501 - 2

www.tavanir.ir

http://tec.mporg.ir

501 - 2

www.tavanir.ir

http://tec.mporg.ir

"# $ %
2 # '
2 !

*)

& ' (#
) * +% #,

' (#

3 4$

"- '

. / # 0

567

&"8 90 "

0 &

!
&

2, % @A+
2,
2,

F#

DF

MN

B)
"

?;D

,O '

$ %

>(? , ' $ =<

=C

%J / K L 1
/5

2 $

',$ H;? 0 " 4

2,
2 $ ,

" #

?
D

O
,O /

' $ 6* (? " D " #

:;1

=E
+ =I

0 "# $ %
O

", " 1 & '

& PQ+Q

( $

' $ 6* (? " D =<<IRRIE<I< " 1 = % " & #

23

) (
) (
.

-
) (
) (
.


.

1388


- 501 -2

- -

-1-1 .................................................................................................................................................................

-2-1 .................................................................................................

-1-2-1 .........................................................................................................................

-2-2-1 ................................................................................

10

-3-1 ...........................................................................................................................................

10

-4-1 ..........................................................................................................

14

-1-4-1 .........................................................................................

14

-2-4-1 ................................................................................................................

14

-3-4-1 .............................................................................................

14

-4-4-1 ................................................................................................................

14

-5-4-1 )............................................................................................................... (Uca

14

-6-4-1 )................................................................................................................. (Uc

14

-7-4-1 )............................................................................................... (Un

15

-8-4-1 )............................................................................................................... (Um

15

-9-4-1 ..........................................................................................................................

15

-10-4-1 ..........................................................................................................................................

15

-11-4-1 )...................................................................................................... (TOV

16

-12-4-1 ).................................................................................................................. (UR

16

-13-4-1 ...........................................................................................................................

17

-14-4-1 ..................................................................................................................................

17

-15-4-1 ..............................................................................................................................

17

-16-4-1 ..........................................................................................................

17

-17-4-1 ..................................................................................................................

17

-18-4-1 ...............................................................................................................................

18

-19-4-1 .......................................................................................................................................

18

 -20-4-1 ..........................................................................................................................

18

-21-4-1 .....................................................................................................................

18

-22-4-1 .............................................................................................

19

-23-4-1 ........................................................................................................

19

-24-4-1 ............................................................................................

19

-25-4-1 ......................................................................................................

19

-26-4-1 ....................................................................................................

19

-27-4-1 )( ...................................................................................................

19

-28-4-1 ...............................................................................................

20

-29-4-1 ...........................................................................................................

20

-30-4-1 ........................................................................................................

20

-31-4-1 ..................................................................................................................

21

-32-4-1 ..........................................................................................................................

21

-33-4-1 )....................................................................................................... (In

21

-34-4-1 )......................................................................... (W

21

-35-4-1 ........................................................................................................

21

-36-4-1 ....................................................................................................

21

-37-4-1 ...................................................................................................

22

-38-4-1 .................................................................................................

22

-39-4-1 ..........................................................................................................................

22

-40-4-1 )............................................................................................................ (Iref

22

-41-4-1 )............................................................................................................. (Uref

22

-42-4-1 )................................................................................................... (Ures

23

-43-4-1 .........................................................

23

-44-4-1 ......................................................................................................................

23

-45-4-1 ...........................................................................................................

23

-46-4-1 ....................................................................................................................

23

-47-4-1 ......................................................................................................................

23

-48-4-1 ..................................................................................................................................

24

-49-4-1 ................................................................................................................................

24

-50-4-1 ...............................................................................................................................

24

 -51-4-1 .................................................................................................................................

24

-52-4-1 ................................................................................................

24

-53-4-1 .....................................................................................................................................

25

-54-4-1 ....................................................................................................................................

25

-55-4-1 ......................................................................................................................................

25

-56-4-1 .......................................................................................................................................

25

-57-4-1 .....................................................................................................................................

25

-58-4-1 ......................................................................................................................................

25

-59-4-1 ...........................................................................................................

25

-1-2 ..............................................................................................................................

29

-2-2 ....................................................................................................

30

-1-2-2 ).................................................................................................... (UC

30

-2-2-2 ...................................................................................................

32

-1-2-2-2 ............................................................................................................................

33

-2-2-2-2 ...........................................................................................................................

33

-3-2-2-2 ..........................................................................................

36

-3-2-2 .................................................................................................

36

-4-2-2 ................................................................................................

43

-5-2-2 W0 ...............................................

44

-6-2-2 .....................................................................................................

45

-7-2-2 .................................................................................................

47

-8-2-2 .................................................................................................

48

-9-2-2 ...........................................................................................

48

-3-2 ..........................................................................................

49

-1-3 ..................................................................................................................................................

75

-1-1-3 ...................................................................................................................

75

 -2-1-3 .....................................................................................................................

75

-3-1-3 ..................................................................................................................................

75

-2-3 ..................................................................................................................................................

76

-1-2-3 ...............................................................................................

77

-1-1-2-3 .............................................................................

75

-2-1-2-3 .........................................................................................

77

-3-1-2-3 ......................................................................................

77

-4-1-2-3 ............................................................................................

77

-5-1-2-3 ..........................................................................................

78

-6-1-2-3 .................................................................................................

78

-2-2-3 ........................................................................................................................

78

-1-2-2-3 ...................................................................................................................................

78

-2-2-2-3 ............................................

79

-3-2-2-3 ................................................................

79

-4-2-2-3 ..............................................................

79

-3-2-3 ......................................................................................

80

-1-3-2-3 ...................................................................................................................................

80

-2-3-2-3 10 20

80

-4-2-3 .............................................................................................................................

81

-1-4-2-3 ...................................................................................................................................

81

-2-4-2-3 ...................................................................................................

83

-3-4-2-3 ....................................................

84

-4-4-2-3 ..............................................................................

85

-5-4-2-3 ..............................................................

87

-5-2-3 .....................................................................................................

87

-1-5-2-3 .............................................................................

88

-2-5-2-3 .............................................................................

90

-3-3 ..................................................................................................................................................

90

-4-3 ..............................................................................................................................................

91

-1-4-3 ...................................................................................................................

91

-2-4-3 ..................................................................................................................

92

 -5-3 ...........................................................

92

-1-4 .............................................................................................................................

