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22-Ross. W.D.(1910). the work of Aristotle, Rord auniversity
press.
23- Edwards.p, (1912). Encyclopedia of philosophy
(volume3), macmillian company macmillian publishers
London.

 |||165

IN THE NAME OF GOD

Contents
Oriental philosophy of Ibn-e Sina and illuminist philosophy of
Sohrawardi......15
Enshallah Rahmati , Fatemeh Songhorklayeh
Principles and elements of ethic in Mohammad Ibne Zakarya
Razi.......4
1
Amin Bustanchi , Samad Movahed Dilmaghani
Proofs for incorporeality of the soul as viewed by Fakhr-e Razi...65
Hamedeh Khadem Jahromi , Mohammad Saeedi Mehr

The place of Kant in the thoughts of Schopenhauer...95

Mohammad Reza Abdollah-Nejad

The Four Relations in Criticism....123

Ali Asghar Jafari Valani

Contingency and eternity of the universe in Aristotle and Ibn-e

Sina..14
5
Yadollah Rostami

Oriental philosophy of Ibn-e Sina and illuminist philosophy of

Sohrawardi
Enshallah Rahmati1
Fatemeh Songhor klayeh2
Abstract
We know that the relation between the peripatetic philosophy
and illuminist philosophy is one of the most important issues of
Islamic philosophy. Therefore, in this writing we first treat the two
definition of philosophy and then discuss about the works
containing oriental philosophy among the books of Ibn-e Sina, and
also the allegorical epistles of Sohrawardi. Then, we talk about
eleven common issues of these types of writings the most important
of which may include allegorical language, enquiring about the soul
and its faculties, applying the allegory of bird in most of these
epistles and ... . Finally we conclude that Ibn-e Sina, one and half
century before Sohrawardi and like him, enjoyed mystical
experience or oriental philosophy. And also one of his allegorical
epistles is considered as a beginning for writing such works by
Sohrawardi. Therefore, we cannot consider Ibn-e Sina as being
merely peripatetic and unaware of mystical truths.
Key Words: illuminist philosophy, oriental philosophy, intuition,
rational soul, active intellect, Ibn-e Sina and peripatetic philosophy
________________________
1- Associate professor in Islamic Open University, Central Unit, Tehran.
2- Post-graduate of Islamic Open University, Central Unit, Tehran.

Principles and elements of ethic in Mohammad Ibne

Zakarya Razi1
Amin Bustanchi2
Samad Movahed Dilmaghani3

Abstract
This paper states the ethical theory of Mohammad Ibne Zakarya
Razi which is summarized with regard to the principles and
components of ethical theory proposed by this scholar. Razi in his
speculations, especially regarding the ethical issues, has followed
Socrates and Plato, but he also enjoyed an ethical system himself.
Such theory which is summarized as healthy-centered and
individualistic ethic resulted in certain characteristics and
orientation as well. Just as an Epicurean, Razi sees the most
appropriate ethical state in a moderate life in which the natural
needs are satisfied without deviating from moderation. He
considers ethical aspects as concentrated on origin of intellect, and
by means of intellect, he advises caring the repentance and
suppressing the passions, and in practice also, he deals with ethic
with care and intends to actualize ethical development through
prevention, remedy and improvement.
Key Words: ethics, moderation, intellect, joy and pain, passion

___________________________
1-The paper is extracted from post-graduate dissertation supported by Islamic Open
University, Central Unit, Tehran.
2-Post-graduate of philosophy
3-Professor of Tarbiat Moalem University, Tehran

Proofs for incorporeality of the soul as viewed by

Fakhr-e Razi1
Hamedeh Khadem Jahromi2
Mohammad Saeedi Mehr3

Abstract
The nature of the soul and its incorporeality has been always one
of the most challenging disputes among the philosophical and
theological ideas. This is discussed in the present paper from the
viewpoint of Fakhr-e Razi. In his multitude works, he speaks of the
incorporeality of the soul in a different and sometimes
contradictory way where he has taken a negative position in some
of his works and an affirmative position in some others. However,
he may be considered as holding the incorporeality of the soul. He
certainly admits the otherness of the soul and the body.
Key Words: the nature of the soul, the incorporeality of the soul,
the otherness of the soul and the body, proofs of incorporeality,
Fakhr-e Razi
_________________________________
1- The paper is extracted from the doctoral dissertation supported by Islamic Open
University, Central Unit, Tehran.
2- Doctorate student of philosophy, University of Sciences and Researches, Tehran
3- Associate professor of philosophy, Tarbiat Modarres University .

