practice Apply ‘Tell what type(s) of symmetry each figure has. Ifithasline symmetry, See Problems 1 and 2 sketch the figure and the line(s) of symmetry. fit has rotational symmetry tell the angle of rotation. O° AO MS AQ Determine how many lines of symmetry each type of quadrilateral has. Include asketch to support your answer. 19. chombus 20. kite 21. square 2. parallelogram ‘Tell whether the subject of the photo has reflectional symmetry in a plane, @ See Problem 3. rotational symmetry about aline, or both. 23. 25. Alphabets Use the letters ofthe alphabets below. Alphabet Symmetry English: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ, 5 Ene ues Greek: ABTAEZH@IKAMNEOMPSTY@X¥O, - Horizontal | Vertical tine os a. Copy the table. Classify the letters of the alphabets. ‘You will list some leters in more than one category. English b. Which alphabet has more symmetrical letters? eek Explain. pho [eeneCoes eo) Lesson 9-4 Symmetry572 26. Open-Ended Ifyou stack the letters of MATH vertically, you can find a vertical line of symmetry. Find two other words for which this is true, 27. Think About a Plan A quadrilateral with vertices at (1, 5) and (~2, ~3) has point symmetry about the origin. Show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram, ‘* How can you use point symmetry to find the other vertices? ‘+ How can you show a quadrilateral is a parallelogram? Tell what type(s) of symmetry each figure has. For line symmetry, sketch the figure and the line(s) of symmetry. For rotational symmetry, tell the angle ofrotation. 30. Reasoning Is the line that contains the bisector of an angle also a line of symmetry of the angle? Explain. 31. Reasoning Is the line that contains the bisector of an angle of a triangle also a line of symmetry of the triangle? Explain, 32. Open-Ended The equation 2 — 1 = 0 + $2is not only us, but also aymmetrical (horizontally). Write four other equations or inequalities that are both true and symmetrical, Logos Describe the types of symmetry, if any, of each automobile logo. 33. z . * @ 35. 36. ae ‘Tell whether each three-dimensional object has reflectional symmetry in a plane, rotational symmetry about a line, or both. "> "he “GC Chapter 9. TransformationsCoordinate Geometry A figure that has a vertex at (3, 4) has the given line of, symmetry. Tell the coordinates of another vertex of the figure. 41. the y-axis 42, the x-axis 43, theline y e Challenge Coordinate Geometry Graph each equation and describe its symmetry. ' 44. y= 32 A. y= (e+ 2% M6 y= 0 47. y = |x| 482+ =9 For each three-dimensional figure, draw a net that has point symmetry and a net that has 1, 2, or 4lines of symmetry. 50. Square pyramid Standardized Test Prep GRIDDED RESPONSE ssariact 51, What isthe smallest angle, in degrees, through which you can rotate a regular “ hhexagon onto itself? 52. You place a sprinkler so that ts equidistant from three rose bushes at 8 points A, B, and C. How many fet the sprinkler from A? we i ayd/% ‘N 53, ASTU has vertices S(1,2), 7(0,5},and U(—8,0).Whatis the x-coordinate _, a of Safter a 270° rotation about the origin? a 54, The diagonals of rectangle PORS intersect at 0. PO = 2x ~ Sand OR = 7 ~ x ‘Whatis the length of 05? 55, The length of the hypotenuse of a 45°-45°-90" triangle is 55 in. Whats the length of ‘one of its legs to the nearest tenth of an inch? —_—_— cucm Mixed Review 56. Which capital letters of the alphabet are rotation images of themselves? @ See Lesson 9-3. Draw each letter and give an angle of rotation (< 360°). 57. Three vertices of an isosceles trapezoid are (2, 1), (1,4), and (4, 4). Find © See Lesson 6-7. all possible coordinates for the fourth vertex. Get Ready! To prepare for Lessons 9-5, do Exercises 58-60. Determine the scale drawing dimensions of each room using a scale of © See Lesson 7-2. Bin, = ft 58. kitchen: 12 fe by 16 ft 59. bedroom: 8 ft by 10 ft 60. laundry room: 6 ft by 9ft Lesson 9-4 SymmetryMid-Chapter Quiz 3 Do you know HOW? ‘Tell whether the transformation appears to be an isometry. Explain, Preimage image 3. What rule describes the translation S units left and 10 units up? 4, Describe the translation (x, y) + (x - 3,y + 5) in words, 5, Find a translation that has the same effect as the following composition of translations. (uy) > (+ 7,y ~ 2) followed by Gy> &-3,y +2) Find the reflection image of (5, ~3) across each line. 6. the x-axis 7. yraxis 8. AWXY has vertices W(—4, 1), X12, -7), and Y(0, ~3). ‘What are the vertices of the image of AWAY for the translation (x,y) > (x ~ 3,y +5)? 9. ABC has vertices A(~1, 4), B(2, 0), and C(4, 3) Graph the reflection image of AABC across the line xecl Copy each figure and point A. Draw the image of each figure for the given angle of rotation about A. Use prime notation to label the vertices of the image. 10. 40 11. 90° ¢ > P Q 8 s R A 574 Chapter9_ Mid-Chapter Quiz MathKL? bor \ ‘Go to PowerGeometry.com 12. How many lines of symmetry does a regular pentagon have? Include a sketch in your answer. Tell what type(s) of symmetry each figure has. For Iine symmetry, sketch the image and the line(s) of symmetry. For rotational symmetry, state the angle ofrotation. "CN "BS Do you UNDERSTAND? 