115

-1-1-4 ..........................................................................................

115

-2-1-4 ...............................................................................................................................

115

-3-1-4 ...................................................................................

118

-2-4 ............................................................................................

119

-1-2-4 .......................................................................................

120

-2-2-4 ..........................................................................................................................................

120

-3-2-4 ..............................................................................................................

120

-4-2-4 ) ( .................................................

120

-5-2-4 ..................................................................

120

-1-5-2-4 ..........................................................................................

121

-2-5-2-4 ...........................................................................................................

122

-3-4 ................................................................................

123

-1-3-4 ....................................................................................................................

123

-2-3-4 ..................................................................................................................

123

-3-3-4 ..............................................................................................................

124

-4-4 .....................................................................................................

124

-1-4-4 ...................................................................................................................................

124

-2-4-4 .......................................................................................................................................

125

-3-4-4 ........................................................................................................................................

125

................................................................................................................................................................

129

1 .
.
.

-1-1

.

.

. .

)
(
.

.
2
.
.
:


) 3 (
.

1 . Metal oxide surge arresters

2 . Spark- gaps
3 . Follow current

.
1 .
-

.
. .

.

.
:
-

)(SiC
3

)(ZnO

. 75 80
) (Bi2O3 ) (CoO ) (Cr2O3 ) (MnO )(Sb2O3

2 6 5 50
.
.
MOA .
ZnO .
/

.
/
.
) (ZnO
) (SiC ) (1-1 ) (2-1 .

1 . Chopped wave
2 . Non- linear resistor type arresters with spark-gaps
3 . Non-linear metal oxide resistor type arresters without spark-gaps/ZnO arresters

:1-1 ZnO SiC

)U (V/mm

)I (A/mm2

:2-1 ZnO SiC

:
)(1-1

I = K.U

K a ZnO SiC .
:
-

a = 4-6 : SiC

a = 25-55 : ZnO

a ZnO
.
:
-

.
.
.
. 1 .
.
. )
( .
. ) (1-1
ZnO SiC .
ZnO .
ZnO 2
SiC .
. ZnO :
. ) ZnO (.
ZnO .
-

200 400 SiC

.

ZnO . ZnO SiC

.


1 . Active-gaps
2 . Follow current

. SiC

.
ZnO )
( .
) (MOA
SiC
.

-2-1
:
-1-2-1
.
/ .
) (3-1 . Ri
r 108 0/01
.
) (r 500 1200 .
Rz 0/01 L .
1 .

1 . Geometry of the current flow path

:3-1

) (IR ) (IC )(4-1

.

:4-1

:
:1
1 2 .
.
. 3
.
1 . Energy barriers
2 . Granular layer
3. Tunnel effect

:
)(2-1

Ee 3 / 4pe 0 - f B

J r = J o exp
KT

J0 B
E e K
T .

. 1
.
1 .
.
:2
100 kV/mm
:
)(3-1

3
J r = J I exp - (Af B2 / E)

J1 A )(2-1
.
2
. 2000
) (IR.
:3
Rz .
. :
)(4-1

Jr = E / r

10

. 100
) (IR .
-2-2-1
ZnO :

.
.
.

.
.

.

) (4-1 ) (2-1 IR
.
.
.

-3-1

.
:

.
. .

11

3000 -40 c +70 c

.
.
.
.
. ) (6-1) (5-1 ) (7-1
.

MOR

FS1
FS2
C1
C2
RA
L
Z

FS2
Z
RA

FS1
C1

C2

:5-1

MOA

REC
C
L
S
Z

REC

Z
:6-1

12

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

:7-1

) (5-1 :
C1 . Fs1
500 Fs2 . Fs2
C1 C2 RA . C1
Fs1
. C1 Fs1 C2 .
C2 RA
RA Fs2 .
C2 L
. 0/3
Fs1 0/3
5 kA/s.
) (6-1 :

. : )
( .
.
C .

13

.
) (8-1 .
.

. ) (
) (7-1 .
) (7-1
:
- ) (5-1 ).(6-1
- .
.
dc 0/5 F 2 kV
. .

) :(8-1
:8-1

14

-4-1
ZnO :
-1-4-1

.
-2-4-1

.
-3-4-1

.
-4-4-1

.
-5-4-1 )(Uca

) 2( .
.
-6-4-1 )(Uc

.
Uc Uca Uc .
Uc .

Metal-oxide surge arrester without gaps

Non-linear metal -oxide resistor
Internal grading system of arrester
Grading ring of an arrester
Actual continuous operating voltage
Continuous operating voltage of an arrester

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

15

-7-4-1 )(Un

.
-8-4-1 )(Um

. :
1.05U n U m 1.10 U n

)(5-1

Un . Um 63 400
) (1-1 .
:1-1

]Un[kVrms

]Um[kVrms

20

24

33

36

63/66

72/5

132

145

230

245

400

420

-9-4-1

.

.
-10-4-1

Um 2
3

U m 2 .

Nominal voltage of a 3-phase system

Highest system voltage
Highest voltage for equipment
Overvoltage

1.
2.
3.
4.

16

-11-4-1 )(TOV

.
) ( . TOV
.
: .
.
-12-4-1 )(UR

. .
.
IEC 60099-4 10
. 60
.
) ( IEC 60099-4
) (2-1 .
:2-1

UR kVrms

kVrms

<3

3-30

30-54

54-96

96-288

12

288-396

18

396-756

24

1. Temporary overvoltages
2. Rated voltage of an arrester

17

-13-4-1

.
-14-4-1

.
-15-4-1

. .
-16-4-1

.
5
. )
( .
-17-4-1

. ) (T1
) (T2 . T1/T2 .
T1 T2
. ) ( ) .(9-1

Rated frequency of an arrester

Unit of an arrester
Section of an arrester
Disruptive discharge and flashover
Puncture

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

18

:9-1

-18-4-1

.
-19-4-1

.
-20-4-1

.
-21-4-1

10 90 ) B C )(9-1
) T1 T2

) (9-1 .
.
10 90
.

Front of an impulse
Tail of an impulse
Peak crest value of an impulse
Virtual origin of an impulse

1.
2.
3.
4.

