_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE

UNIT 2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODICITY

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)

1. Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
2. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some
fundamental way or ways.
3. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given
compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atomschanges in the way they are bound together.
5. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.

Structure of the Atom

Electron
discovered by J.J. Thomson using cathode ray tube in 1898-1903
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Robert Millikan measured the charge of an electron: 1.6 x 10 C
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mass of the electron: 9.1 x 10
plum-pudding model of the atom
Eugene Goldstein postulated the nucleus is made of protons
Radiation
the emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves
X-ray

highly energetic radiation that penetrates matter and darkens photographic plates
not charged, not deflected by magnet
discovered by Wilhelm Rntgen

Radioactivity
spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation
discovered by Antoine Becquerel in uranium
Marie and Pierre Curie worked on radioactive elements Ra and Po
Types of Radiation
1. alpha () rays - consist of positively charged particles
2. beta () rays - negatively charged particles
3. gamma () rays - neutral high energy radiation similar to x-ray
The Nucleus
thin gold foil experiment; using alpha rays
Ernest Rutherford together with Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden in 1910
most of the alpha particles went through the atom
the atom consists of a tiny positive nucleus at the center, with a big empty space where the electrons are
discovery of the proton was credited to Rutherford
Atomic Number (1913)
Henry G.J. Moseley
represents the number of protons in an atom
elements differ from each other by the number of protons
the number of electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the number of protons

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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE

The Neutron
discovered by James Chadwick in 1932
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mass of a neutron: 1.67493 x 10 g

Nuclear Symbol

Isotopes
atoms of the same element but with different neutron numbers (or mass numbers)

Naturally occurring isotopes of carbon:

12

C
C
14
C
13

12.00 amu
13.0033548378 amu
14.003241989 amu (used in C dating)

The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its stable isotopes
Basis for atomic masses: C-12 isotope assigned as 12.00 amu
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1 amu = 1.66 x 10 g

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