15, Reasoning ‘he point (5, 9) isthe image under the translation (2, y) > (x — 3,y + 2). What sits preimage? 16. Reasoning ‘The point 7(5, —1) is reflected first across the x-axis and then across the y-axis. What F {s the distance between the image and the preimage? Explain, 17. Coordinate Geometry The point L(a, b) in Quadrant is rotated 90° about the origin and then reflected across the y-axis. What are the coordinates of the image of L? ‘The two letters in each pair are congruent. Does one figure appear to be a translation image, a reflection image, or a rotation image of the other? s 2 me 2” 20. Error Analysis Your friend draws the diagram at the right to show the reflection of OPQRS across the x-axis. Explain and correct your friend's error,‘Look for what cchanges and what does not change, Lesson _ Vocabulary * dilation * center of dilation scale factor of a dilation * enlargement * reduction The pupil is the opening in the iris that lets light into the eye Depending on the amount of light available, the size of the pupil res Normal light feng \—! ey ind Ce ee cr See RO ge een Chapter 7 to apply to curved figures. Is the pupil in dim light similar Pee a ee ee one Deer LD In the Solve It, you looked at how the pupil of an eye changes in size, or lates. In this, lesson, you will learn how to dilate geometric figures. Essential Understanding You can use scale factor to make a larger or smaller copy ofa figure that is also similar to the original figure. Key Concept Dilation dilation with center Cand scale factor 7, n> 0, isa transformation with these two properties: + The image of Cis itself (thatis, C’ = C). + Forany other point &, R’ ison CR and cr CR, orn = & - ee cae ‘The image of a dilation is similar to its preimage. eeeys the sale b factor not or} These foc ofa Slain lays te inape gt he ica ete pit onthe mage te dante) nde mute ‘You can show that the scale factor of a dilation has the same value as the scale factor of the similar figures (preimage and image), with the image length in the numerator. For the figure shown on page 575, n A dilation is an enlargement ifthe scale factor is greater than 1. The dilation isa reduction if the scale factor is between 0 and 1. s ¢ 8 4 aoe ae ee center A, scale factor 2 center C, scale factor + QQTEND Fincing « sole rotor Multiple Choice AX’T'R’ is adilation image of AXTR.the r Essar ctdinnss oie sain areca ieee Sasa wnea ieee caee aeame ; a F a AD enlargement; scale factor2 CC> reduction; sale factor } ®} enlargement; scale factor 3 CD» reduction; scale factor3__X' = X ‘The image is larger than the preimage, so the dilation is an enlargement. Use the rato ofthe lengths of corresponding sides to find the scale factor. xT ase XT a AX'TR is an enlargement of AXTR, with a scale factor of 3. The correct answer is B. re 4 3 (Got t? 1. 7K'L'M isadilation image of KIM. the centerof §— [PTET TTT lation is O. 1s the dilation an enlargement or a reduction? What is the scale factor ofthe dilation? In Got It1, you looked ata dilation ofa figure drawn in the coordinate plane. In this book, all dilations of figures in the coordinate plane have the origin asthe center of dilation. So you can find the dilation image of a point P(x y) by multiplying the coordinates of Py the scale factor n P(x y) + P'(nx, ny) 576 Chapter9_ TransformationsWill the vertices of the triangle move loser to 0, 0) oF farther from (0, 0)? The scale factors 2, so the dlation i an enlargement. The vertices will move farther from (0) What does a scale factor of 7 tll you? Aseaefactr of 7 tls you thatthe ratio of the image length othe actual lengths 7,0r image nah actual length = 7 Grrr » Got lt? 3. the height ofa document on your computer inding a Dilation Image ‘What are the images of the vertices of APZG for a dilation with center (0, 0) and scale factor 2? Graph the image of APZG. Identify the coordinates of each vertex. The center of dilation is the origin and the scale factor is 2, so use the dilation rule (x, y)—> (2x 29) PQ, 0) + (2 + 2,2 + 0), 0r P40). -3, > (3), 2+ 1), or Z'(—6, 2). 2)-+(2 + 0,2 (-2)),0r (0, -4). ‘To graph the image of APZG, graph P’, Z’,and G’. Then draw APZ’G (QB Got lt? 2. a. What are the images of the vertices of A PZG for a dilation with center (0,0) and scale factor 3? b. Reasoning In Problem 2, how can you prove AP'Z'G' ~ APZG usinga postulate or theorem from Chapter 7? Dilations and scale factors help you understand real-world enlargements en through a microscope or on a and reductions, such as images s computer screen 1g @ Scale Factor to jology A magnifying glass shows you an image of an object. that is7 times the object's actual size. So the scale factor of the enlargement is 7. The photo shows an apple seed under this ‘magnifying glass. What is the actual length of the apple seed? 175 = 7+ p image length = scale factor » actual length 0.25 P Divide each side by 7. ‘The actual length of the apple seed is 0.25 in, screen is 20.4 cm. When you change the zoom. setting on your screen from 100% to 25%, the new image of your document is a dilation of the previous image with scale factor 0.25. What Is the helght of the new image? ind a LengthD icsson chock Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? 