19

-22-4-1

10 90 ) T (9-1
1/25 T1 ) (9-1 .
-23-4-1

.
-24-4-1

) T2 (9-1 . .
-25-4-1

1/2 50 .
1/2 / 50 ms.
-26-4-1

250 2500 .
250 / 2500 ms.
-27-4-1 )(

)(
) .(10-1 Td Tt Td .
7 %90
.

1. Virtual front time of a current impulse

2. Virtual steepness of the front of an impulse
3. Virtual time to half value on the tail of an impulse
4 . Standard lightning voltage impulse
5 . Standard switching voltage impulse
6. Impulse current/voltage rectangular
7. Virtual duration of the peak of a rectangular impulse

20

Tt 1
10 .
.

:10-1 )(

-28-4-1

.
-29-4-1

20
. T1 10 .
.
-30-4-1

)( .
.

1. Virtual total duration of a rectangular impulse

2. Peak crest value of opposite polarity of an impulse
3. Steep current impulse
4. Long duration current impulse

21

-31-4-1

8 20
. ) (T1 ) (T2 10 .
-32-4-1

.
-33-4-1 )(In

8/20
.
8/20

1/2/50 .
. 10 5 : 20.
-34-4-1 )(W

) (W . UR
W kJ/kV .
-35-4-1

4/10 .
.
-36-4-1

30 100
.

Lightning current impulse

Discharge current of an arrester
Nominal discharge current of an arrester
Impulse energy capability
High current impulse of an arrester
Switching current impulse of an arrester

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

22

-37-4-1

8 20 .
8 / 20 ms.
-38-4-1

30 80 .
30 / 80 ms.
-39-4-1

.

.
.
.
-40-4-1 )(Iref

) ( .

.
0/05 1
) ( .
-41-4-1 )(Uref

2
. .

1 . Standard lightning current impulse

2 . Standard switching current impulse
3. Continuous current of an arrester
4. Reference current of an arrester
5. Reference voltage of an arrester

23

.
-42-4-1 )(Ures

.
-43-4-1

.
-44-4-1

.
-45-4-1

:
) ( ) ( ) ( -46-4-1

.
-47-4-1

. .
Residual voltage of an arrester
Power frequency withstand voltage versus time characteristic of an arrester
Prospective current of circuit
Protective characteristic of an arrester
Thermal runaway of an arrester
Thermal stability of an arrester

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

24

-48-4-1

.
.
-49-4-1

.

.
-50-4-1

.
-51-4-1

)
( .
-52-4-1

:
-

) (TOV
.6

1/2/50sec .7

250/2500sec .8
.
Type tests
Routine tests
Acceptance tests
Insulation coordination
Classification of insulation withstand level
Power frequency withstand level/PFWL
Lightning impulse withstand level/LIWL
Switching impulse withstand level/SIWL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

25

-53-4-1

.
-54-4-1

.
-55-4-1

.
-56-4-1

.
-57-4-1

.
-58-4-1

.
-59-4-1

Discharge indicator
Discharge counter
Ground terminal
Line terminal
Outdoor arrester
Indoor arrester
Pressure relief of an arrester

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

29

)
( .
.
) (TOV .

.
.

.
.
.
.

-1-2
IEC 60071 ) (Um :
1 245 .
245 .

.
.

.
.
.
.
:
-

30

) (

) (

-2-2
) (1-2 .
:
-1-2-2 )(UC
UC ZnO
.

31

Uc

UR0

W0

W0

UR

= W

w < w0

UR

UR

:1-2

32

) (

) ( Uc
. .
) ( 2
Uc Uca Uc . Uca

.
1/05
. :
- 2

:
)(1-2
)(2-2

Um

= Uc ( Uca

)Uc ( Uca = Um

)(
.
)(3-2

Uc Uca = Um

: ) ( 1/05
.
Um
.
-2-2-2

. Uc .
.

.
.
. Uc

33

) (TOV . ) (1-2
.
-1-2-2-2

UR :
TOV

10 UR U R TOV.

10 100 UR U R 1.05 TOV.

2 UR TOV
.

2 TOV Uc TOV
.

TOV

:
TOV 1/5 1 10
U R TOV .
:

Um 5 10 .

UR 10 TOV
5 .

:
TOV 1/73 . )(1-2-2-2
.
-2-2-2-2

.
.
TOV ) (2-2 .
-

Um 2
3

) ( .

34

) (

10 ) (TOV10
TOV
.
TOV ) (2-2
. TR TOV ( U R = TOV ) .
TR
10 ) (TOV10 .
TOV10 TOV 0/1 100
TOV TOV
TOV .

:2-2 TOV

:
)(4-2

W=K.T.U.I

:
: W ][kJ

: K
: U ][kV
: I ][A

: T U ] [Sec.
) (1-1 TOV
:
)(5-2

T1
TOV2 a +1
(=)
)
T2
TOV1

35

50 IEC
TOV 0/1 100 TOV10
:

T 1
TOV10 = TOVT ( ) 51
10

)(6-2
TOV : TOVT T
: T TOVT .

) (6-2 a 50 .
50 .) (3-2 TOV a
. TOV a 50 TOV
. IEC .

TOV/TOV10

sec

Sec

:3-2 TOV a

TOV . TOV
. ) (4-2 . Um=420kV
420 2 . :
3

TOV ) (4-2 TOV

.

:4-2 400

36

) (

TOV ) (4-2 .
1/5 .
1/3 9 ) (5-2 a 50 TOV 1/5
0/006 . 1/4 0/9 TOV
1/5 0/03 .
TOV TOV 1/5 0/14
).(0/03+0/006+0/1 0/14
TOV10 ) (6-2
10 :
= 1.38 PU = 335 kVr .m.s

51

0.14
)
10

( TOV10 = 1.5

335 TOV10
335 .
a 50 .
TOV10 TOV
. ) (3-2
TOV.
-3-2-2-2

TOV
. TOV .
)
( . TOV10

TOV .
-3-2-2


. :

37

. :
-

).(LIWL

).(SIWL
) (3-2 .

. .
) (4-2 .


.
. :
: CPL :
)(7-2
: CPS :
)(8-2
:
: LIPL
: SIPL .
) (1-2 .

LIWL
LIPL
SIWL
SIPL

= C PL

= C PS

38

) (

:1-2

52KV Um < 300KV

CPL

1/2

CPS

Um 300KV
1/25
1/15

.
.
LIPL SIPL
) (7-2 ) (8-2 .


.
.

