LIGHT AND ILLUMINATION

LIGHT PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN OUR ABILITY TO

PERCEIVE THE WORLD AROUND US; THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN HOW WE PERCEIVE A SPACE
AND CAN EVEN INFLUENCE HOW WE ACT IN THAT SPACE.
LIGHTING CAN AFFECT PERFORMANCE, MOOD, MORALE,
SAFETY, SECURITY AND DECISIONS.
THE FIRST STEP IN PRODUCING THE RIGHT
LIGHTING DESIGN IS TO ASK WHAT THE SPACE IS USED
FOR. THE INTERIOR DESIGNER CAN THEN DETERMINE
QUANTITY OF LIGHT, COLOR QUALITY, BRIGHTNESS AND
DIRECTION.

ILLUMINATIONIS THE DELIBERATE APPLICATION

OFLIGHTTO ACHIEVE SOME PRACTICAL OR AESTHETIC
EFFECT. ILLUMINATION INCLUDES THE USE OF BOTH
ARTIFICIALLIGHT SOURCESSUCH AS LAMPS AND LIGHT
FIXTURES, AS WELL AS NATURAL ILLUMINATION BY
CAPTURINGDAYLIGHT .

LIGHT AND SHADOW

AN EVENLY ILLUMINATED SPACE
IS SIMILAR TO AN OVERCAST DAY; DULL,
MONOTONOUS, AND BORING. VARIATIONS
IN BRIGHTNESS AND THE INTERPLAY OF
LIGHT AND SHADOW ADD VARIETY TO A
SPACE AND PROVIDE VISUAL RELIEF AND
A SENSE OF EXCITEMENT. SCALLOPS OF
LIGHT ON A WALL FROM NEARBY DOWN
LIGHTS AND THE SHADOWS PRODUCED
FROM AN UP LIGHT UNDER A PLANT OR A
SMALL SCULPTURE CAN CREATE AREAS
OF
VISUAL
INTEREST
THAT
GIVE
CHARACTER AND INDIVIDUALITY TO A
SPACE.
HIGHLIGHTS
PROVIDED
BY

EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE
LIGHT IS AS MUCH A BUILDING MATERIAL
AS STEEL OR CONCRETE. ALTHOUGH SUCH
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ARE NEEDED TO
ENCLOSE A SPACE, IT HAS NO REAL
EXISTENCE UNTIL IT IS SEEN AND IT
REGISTERS IN A PERSON'S CONSCIOUSNESS.
LIGHT DEFINES SPACE; REVEALS TEXTURE
AND COLOR; SHOWS FORM; INDICATES
SCALE;
SEPARATES
FUNCTIONS.
GOOD
LIGHTING MAKES A BUILDING LOOK AND
WORK THE WAY THE ARCHITECT INTENDED
AT ALL HOURS OF DAY AND NIGHT. IT
CONTRIBUTES TO THE CHARACTER, TO THE
DESIRED ATTITUDE TOWARD FORM AND

EFFECT ON INTERIOR
DESIGN
LIGHT IS INVISIBLE UNTIL IT STRIKES A SURFACE
AND MOLDS OUR ENVIRONMENT. THE ANGLE
AND QUALITY OF LIGHT, ALONG WITH INTENSITY,
WILL DETERMINE HOW WE PERCEIVE THE SPACE,
ITS OCCUPANTS AND THE FURNISHINGS.
KNOWING THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON A SURFACE,
THE DESIGNER CAN CHOOSE THE APPROPRIATE
LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR THE DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS. THE LIGHTING PRACTITIONER
NEEDS TO REALIZE THAT LIGHT CAN MAKE OR
BREAK A SPACE, BOTH FUNCTIONALLY AND
AESTHETICALLY

COLOR TEMPERATURE
IMAGINE A PIECE OF METAL HEATED TO A
HIGH TEMPERATURE: IT GLOWS. AT A HIGH
ENOUGH TEMPERATURE, IT WILL GIVE OFF
LIGHT (OR INCANDESCE) AS WHEN HEATING
IRON AT A FORGE OR WHEN STERILIZING A
NEEDLE BY HOLDING IT OVER A FLAME. AS
THE METAL IS HEATED, THE HIGHER THE
TEMPERATURE, THE WHITER THE LIGHT.
WE CAN USE THIS IDEA TO DESCRIBE THE
COLOR OF A LIGHT SOURCE; IT IS CALLED
ITS COLOR TEMPERATURE.

WARM AND COOL LIGHT

WE USE THE TERMS WARM AND COOL TO
CHARACTERIZE THE VARIOUS COLORS OF WHITE
LIGHT. THESE ARE SUBJECTIVE TERMS THAT
PERHAPS CORRESPOND TO EXPERIENCES
FORMED WELL BEFORE THE INVENTION OF
ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
WARM REFERS TO LIGHT SOURCES THAT ARE
RICH IN REDS AND ORANGES, PERHAPS EVOKING
FIRELIGHT OR CANDLELIGHT. COOL REFERS TO
LIGHT SOURCES RICH IN BLUE; THINK OF A
NORTH SKY. NOTE THAT WARM AND COOL DO
NOT REFER TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LIGHT

CREATING THE TOTAL

ENVIRONMENT

GENERAL AND AMBIENT

LIGHTING
THIS IS LIGHT WITHIN A SPACE
THAT REDUCES HARSH
CONTRASTS BETWEEN POOLS OF
LOCALIZED TASK OR ACCENT
LIGHTING. IT IS LIGHT THAT
SUPPLIES A SUBSTANTIALLY
EVEN LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION
THROUGHOUT AN AREA.

 ACCENT LIGHTING
IT IS THE ROLE OF ACCENT
LIGHTING TO EMPHASIZE A
PARTICULAR OBJECT OR
OBJECTS. IT HELPS TO
PROVIDE THE DRAMA BY
CREATING VISUAL INTEREST
ON THOSE ITEMS, WHICH
ENHANCE THE
INTERIOR DCOR.WORKING
TOGETHER THE AMBIENT,
TASK, AND ACCENT
LIGHTING PRESENT THE
TOTAL ENVIRONMENT; BOTH
THE ARCHITECTURE AND
THE INTERIOR DESIGN.

THE DESIGN PROCESS

THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING WITH LIGHT
FOCUSES ON THE FOLLOWING:
A. WHAT TO LIGHT.
B. HOW TO LIGHT IT.
C. WHAT TO LIGHT IT WITH.
A- WHAT TO LIGHT
THIS CAN OFTEN BEST BE
APPROACHED AS A LAYERED
COMPOSITION.TASK LIGHTING, ACCENT
LIGHTING, AND THE AMBIENCE OR SPACE
LIGHTING. IN OTHER WORDS, LIGHTING FOR
THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT.