1. The blue figure isa dilation 2 5. Vocabulary Describe the scale factor of a reduction. Image ofthe black igure with Aetna center of dation Cs the eS 7 eee ofthe black figure fora a : ae nia dilation with center. factor of the dilation? " ih center A. ‘wo students made erors when asked ofnd the A dilation has center (0,0) Find the image ofeach point scale factor. Explain and correct their errors for the given seal factor, 2D, -5);2 3. T10,6);4 4, (0,0); 10 @ Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises Qrractice —_Thediuegureisa lation image ofthe black igure. The labeled pointisthe 4p. -See Problem 1. = center of dilation. Tell whether the dilation isan enlargement ora reduction. Then ind the seae factor of the dilation 2 ay w. Ll 8. ooo BEECH PEASE acho 578 Chapter9_ TransformationsFind the images of the vertices of APQR fora dilation with center(0,0)andthe 4 See Problem 2. siven scale factor. Graph the image. 16. scale factor’3 17. scale factor 10 18. scale factor } Foe Lop Magnification You look at each object described in Exercises 19-22 under a © See Problem 3. ‘magnifying glass. Find the actual dimension of each object. 19, The image ofa button is 5 times the button’s actual size and has a diameter of 6 cm, 20. ‘The image of a pinhead is 8 times the pinhead’ actual size and has a width of 1.36 em. 21. The image of an ant is 7 times the ant’s actual size and has a length of 1.4 em. 22. The image ofa capital letter N is 6 times the letter’s actual size and has @ height of L68.em. A dilation has center (0, 0). Find the image of each point for the given scale factor. 23. U-3,0):5 24. N(=4,7),02 25, A(-6,2):15 26. 3, -2);} 27.63, 3): 45 28. (6,8); VE Use the graph at the right. Find the vertices of the image of QRTW for a dilation with center (0, 0) and the given scale factor. 29.4 30.06 31.09 32.10 33.100 34. Compare and Contrast Compare the definition of scale factor of a dilation tothe definition of scale factor of two similar polygons. How are they alike? How are they different? 35. Think About a Plan ‘The diagram at the right shows ALMN and its image AL'M'N' for a dilation with center P. Find the values of xand y. Explain your reasoning, ‘+ Whats the relationship between ALMN and AL'M'N'? ‘+ What s the scale factor of the dilation? + Which variable can you find using the seale factor? 36. Writing An equilateral triangle has 4-in, sides. Describe its image for dilation with center at one of the triangle's vertices and scale factor 2.5. Dilations 579Coordinate Geometry Graph MNPQ and its image M'N'P’Q' for a dilation with } center (0, 0) and the given scale factor. 37. MU, 3), N(~3,3), P(-5, -3), Q-1, -3);3 38. M(2, 6), N(~4, 10), P(—4, ~8), Q(-2, -12); 4 : 39. Open-Ended Use the dilation command in geometry software or drawing software to create a design that involves repeated dilations, such as the one shown at the right. The software will prompt you to specify a center of dilation and a scale factor. Print your design and color it. Feel free to use other transformations along with dilations. 40. Copy Reduction Your picture of your farnily crest is 4.5 in, wide. You need a reduced copy for the front page of the family newsletter. The ‘copy must fitin a space 1.8 in. wide. What scale factor should you use on the copy machine to adjust the size of your picture of the crest? Adilation maps AHIJ onto AH'T/’. Find the missing values, 41. H= in, HYP = 16, AQ.HT=7em HI = 525em 4M = ER HT =n Y=5in, Fy = Bin, J=7em ry = 8cm Y=30f ry = Of w= Gin, HP = in W= scm HY =9em HDA HY 6h Copy ATBA and point 0 for each of Exercises 44-47, Draw the lation fa Image ABA’ forthe given center and seal factor. A, center O, scale factor 2 45. center B, scale factor 3 ; ea : 46, center; scale factor} 47. center, eae factor 7 48. Reasoning You are given AB and its dilation image A’ with A, B, 4’, and B' noncollinear, Explain how to find the center of dilation and scale factor. Reasoning Write true or false for Exercises 49-52. Explain your answers. 49, A dilation isan isometry. 50. A dilation with a scale factor greater than 1 is a reduction. 51. For adilation, corresponding angles ofthe image and preimage are congruent. 52. A dilation image cannot have any points in common with its preimage. Qchattenge coordinate Geometry In the coordinate plane, you can extend dilations to Include scale factors that are negative numbers. For Exercises 53 and 54, use APQRwith vertices P(1, 2), Q(3, 4), and R(4, 1). 53. Graph APQR and its image for a dilation centered at (0, 0) with scale factor ~3. 54. a. Graph APQR and its image for a dilation centered at (0, 0) with scale factor ~1. b. Explain why the dilation in part (a) may be called a reflection through a point. Extend your explanation to a new definition of point symmetry. 