.
.
) (5-2 .

:5-2

39

)(9-2

2 S LA
V

U LIPL = Ures +

: ULIPL ].[kVPeak
: Ures )( ] [kVPeak )
(
: S ].[kV/sec
: LA ) ( ].[m
: V 300 m/s 150 m/s .
ULIPL .
) (9-2
. :
) (
1 ) (
) 2 (
.
100 KV/sec 12
2000 KV/sec :
UR
3 < U R < 240KV
100 KV
ms

12
S = 2000 KV
U R 240KV
ms

=S

)(10-2

.
V L S Ures
.
. Ures
L S .
S Ures V L
) (9-2 .

1. Isokeraunic level
2. Back Flashover

40

) (

. .
) (6-2 .
.
6
650 120
Ures 276 .
.
. 40
.

:6-2

.
.

.
.
.

41

1/2 mH/m 5 KA/s .

:
)(11-2

di
= L = 1.2 5 = 6 kV / m
dt

Vind

.

.
:
)(12-2

)(13-2

) U PL Ures - ( Vind d

)(

UPS SIPL

: d .
:
-

) 1/15 1/20 sec (.

) 8/20 s (.
.

. ZnO

.
10
. UPL ) (12-2 s

8/20 10.
.
) ) (7-2 (
.

42

) (

:7-2

) (Ups
) .(30/80sec .
) (2-2 . Ups .
:2-2

]Um [kV
72/5-145

][A
500

245

1000

420

2000

43

:3-2 MOA

]Um [kV

]UR [kV

72/5

54-84

145

108-144

245

180-228

420

330-420

)(Ups

)(kVpeak

) (UPL In

10

)(kVpeak

144-224

2000A

1000A

500A

116-181

112-174

112-174

108-168

106-164

130-202

110-170

106-164

125-194

232-310

224-298

288-384

224-298

216-287

211-281

260-346

217-290

210-280

249-332

214-273

207-276

238-317

382-483

368-465

474-600

372-472

358-454

351-445

432-548

362-459

351-444

414-525

356-451

345-437

396-502

675-857

651-831

795-1002

664-845

642-817

759-966

652-830

632-804

726-924

-4-2-2
In .
In ) (4-2 .
.
) (9-2
UpL
.


.

.

44

) (

:4-2

Um

IN

][kV
72/5

][kA
10

145

10

245

10

420

10-20

63 132 2 230 3 400 4.

-5-2-2 W0

IEC . IEC
) (8-2 .
) (2-2
) ( )
3-2 ( . ) (8-2
) (W0 .
) (8-2 . IEC
.

:8-2 )(Ups
)(UR

45

-6-2-2

IEC .
) (9-2
.

:9-2

. :
W = [( U L - U PS ) / Z 0 ] U PS 2T n

)(14-2
:

: UL
: UPS
L
C

= : Z 0

: T T= L L
V

V km/s.
: n IEC
. 2 50 60 .
.
:
)(15-2

2U U T
W = 2U f - NU Pl (1 + ln( f )) Pl 1
U Pl Z0

46

) (

:
: U Pl
: U f
:N
:T1 3 10-4
.
) Zo (UL ) (5-2
. )(10-2
.
:5-2 Z0 UL

]Um[kV

]Z0[

) UL(

<145

450

3/0

145-345

400

3/0

362-525

350

2/6

:10-2

] [KV

Um
3

UL = Kt

47

) (14-2
) (W .
)(16-2
:

W
= W
UR

: W ).kJ/kV(UR
: W .kJ
: UR kV.
W W0 .
W< W0
.
W> W0
. :
.
) (2-1 .
UR ) 10
) (2-2 ) (3-2 .
UR ) (12-2 ) (13-2 )
( ) (5-2-2 .
UR ) (12-2
) (13-2 ) (5-2-2
) (5-2-2 ) . 1-2
(.
-7-2-2

.
.
.
. :
)(17-2

PK
3U m

=I

48

) (

:
: I ].[kA
: PK ].[MVA
: Um ].[kV
IEC 0/2 .
.
) (5-2 .
-8-2-2
.

. ) (6-2
. 1000
) (4-2 .
:6-2

1000m
UR 200kV

Ups : I n = 10,20kA

UR < 200kV

Ups : I n = 5kA

)(PFWL
SIWL

1.25Ups

LIWL

1.3Upl

1.3Upl

1.06
2

0.88
2

-9-2-2
mm/kV .
.
" " .

49

:7-2

)(mm/kV

16

20

25

31

33

-3-2
.

.
: :
) 230 :(Un
) 245 :(Um
:
360 :
:
.
) 20 :(LA
) 950 :(LIWLT
) 1050 :(LIWLe

.
.
) 400 :(Z
)1/4 :(Ke
.
.
40 .
40 .

50

) (

:

:

Um
3

= U C U Ca , U Ca
245

= U Ca

= 141.45 kV
3
U C 141.45 kV

141/45
. .
:
UR .
) (1-2-2-2
1/4 :
= 198 kV

245

= 1 .4

Um
3

TOV1 = K e .

)
(1-2 10 ) (6-2 :
1
)1 / 51 = 198( )1 / 51
10
10

TOV10 = TOV1 (T

TOV10 = 189.26 kV

TOV10 UR .
:
U R TOV10
U R 189.26 kV

) (2-1 12 189/26
. :
U R o = 192 kV

51

:
:
:
LIWL oT = 950 kV
LIWL o e = 1050 kV

)
.(3-2
:
) (4-2 .
:
Kd
293
293
= , K h = 1, K d
=
= 0.9361
Kh
273 + t 273 + 40

= Ka

K a = 0.9361

LIWL T = 889 kV

LIWL e = 983 kV

) (1-2
) (7-2 :
) (1-2 CPL = 1.2 .
) (7-2:

LIWL T 889
=
741kV
C PL
1 .2

= LIPL T

LIPL T = 741kV
983
819 kV
1 .2

LIPL

52

) (

.
LIPLT 741 .
.
) (9-2
. U
.U= 819 KV ) (9-2 ) (10-2 :
UR
192
= 100
100 = 1600 kV
m sec
12
12

= : S )(10-2

: U res = U - 2 S L , V = 300 m , L A = 20m ) (9-2

ms

2 1600 20
= 605.66 kV
300

U res = 819 -

:
UPLT 741kV
UPLe 605.66kV
) (Um = 245kV ) (4-2
10 .