THE PLANNING PROCESS

WHAT WE SEE IS ALMOST ALWAYS THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM A
SURFACE, NOT LIGHT ITSELF. THE LIGHTING PRACTITIONER NEEDS TO
CONSIDER WHETHER THE OBJECT IS LIGHT OR DARK, POLISHED OR
MIRROR LIKE, TEXTURED OR SMOOTH. ADDITIONALLY, IF ITS
COLORED, IS
IT A COLOR TO BE ENHANCED OR SUBDUED?
THE PLANNING PROCESS FOLLOWS ACCORDINGLY:
- WHAT ACTIVITIES (FUNCTIONS) WILL THE SPACE BE USED FOR?
- WHAT TASKS ARE TO BE ACCOMPLISHED IN THE SPACE?
- WHAT ARE THE OBJECT(S) YOU MOST WANT TO SEE?
- WHICH ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ARE TO BE EMPHASIZED?
- WHERE IS THE SEATING AREA?
- WHAT IS THE DESIRED MOOD (AMBIENCE). DOES IT NEED TO BE
VARIED?
- WHAT STYLE MUST THE LIGHTING COORDINATE WITH?
SETTING PRIORITIES
PRIORITIES NEED TO BE SET. TRY AND GIVE THE SPACE A FOCUS,
SOMETHING WHICH DRAWS THE EYEA TABLE SETTING, A PAINTING,
A FLOWER ARRANGEMENT, A FIREPLACE WALL. THEN TRY TO
CONSIDER THE SPACE AS A WHOLE, IN OTHER WORDS, THE TOTAL

B. HOW TO LIGHT IT
ONCE THE SPACE HAS BEEN ANALYZED, YOU
CAN DECIDE HOW BEST TO LIGHT IT USING
THREE BASIC TECHNIQUESAMBIENT
LIGHTING, ACCENT LIGHTING, TASK LIGHTING.
AMBIENT LIGHTING PROVIDES GENERAL,
OVERALL ILLUMINATION THAT ENABLES
PEOPLE TO MOVE ABOUT THE SPACE EASILY
AND SAFELY. IT DEFINES THE
SPACE, AND MAKES IT A COMFORTABLE VISUAL
ENVIRONMENT. TWO APPROACHES FOR
AMBIENT.ALSO CALLED GENERAL
LIGHTING.ARE DIRECT LIGHTING AND
INDIRECT LIGHTING.

 DIRECT LIGHTING BRIGHTENS OBJECTS AND

SURFACES IN THE LOWER PART OF THE
ROOM WHILE INDIRECT LIGHTING GIVES THE
FEELING OF SPACIOUSNESS. SOMETIMES THE TWO
TECHNIQUES ARE COMBINED AND WORK IN
CONCERT TO GIVE A BRIGHT CHEERFUL SETTING.
ACCENT LIGHTING FOCUSES ON SELECTED
OBJECTS AND SURFACES, PROVIDING DRAMA AND
EXCITEMENT.
TASK LIGHTING ILLUMINATES AREAS WHERE WORK
IS PERFORMED; READING, WRITING, SEWING,
FOOD PREPARATION, LAUNDRY, GAMES AND
HOBBIES. WRITING, READING AND SEWING
REQUIRE SUFFICIENT, WELL-DIFFUSED,
QUANTITIES OF ILLUMINATION THAT COMES OVER
THE SHOULDER OR FROM THE SIDE. FOR KITCHEN
AND HOBBY TASKS, A CONCENTRATED LIGHT FROM
ABOVE USUALLY WORKS BEST.

C. WHAT TO LIGHT WITH

HAVING DECIDED WHAT TO LIGHT AND HOW TO
LIGHT IT, YOU'RE NOW READY TO DECIDE WHAT
TO LIGHT IT WITH. THE SELECTION OF THE
LIGHTING SYSTEM IS BEST ACCOMPLISHED IN THE
FOLLOWING ORDER; THE LAMP, THE LUMINAIRE,
AND THE CONTROLS.
THE DESIRED DISTRIBUTION DEPENDS ON
THE CHOICE OF BOTH THE LAMP AND LUMINAIRE.
THE LIGHTING FIXTURE SHOULD NOT ONLY
SUPPORT THE LAMP, BUT REDIRECT ITS OUTPUT
INTO THE DESIRED ZONES AND SHIELD THE LAMP
SO THAT IT DOES NOT BECOME A SOURCE OF
GLARE.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIGHT SOURCES
THE THREE MOST IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF
LIGHT SOURCES ARE INCANDESCENT,
FLUORESCENT, AND HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
LAMPS.EACH IS DIFFERENT AND BEST SUITED
FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS.
INCANDESCENT LAMPS CREATE LIGHT BY MEANS
OF A TUNGSTEN FILAMENT THAT OPERATES AT A
HIGH TEMPERATURE AND EMITS VISIBLE
RADIATION BY GLOWING (OR INCANDESCING).
HALOGEN LAMPS ARE INCANDESCENT LAMPS IN
WHICH THE TUNGSTEN FILAMENT OPERATES IN
AN ATMOSPHERE OF HALOGEN GAS. THEY ARE
WHITER AND BRIGHTER THAN STANDARD
INCANDESCENT LAMPS.

 FLUORESCENT LAMPS EXCITE GAS ATOMS

WITH AN ELECTRIC ARC, PRODUCING
INVISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION,
WHICH IN TURN EXCITES PHOSPHORS ON
THE INSIDE OF THE TUBE THAT CREATE
VISIBLE RADIATION OR LIGHT.
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS
CREATE LIGHT BY EXCITING GAS ATOMS
WITH AN ELECTRIC ARC, EMITTING
(DISCHARGING) VISIBLE RADIATION. THE
TERM HID INCLUDE METAL HALIDE,
MERCURY, AND HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
LAMPS, EACH OF WHICH FEATURES A
DIFFERENT GAS MIXTURE..

 THE MORE NEARLY A LIGHT SOURCE APPROACHES A

POINT, THAT IS, THE SMALLER AND MORE COMPACT IT
IS, THE BETTER IT CAN BE CONTROLLED OPTICALLY. THE
LARGER THE LIGHTING ELEMENT BECOMES, THE MORE
DIFFICULT IT IS TO CONTROL OR REDIRECT THE LIGHT
WITH REFLECTORS OR LENSES. THE MOST COMPACT
SOURCES ARE, OF COURSE, INCANDESCENT LAMPS. OF
THESE, LOW VOLTAGE TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS
HAVE THE SMALLEST FILAMENT, HENCE ARE THE MOST
SUITED TO PRECISE OPTICAL CONTROL.
FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE LARGE, DIFFUSE SOURCES
THAT PRODUCE LIGHT THAT IS SUBSTANTIALLY MORE
DIFFICULT TO CONTROL THAN INCANDESCENT SOURCES.
SOME HID LAMPS FEATURE COMPACT ARC TUBES AND
CLEAR GLASS ENCLOSURES, WHICH PERMIT OPTICAL
CONTROL APPROACHING THAT OF MANY INCANDESCENT
LAMPS. OTHER HID LAMPS HAVE LARGE, PHOSPHORCOATED BULBS WHICH ARE HARDER TO CONTROL.

OPTICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE SMALLER A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE AND THE
TIGHTER THE BEAM, THE GREATER THE
CONTRAST BETWEEN LIGHT SHADOW WILL BE.
THE LARGER THE LIGHT SOURCE, THE LESS
DIRECTIONAL IT IS AND THE GREATER THE
NUMBER OF ANGLES AT WHICH LIGHT STRIKES
THE
OBJECT, WHICH SOFTENS THE CONTRAST. THE
DOME OF THE SKY ON AN OVERCAST DAY IS THE
LARGEST POSSIBLE LIGHT SOURCE WITH THE
LIGHT OF THE SUN BEING DIFFUSED TO A
RELATIVELY EVEN BRIGHTNESS ALL AROUND,
OBLITERATING SHADOWS.

LUMINAIRE
LESSON NINE WILL FOCUS ON THE DEFINITION
OF THE LUMINAIRE, THEIR BASIC
CLASSIFICATIONS, AND THE METHODS USED TO
DETERMINE AND MEASURE THEIR
PERFORMANCE.
A LUMINAIRE IS A COMPLETE LIGHTING SYSTEM.
IT CONSISTS OF A HOUSING, LAMPHOLDERS,
LAMPS, (POSSIBLY A BALLAST OR
TRANSFORMER) AND THE OPTICAL SYSTEM;
THE REFLECTOR, AND EITHER A LENS, LOUVER
OR DIFFUSER FOR CONTROLLING BRIGHTNESS.
AT TIMES IT MAY ALSO INCLUDE SOME TYPE OF
ELECTRICAL CONTROL.DIMMERS, HILO
SWITCHING, DAYLIGHT SENSORS, ETC.

LUMINAIRE
CLASSIFICATIONS
THERE ARE SIX BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LUMINAIRES:
1. THE DIRECT LUMINAIRE WHERE ALL THE LIGHT
IS DIRECTED
DOWN.
2. THE SEMI-DIRECT LUMINAIRE WHERE THE
MAJORITY OF THE LIGHT IS DIRECTED DOWN.
3. THE GENERAL DIFFUSE LUMINAIRE WHERE
LIGHT IS DISTRIBUTED IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
4. THE DIRECT-INDIRECT LUMINAIRE WHERE LIGHT
IS DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY UP AND DOWN
5. THE SEMI-INDIRECT LUMINAIRE WHERE THE
MAJORITY OF LIGHT IS DIRECTED UP.
6. THE INDIRECT LUMINAIRE WHERE ALL THE
LIGHT IS DIRECTED UP.

DIMMING AND SWITCHING

ALL TYPES OF LIGHT SOURCES CAN BE DIMMED, BUT SOME
ARE SIMPLER AND LESS COSTLY TO DIM THAN OTHERS.
INCANDESCENT LAMPS CAN BE DIMMED EASILY WITH
INEXPENSIVE DIMMERS (LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS REQUIRE
SPECIAL DIMMERS). DIMMING GENERALLY EXTENDS LAMP
LIFE. SWITCHING HAS NO IMPACT ON INCANDESCENT LAMP
LIFE.
MOST FLUORESCENT LAMPS CAN ALSO BE DIMMED.
SPECIAL BALLASTS AND DIMMERS ARE REQUIRED. DIMMING
OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS IS INCREASINGLY POPULAR.
DIMMING HAS NO IMPACT ON LAMP LIFE, BUT FREQUENT
SWITCHING WILL REDUCE AVERAGE RATED LIFE.
SOME HID LAMPS CAN BE DIMMED WITH EXPENSIVE,
SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT. DIMMING OF HID IS QUITE RARE.
HID LAMPS REQUIRE TIME TO WARM UP AND COOL DOWN
WITH EACH SWITCHING, SO FREQUENT SWITCHING IS A
PROBLEM.

WHY DIM?
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING IS STATIC.... UNTIL YOU ADD
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING CONTROLS. BY DIMMING
VARIOUS SOURCES WITHIN A SPACE YOU CREATE
ELEGANCE, DRAMA, EFFECT AND A FEELING OF
UNDENIABLE COMFORT.
YOU CAN:
A. COMPOSE THE LIGHTING IN A SPACE TO CREATE
MOOD
B. TUNE THE LIGHTING LEVEL TO A SPECIFIC TASK
C. EXTEND THE LIFE OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS AND
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION COSTS
LIGHTING CONTROLS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
BASIC APPLICATIONS.
1. DIM ONE LIGHT OR A GROUP OF LIGHTS TOGETHER
2. DIM A ROOM OF LIGHTS TO CREATE SCENES
3. CONTROL A GROUP OF ROOMS

INCANDESCENT
AN INCANDESCENT LAMP CONSISTS OF
LAMP
A FILAMENT (A WIRE THAT IS HEATED
AND GLOWS), A BULB (A GLASS
ENVELOPE) AND A BASE.

BULB FINISHES
BULBS MAY BE CLEAR, INSIDE FROSTED, OR
SOFT WHITE, (TO MODIFY THE HIGH
BRIGHTNESS OF THE FILAMENT), OR THEY MAY
HAVE AN INTERNAL REFLECTOR TO CONTROL
THE DIRECTION OF THE LIGHT. COLOR MAY BE
ADDED BY THE USE OF TINTED GLASS, ENAMEL
COATING OR FUSED COLOR FILTERS. THERE
ARE ALSO SPECIAL COATINGS TO PREVENT
BULBS FROM FRAGMENTING WHEN BROKEN

BASES
THE BASE PROVIDES A MEANS OF MOUNTING
THE LAMP, POSITIONING THE FILAMENT AND
MAKING THE ELECTRICAL CONNECTION. THE
MEDIUM SCREW BASE IS THE MOST OFTEN
USED WITH MID-RANGE WATTAGE LAMPS,
WHILE THE MOGUL BASE ACCOMMODATES
LARGE LAMPS 300 WATTS AND ABOVE, AND
CANDELABRA BASE IS MOST OFTEN USED
FOR SMALL LAMPS, 25 WATTS AND LOWER.

 INCANDESCENT LAMPS PRODUCE

APPROXIMATELY 16-22 LUMENS PER
WATT, DEPENDING ON THE DESIGN OF
THE LAMP. HIGHER WATTAGE LAMPS ARE
MORE EFFICIENT THAN LOWER WATTAGE
ONES BECAUSE THE FILAMENT BURNS
HOTTER AND THEREFORE BRIGHTER .
FOR EXAMPLE, ONE 100 A19 WATT LAMP
PRODUCES MORE LIGHT (1710 LUMENS)
THAN FOUR 25 WATT LAMPS (840
LUMENS); ONE 150 A 21 LAMP GIVES
MORE LIGHT (2780 LUMENS) THAN TWO
75 WATT LAMPS (2360 LUMENS).