580 Chapter 9. Transformations55. Shadows A lashlight projects an image ofrectangle ABCD on a wall so that each vertex of ABCD is3 fe away from the corresponding vertex of A'B’C'D’. The length of ABiis 3 in. The length of Ais 1 ft. How far from each vertex of ABCD is the ight? Standardized Test Prep i SATIACT 56. Adilation maps ACDE onto ACD’E’. If CD = 7.5 ft, CE = 15, D'E’ = 3.25 ft, and CD! = 2.5, what is DE? B® Los te Bsn OQorsk Dik 57. You want to prove indirectly that the diagonals ofa rectangle are congruent. As the first step of your proof, what should you assume? E A quadrilateral isnot a rectangle. ] The diagonals ofa rectangle are not congruent. D A quadrilateral has no diagonals. CD The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. 58. Which word can describe a kite? - B® equilateral D equiangular © comvex scalene '59. Use the figure at the right to answer the questions below. a, Does the figure have rotational symmetry? Ifso, identify the angle of rotation. b. Does the figure have reflectional symmetry? Ifso, how many lines of symmetry does ithave? Mixed Review Coordinate Geometry figure with a vertex at (~2, 7) has the given type of @ See Lesson 9-4. symmetry. State the coordinates of another vertex of the figure. 60. point symmetry centered at the origin 61. line symmetry across the y-axis, Get Ready! To prepare for Lesson 9-6, do Exercises 62-64. Given points R(—1, 1), S(~4,3), and 7(~2, 5), graph ARST and its @ See Lesson 9-2. reflection image across each line. 62, the y-axis 63. the x-axis 64, y582 Concept Byte Transformations Using Vectors and Matrices Use With Lesson 9-5 In Lesson 8-5, you learned that vectors are quantities that have both direction and. ‘magnitude. A translation moves all the points ofa figure in the same direction and the same distance, so you can use a vector to describe a translation, Example 1 G Find the image of D(1, ~2) under the translation described by the vector (1, 4). (1,4) is translation 1 unit right and 4 units up, the same as Gyr Ly + 4). (1, 2) translates to (1 + 1, -2 + 4),or(2,2). @ Find the image of D(1, —2) under the composition of translations (1, 4) followed by (—4, -1). Use vector addition: (1, 4) + (~4,—1) = (1 + (—4),4 + (-1)) = (~3,). ‘DAL, ~2) translates to (1 ~ 3, ~2 + 3), or(-2, 1), You can use a matrix to find the transformation images of several points at once. A ‘matrix a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. The matrixat the tightis called a2 X 3 (two-by-three) matrix because ithas 2 rows and 3 columns. Bach entry in a matrix isan element. This matrix has 6 elements. Example 2 ‘Use matrices to find the image of AMFH under the translation (4, -5). MP H coordinate [1 2 3] wteamaviefor AMFET yeoordinate | 1 2.) made upof the thee vices. 4&4) Wite the ransation matic with 5-5 —5.| the tandation vector three tes Geo ee lies oe ea on ae 6 10 3 Add the matrices ‘The image of AMFH is AM'F'H' with M'(3, 6), F(6, ~10), and 1"(7, -8). Concept Byte Transformations Using Vectors and Matrices‘To find the image ofa triangle for a dilation centered at the origin, multiply each element in the vertex matrix for the triangle by the scale factor. Multiplying a matrix by 4 number in this way, as with vectors is called scalar multiplication. Example 3 ‘AABC has vertices A(—2, 2), B(1, —1), and (2, 13). Use scalar multiplication to find the image of AABC for a dilation with center (0, 0) and scale factor 2. Graph ‘AABC and its enlargement. A BC x-coordinate [2 1 y-coordinate 2-1 4 =4 2 41) Multiply each element ofthe 4-2. 3] matrix by the scale factor 2. ‘The vertices of the enlargement are A’(~4, 4), B'(2, —2), and C'(4, 3). Exercises Find the image of each figure under the translation described by the given vector. 1. AABC in the graph at the right; vector = (4, ~1) 2. quadrilateral DEFG with D(—4, 1), E(1, 1), FUL, ~2), G(0, ~2); vector = (2, 0) 3. quadrilateral JKLM with J(—2, 0), K(2, 2), L(3, ~2), M(3, ~2); vector = (~* Find a single translation that has the same effect as each composition of translations. 4, (2,3) followed by (1,5) 5. (~6,0) followed by (—4,7) 6. (3, ~4) followed by (4,3) Use matrices to find the image of each polygon under the given translation. 7. quadrilateral RSTU in the graph at the right; translation = (2, ~1) 8. AHIK with H(~2, 2),J(4,2), K(~1, ~2); translation = (4, ~3) UK with H{—2, 2),J(4, 2), K(~1, ~2); transla ) we, 9. ONCLE with M~3,1), (4, -1), 1(0, ~3), E(1, -1); translation = (0,2) fen Use a matrix and scalar multiplication. Find the image ofthe triangle with the given vertices fora dilation with center (0,0) and the given scale factor. Graph the triangle and its image. 