) (4-2
2 .
) (W0
) (2-2
) (3-2
.
= 1000A : )(2-2

53

192 - 180 U PS - 382

=
228 - 180 483 - 382

U PS 407kV = U res

UPS

UR

382

180

UPS

192

483

228

) (3-2
2

Ures ) (8-2 ) (W0 .

2

U res
407
=
= 2 .12
U R 0 192
W 0 = 1.95 kJ / kV

: )(8-2

.
) (14-2 :
)(14-2
:

W = {( U L - U PS ) / Z 0 } U PS 2T n
Z 0 = 400 W , U PS = 407 kV , n = 1
L
360 km
=
= 1200 m sec
V 0 .3km / ms

=T

UL )-2
(10 ) ( ) (5-2 .
) (5-2 UL .
kV

245 2
3

= 3

Um 2
3

UL = 3PU = 3

UL = 600kV

UL ) (14-2 :
W = {( 600 - 407 ) / 400 } 407 2 1200
W = 471.3 kJ

) (15-2 :
W
471 . 3
=W
=
UR
192
W = 2 . 454 kJ/kV

W W0 W > W0
) ( .

54

) (

) (1-2 ) (5-2-2 UR .
12 ) 2-1 ( :
U R = U Ro + 12kV = 192 + 12
U R = 204 kV

UR ) (3-2 :
U - 382
204 - 180
= PS
228 - 180
483 - 382
U PS = 432.5 kV

UPS

UR

382

180

UPS

204

483

228

) (3-2
2

UR
. .
UR :
UPS = Ures = 432.5kV
U
432.5
= : res
= 2.11 W0 = 1.97 kJ / kV
UR
204
: W = 434.66kJ W = 2 .13 kJ / kV

)(8-2
)(14-2

W > W0 UR .
:
U R = 216KV , UPL = 568.5kV UPLT , Uple
UPS = 457.75kV W0 = 1.98kJ / kV W = 1.8kJ/kV

W0 > W .


. 40 .
40 0/2 .

) (6-2 :
LIWL 1.3 U PL LIWL 1.3 568.5 LIWL 740kV
SIWL 1.25 U PS SIPL 1.25 457.75 SIPL 572kV

55

) (7-2 :
:
)25 mm/kV :(7-2
25 mm U m
kV
6125mm
:
UC 141/45kV
TOV10 189/26kV
UR = 216kV
LIPL 568/5kV
SIPL 457/75kV
W0 1/8 J / kV

=2
:
.

56

) (

) :(1-2

.

.
.
.
10 .
.

) (
) (Ke .
) (
.
) (.
) (Z1 ) (Z2 ) (Z0
) (R .

. .
) (11-2 R1 << X1 R= 0 . X0 / X1
. X0 / X1
.
X0 / X1
.

57

:11-2 X0 / X1 R1 << X1 , R=0

) (12-2 ) (15-2
R1 / X1 .
.

:
.
.
... . .
R0
X1
Ke=1.7

Ke=1.6

Ke=1.5

Ke=1.4

X0
X1

Ke=1.3

Ke=1.2

:12-2 R0 /X1 X0 /X1

R1=0

58

) (

R0
X1
Ke=1.7
Ke=1.6
Ke=1.5

Ke=1.4

Ke=1.5

Ke=1.3
Ke=1.2

X0
X1

:13-2 R0 /X1 X0 /X1

R1=0.5 X1

R0
X1
Ke=1.5

Ke=1.4

Ke=1.3
Ke=1.5

Ke=1.2

X0
X1
:14-2 R0 /X1 X0 /X1
R1 = X1

59

R0
X1
Ke=1.4

Ke=1.4
Ke=1.3

Ke=1.2
Ke=1.5

Ke=1.6

X0
X1

:15-2 R0 /X1 X0 /X1

R1=2 X1

63 400 .


.
:8-2

)(Un

)(Um

)(Ke

][kV

][kV

400

420

1/4

230

245

1/4

132

145

1/4

63 66

72/5

1/4

1/73

20

24

1/73

.
.
.
1. Load rejection

60

) (

. .
.
1 .
:
2 1/2
.
.
3 1/5
) ( . .

:
-

.
-

ZY
)
2

(1 +

ZY
2

1+

.



%90 .

1. Ferranti effect
2. Moderately Extended Systems
3. Extended Systems

61

) :(2-2 TOV
TOV
.
. :
TOV ) W1 (W2
f1 f2 ) :(4-2
W1
f
T
= 2 = 1
W2
f1
T2

)(18-2

f1 f2 TOV T1 T2 .
TOV )
TOV 10 (.
) (2-2-2-2 10 ) (TOV10
. TOV
) (6-2 ) (18-2 TOV10 . :
TOV ) (16-2 . )TOV (9-2 TOV
50 ) 1/5( ) 15/3( .
) (TOV10 ) (6-2 :

0 . 0153 1 51
= 1 . 32 PU
)
10

( TOV 10 = 1 . 5

1/32 )
.( TOV10 1.32PU
)(PU

:16-2 TOV

62

) (

:9-2 TOV10 TOV

TOV PU

TOV 50 HZ

1/5 ][ms

][ms

][Ti
][ms

][PU

0/0034

5/0

5/0

1/3

0/148

5/0

5/0

1/4

0/222

7/5

7/5

1/4

12/0

12/0

12/0

1/5

0/0037

5/5

5/5

1/3

0/252

8/5

8/5

1/4

0/004

6/0

6/0

1/3

2/5

2/5

2/5

1/5

0/119

4/0

4/0

1/4

T= 15/3m sec

63

) :(3-2
) (Um 63 400 ) (10-2
.
:10-2 )(IEC 60071-1

][kVPeak

][kVPeak

][kVPeak

63-66

72/5

325

140

)(450

)(185

132

145

___

550

230

650

275

)(650

)(275

)(750

)(325

230

245

850

360

950

395

1050

460

850

1360

1175 1050

400

420

950

1425

1300 1175

1050

1575

1425 1300

]Un[kV

]Um[kV

][kVr.m.s

* .
:

.

64

) (

) :(4-2 ][10

.
:
-

) (
)
(.

.
.

) (.

