Work Process

1.

2.

6.

(Evaluate Various Proppants and

Frac Lengths)

7.

Preliminary Proppant
Selection
Estimate Fracture
Geometry

3.
4.
a)

b)

5.

Estimate Stresses and

Pressures
Determine Fcd and FOI

YoungsModulus
Sand/Shale

Fluid Loss C and Spurt

Loss

Fluid Selection
a)
b)

Calibrate Model Diagnostics

a)
b)
c)

8.
9.

Apparent Viscosity (cps)

Basic Chemistry / Additives

Fracturing Pressure
Temperature/RA Logs
Microseismic

Final Treatment Pump

Schedule
Operations / Perforating

FRACTURE DESIGN
VARIABLES
MODULUS
H , E , C , KIc

m,Q

Modulus, E

Core Testing
Must Use Confining Pressure
Horizontal Core Plug Desirable

(2 to 1 Length to Diameter)
Must be Moist
Temperature Typically Not
Critical

Effect of Modulus on Design

4
0

3
0

SluryVolume(M-Gal)

H
=
H
=
1
0
0
f
t
L
2
0C

=
0
.
0
0
1
f
t
/
m
i
n
S
p
u
r
t
=
0
m
=
1
5
0
c
p
1
0
Q
=
3
0
b
p
m
D
e
s
i
g
n
X
f
=
7
0
0
f
t
2

M
o
d
u
l
u
s
(
1
0
p
s
i
)

8
0
0

0
.
8

7
0
0

0
.
7

6
0
0

0
.
6

5
0
0

0
.
5

4
0
0

0
.
4

3
0
0
2
0
0

MaxWidth(in)

Effect of Modulus on Fracture

1
0
0

0
.
1

Pnet,NetPresure(psi)

0
.
3
0
.
2

M
o
d
u
l
u
s
(
1
0
p
s
i
)

Typical Values - Sandstone

Young'sModuls,E(10psi) 6

8
L
o
w
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
(
<
1
0
%
)
,
V
e
r
y
F
i
n
e
G
r
a
i
n
e
d
6
4
2

H
i
g
h
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
(
>
2
5
%
)
,
C
o
a
r
s
e
G
r
a
i
n
e
d

N
e
t
O
v
e
r
b
u
r
d
e
n
(
1
,
0
0
0
p
s
i
)

Typical Values - Carbonate

L
o
w
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
,
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
8

Young'sModuls,E(10psi) 6

6
4
H
i
g
h
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

2
2

N
e
t
O
v
e
r
b
u
r
d
e
n
(
1
,
0
0
0
p
s
i
)

Typical Values - Shale

What is Porosity ?

How Much Clays ?

How Much Calcite ?
What is Net Overburden ?

Lab Values Range from

0.5 to 10x106 psi

Special Values
Chalks

Porosity 35 to 50%
E of 1.5 to 0.5x106 psi
Diatomite
Porosity 40 to 50%
E of 1.0 to 0.3x106 psi
Unconsolidated Sands, Porosity 20%+
E of 0.2 to 1.0x106 psi

E From Sonic Log Data ?

2
.
0
E
+
7
G
r
a
i
n
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
=
2
.
6
5
P
o
i
s
s
o
n
'
s
R
a
t
i
o
n
A
s
s
u
m
e
d
=
0
.
2

1
.
0
E
+
7
5
.
0
E
+
6

=
0
.
3
0

=
0
.
1
0

DynamicYoung'sModuls(pi)

2
.
0
E
+
6
1
.
0
E
+
6
5
.
0
E
+
5

=
0
.
2
0

5
0

1
0
0

1
5
0

S
o
n
i
c
T
r
a
v
e
l
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
/
f
t
)
m

2
0
0

Special Spaced Sonic Log Not Required

2
.
0
E
+
7
1
.
0
E
+
7
5
.
0
E
+
6

=
0
.
2
0

G
r
a
i
n
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
=
2
.
6
5
P
o
i
s
s
o
n
'
s
R
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
i
t
t
l
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
=
0
.
1
5l

b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
o
n
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
a
n
d
s
o
n
i
c
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
.
=
0
.
2
5

DynamicYoung'sModuls(pi)

2
.
0
E
+
6
1
.
0
E
+
6
5
.
0
E
+
5

=
0
.
2
0

5
0

1
0
0

1
5
0

S
o
n
i
c
T
r
a
v
e
l
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
/
f
t
)
m

2
0
0

Static Vs. Dynamic Modulus

Lab Data - Static Modulus

psi x 106

Dynamic ALWAYS High

10
8
6
4
2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lab Data - Dynamic Modulus
psi x 106

Sonic Log for Modulus ?

Unconsolidated Formations

Static Modulus (e6 psi)

10
5
3

after Morales
SPE 26561
Porosity > 25%

2
1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1

0.2 0.3 0.5

Dynamic Modulus (e6 psi)

10

Another Data Collection

Dynamic E, x 10^6 psi

16.000
14.000

Clastics
Prospective Shales
Non-Prospective Shales

12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

Static E, x 10^6 psi

2.400
4.700
4.085
4.600
3.100
4.900
6.100
6.600
5.900
6.700
5.100
6.900
4.800
7.100
3.300
7.300
4.300
7.500
6.000
7.700
5.100
7.800
4.600
7.900
4.300
8.100
5.500
8.300
5.300
8.500
4.900
8.700
7.000
8.900
5.700
9.100
5.100
9.300
4.900
9.500
5.100
9.700
5.700
9.900
10.000 10.100
12.000
5.900
8.300
10.300
6.400
10.500
5.800
10.700

Crossplot of Dynamic vs Static Youngs Modulus

0.25

Static Young's Modulus (MMPSI)

1:1
0.2

Core testing done at

< 750 psi confining pressure
0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

Dynamic Young's Modulus (MMPSI)

2.5

2.75

Crossplot of Dynamic vs Static Youngs Modulus

Modulus From ?
Core Data

(Most Desirable, This is the One

Value We Can Get From Core)
Sonic Log Data

(Modulus is ALWAYS Too High)

Guess

(Check Against Net Pressure Data)

Do Frc_Skl 1 4-5-6