Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Michael Gamlin
Haefely Test AG, Basle, Switzerland
Td :
Tt :
1. Introduction
The IEC standards 60060-1, 60099-4, 61643-1 and
61312-1 specify parameter tolerances for the different
exponential current impulses (ECI), rectangular current impulses (RCI) and lightning current impulses.
IEC 61312-1 standard gives a guideline how a lightning current impulse (LCI) for test purposes can be
achieved.
Figure 3.
i:
t:
T1 :
T2 :
O1:
Front time
Time to half value
Virtual origin
IEC 60060-1 defines several exponential current impulses as well as several rectangular current impulses
by time parameters, peak values, polarity reversal and
the permitted tolerances (see Figure 4.).
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Ipeak
Q s = i ( t ) dt
4.1. Simplified principle circuit diagram for exponential current impulses (ECI)
Specific energy: W / R = i 2 ( t ) dt
0
Current rise:
Ipeak, Qs, and W/R with their tolerobtained in the same impulse. This
by an approximately exponentially
with T2 in the range of 350 s.
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R
1
, 2 >
damping criterion ,
=
2L
LC
U0
1
i(t) = 2
),
e t sinh( t 2
LC
L
R 4
C
t peak =
i(t) / Imax
0.80
ln( L C 1 + L C )
2
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 0
1
LC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
t in s
1.0
Figure 11. normalized periodic damped ECI
i(t) / I max
0.8
4.2. Simplified principle circuit diagram for rectangular current impulses (RCI)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10 20 30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t in s
3.00
L
1
; 2 =
C
L C
L = 1 H, C = 9 F
R0 = 2
t peak in s
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
700 A
0.50
0.00
RCI
Ipk
Td
Tt
600 A
10
R / R0
: 623.919 A
: 3.500 ms
: 4.318 ms
500 A
400 A
Figure 10. Rise time versus damping for aperiodic damped ECI
300 A
=
t peak
100 A
1 ms
1
2,
LC
1
= arctan( )
200 A
2 ms
3 ms
4 ms
5 ms
6 ms
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7 ms
Figure 13. Impulse current system SSGA 100-150 (100 kV, 150 kJ)
for arrestor testing according to IEC 60099-4 with ECI, RCI and
operating duty testing
4.3. Simplified principle circuit diagram for lightning current impulses (LCI)
i( t ) = U 0
=
C
sin ( t ), 0 t
(L1 + L 2 )
2
1
, t1 =
C (L1 + L 2 )
2
( t
).
U0
e 2 L 2 , t
i( t ) =
(L1 + L 2 )
2
i(t) / I max
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
t in s
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140 kA
No. 20
LCI
Ipk
di
dt
di/dt
T1
T2
Qs
W/R
120 kA
100 kA
: 116.885 kA
: 93.508 kA
: 9.876 us
: 9.468 kA/us
: 12.346 us
: 357.878 us
: 50.635 As
: 3.135 MJ/Ohm
80 kA
60 kA
40 kA
20 kA
1 ms
CH2 : Shunt:5.000 mOhm Level:100% Sampling:7.500 Ms/s Range:800.0 Vpp Trigger:Level 10%
140 kA
No. 1
LCI
Ipk
di
dt
di/dt
T1
T2
Qs
W/R
120 kA
100 kA
80 kA
60 kA
40 kA
20 kA
1 ms
CH2 : Shunt:5.000 mOhm Level:100% Sampling:7.500 Ms/s Range:800.0 Vpp Trigger:Level 10%
Figure 18. Impulse current system SSG 200-180 (200 kV, 180 kJ)
for SPD testing with ECI and LCI
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Wave shape
max. current
Ipeak
max. charging
voltage
max.
load
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200 kA
100 kV
100 m
10/350
100 kA
200 kV
50 m
200 kV
Ur=
12 kV
4/10
150 kA
200 kV
Ur=
12 kV
30/80
60 kA
100 kV
Ur=
12 kV
Switching
current
3 kA
100 kV
Ur=
12 kV
Figure 23. Test chamber with connected SPD ready for testing
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