:
:
) (to 20 ) (bo 160 ) 101/3( ) (ho 11 U0 ) (ho, bo, to Ua ) (h, b, t
:
)(19-2

Ua = KaU0

Ka :
)(20-2
Kd 1 Kh 2 :
)(21-2
)(22-2

K
Ka = d
Kh

273 + t o n
b
( K d = ( )m
)
b
273 + t

Kh = (K)W

1. Air density correction factor

2. Humidity correction factor

65

m, n, w
1 ) ) (11-2 (.
K ) .(17-2
:11-2

+
-

+
+
-

+
-

n m
1
1
1
1

0
0
1/0

)(17-2

0/8

)(b

1/0
0
0
0

)* (18-2

)* (18-2

)* (18-2

)* (18-2

)(17-2
)(b

* .

1. Gap spacing

66

) (

) :(a
) :(b

:17-2 K )(11-2

:18-2 n m w ) (11-2

67

:
:1 m=n :
)(23-2

b (273 + t 0 )
m
K d =
=d
b 0 (273 + t )

d :
)(24-2

273 + t 0

273 + t

:2 ) (H:

b
d =
b0

b
= 10 -H / 18400
b0

)(25 -2

:3 ) (
) ( .
)
(.
b
1000
b0

.
)(26-2

b
A
= 1b0
10

A .
) (26-2 ) (21-2 :
)(27-2

A 293

K d = 1 -

10 273 + t

Kd Kh :
( :
)(28-2
( :
)(29-2

293
)
10 273 + t
()

293 0.7
( ) 0.7
)
10
273 + t

K d = (1 - A
Kh =1

K d = (1 - A
K h = K 0.7

68

) (

) :(5-2

.
.
.
.
.
. .

. 20 10 5 40
0/2 .
.
) (19-2 ) (20-2 .
ZnO .
.
2 8

.
.
1
.
.
. .

. .
.
.

1. Auto recloser

:19-2

69

70

) (

:20-2

) (21-2 .

71

:21-2

ZnO .

:22-2 ZnO

ZnO .
ZnO .

72

) (

:12-2 ZnO

) ZnO (

50

12

60

23

70

34

80

45

) 100 2 70 (

73

75

-1-3
-1-1-3

IEC 60060-3 .
.

48 62 .
-2-1-3
.
2015 .
.
-3-1-3
.
) (
.
.

.
. :
n
n.
KUR/n K
. Uref> KUR/n n )

1. Measuring equipment and accuracy

76

) (

Uref <KUR/n .
(.

) (3-3 .
.

-2-3

.
. :
-

:
.

: .

.
.

: .

:
.

) ( :
.

:
.

: ) .
.(2-4-3

:
) . .(2-4-3

:
.

77

-1-2-3
.
.
.
.
-1-1-2-3

.

.
) ( .
-2-1-2-3

.
) (3-2 . .
-3-1-2-3

IEC 60060-1
.
-4-1-2-3

IEC 60060-1 .
.
)
( . 1/3.

1. Tests on individual unit housing

78

) (

1 2 500
.
-5-1-2-3

10 20 200 IEC 60060-1

.
.
.
)
( . 1/25.
-6-1-2-3

.
5
0/88 .
10 20 200
1/06 .
-2-2-3
-1-2-2-3

.
. 0/01 2 )
( .

.
) (
.

1. Dry arcing distance

2. Partial dry arcing distance

79

.
.
.
.
-2-2-2-3

) 5 (
. .
. . T

T1 20 ) IEC 60060-1 (.
-3-2-2-3

1 0/5 2
. 7 9
. ) (1-2-2-3 .
.
.

0/01 0/25 .
-4-2-2-3

5
. ) (1-2-2-3 .
.
) (1-3 .

80

) (

:1-3

500,2000

20 KA 5-4

250,1000

10 KA 3

125,500

10 KA 2-1

-3-2-3
-1-3-2-3

.

) ( .
2015 .
18 .
50 60
.


5 .


.
-2-3-2-3 10 20

) ) (2-3
( . .

81

:2-3 10kA20kA

UL

][kV

[s] T

() Z0

)(A

3/2 UR

2000

4/9 UR

10000

3/2 UR

2000

2/4 UR

10000

2/8 UR

2400

1/3 UR

10000

2/6 UR

2800

0/8 UR

20000

2/4 UR

3200

0/5 UR

20000

) (2-3 ) (W :
)(1-3

W = U res .( U L - U res ).(1 / Z 0 ).T

Ures
) (1-3.
:
100 120 ) (2-3.
150 .
1 10 .
.
90 110
100 110 .

) ( .
2-3 .
7-4-3 IEC 60099-4 .
-4-2-3

-1-4-2-3

)
( .

1. Initial overshoot
2. Operation duty tests

82

) (

.
2 2 .
.
.

.
:
-

.
2015 .

3 12 .
12
.
.
.
* UC * UR
1 .
2 .

) (n . ) USC UC/n UsR (UR/n
)* UC * (UR .
603 ) (1-3 )(2-3

.

1. Aged resistors
2. Accelerated ageing procedure

83

-2-4-2-3
(Uct) 1
. 1154 .
IEC 60094-4 .

.
.
:

.

.
) (Uct
. :
)U ct = U c (1 + 0.05L

)(2-3

L .
.
)(2-3
.
) (
.

) (3-1-3 .
.

1154 ) (P1ct
Uct . ) (P2ct ) 0+1000(

1. Corrected maximum continuous operating voltage

84

) (

.
) ( .
P2ct P1ct Usc Usr . P2ct P1ct

P2ct/P1ct . Kct .
P1c P1t Usc UsR .
P2c P2r :
)(3-3

P2 c
= K ct
P1c

)(4-3

P2r
= Kct
P1r

U *C * UR .
-3-4-2-3

)
( . IEC 60099-4 .

) ( .

.

:
-

5 .

10 .

) (3-3 .
3 .

85

-4-4-2-3

10 2 3 20 4 5
. ) (3-3 .
:3-3 10 2 3 20 4 5

8/20

) (

8/20 1/2
.Uc
2515 .

) 100 4/10(.
.
) . 100 4/10(.
.
603 .
.
50 60.
.
100

10(u*R) .
30(u*c) .

2015 .
8/20.
.

) (
) ( .
.

86

) (

20 8/20
. 1/2
20 . .
50 60 25 30 .
.
6015 .
2015 .
2 100 4/10 .
90 110 .
.