REFLECTORIZED LAMPS
REFLECTORIZED INCANDESCENT LAMPS HAVE AN
INTERNAL REFLECTOR COATING TO CONTROL THE
LIGHT. BR, ER AND PAR LAMPS HAVE AN AVERAGE
RATED LIFE RANGING FROM 2000 TO 4000 HOURS.
PAR OR PARABOLIC ALUMINIZED REFLECTOR
LAMPS OFFER EXCELLENT CONTROL. THEY COME
IN A WIDE VARIETY OF SIZES, WATTAGES AND
BEAM PATTERNS. PAR LAMPS CAN BE USED
OUTDOORS, UNPROTECTED, BECAUSE THEY ARE
MADE OF HARD GLASS THAT CAN WITHSTAND
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

BR OR R SHAPED
REFLECTOR LAMPS
HAVE LESS ACCURATE BEAM
CONTROL AND ARE AVAILABLE IN
FLOOD AND SPOT
DISTRIBUTIONS. MADE OF SOFT
GLASS, THEY ARE INTENDED FOR
FIXTURES THAT ARE UL LISTED
FOR THAT LAMP.

TYPES OF HALOGEN
LAMPS
TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS ARE
AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS SHAPES:
A, T AND PAR. THE HALOGEN ALAMP CAN REPLACE
CONVENTIONAL GENERAL
SERVICE LAMPS IN MANY
FIXTURES. THE T LAMP IS USED
FREQUENTLY IN TORCHIERES,
SCONCES, AND FLOODLIGHTS.
PAR LAMPS ARE POPULAR FOR

 MOST LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS

FOR ARCHITECTURAL USE
ARE DESIGNED TO OPERATE
AT 12 VOLTS, A MUCH
LOWER VOLTAGE THAN THE
120 OR 277 VOLTS
NORMALLY USED FOR
LIGHTING CIRCUITS. AS A
RESULT, FOR A GIVEN
WATTAGE, THE LAMP
FILAMENT CAN BE MUCH
SMALLER FOR A GIVEN
WATTAGE. THE KEY TO THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW
VOLTAGE LIGHTING IS THE
SMALL SIZE OF THE
FILAMENT IN THE LAMP; IT
PERMITS BETTER LIGHT
CONTROL IN SMALLER
FIXTURES. THE COMBINED
EFFECT IS VERY DRAMATIC.

SHAPES, SIZES AND

WATTAGES
TODAY'S FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE
AVAILABLE IN A VARIETY OF SHAPES,
SIZES, ANDWATTAGES. FLUORESCENT
LAMPS CAN BE LINEAR, U SHAPED,
CIRCULAR, OR SQUARE, ANDRANGE IN
LENGTH FROM 6 TO 96. THE RANGE IN
WATTAGE OF STANDARD FLUORESCENT
LAMPS CAN BE FROM 7 WATTS TO 215
WATTS.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

(CFL)
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE
AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLOR
TEMPERATURES, FROM 2700 K TO 5000 K.
THEY HAVE EXCELLENT COLOR RENDERING
PROPERTIES AND ARE AVAILABLE IN A
VARIETY OF SIZES, SHAPES, AND
WATTAGES. ADDITIONALLY, THE
INCREASING AVAILABILITY OF LUMINAIRES
DESIGNED FOR COMPACT FLUORESCENT
LAMPS IN BOTH NEW CONSTRUCTION AND
RENOVATION MEANS THAT COMPACT
FLUORESCENT LAMPS CAN MEET MOST ANY
DESIGN APPLICATION REQUIREMENT.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT
SYSTEMS
INTEGRAL SYSTEMS ARE SELF-BALLASTED
PACKAGES AND ARE MADE UP OF A ONE-PIECE,
DISPOSABLE SOCKET ADAPTER BALLAST, AND
LAMP COMBINATION.
MODULAR SYSTEMS ARE ALSO SELF-BALLASTED
PACKAGES CONSISTING OF A SCREW-BASED
INCANDESCENT SOCKET ADAPTER BALLAST,
AND REPLACEABLE LAMP.
DEDICATED SYSTEMS EXIST WHEN THE BALLAST
AND FLUORESCENT LAMP SOCKET HAVE BEEN
DIRECTLY WIRED-IN AS PART OF THE
LUMINAIRE.

LIGHT CONTROL
LIGHT TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNTIL IT STRIKES
A SURFACE; IT IS THEN MODIFIED BY REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, REFRACTION, AND /OR ABSORPTION.
OTHER POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS
POLARIZATION, DIFFRACTION OR INTERFERENCE,
WHICH MAY OCCUR, ARE OF MINOR CONCERN IN
LUMINAIRE DESIGN. WHAT'S IMPORTANT, IS A
LUMINAIRE THAT DIRECTS LIGHT FROM THE LAMP
INTO THE ZONE WHERE IT IS WANTED AND KEEPS IT
OUT OF THE ZONE WHERE IT IS NOT WANTED.

LIGHT MAY BE CONTROLLED OR

REDIRECTED AS THE LUMINAIRE
DESIGNER WISHES BY USING ONE OR
A COMBINATION OR THE FOLLOWING
PRINCIPLES.
SPECULAR REFLECTION RESULTS FROM
A SHINY, HIGHLY POLISHED OR MIRROR
SURFACE. A BEAM OF LIGHT IS
REFLECTED AT AN ANGLE EQUAL TO
THAT AT WHICH IT ARRIVED; THAT IS,
THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE EQUALS THE
ANGLE OF REFLECTION.

SPREAD REFLECTION
SPREAD REFLECTION BREAKS UP A BEAM OF
LIGHT IN THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE
ANGLE OF REFLECTION, SPREADING IT
SOMEWHAT BECAUSE OF MINUTE VARIATIONS
ON THE EFLECTOR SURFACE. SPECULAR
REFLECTORS ARE SOMETIMES ROUGHED UP
TO PROVIDE A SLIGHT DEGREE OF DIFFUSION
FOR A SOFTER, LUMINOUS EFFECT OR TO
HIDE FILAMENT STRIATIONS.

DIFFUSE REFLECTION
DIFFUSE REFLECTION IS
CHARACTERIZED BY LIGHT
LEAVING A SURFACE IN ALL
DIRECTIONS AS WITH WHITE
PLASTER OR FLAT WHITE PAINT.

CONTROL OF THE BEAM

REFLECTORS OFTEN CONTROL THE
DIRECTION OF LIGHT FROM A
LUMINAIRE; HOWEVER, IT IS THE
SHAPE OF THE REFLECTOR WHICH
DETERMINES THE BEAM PATTERN. A
VARIETY OF DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
ARE SHOWN BELOW

LIGHT TRANSMISSION
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS SUCH AS
CRYSTAL, GLASS, OR PLASTIC PERMIT THE
TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT WITH NO
APPRECIABLE CHANGE IN ITS DIRECTION.
THIS DOES NOT, HOWEVER, MEAN THAT
100% OF THE LIGHT IS TRANSMITTED. IN
FACT, IF THE INCIDENT LIGHT IS NORMAL
TO A CLEAR GLASS SURFACE 80% - 90%
WILL GO THROUGH. THE REMAINING WILL
BE REFLECTED.USUALLY 8% - 10%
.AND THE REMAINDER ABSORBED.