10. (0,0), B65, 3), 2 -D:3 11. RE, 1), (A, ~2), TE, Bp 1B Ds M3, 2), 1-3, -2), 202, -2): 4 ‘Concept Byte Transformations Using Vectors and MatricesCompositions of Reflections Objectives ‘To find compositions of reflections, including glide reflections To classify isometries The blue E is a horizontal translation of the red E. How can you use De eee ee ee ee ed Oe ee eee a ee lines of reflection. Explain how you found the lines. Upon reflection, T think you should use what you know about a line of reflection, Essential Understanding 1ftwo figures in a plane are congruent, you can map ‘one onto the other using a composition of reflections, ‘The theorems in this lesson lead to the fact stated above. Complete proofs of these theorems are beyond the scope of this course, but Problems 1 and 2 suggest approaches to the proofs of Theorems 9-1 and 9-2. Theorem 9-2 the converse of Theorem 9-1 Theorem 9-1 A translation or rotation is a composition of two reflections, 584 Chapter 9 TransformationsTheorem 9-2 A composition of reflections across two A composition of reflections across two Parallel lines isa translation. intersecting lines is a rotation. i [ZESEUMD Composing Reflections Across Parallel Lines ‘What is the image of R reflected first across line ¢ and then t m across line m? What are the direction and distance of the resulting translation? As you do the two reflections, keep track of the distance moved by a point P of the preimage. How do you know that PA = APY, PB = BP", and AB 1 er All three statements are true by the definition of reflection across a line. ‘The red arrow shows the direction of the translation, so the direction of the translation Is determined by a line perpendicular to ¢ and m. The total distance P moved is 2 + AB. Because AB ¢, ABis the distance between € and m. The distance of the translation is twice the distance between ¢ and m. @ Got lt? 1. a, Draw parallel lines ¢ and mas in Problem 1. Draw between é and m. What is the image of R reflected frst across line é and then across line m? What are the direction and distance of the resulting translation? b, Reasoning Use the results of part (a) and Problem 1. Make a conjecture about the direction and distance of any translation that s the result of a composition of reflections across two parallel lines. Compositions of Reflections[XEEEED Composing Reflections Across Intersecting Lines Lines € and m intersect at point Cand form an acute angle that e my, ‘measures 70. What is the image of R reflected first across line ¢ and then across line m? What are the center of rotation and the angle of rotation for the resulting rotation? 705 After you do the two reflections, follow the path of a point P of the eC preimage. e How do you show R. that m1 = m227 Ifyou draw PP and P label its intersection Point with ine € a5 ‘A,you can prove APC = AAPC by S55. Ris rotated clockwise about the intersection point ofthe lines, The center of rotation 1s C. You know that m/2 + mZ3 = 70. You can use the definition of reflection to show that mZ1 = mZ2and mZ3 = mZ4.S0,mZ1 + m22+ mZ3 + mz4 = 140, ‘The angle of rotation is 140° clockwise. \ Step 3 Draw the angles formed by joining P,P, and P"t0C. (B Got it? 2. a. Use the diagram at the right. What is the image of R reflected first across line @ and then across line b? Whatare the center of rotation and the angle of rotation forthe resulting rotation? b. Reasoning Use the results of part (a) and Problem 2, Make a conjecture about the center of rotation and the angle of rotation for any rotation thatis the result of composition of reflections across two intersecting lines. Ina plane, any two congruent figures with the same orientation are related by either a translation or a rotation, and therefore by two reflections, Suppose two congruent plane figures A and B have opposite orientations. Reflect A and you get a figure A’ that has the same orientation as B. Thus, B is a translation or rotation image of A’, By Theorem 9-1, ‘two reflections map A’ to B. The net result is that three reflections map A to B. This is summarized in what is sometimes called the Fundamental Theorem of Isometries, Theorem 9-3 Fundamental Theorem of Isometries Inaplane, one of two congruent figures can be mapped onto the other by a composition of at most three reflections. 586 Chapter 9_ Transformations‘If two figures are congruent and have opposite orientations (but are not Sinplreflectonsoteach oer) then teresteatensiatonandaredecion oy te arial naps dite Nou eceacionaeeeaicuaerctes Geel | translation (a glide) and a reflection across a line parallel to the direction hy of translation. You can map a left paw print onto a right paw print with a se giderefeeton t Finding a Glide Reflection Image Coordinate Geometry What is the image of ATEX for a glide reflection where the translation is (x,y) (x,y ~ 8) and the line of reflection is x = 0 The vertices of ATEX _The image of Fist use the translation rule to The tarslation rule ATEX forthe glide “translate TEX. Then reflect the + Thelne of reflection reflection translation mage of each vertex across ‘the line of reflection Refiect the image of ATEX across the y-axis. Use the translation rule tay ~ 5) to move TEX down 5 units (@B Got lt? 3. Graph A7EX from Problem 3. Whats the image of A TEX fora glide reflection where the translation is (x,))—>(x + 1,9) and the line of reflection is y = 2? Essential Understanding You can map one of two congruent figures in a plane onto the other bya single reflection, translation, rotation, or glide reflection, or >) Theorem 9-4 Isometry Classification Theorem ) ‘There are only four isometries. Translation Rotation Reflection Glide Reflection | R CR eR | Orientations ae the same ) Meenaspo Each figure is an isometry image of the figure at the right. Are the orientations of the preimage