Antarctic Journal Study Guide

Comprehension Skill: Cause and Effect

a cause is an event that makes something else happen
an effect is something that happens because of an earlier action or event
Example: I jumped because Joey scared me. (cause: Joey scared me. effect: I jumped.)
Vocabulary:
display
vision

alert
huddle

weariness
graceful

fractured
stranded

standards
concluded

Vocabulary Strategy: Greek and Latin Word Parts spect, struct, tele, vis
spect = look ex. inspect, spectacles
struct = build ex. construction, destruct, structure
tele = far away ex. telephone, television
vis = see ex. vision, visible
Grammar: Regular and Helping Verbs
To form the past tense of a regular verb, add ed to the end of the present form of the word.
(ex. jumpjumped)
Another way to show something that has already happened is to use a helping verb, such as
have, has, or had with the past participle (past tense of the verb). The helping verbs have and
has must agree with the subject of the sentence. Had can be used with both singular and
plural subjects.
Examples:
o The runner has trained for the marathon. (singular subject)
o She has practiced a lot. (singular subject)
o Waves have pounded the shore. (plural subject)
o They have eroded the rocks. (plural subject)
o She had participated in the Polar Bear Plunge. (singular subject)
o Penguins had collected stones to build the nest. (plural subject)