603 2015
. .

.
) (2-3
. 50 60 .
.

. 100 .
2-4-2-3 10
30
.

:

100 .

87

.
. .

.

.

5
.
-5-4-2-3

15
) U *c (3-3 . C

IEC 60099-4 .
.
U *c .
U *c .
3
.
-5-2-3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

88

) (

.
) 1 ( .
.
30 ) .(1-3

:1-3

) 1/8( .
.
-1-5-2-3

.

a.c 0/2 75
.
0/1 ) X/R 10 (.
77 ) 30
( .

1. Termind

89

77 .
.

: 77 75 )
75 ( . 80 100
72 58 .
) (4-3 .
0/2
.
:4-3

10kA

40000

10 kA

20000

10 kA

10000

5kA A B

16000

5kA A B

5000

)A(r.m.s

77

. a.c
.
2/5 a.c .
.
a.c .
)
(.

90

) (

77
77
a.c
77
. .
77
1/7 a.c
) (4-3 .


. 77
. O IEC

60099-4 .
-2-5-2-3

.
77 ) (+%30-0
0/1
600 200 .
10
.

-3-3
:
- ) .(Uref .
- .
. 0/01
2 .

91

.
.
-
.
-
.
. .
.
) 0/01 1 (
.
. 7
.

:

1
. .

-4-3
-1-4-3

.
.
.
.
)
.(2-2-3
.
. .

1. Artificial

92

) (

10 1/05 .
IEC 60270 . 50
. .
-2-4-3
.
.
.
) (3-3 .

. .

.
:5-3 10 2 3 20 4 5

6030

50 60

100
10
30

-5-3

) (3-3
*
U c .

93

10 2 3 20 4 5
603 .
) (6-3 .
:6-3 . 10
2 3 20 4 5 .

603 .
.
50 60.
.
100
.
.
U *c 30 .

94

) (

) :(1-3

-1
-1-1
] : qz[c/hm )(
.tz .
] : tz[h .
] : Qe[c .
] : Qi[c .
] : Tk[k K .
] : b[k/c
.
] : t [h .

-2-1
] :Dm[m IEC 60815 .
] :Qtot[c . Qi Qe . .
] :TZMax [k Dm tz qz b t .
: WU .
.
: Kie .
] : Dtz[k Ki Dm tz qz b t .
] : TOD[C .

95

-2
:
-

.
.

. .

.
1.

. ) (2-3 . :
-

qZ . ) (4-3 .

) (3-3 .
t b ) (4 .

)
( .

DTZMAX 40
60 . DTZMAX 40

. DTZMAX
40 )( DTZMAX +20
.

.
Qe Qi .
Qtot DT .
1 . Porcelain

96

) (

. Kie
.
1 .

:2-3

1. Characteristic value

97

DTz b tz DmKie qz t .
-

TOD :
DTz 40 .TOD = 20C + DTz
DTz 40 .TOD = 60C

-3
) qz
( .
qz
.
) (tz :
2.
6.
qz ) 2 6( . qz
.
:7-3

:qz c/h.m

)*(

mm/kV

tz=6h

tz=2h

-I

16

0/24

0/5

-II

20

2/4

3/3

-III

25

14/0

24/0

-IV

31

36/0

55/0

* )( IEC 60815.
: qz 2 .

-4 ) : t ( b
) (3-3 :
-

) (th 10 .

Qh .

98

) (

t 60 22+0/63 Ta Ta

.
b .
)(5-3

DTh
Qh

=b

: DTh .
: Qh .
) (th 0/1 t
th .

-5
) (DTzmax
. ) (qz
. DTzmax :
)(6-3
:

U R - U R min

UR

-tz
t

DTz max = bq z D m t1 - e

: UR
: Urmin .

-6
-1-6
.
.

99

:8-3

)
(

Uc/UR

*)(WU

][mm/kV

* :
:
:UR :URk K : CD

U2RK .CD
]
CDK .U2R

[WU= max.

: CDk K
: n K=1,2,n :

-2-6
IEC 60507 .

-3-6
-1-3-6
.
.
1 ) 2 2 .(7-3
.

1. Waveform subtraction method

2. Integeration upon exceeding a threshold limit

100

) (

:9-3

0/2

0-2000
1000

%10

0-500 mA

%10

.
:
-

) ( Q it + Q et ) + ( Q iB + Q eB
- Qe
2

)(7-3
:

= Qi

: Qi .
: QiT .
: QiB .
: Qe .
:QeT .
:QeB .
-2-3-6
.
) ( .
h
n +1

h n .
1 . Resolution
2. Maximum residual capacitive charge in the updating period
3. Minimum current integeration range

101

.
:10-3 .

20 220
1
0/4

1

: 100 .

Qtot .

-4-6
-1-4-6
.
. 50

.
.
-2-4-6
) ( .
.

7
) (1-7 ) (2-7 .

102

) (

-1-7

-1-1-7
.
:
.

Bentonite .

.

400 500
. 20 . 20
.
-2-1-7
. 5
40 .
-3-1-7
) (2-1-3 .
:
.
. . 10 .
Uc 10 .
.
2 1 3 .
.

. .
.
1. Slurry method

103

-4-1-7
:
.
. . 10 .
Uc 10 .
.
.
2 .
2t .
.
.
.
DTz 8 .
DTz 40 ) (TOD
60 . DTz 40
) (DTz 8 .

:1
.
:2
.

-2-7

-1-2-7
IEC 60507 . ) (NaCl
.
.
IEC 60507 .
IEC 60507 .

1. Slat fog

104

) (

-2-2-7
IEC 60507.
-3-2-7
.
.
.
Uc 20
.
5
Uc .
.

.

.
.
.

.
. .
. 5 40
15 .
-4-2-7
:
. Uc
.
.
.
.

105

15 15 .
) ( .
2t
. .
.
.
DTz 8 .
DTz 40 ) (TOD 60
. DTz 40
) (DTz 8 .

:1 .
:2
.

- 8
-1-8 Kie
Kn :
)(8-3
:

Q ik U Rk
)
UR
Q e max

(
= kn

:Qemax
:Qik K
:URk K
:UR
K= 1,2, n n .
) (8-3 :
)(9-3

D Tk U R k
)
bU R
= kn
Q e max
(

DTk K
.