and image the same or opposite? What j type of isometry maps the preimage to the image? How do the arrows Oo 8 image help you? Compare the directions ofthe arows = (counterclockwise or clockwise) to determine ifthe orientations of the ‘The orientations are opposite. The ‘he orientations are the same. The figures are the same or image is nota simple reflection image isnot a translation of the diferent of the preimage. The isometry that preimage. The isometry that leads Jeads to opposite orientation butis tothe same orientation but is not a nota reflection isa glide reflection. translation isa rotation. B Got lt? 4, Each figure is an isometry image of the figure at the right. Are the orientations ofthe preimage and image the same or opposite? What type of isometry maps the preimage to the image? a b. © Lesson Check g Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND? Describe the image of Z reflected first across line a and 4, Vocabulary In a glide reflection, what is the then across line b. relationship between the direction of the translation and the line of reflection? oe7ae 5. Error Analysis You reflect ADEF first across line m ~~ and then across line n. Your friend says you can get b the same result by reflecting A DEF first across linen and then across line m. Explain your friend's error, 3. APQRhas vertices 0, 5), Q(5,3), and RCS, 1. What are the vertices ofthe image of APQR fora glide reflection where the translation is (xy)—-(x + 3,y ~ 1) and the reflection line isy= —22 588 Chapter 9 Transformations@ Q) Practice Find the image of each letter for a reflection first across line €andthen See Problems 1 and 2. Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises across line m. Is the resulting transformation a translation or arotation? Fora translation, describe the direction and distance. For a rotation, tell the center of rotation and the angle of rotation. F. "Mm ae 9%. 10. Graph APNB and its glide reflection image for the given translation and reflection line. 12. (x 7+ Zi = 3 13. (x yy — 3x = 0 14. (wy) + By + Diy ax 15. (oy) (e— Ly + Diy = -¥ Bach figure below is an isometry image of the figure @ See Problem 4. at the right. Tell whether the two figures’ orientations are the same or opposite. Then classify the isometry. 16. 17. 18. 19. Each figure below is an isometry image of the figure at the right. Tell whether the ‘two figures’ orientations are the same or opposite. Then classify the isometry. 20. 21. 22. 23, eee) Lesson 9-6 Compositions of Reflections.Use the given points and lines. Graph AB and its image A'F after areflection ' first across €, and then across ¢,. Is the resulting transformation a translation or a rotation? For a translation, describe the direction and distance. For a rotation, tell the center of rotation and the angle of rotation. 24. ACL, 5) and B(2, 1}; 3 = 3; yx = 7 25. A(2, 4) and B(3, 1); &:2-axis; fp: y-axis 26. A(-4, ~3) and B(—4, 0); Q:y = sy = x 27. A@, -5) and BC 28. A(6, ~4) and B(5, 0); 2 = 6; 6 1-3) Sy = Oey = 2 =4 29, A(-1,0) and BO, -2); &:y = “Li zy = 1 30. Think About a Plan T-+7°(1, 5) by aglide reflection where the translation is. (%y) + (« + 3, ) and the line ofreflection is y = 1. What are the coordinates of T? ‘* How can you work backwards to find the coordinates of 7? © Should Tbe to left or to the right of 7”? © Should Tbe above or below 7"? ‘The two figures are congruent. Describe the isometry that maps the black figure onto the blue figure. EEC 33, Which transformation maps the black triangle onto the blue triangle? ® aglide reflection where the translation is (9) > y ~ 3) and the line of reflection isx= -2 BH a 180° rotation about the origin © areflection across the line y 2 (@ areflection across the y-axis followed by a 180°rotation about the origin 34, Writing Reflections and glide reflections are odd isometries, while translations and rotations are even isometries. Use what you have learned in this lesson to explain why these categories make sense. 35. Open-Ended Draw AABC. Describe a reflection, a translation, a rotation, anda slide reflection. Then draw the image of A ABC for each transformation. 36. Reasoning The definition states that a glide reflection is the composition ofa translation and a reflection. Explain why these can occur in either order. 590 Chapter9 TransformationsKaleidoscopes ‘The vibrant images seen in a kaleidoscope are produced by | compositions of reflections in intersecting mirrors. Determine the measure of the angle between the mirrors in each kaleidoscope image. Identify each mapping as a translation, reflection, rotation, or glide reflection. Find the translation rule, reflection line, center of rotation and angle of rotation, or glide translation rule and reflection line. 40. AABC— AEDC 41, AEDC> APQM 42. AMNJ~ AEDC 43. AHIF AHGF 44, APQM= AJLM 45, AMNP— ABDC 46. AJLM— An 47, APQM= AKIN 48. AKIN-» ABC 49, SHG AKIN P-P'(3, ~1) for the given translation and reflection line. Find the coordinates ofP. 50. (xy) +0 ~ 3,yhy = 2 51. > Guy — Diy = 2 52. (sy) By — By x 53. (ye + 4y ~ Ay = —x challenge 54, Dees glide election ht maps the Back Rothe blue @ R For