DIRECT TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION OCCURS WITH
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS SUCH AS CLEAR GLASS,
WHICH ABSORBS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF LIGHT.
SPREAD TRANSMISSION
SPREAD TRANSMISSION OCCURS WITH
TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS WHERE LIGHT
EMERGES AT AN ANGLE WIDER THAN THE ANGLE
OF INCIDENCE. THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE
BEAM REMAINS THE SAME AND THE LIGHT
SOURCE IS PERCEPTIBLE

DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION
DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION THROUGH SUCH
MATERIALS AS OPAL GLASS OR PLASTIC,
SCATTERS LIGHT PASSING THROUGH IN ALL
DIRECTIONS AND OBSCURES THE IMAGE OF THE
LIGHT SOURCE. DIFFUSERS USUALLY TRANSMIT
40% TO 60% OF THE INCIDENT LIGHT, BUT THE
OPTICAL SYSTEM IS USUALLY GREATER THAN
THIS DUE TO INTERNAL REFLECTIONS.

REFRACTION
WHEN A REED GROWING OUT OF A POND
IS VIEWED AT AN ANGLE, THE STEM
APPEARS TO BEND AT THE SURFACE OF
THE WATER. THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT
THAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN WATER IS
AT A DIFFERENT RATE AS ITS SPEED IN
AIR. THE PHENOMENON IS CALLED
REFRACTION.

TYPES OF REFRACTORS:
(LENS)
LENSES HAVE ONE OR MORE CURVED
SURFACES WHICH CAUSE PARALLEL
RAYS TO CONVERGE OR DIVERGE, THUS,
FOCUSING OR SPREADING THE LIGHT.
COMPLEX OPTICAL SYSTEMS MAY
CONSIST OF SEVERAL LENSES USED
TOGETHER.

ABSORPTION
THERE IS ALWAYS A SUBTRACTIVE
INTERACTION WHEN LIGHT HITS A
SURFACE; SOME LIGHTIS LOST BY
ABSORPTION. ON THE OTHER HAND,
ABSORPTION, AS WITH BAFFLES
ORLOUVERS, IS NEVER COMPLETE
EITHER.
MATTE BLACK PAINT
OFFERS NEARLY COMPLETE
ABSORPTION AND CREATE A VERY

CONTROL OF LUMINAIRE
BRIGHTNESS
DIRECT VIEWING OF EITHER THE
LAMP OR THE INTERIOR OF A
LUMINAIRE CAN BE A SOURCE OF
GLARE. DEVICES FOR REDUCING
LUMINAIRE BRIGHTNESS TO A
COMFORTABLE RANGE IN
NORMAL VIEWING ANGLES (45
DEGREES AND ABOVE) INCLUDE
REFLECTORS, LENSES, BAFFLES
AND PARABOLIC LOUVERS.

LENSES
A LENS MADE OF EITHER PLASTIC OR
GLASS INTERCEPTS AS MUCH LIGHT AS
POSSIBLE AND REDIRECTS IT INTO THE
MOST USEFUL ZONES. LUMINAIRE
BRIGHTNESS IS REDUCED BECAUSE
ALL LIGHT RAYS PASS THROUGH THE
LENS, BLOCKING THE DIRECT VIEW OF
THE LAMPS.

BAFFLES
A BAFFLE IS AN OPAQUE ELEMENT OF
WOOD, METAL OR PLASTIC THAT PREVENTS
DIRECT VIEWING OF A LAMP. IT ALSO
REDUCES THE BRIGHTNESS OF A LENS OR
DIFFUSER. HORIZONTAL BAFFLES MOUNTED
ONE ABOVE THE OTHER REDUCE
BRIGHTNESS EVEN MORE THAN VERTICAL
BAFFLES BECAUSE EACH ONE THROWS A
SHADOW ON THE ONE BELOW.

LOUVERS
A LOUVER IS AN ASSEMBLY OF VERTICAL
BAFFLES ARRANGED PARALLEL IN A GRID OR
IN A CONCENTRIC PATTERN TO BLOCK THE
VIEW OF HIGH LUMINAIRE BRIGHTNESS
ABOVE 45 DEGREES. SPECULAR PARABOLIC
LOUVERS COMBINE REFLECTIVE PRINCIPLES
WITH A GRID
BAFFLE TO REDIRECT LIGHT DOWNWARD,
PRODUCING VERY LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS.

TYPES OF
REFRACTORS(PRISMS)

PRISMS ARE TRANSPARENT FORMS

WITH STRAIGHT NON-PARALLEL
SIDES. THEY ARE USED TO LOWER
LUMINAIRE BRIGHTNESS OR
REDIRECT LIGHT INTO USEFUL
ZONES

DIMMING
DIMMING CAN ENHANCE THE EFFECT OF LOW
VOLTAGE LIGHTING, ESPECIALLY WHERE A SPECIAL
ATMOSPHERE OR MULTIPLE SETTINGS ARE DESIRED.
AS WITH OTHER INCANDESCENT LAMPS, DIMMING
WARMS THE COLOR OF THE LIGHT AND EXTENDS
LAMP LIFE.
THE DIMMING OF LOW VOLTAGE FIXTURES IS BEST
CARRIED OUT WITH MAGNETIC TRANSFORMERS AND
DIMMERS THAT ARE RATED FOR MAGNETIC LOW
VOLTAGE OR INDUCTIVE LOADS.

High Intensity Discharge

Lamps
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
(HID) LAMPS MERCURY, METAL
HALIDE, AND HIGH
PRESSURE SODIUM.CONSIST
OF AN INNER ARC TUBE THAT
CONTAINS GAS VAPORS AND
ELECTRODES, AND AN OUTER
JACKET OR BULB MADE OF HEAT
RESISTANT GLASS.

TYPES OF HID LAMPS

MERCURY
THESE LAMPS PRODUCE A BLUE-GREEN
LIGHT. WHEN PHOSPHOR COATING IS USED
ON THE INTERIOR OF THE OUTER GLASS
JACKET, MERCURY LAMPS IMPROVE IN BOTH
COLOR QUALITY AND EFFICACY.
METAL HALIDE
THESE LAMPS USE VARIOUS METALLIC
SALTS, AS WELL AS MERCURY IN THE ARC,
PRODUCING MORE LIGHT PER WATT AND
BETTER COLOR THAN MERCURY. SINCE THE
SOURCE OF LIGHT, THE ARC, IS RELATIVELY
SMALL, METAL HALIDE ALLOWS FOR GOOD

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS)

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS)
OF ALL LAMPS IN THE HID FAMILY OF
LIGHT SOURCES, HPS LAMPS ARE THE
MOST EFFICIENT. ADDITIONALLY, THEY
HAVE A THIN, CERAMIC ARC TUBE WHICH,
BECAUSE OF ITS SIZE, ALLOWS FOR VERY
GOOD OPTICAL CONTROL. SODIUM IS
THE MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENT AND
THE REASON WHY THE LAMP PRODUCES
A YELLOWISH COLOR OF LIGHT.

FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRES AND

SYSTEMS
THE FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRE IS A COMPLETE
UNIT CONSISTING OF A BODY, FLUORESCENT
LAMP(S), SOCKETS, BALLAST(S), OPTICAL
DEVICES TO DISTRIBUTE THE LIGHT, AND THE
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS REQUIRED TO
ATTACH OR SUPPORT THE LUMINAIRE. AS USED
HERE, THE TERM REFERS ONLY TO THOSE
LUMINAIRES USING LARGE FLUORESCENT
LAMPS, NOT COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS.

FLUORESCENT SYSTEM
THE FLUORESCENT SYSTEM IS A FAMILY OF
MODULAR TYPE LUMINARIES DESIGNED TO BE
JOINED ELECTRICALLY AND MECHANICALLY TO
FORM ROWS, AND PATTERNS OF VARIOUS
SHAPES, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE LIGHTING
THROUGHOUT A SPACE.
AS USED HERE, THE TERM REFERS PRINCIPALLY
TO SYSTEMS OF SUSPENDED LUMINARIES.

APPLICATIONS
TODAY, FLUORESCENT LIGHTING IS THE
PRINCIPAL LIGHT SOURCE (HAVING THE
GREATEST NUMBER OF LUMEN-HOURS) FOR
INTERIOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS IN
COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL
BUILDINGS.
IN RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, ITS USE IS
LARGELY CONFINED TO KITCHENS, BATHROOMS,
AND HOME WORKSHOPS.

SURFACE MOUNTED LUMINAIRES

ANOTHER COMMON TYPE OF SURFACE
MOUNTED FLUORESCENT IS THE WRAP
AROUND. IT CONSISTS OF A METAL
CHASSIS SUPPORTING TWO OR FOUR
FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND AN EXTRUDED
ACRYLIC DIFFUSER, WHICH WRAPS
AROUND THE LAMPS. WRAP-AROUNDS
ARE ECONOMICAL AND ARE WIDELY USED
IN LOWER-PRICED COMMERCIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS AND IN HOMES.

Surface Modular
Fluorescents

THESE LUMINAIRES CONSIST OF A BOXSHAPED METAL HOUSING WHICH CONTAINS

THE BALLAST AND SOCKETS. ATTACHED, BY
MEANS OF HINGES AND LATCHES, IS SOME
FORM OF LIGHTSHIELD (PRISMATIC LENS IN A
FRAME OR A PARABOLIC LOUVER IN A FRAME).
THEY ARE OFTEN USED IN APPLICATIONS,
WHICH DO NOT ALLOW FOR A RECESSED
FIXTURE.

Surface Decorative
Fluorescents
THESE LUMINAIRE TYPES ARE OFFERED IN A
VARIETY OF STYLES RANGING FROM SIMPLE,
CLEAN FORMS IN WHITE ACRYLIC TO THE
ORNATE TYPES EMPLOYING WOOD FRAMES WITH
METAL TRIM. THE CONSTRUCTION USUALLY
CONSISTS OF A CHASSIS CARRYING THE
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS AND A LIGHTSHIELD;
MOST OFTEN A FRAMELESS THERMOFORMED
ACRYLIC, OR A WOOD-FRAMED ACRYLIC PANEL.

WALL MOUNTED FLUORESCENT

LUMINAIRES
WALL MOUNTED FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRES ARE
GENERALLY DEDICATED TO SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, SUCH
AS:
- LIGHTING THE FACE AT THE MIRROR FROM ABOVE OR AT
THE SIDES OF THE MIRROR
- LIGHTING FOR READING IN BED, EITHER IN A HOSPITAL OR
NURSING HOME
- LIGHTING FOR TASKS NEAR A WALL, A PARTITION,
UNDER A CABINET, OR SHELF
- BOTH INDIRECT AND DIRECT LIGHTING IN A RECEPTION
AREA, LOUNGE, OR HALLWAY

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRES AND
FLUORESCENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS
IS LARGELY A MATTER OF DEGREE.
WHAT DISTINGUISHES
FLUORESCENT SYSTEMS IS THAT
THEY ARE INSTALLED IN
CONTINUOUS ROWS AND PATTERNS
AND ARE SUSPENDED RATHER THAN
RECESSED OR SURFACE MOUNTED.
FLUORESCENT SYSTEMS ARE A NEW
CONCEPT MORE INCLINED TO
FEATURE INDIRECT LIGHTING AND
ARE PARTICULARLY SUITED TO T-5
LAMPS.

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS CAN

BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

1. FOR USE AT THE EDGE OF AN INTERIOR

SPACE IN COVES AND PERIMETER
TROUGHS. TYPICALLY, THEY HAVE
ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONS AND ARE
INTENDED TO ILLUMINATE CEILINGS OR
WALLS SMOOTHLY AND UNIFORMLY.
2. FOR USE IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF
AN INTERIOR SPACE. THESE GENERALLY
HAVE SYMMETRICAL INDIRECT
WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTIONS

RECESSED
DOWNLIGHTING

RECESSED DOWNLIGHTING IS
LIGHTING EQUIPMENT WHICH IS
RECESSED INTO THE CEILING FOR
THE PURPOSE OF CREATING A
DOWNWARD DISTRIBUTION OF
LIGHT.
DOWNLIGHTS ARE GENERALLY OF
SMALL SIZE, WITH AN APERTURE
(OPENING AT THE CEILING)
USUALLY 9OR LESS INDIAMETER.
THEY INCORPORATE REFLECTORS,
OR REFLECTORIZED LAMPS, TO
DIRECT THE LIGHT. THEY USE
LAMPS SMALL IN SIZE, RELATIVE
TO THE DIAMETER OF THE
FIXTURE, IN ORDER TO MAXIMUM

APPLICATIONS
- COMMERCIAL; DEPARTMENT
STORES, RETAIL SHOPS, HOTELS,
RESTAURANTS, OFFICES
- INSTITUTIONAL; HEALTHCARE
FACILITIES, SCHOOLS, MUSEUMS
- RESIDENTIAL; CONDOMINIUMS,
APARTMENTS, PRIVATE HOMES

REASONS FOR THE POPULARITY OF

DOWNLIGHTS:

- THEY DIRECT THE EYE

TO AN OBJECT OR A
SURFACE INSTEAD OF TO
THE LUMINAIRE
- THEY ARE
INCONSPICUOUS AND
UNOBTRUSIVE
- THEY ARE EASILY
INTEGRATED WITH THE
ARCHITECTURE
- THEY ARE VERSATILE;
CAPABLE OF PERFORMING
SEVERAL FUNCTIONS WITH
A SINGLE LOOK

ACCENT LIGHTING
A RECESSED DOWNLIGHT USED FOR
ACCENT LIGHTING HAS ADJUSTABLE
AIMING ANGLES AND ARE OFTEN CALLED
RECESSED ADJUSTABLE. THEY MAKE
USE OF REFLECTORIZED LAMPS.ARS,
MRS, AND PARS. SOME OF THE LATEST
DESIGNS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE HIGH
EFFICIENCY, LONG LIFE AND GOOD COLOR
OF THE NEW, CERAMIC METAL HALIDES.

