No you are NOT getting paid for

this!

 A Simple Machine
Is a device that does work with only one
movement.
Helps us do WORK by reducing our EFFORT
NOT the amount of work done.

1. LEVER

Board that rests on a turning or pivot

point.
Turning / Pivot point is called the FULCRUM
The object the lever moves is the LOAD or
the
RESISTANCE.
The
EFFORT is the force used to move the
object.
The closer the resistance is to the
FULCRUM, the easier it is to move.

Classes of Levers

First Class Levers

Fulcrum is between the Resistance &
Effort
Resistance whats
being cut

Fulcrum pivot point

Effort whats moving it

First Class Lever

Classes of Levers

Second Class Levers

Resistance is between the Fulcrum &
Effort

Resistance whats
inside

Fulcrum pivot point

Effort whats moving it

Second Class Lever

Classes of Levers
Third Class Levers
Effort is between the Fulcrum &
Resistance
Fulcrum pivot point

Effort whats moving it

Resistance whats
being pushed

Third Class Lever

How Do I Remember the Classes of

Levers?

What is located in the middle determines the class of

level.

First Class
Second
Class
Third Class

Lever

Lever

Lever

If it were FRE you would remember!

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2. INCLINED PLANE

Flat surface that is higher on one end

Used to make things move from a higher
to
place or lower to higher place
lower
Examples: Ramps, Slides, Path up Hill,
Ladders

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3. WHEEL & AXLE

Rod that goes through wheel that

lets the wheel turn.
Used to help make things turn in circular
motion
Examples: Cars, Roller Skates, Door Knobs,
Fans and Faucets
Gears-toothed wheel and axle

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4. SCREW

Inclined plane wrapped about a

cylindrical post.
Used to raise and lower things or hold
objects
together
Has ridges not smooth like a nail
Examples: Jar lids, Light bulbs, and
Spiral Stairs

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5. WEDGE

Two inclined planes pushed that

meet to form a sharp edge.
Used to split two things apart.
Examples: Fork, Knife, Door Stop and
Ax

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6. PULLEY

Made of a wheel with a groove and a

rope or chain that fits into the
groove.
One part of the pulley (usually the rope)
is

attached to the Load (Resistance)

When you pull on the other side of the
rope,
the wheel turns and the load moves.
Examples: Flag Poles, Sailboats, Blinds
&
Cranes

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Block & Tackle

A system of ropes and pulleys that

multiplies forces.

Often seen in garages to lift engines

out of cars.

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 A Compound Machine
Is a combination of two or more simple
machines.
Examples Bikes, Forklifts, Pencil Sharpener

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 Work means several different things in everyday

life
You work on science problems.
Your parents go to work.
Your toaster doesnt work.
Taking out the trash is too much work.

Work means only one thing in physics

Work is force times distance.
To be exact WORK is force times the
distance moved in the direction of the force.
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The formula to calculate work is

W=Fxd
Units for Work are Joules (J) or Newton-meters
(Nm)
Units for Force are Newtons
Units for Distance are - meters

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Like some of the other formulas we have

worked on during class the work formula can
be manipulated by using a triangle.

W
Joules or
Newton
Meters

Divide

So, to find FORCE, we need

to DIVIDE work and
distance.
F= W
d

Newtons

Meters

Multiply

And, to find DISTANCE, we

need to DIVIDE work by
force.
d= W
F

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A box weighing 2.0 N is lifted 4m. How much work

was done?
Step 1 Read the problem.
Draw a picture.
Step 2 Write down what you know.
What are you trying to

Step 3 Set up the formula.

Step 4 Substitute the number

Solve. Box Answer
with units.

find?

W = 8Joules
F = 2.0 N
D = 4m

Formula
W = FXd

Substitute
W = 2.0 NX4m

Answer
W = 8 Joules

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Do problems 1 &
2 on your notes.
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Problem 1:
A students backpack weighs 30 N. She lifts
it from the floor to a shelf 1.5 m high. How much
work is done on the pack full of books?
W=?
F = 30 N
D = 1.5 m
W = Fd
W = 30 N x 1.5 m
W = 45 J

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Problem 2:
It took Jose 50 Joules to push a desk 4.2 m
across the floor. With what force was the desk
pushed?
W = 50 J
F=?
d=5m
F = W/d
F = 50 J / 5 m
F = 10 N

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 Power is
The rate at which WORK is done.
a measure of the amount of WORK done in a
certain amount of time.

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The formula to calculate power is

P=W
T

P= Fxd
T

Units for Power are Watts

Units for Work are Joules
Units for Time are - Seconds
1 Watt is = 1 Joule/sec
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Use the triangle to manipulate the Power

formula.
So, to find WORK, we need
to MULTIPLY power and time.

W
Joules or
Newton
Meters

P
Watts

Divide

T
Seconds

W=PXT
And, to find TIME, we need
to DIVIDE work by power.
T= W

Multiply

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A figure skater lifts his partner, who weighs 450 N,

1.0 m in 3 seconds. How much power is required to
lift his partner?
Step 1 Read the problem.
Draw a picture.

Step 3 Set up the formula.

Step 4 Substitute the numbers

Solve. Box Answer
with units.

Step 2 Write down what you know.

What are you trying to
find?

P = 150 Watts
W = 450N X 1.0m
T = 3 sec

Formula
P=W
T

Substitute
P

= 450N X 1.0m

3 sec

Answer
P =150 Watts

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Do problems 3 &
4 on your notes.
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Problem 1: P = 750 W
W=?
T = 4 minutes = 240 seconds
W=PXT
W = 750 W x 240 secs
W = 180,000 J

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Problem 2: P = ?
W = (Fd) 40 N x 8 m
T = 10 secs
P=W/T
P = 40 N x 8 M / 10 sec
P = 32 Watts

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Why Use Machines?

A machine is a device that helps make work
easier to perform by accomplishing one or
more of the following functions:
transferring a force from one place to another,
changing the direction of a force,
increasing the amount of a force, or
increasing the distance or speed of a force.
*Remember--the same amount of work has been
done, but with less effort.
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Mechanical Advantage
It is useful to think about a machine in terms of
the input force (the force you apply) and the
output force (force which is applied to the
task).
When a machine takes a small input force and
increases the magnitude of the output force, a
mechanical advantage has been produced.

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Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force
divided by input force. If the output force is bigger than
the input force, a machine has a mechanical advantage
greater than one.
If a machine increases an input force of 10 pounds to
an output force of 100 pounds, the machine has a
mechanical advantage (MA) of 10.
MA = output/input

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M/A of Simple Machines

Levers: To find the MA of a lever, divide the output force by the input force, or

divide the length of the resistance arm by the length of the effort arm. Ex- An 8 foot seesaw would have a MA of 1.

Inclined Planes & Wedges : To find the MA of an inclined plane

divide the length of the ramp by the height of the ramp. Ex- A 10 foot long 2 foot high
ramp would have a MA of 5.

Wheel & Axles: To find the MA of a Wheel & Axle, divide the radius of the
wheel by the radius of the axle. A wheel with a radius of 20 inches on a 5 inch radius
axle would have a MA of 4.

Screws: To find the MA of a screw simply count the number of threads

per inch or centimeter.

Pulleys: A single pulley has a MA of 1 because it only changes the

direction of the force. To find the MA of pulley combinations (like block &
tackles) simply count the number of ropes.

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Efficiency
The comparison of work input to work output is
called efficiency.
Some output force is lost due to friction!
NO MACHINE has 100 percent efficiency due
to friction.
In a real machine the output work will always
be less than the input work.
Look on p. 415 in your textbook for practice
problems.
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