the given tansfomation mapping TF to °F prove that XY: SS.atandaion S8-arefecion 57. aottn » 58. Reasoning Does an x’ rotation about a point P followed by a reflection across a line ¢ give the same image as a reflection across ¢ followed by an x* rotation about P? Explain, ions of Reflectionsaan ag gga Standardized Test Prep i \satiact ‘59. What is the image of P(11, —5) for the translation (x, y) +(x — 12, y — 6), followed byarellecion across x = 07 i @,-n) B11) ©an) ( ~ 5.y + 7) followed by (x,y) (x + 3,y) Exercises Given points A(6, 4), B(-2, 1), and C(S, 0), graph AABC and its reflection image across each line. 10. x 9. the x-axis Wy=x 12. Copy the diagram. Then draw the image of AZXY for a 90° rotation about P. Label the vertices of the image using i prime notation, 13, Find the image of P(~4, 1) fora 180° rotation about the origin. Point Ois the center of regular pentagon NMPQR, 14, What is the image of point N fora Ny. composition of a 72° rotation and a 144° rotation about 0? 15. Whatis the angle of rotation that o ‘maps point P to point Q?9-4 Symmetry | Quick Review A figure has reflectional symmetry or line symmetry if, there isa reflection for which itis its own image. ‘Afigure that has rotational symmetry is its own image for some rotation of 180° or less. ‘Afigure that has point symmetry has 180° rotational symmetry. Example How many lines of symmetry does an equilateral triangle have? An equilateral triangle reflects onto itself across each ofits three medians. The wh i\w ‘triangle has three lines of symmetry. 9-5 Dilations Exercises ‘Tell what type(s) of symmetry each figure has. Ifit has line symmetry, sketch the figure and the line(s) of symmetry. ithas rotational symmetry, state the angle of rotation. 19. How many lines of symmetry does an isosceles ‘trapezoid have? 20. What type(s) of symmetry does a square have? 21. Give an example of a three-dimensional object that has rotational symmetry abouta line. Quick Review ‘The diagram shows a dilation with center Cand scale factor n. The preimage and image are similar. eb V caer) -— re Inthe coordinate plane, ifthe origin is the center of a dilation with scale factor n, then P(x) P’(nx, ny). Example ‘The blue figure is a dilation image of the black figure. The center of dilation is 4.18 the dilation an enlargement or a reduction? ‘What is the scale factor? ‘The image is smaller than the preimage, so 2 ‘he dilation isa reduction, The scale factoris ‘A gor}. ‘original Tength ~ 2 =F Exercises 22. The blue figure is a dilation image of the black figure. The center of dilation is O. Tell whether the dilation is an enlargement or a reduction, ‘Then find the scale factor. {Graph the polygon with the given vertices. Then graph its image for a dilation with center (0, 0) and the given scale factor. 23, M(-3,4), A(—6, -1), T(0, 0), H(3,2); scale factor 5 24. F(—4, 0), ULS,0),.M(—2, ~5); sale factor 5 25. Adilation maps ALMN onto AL'M'N’. LM = 364, LN = 26 ft, MN = 45 ft, and L'M and M’ 9ft. Find L'N" Chapter 9 Chapter Review 6059-6 Compo: ions of Reflections | Quick Review Exercises | ‘The diagram shows aglide reflection AJA 26. sketch and describe the result of € 4m ofN. A glide reflection is an isometry <_- reflecting E first across line €and E in which a figure and its image have then across line m. opposite orientations. nu 9. Each figure isan isometry image of the O97 ‘There are exactly four isometries: translation, reflection, egare ame nane Tae ie oo rotation, and glide reflection. Every isometry can be orientations are the same or opposite. expressed as a composition ofreflections. + Then classify the isometry. Example 7 Blo * S92 9, , Describe the result of reflecting P first co, o o $ across line Cand then across line m. 30 g A composition of two reflections across PS 30, ATAM has vertices 7(0, 5), A(4, 1), and M(3, 6). Find the glide reflection image of A'TAM for the translation (x,y) +(x — 4, 9) followed by reflection across the line y = ~ intersecting lines isa rotation. The angle of rotation is twice the measure of the acute angle formed by the intersecting lines, P is rotated 100° about C. 9-7 Tessellations Quick Review Exercises | A tessellation is a repeating pattern of figures that For each tessellation, (a) identify the repeating figure : completely covers a plane without gaps or overlaps. Ifthe and the transformation used, and (b) list the types of figures are polygons, thesum ofthe measures ofthe angles symmetry the tessellation has. around any vertex in the tessellation is 360. a Every tessellation displays at least one type of symmetry: reflectional, rotational, translational, or glide reflectional symmetry. Example Does a regular decagon tesseliatet Explain. Determine whether each figure tessellates.Ifs0, draw a Use the Polygon Angle-Sum Theorem tofind the measure, sketch. Ifnot, explain. 4a, ofeach angle ofa regulat decagon. 33. akite 34, aregular 14-gon, SS a a ‘ihe sum of the angle measures around one vertex of a tessellation must be 360. 144 is not a factor of 360, soa regular decagon does not tessellate. 