DECORATIVE LIGHTING
DECORATIVE LIGHTING GIVES CHARACTER AND
INDIVIDUALITY TO A SPACE, SETS THE TONE OF AN
INTERIOR, AND HELPS TO ESTABLISH THE STYLE OF THE
ARCHITECTURE.
DECORATIVE LIGHTING FIXTURES ARE GENERALLY
SUSPENDED FROM THE CEILING, MOUNTED ON THE
CEILING, OR ON THE WALL. THEIR LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
CAN BE DIRECT (DOWNLIGHTING), INDIRECT
(UPLIGHTING), OR GENERAL DIFFUSE. TYPICALLY THE
LIGHT SOURCES USED IN THESE LUMINAIRES ARE
INCANDESCENT, HALOGEN, COMPACT FLUORESCENT, OR
METAL HALIDE. ADDITIONALLY, THEY CAN BE USED IN
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS SUCH AS BATHROOMS,
CORRIDORS AND HALLWAYS, AND AS EMERGENCY
LIGHTING.

 ARCHITECTURAL DECORATIVE LIGHTING IS DIFFERENT

FROM MOST ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING BECAUSE IT
GIVES MORE IMPORTANCE TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE
LIGHTING FIXTURE; ITS FORM, FINISH, AND DETAILING.
IT DIFFERS FROM
RESIDENTIAL DECORATIVE.USUALLY SELECTED BY THE
HOMEOWNER. BECAUSE IT IS MORE CONCERNED WITH
ISSUES OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE. AN ARCHITECT,
INTERIOR DESIGNER OR LIGHTING CONSULTANT
USUALLY SELECTS ARCHITECTURAL DECORATIVE
LIGHTING

SUSPENDED INDIRECT
LUMINAIRES
THESE ARE ONE OF THE MOST
POPULAR TYPES OF
ARCHITECTURAL DECORATIVE
. THE SUSPENDED INDIRECT
LUMINARIES UTILIZE A
DIFFUSER / REFLECTOR TO
DIRECT LIGHT UP TOWARDS
THE CEILING. THE EFFECT
PRODUCES A COMFORTABLE
VISUAL ENVIRONMENT, WHILE
CREATING THE IMPRESSION
OF EXPANSIVENESS.

 THE BODY OF THE FIXTURE IS USUALLY SUSPENDED

BELOW THE CEILING AT A DISTANCE ROUGHLY EQUAL
TO ITS DIAMETER. THE DESIGN OF THE SUSPENSION
AND THE METAL TRIM OF THE DIFFUSER
/ REFLECTOR PROVIDE THE MAIN DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS. THE DIFFUSER / REFLECTOR IS GENERALLY
MADE OF ACRYLIC, ALABASTER, GLASS OR METAL.

SUSPENDED
DOWNLIGHTS
SUSPENDED DOWNLIGHTS ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO
AS PENDANTS. THEY DIRECT ALL, OR MOST, OF THE
LIGHT DOWNWARDS AND ARE USED FOR ACCENT
LIGHTING, GENERAL LIGHTING AND TASK LIGHTING.
THE REFLECTOR MAY BE OF METAL, ACRYLIC OR
GLASS. THE DIAMETER OF THE REFLECTOR,
DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION, RANGES FROM 4
TO 25. THE REFLECTOR MAY BE ENCLOSED OR OPEN
AT THE BOTTOM.

SURFACE MOUNTED
LUMINAIRES
USUALLY MOUNTED ON THE CEILING, BUT
SOMETIMES MOUNTED ON THE WALL, THE
PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS FOR SURFACE
MOUNTED LUMINAIRES ARE IN CIRCULATION
AREAS.LOBBIES, HALLWAYS AND
CORRIDORS.BEDROOMS, DORMITORIES,
HOTEL ROOMS AND UTILITY AREAS.

 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING CORRIDORS,

WHICH OFTEN FORM THE PATH TO THE EXIT
(EMERGENCY EGRESS) OFTEN REQUIRE
PROVISIONS FOR BATTERY POWERED
EMERGENCY LIGHTING INTEGRATED INTO
AN OTHERWISE STANDARD LUMINAIRE; A
COST SAVING MEASURE WHICH ALSO
LEAVES THE WALLS FREE OF ADDITIONAL
LIGHTING FIXTURES

FIBER OPTICS ILLUMINATION

SYSTEMS
A FIBER OPTIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEM IS A
LIGHTING SYSTEM IN WHICH A REMOTE SOURCE
DISTRIBUTES LIGHT TO AREAS AND OBJECTS BY
MEANS OF ONE OR MORE BUNDLES OF OPTICAL
FIBERS; SIMILAR TO THE WAY WATER IS
CONDUCTED FROM A FAUCET TO A NOZZLE
THROUGH A HOSE. LIGHT ENTERING ONE END OF
THE FIBERS IS TRANSMITTED TO THE OTHERS
THROUGH THE PROCESS OF TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION.

 THE MAJOR BENEFIT OF FIBER OPTIC

LIGHTING DERIVES FROM THE FACT THAT
THE LIGHT SOURCE AND LIGHT OUTPUT
ARE SEPARATED. THIS HAS THE
FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:
- REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS
- NO HEAT, UV, OR ELECTRICITY AT THE
LIGHT FITTING
- REDUCED FIXTURE SCALE AND WEIGHT
- ABILITY TO SUPPLY COLOR CHANGE
AND/OR DYNAMIC LIGHTING EFFECTS
- DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
- LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION RELATIVE
TO INCANDESCENT DECORATIVE LIGHTING

APPLICATIONS
- ACCENT LIGHTING
- DISPLAY LIGHTING
- TASK LIGHTING
- DECORATIVE EFFECTS
- DOWN LIGHTING
- LANDSCAPE LIGHTING

RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING
WHEN LIGHTING RESIDENTIAL
SPACES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE
INTO CONSIDERATION THE LIFESTYLE
OF ITS OCCUPANTSTHEIR HOBBIES,
HOW THEY ENTERTAIN, THEIR FORM
OF RECREATION, HOME STUDY OR
BUSINESS STUDIO, GROOMING,
UTILITY AREAS, THEIR AGESBEFORE
DECIDING ON THE PROPER QUANTITY
AND QUALITY OF ILLUMINATION.
ONCE THE DECISION IS MADE THE
LIGHT SHOULD FALL ON BOTH THE
TASK AND THE SURROUND. THIS WILL
PROVIDE A BALANCE OF BRIGHTNESS
FOR VISUAL COMFORT.