106

) (

DTk Qe max .

DTk

)(10-3
Q emaz = max Q totb

KieM dKn Kn Kie

:
)(11-3

Kie = KieM + Cd

:
: C = 2 10 .
: C = 2.9 5 .

-2-8 DTz
DTz :
)(12-3

-t
( z)

DTz = bK ie q z D m t1 - e t

-3-8
) (TOD :
DTz 40 TOD = 20C +DTz .
DTz 40 TOD = 60C .

-9
:
198 kV

UR

90kV

UR min

156 kV

Uc

*) (142kV

108 kV
198 mm

* : .

) (UR
Dm

107

-1-9
:
1/5 : t.
) 19 K/C : b 5/3 20 120 (.

-2-9
DTz max ) (6-3 .
:11-3 DTz max

]DTz max[k

1/1

0/7

7/5

7/3

54/4

42/3

124/7

108/8

II

III

IV

I II 60
.

-3-9
14 Kg/m3 ) (12-3 .

-4-9
-1-4-9 Kie

5 :
) Kiem =0/166 .(Kn
) s=0/031 (Kn

108

) (

Kie :
Kie = 0/166 + 2/9 0/031 = 0/256

)(13-3

:12-3

]Qibot [C

]Qitop[C

]Qetop[C

]Qebot[C

Kn

2/3

4/1

6/7

0/18

1/3

4/2

5/9

0/12

1/8

4/3

6/4

0/15

2/2

4/5

6/7

0/18

2/2

3/5

5/9

0/20

3/6

5/7

0/19

2/4

3/5

6/2

0/21

2/4

3/5

6/0

0/21

2/6

4/0

6/8

0/20

10

2/1

3/8

6/2

0/18

:Qebot .
:Qibot .
:Qetop .
:Qitop .
-2-4-9 DTz TOD

) (DTz .
:9-4 DTz TOD

III

IV

]DTz[k

]TOD[C

26

60

20

60

59

79

51

71

III
60 IV .

109

-5-9 10
-1-5-9 Kie

10 :
) Kiem=0/182 ( Kn
) s =0/028 .(Kn
Kie .
Kie = 0/182 + 2 0/028 = 0/238

)(14-4
-2-5-9 DTz TOD

) (DTz ) (TOD
) IV ( .
:14-3 DTz TOD 10

IV

]DTz[k

]TOD[C

54

74

47

67

IV 74
.

110

) (

) :(2-3

) (3-3 .
:
Z = L/C

)(15-3

LC 10 .

R .
.
0/05 .
.

:3-3

111

) :(3-3

.

2015 . 3 .
.
) 1 1
2
3
(.
120 .
) (
1 1 .
2
3
. ) ( .
2
.
. 2015
. 3 .
.
.

1 1 .
2
3
2 .
.
.
.
.

115

.
.

-1-4
.

.
-1-1-4
.
.
2
3 .
.
.
-2-1-4
)
( . ) (1-4

.
.
.
. ) (2-4
.

116

) (

:1-4

:2-4

117

118

) (

-3-1-4
) (3-4 .

.
. 0/5 5 .
5L L .
.
.
) (4-4 .

:3-4

119

:4-4

-2-4

) ( .
ZnO .
.
.

.

) (
. .
.
. .
.
.
ZnO .
ZnO
ZnO .
.

120

) (

.

.
.
-1-2-4
)
( .
.
-2-2-4

.
-3-2-4

.
-4-2-4 ) (
.
.
.
.
. .
-5-2-4
.
.
.
:
1. Monitoring

121

-1-5-2-4

.
.
. .
.
.
.

.

. .
.
.
.

.

.

.
.
) (5-4 . ) (6-4
.

122

) (

:5-4

:6-4 ZnO

-2-5-2-4

.
.
.

123

-3-4

.

. .

.
-1-3-4

) (1-4
.
:
-

-2-3-4

.
) (2-4
.
:
-

) (

124

) (

-3-3-4


.

) (3-4 .
:
-

-4-4

)
( .
.
.
-1-4-4
-

) (

) (

-2-4-4
-

-3-4-4
-

) (

125

126

) (

) :(1-4
:

* .

10

11

:
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

2
9

30

31

127

) :(2-4

128

) (

) :(3-4

129

[1] IEC 60099-1, Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters for a.c systems
[2] IEC 60099-3, Artificial pollution testing of surge arresters
[3] IEC 60099-4, Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c systems
[4] IEC 60099-5, Selection and application recommendations
[5] IEEE C62.11, IEEE standard for metal-oxide surge arresters for alternating current power circuits
[6] IEEE C62.22, IEEE guide for the application of metal-oxide surge arresters for alternating current
systems
[7] IEC 60071.1, Insulation co-ordination part1: definitions, principles and rules
[8] IEC 60071.2, Insulation co-ordination part2: application guide
[9] Metal oxide surge arrester in AC systems, working group of study committee 33 of CIGRE,
ELECTRA 1288133

. 208 400 230 [ 10]

. 308 400 230 [ 11]
. 1201 132/20(33) [ 12]
. 132 66 63 [ 13]
73-404 400 230 [ 14]
.
73-405 400 230 [ 15]
. 400 230
[16] Selection guide for ABB HV surge arresters, zinc oxide surge arresters, technical information
pub.SES WG/A 2300, Edition 2, 1991.
[17] ZnO surge arresters application guide, ASEA, HV apparatus LB200 144E, Jan. 1986.

. [ 18]

'
, <
;D
<
<

&% % $ #
,+;,

!"

9 : 7' 8

3 C % A B ?@
<'

<
<%

3B
<-

6 445(
(,

( >'(

G2 E F"
< & <%

3 . 2 /0 1

A/<

%(
<3

, ')

= A
<3
C/

, - ( '+
2

( ,A/
<%

( ) )*(

453 ,= ' %
( A/

C < A <
% =8

%
<B <

<

Islamic Republic of Iran

Vice Presidency for Strategic Planning and Supervision

General Technical Specification and

Execution Procedures for Transmission
and Subtransmission Networks
Lightning Arrester at
High Voltage Substations
NO: 501- 2

Office of Deputy for Strategic Supervision

Bureau of Technical Execution System
http://tec.mporg.ir

Energy Ministry - Tavanir Co.

Power Industry Technical Criteria
Project
www.tavanir.ir


"

"
.



.