606 Chapter9 Chapter Review' Chapter Test Do you know HOW? For Exercises 1-7, find the coordinates ofthe vertices of the image of ABCD for each transformation. 1. reflection across theline x = 4 2, translation (uy) > - 6 y + 8) 3. rotation of 90° about the point (0, 0) 4. Gitation with centr (0,0) and scale factor 3 5. glide reflection with translation (x, y) + (x,y + 5) and reflection across the ine x = 0 6, reflection across the line y = x 7. dilation with center (0, 0) and scale factor 3 8, Write the translation rule that maps P(~4, 2) onto P(-1,-0). What type of transformation has the same effect as ‘each composition of transformations? 9. translation (x,y) — (x,y ~ 5) followed by reflection across the line x = 6 10. translation (x,y) > (x ~ 3,y + 2) followed by translation (x,y) > (x + 8. — 4) 11, reflection across the line x = ~2 and then across thelinex = 4 12, reflection across the line y = —x and then across the line y = x What type(s) of symmetry does each figure have? 1B. 4 5. Chapter 9_Chapter Test MathXt* for S¢ \ ‘Go to PowerGeometry.com Determine whether each figure will tessellate, Ifo, draw a sketch. Ifnot, explain. ey 19, List the types of symmetry the tessellation has, 4 q A r Identify the isometry that maps the black figure onto the blue figure. Do you UNDERSTAND? 22. Vocabulary Is. dilation an isometry? Explain, 23. Writing Line m intersects UH at N, and UN = NH. ‘Must H be the reflection image of U across line m? Explain your reasoning, 24, Coordinate Geometry A dilation with center(0, 0) and scale factor 2.5 maps (a, b) onto (10,25). What are the values of a and 6? 25. Error Analysis A classmate says that a certain figure has 50° rotational symmetry. Explain your classmate's error. 26. Reasoning Choose points A, B, and Cin the first, quadrant. Find the coordinates of a’, B', and C’ by multiplying the coordinates of A, B, and C by —2. ‘What composition of transformations maps AABC onto AA’B'C? Explain,} Cumulative Test Prep DHOS HO® QUOOOGOSDS) Some problems ask you to TIP 2 performa transformation ona | AG'#'K' s the image of AGHK fora Ree cca fgureinthecoordinate plane, | tation wih center (0,0) and FPR" eerie concern of) | Read the sample question at What are the coordinates of H'? Hee ae the right. Then fll ‘ thei low the tips to Zz ap | | | Think It Through 1 {x ‘The scale factor is TIP 1 ot HK 8» To calculate the scale = factor of adiltion HI f Tofind the coordinates of 1, i Terticlme | YaEEE | ti ern comesponditg sides. You | I | HTby the scale factor. H’ is at eRe voce a @+ (1), 2» 2),0r(-2,4), tee the graph 40 find IK | a D (12 | ‘The correct answers A. Sri atin Oa») Dar ects wate Multiple Choice Pee ee ree Read each question. Then write theletter ofthe correct | the meanings of mathematical terms. Match answer on your paper. | each term with its mathematical meaning. 1. Which quadrilateral must have congruent diagonals? i A. centold I. a reflection for which the @® kite © paraltetogram B. circumcenter _figuteisits own image B rectangle D shombus : Ui. the point of concurrency of 2. Ina 30°-60"-90° triangle the shortest eg © tine symme y le, the shortest leg measures - symmetry the medians in a triangle 13 in. What is the measure of the longer leg? D. pointsymmetty 1,» equation thatstates that ® 13in. BD 13V5 in. E. proportion "two ratios are equal “a @ 13VZin. D rin F.tessellation IV, arepeating pattern of cree 3. Three vertices of ABCD are A(1, 7), B(0, 0), and corre iansTaicictee (7, -1).Whatare the coordinates of D? | or overlaps ® 66) Oar i \V.a symmetry for which the BH 68) @D 6) figure is its own image for a 180° rotation Vi the point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors ofatriangle 608 Chapter 9 Cumulative Test Prep4, Mica and Joy are standing at comer A of the rectangular field shown below. ‘Mica walks diagonally across the field, from comer A tocomner C. Joy walks from corner A to comer B, and then to comer C. To the nearest hundredth of a mile, how much farther did Joy walk than Mica did? BD 054 mi @® 146 mi @ 1mi Dam 5. What is the area of the square? 5V7t B® sow? ®@ rove? ® 1008 ®D 1508? 6. What type of symmetry does the figure have? © 66 rotational symmetry BD 90" rotational symmeny GD line symmetry D point symmetry 7. Which conditions allow you to conclude that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram? B one pair ofsides congruent, the other pair of sides parallel ® perpendicular, congruent diagonals © diagonals that bisect each other D one diagonal bisects opposite angles 8, Which statementis the contraposiive ofthefollowing |_| conditional statement? i IfPeg serves pudding, then itis not Laura’ birthday. CE IPeg serves pudding, then itis Laura's birthday. | IfPeg does not serve pudding, then itis Laura's birthday. BD Iifitis not Laura's birthday, then Peg serves pudding. D itis Laura's birthday, then Peg does not serve pudding. 9. Ina right triangle, which point lies on the hypotenuse? B® incenter © centroid @D orthocenter ®D circumcenter 10. In ALMN, P is the centroid and LE = 24. Whatis PE? u ® w a De 11. What is the sum of the angle measures of a 32-gon? B® 3200 ©& 5400 B® 3800

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