TABLE LUMINAIRES
BOTH THE HEIGHT OF THE TABLE ALONG
WITH THAT OF THE LUMINAIRES BASE
WILL PROVIDE THE PROPER DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND THE BOTTOM
OF THE SHADE. AS A GENERAL RULEOF-THUMB THE HIGHER THE TABLE, THE
SHORTER THE LUMINAIRE. THE BOTTOM
OF THE SHADE SHOULD BE AT EYE
HEIGHT.

THE SHADE
TO ASSURE VISUAL COMFORT,
WHILE ALLOWING AS MUCH
LIGHT OUT OF THE LUMINAIRE AS
POSSIBLE, SHADES NEED TO BE
OPEN AT THE TOP AND OF WHITE
OR LIGHT NEUTRAL COLOR.
ALSO, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT
ALL SHADES USED IN THE SAME
ROOM BE OF EQUAL BRIGHTNESS

BATH & POWDER ROOMS

THIS IS USUALLY THE PLACE
IN THE HOME WHERE THE
DAY BEGINS; THUS, PROPER
PLACEMENT OF LIGHT BOTH
ABOVE THE SINK AND
ALONGSIDE THE MIRROR IS
VERY IMPORTANT FOR
PROPER GROOMING. THE
TASK IN THIS AREA IS THE
PERSON STANDING IN FRONT
OF THE MIRROR; THEREFORE,
LIGHT NEEDS TO BE
DIFFUSED AND DIRECTED
BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND
VERTICALLY

 WALL MOUNTED LUMINAIRES OR

PENDANTS SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE
SIDE OF THE MIRROR TO PROVIDE LIGHT
FOR FACIAL GROOMING. THESE
LUMINAIRES NEED TO BE SPACED A
MINIMUM DISTANCE OF 30 INCHES
MEASURED FROM THE CENTER OF EACH
LUMINARIESAPART. THEY SHOULD ALSO
BE A MINIMUM DISTANCE OF 60 INCHES
FROM THE FLOOR; ALSO MEASURED
FROM THE CENTER OF EACH LUMINARIES.

BEDROOMS
LUMINAIRES PLACED ON DRESSING
TABLES NEED TO BE SPACED 36
INCHES APART, WITH THE LAMP IN
THE LUMINAIRE BEING A DISTANCE
OF 25 INCHES (IF STANDING) FROM
THE TOP OF THE DRESSER TO THE
LUMINAIRES BASE.

FLOOR LUMINAIRES
FLOOR LUMINAIRES PROVIDE A
GENEROUS SPREAD OF LIGHT TO A
ROOM. IF THE FLOOR LUMINAIRE IS
WITHOUT A TABLE, THEN THE
DISTANCE FROM THE BOTTOM OF
THE SHADE TO THE FLOOR IS 43 TO
49 INCHES.

GENERAL LIGHTING
GENERAL LIGHTING WILL ENHANCE THE
SPACE MAKING SMALL SPACES APPEAR
LARGER, WHILE EMPHASIZING THE
SPACIOUSNESS OF LARGE ROOMS. THE
LIGHTING SHOULD BE IN BALANCED
BRIGHTNESS WITH TASK LIGHTING FOR
VISUAL COMFORT AND MAY BE SUPPLIED
BY A VARIETY OF INCANDESCENT
AND/OR FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRES

DECORATIVE LIGHTING
DECORATIVE LIGHTING WORKS IN CONCERT WITH
BOTH THE GENERAL AND TASK LIGHTING TO HELP
CREATE THE TOTAL LIGHTED ENVIRONMENT. THE
LIGHTING SHOULD BE CONTROLLED, USING
DEVICES THAT PERMIT MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY
FROM ANYPLACE IN THE RESIDENCE. DECORATIVE
UNITS CAN BE AS FOLLOWS:
WALL SCONCE
CHANDELIERS
DOWNLIGHTS

LIGHTING FOYERS,
HALLS & STAIRS
FOYERS, HALLWAYS AND STAIRS CAN BE
ILLUMINATED USING CEILING MOUNTED
LUMINAIRES, WALLSCONCES AND RECESSED
DOWNLIGHTS. WHEN LIGHTING HALLWAYS, IT
IS BEST TO LOCATE LUMINAIRES TEN FEET
APART. FOR STAIRS, WELL-SHIELDED LIGHTING
FIXTURES SHOULD BE PLACED BOTH AT THE
TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE STAIRS.

LIGHTING FOR DINING

ROOM
WHETHER USED FOR FORMAL OR FAMILY DINING,
LIGHTING IN THE DINING ROOM SHOULD COMPLIMENT
THE TABLE SETTING, PROVIDE THE CORRECT AMBIENCE
FOR THE DINING OCCASION AND ENHANCE THE MEAL
BEING SERVED. CHINA, SILVERWARE, AND CRYSTAL
WILL LOOK ITS BEST UNDER INCANDESCENT LIGHTING.
THE COMPLEXION TONES OF THOSE SEATED AROUND
THE TABLE ARE FLATTERED BEST WHEN USING LAMPS
OF 3000K OR LOWER. A CHANDELIER PLACED OVER THE
TABLE WILL ADD A TOUCH OF ELEGANCE TO THE SPACE.

LIGHTING THE KITCHEN

THE KITCHEN IS ANOTHER
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AREA. FOOD
PREPARATION, ENTERTAINING, FAMILY
GATHERINGS, HOMEWORK AND
PREPARING THE FAMILY BUDGET ARE
SOME OF THE MANY TASKS TAKING
PLACE WITHIN THIS SPACE. FOR THESE
REASONS THE LIGHTING NEEDS TO BE
FLEXIBLE.

LIGHTING THE KITCHEN

LIGHTING FROM A RECESSED OR SURFACE
MOUNTED FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRE WILL
PROVIDE ENERGY EFFICIENT GENERAL
ILLUMINATION. BY USING A LENS OR DIFFUSER,
THE LIGHT FROM THE LUMINAIRE WILL BE
DISPERSED OVER BOTH HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICAL SURFACES. IF THE LIGHT NEEDS TO BE
FOCUSED ON THE HORIZONTAL, THEN A LOUVER
WORKS BEST.

 WHERE FOOD IS BEING

PREPAREDSUCH AS KITCHEN
COUNTER TOPSUNDER-CABINET
LIGHTING PROVIDES SUFFICIENT
ILLUMINATION ON THESE
HORIZONTAL SURFACES.

LIGHTING THE KITCHEN

LASTLY, INFORMAL DINING AREAS, SUCH AS THE
KITCHEN TABLE OR SNACK BAR, ARE USED FOR
DOING HOMEWORK, READING THE MAIL,
BALANCING THE CHECKBOOK OR WORKING ON THE
FAMILY BUDGET, IN A ADDITION TO EATING.
RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS OR PENDANTS, PAIRED
WITH LIGHTING CONTROLS, WILL PROVIDE
ADEQUATE ILLUMINATION WITH THE NECESSARY
FLEXIBILITY FOR THESE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
SPACES.

SUBMITTED BY ,

ANKUR BAGHEL
KARAN PASHINE
SARANSH SHRIVASTAVA
VIPLAV GOVERDHAN