The place of Kant in the thoughts of Schopenhauer

Mohammad Reza Abdollah-Nejad1

Abstract
The paper dealing with the place of Kant in the thoughts of
Schopenhauer consists of one introduction and two main sections.
Giving a short and introductory explanation about the place of Kant
in the thoughts of Schopenhauer in section one under "criticism of
the first critique", the critical assessment of Schopenhauer on Kant
is demonstrated in form of three concepts of the object in itself, the
meaning of experience, and the category of causality. The
important point here is that Schopenhauer, unlike Kant, not only
identifies the object in itself with the will, but also considers it as
recognizable. In the second section under "criticism of the second
critique, criticism of Schopenhauer on Kant's ethics and its key
concepts such as the absolute, formalism of ethics, and also the
important issue on freedom is explained. The point here is also that
Schopenhauer, in contrast to Kant, does not consider man as a free
agent, but maintains that man is always being influenced by his
impulses. Finally, after treating Schopenhauer's criticism on Kant, it
is pointed out that generally he, in spite of his sharp criticism on
Kant, has always admired Kant and has got much inspiration from
him as confessed by himself.
Key Words: object in itself, will, ethics, freedom, causality, the
absolute, Kant and Schopenhauer
_________________________
1- Assistant professor of philosophy, Tabriz University.

The Four Relations in Criticism

Ali Asghar Jafari Valani1

Abstract
The attitude of Muslim logicians toward the analysis of relation, its
rules and application has not been in the same level. They have
systematically discussed on relation between the two conceptions
(conceptually and extensionally), but in treating the rules and the
inferential properties regarding the relation, they have talked
separately in a way that paid no attention to the distinction of different
properties of relation. Thus, in explaining and analyzing Aristotelian
logic, they have come to a fundamental inconsistency, and the rules
concerning relation is not practically a part of Aristotelian logic.
Correspondingly, the direct capture of their ideas in this regard is not
possible. Meanwhile, the later Muslim logicians paid attention to the
extensions and universal individuals for founding the logic of sets.
Such correspondence between the theory of relations and the theory of
sets is clear from the definition of relations by them. Treating the four
relations by traditional logicians, and development of such theory with
new terminology by the later logicians could defy the wrong comment
that they had no encounter with the logic of relations; that is, although
the traditional logic is based on single-positional predicates and
intends to render all relations to concepts, in issues like the four
relations as an entry to the logic of sets, they somehow come across
with the problem of relations. However, we have no doubt that there is
no systematic discussion under the logic of relations by Aristotle and
his following logicians.
Key Words: The four relations, reference of relations, rational
distinction of relations, relation between the contradictory of concepts.

__________________
1- Assistant professor of philosophy, Shahid Motahari University.

Contingency and eternity of the universe in Aristotle and

Ibn-e Sina
Yadollah Rostami1

Abstract
The problem of "contingency and eternity of the universe" in
Aristotle and Ibn-e Sina is the major question of the present paper
which is dealing with the outlooks of these two peripatetic
philosophers regarding the contingency and eternity of the universe.
Relying on natural argument and appealing to the category of
movement, Aristotle achieves to prove the unmoved mover which
is called God by the commentators. According to him, the unmoved
mover is the final cause of all movements in the universe. While in
the view of Ibn-e Sine influenced by holy scriptures, God is
deemed as absolute Being, necessary Being and the existenceGiver, God is the cause from the viewpoint of Aristotle, but its
causality is merely provocative. As seen by Ibn-e Sina, such
causality is efficient (existentiating) not provocative. By dividing
the existent into the necessary and the possible, and also proving
the essential need of the possibles for the necessary, he suggested a
different type of contingency and eternity on which basis, the
universe with a property of essential contingency, receives the
effusion of being from the eternal creator. The God of Aristotle is
not the creator of the world, and naturally his uncreated world
would be eternal.
Key Words: Aristotle, Ibn-e Sina, provocative (final) causality,
existentiating causality, contingency and eternity.
_________________________
1-Faculty member of Payam Noor University, Ilam