2

1.
2.
2.1
2.1.1 (Solar Cell)
2.1.2 (Concentrating Solar Power)
2.2
2.2.1 (Solar Collector)
2.2.2 (Solar Drying)
2.3
2.3.1 (Absorption Chiller)
2.3.2 (Adsorption Chiller)
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

---------------------------------------------------------------

3
4
8
8
8
10
12
12
13
14
14
16
18
18
26
29
30

(Solar Cell)
(Concentrating Solar Power)
(Solar Collector)
(Solar Drying)

4
1.

1.1


1.2

1.1 ()

1.2
14.3%
19-20 MJ/m2-day 50.0% 18-19
MJ/m2-day 0.5%
18.2
MJ/m2-day 1.3

1.3

6

1.4

1.4
1.4 16-22 MJ/m2-day

concentrator


(14-17 MJ/m2-day) (dry season)







( 1.5)

1,350-1,400 KWh/m2-yr

1.5

( 1.6)
(1,350-1,400 KWh/m2-yr) 4.3%

1.6

8
2.
2 1
2

2.1 2

2.1.1 (Solar Cell) 3
- (PV Stand alone system)
National Grid
2




Stand alone

2.1
- (PV Grid connected system)

National Grid 2

Grid connected

2.2
- (PV Hybrid system)




Multi function

2.3

10
2.1.2 (Concentrating Solar Power) 3
Parabolic Troughs Central Receivers Parabolic Dishes
3

- Parabolic Troughs
(single-axis tracking system)

( )
parabolic troughs plants
(superheater)

2.4 Parabolic Troughs

2.5 Parabolic Trough

- Central Receivers Power Tower

2.6 Central Receivers Power Tower

11

2.7 Central Receivers Power Tower

- Parabolic Dishes

parabolic

Parabolic Dishes

(laminated
film)

2.8 Parabolic Dishes

(two-axis tracking system)
cycle heat engine
central engine (parabolic
dishes) (parabolic troughs)

2.9 Parabolic Dishes

12
2.2 2

2.2.1 (Solar Collector)
2
- (Solar Collector)
2
(Flat Plate Collector) (Evaccuum Tube Collector)

2.12 Flat Plate Collector

2.13 Evaccuum Tube Collector

-

(Heat Exchanger)

2.14

13
2.2.2 2
-

2


Passive (active)

2.10
- Hybrid

2.11 Hybrid

14
2.3
2.12

(Thermal driven system)
(Heat transformation) (Open cycle) (Closed cycle)

2.12
(Open cycle)
Desiccant cooling system (Closed
cycle) Absorption
Adsorption

(Absorption Chiller) (Adsorption Chiller)
2.3.1 (Absorption Chiller)

(LiBr/H2O)
(NH3/H2O) (Direct
fired) (Fossil)

4
(Generator) (Condenser) (Evaporator)
(Absorber) 2.13

15

2.13
70 100
C COP 0.6 0.8
130 180 oC COP 1.2

(Generator)


(Expansion Valve)

(coolant)
Absorber

(Generator)
2.14
o

2.14

16
NH3/H2O
(Rectifier)
LiBr/H2O 10 kW 100000 kW
2.3.2 (Adsorption Chiller)

(Solid sorption)
Adsorber (2)
Desorber (1) Evaporator Condenser ( 15) Denoted
1 Cooling Tower Denote 2 2.15

2.15 (Adsorption Chiller)

(Adsorption Chiller)
Water/Silicagel 60
70 o C
Adsorption Chiller
60 100 o C COP 0.3
0.7 5 kW 500 kW
Desorber

Condenser
Evaporator
Adsorber
2.16

17

2.16

20 28 oC
0 5 oC

2.17

2.17

1)
2)
3) (Cooling Tower)
4) FAN Coil Unit
5) (Hot and Cool Buffer Tank)
6)

18
3.
3.1
3.1.1
1)
..2549 2,520 MW ( 3.1)
..2548 43 %
37 % 27 % 22% 8 %

PV Production [MW]

3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000

Rest of World
United States
China & Taiwan
Europe
Japan

500
0
2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2548
3.1 (MW/)

2)
( )
65 70 3.2 10
66%

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Ot
he
rs

T)
rw
or l
d(D
E/U
S)
So
la

BP
So
la

r(I
N

S)
(DE
/U

Sch
ott

So
lar

Mo
te c
h(T
W)

)
lec
t ri
c(J
P
iE

Sa
ny
o(J
P)

Mi
tsu
bis
h

)
Su
nte
ch(
PR
C)

era
( JP
Ky
oc

QCe
lls(
DE
)

2547
2548
2549

Sh
arp
(JP
)

Production Volume [MW]

19

3.2 ..2549
3)
..2548 3.3
80
CIS
CdTe

4.7%

2.9%

52.3%

1.6%

(Copper
indium
diselenide)
0.2%
A-Si on Cz
slice
6.8%

31.5%

3.3 ..2548
: , ..2549

Dye Sensitized Quantum
Well

20
4)
..2518
60$/W
8$/W ..2533 ..2545
13-14% 3-3.5 $/W 3.1


-
-
-
-
10-15 % ..2553
1.0-1.25 $/W
3.1
(Profitable Price Includes 40% Gross Product Margin)
2543

Option

Price ($)
Single Crystal
3.00-4.00
Multiicrystalline Si
3.00-4.00
Silicon Ribbon
3.00-4.00
Concentrator
4.00-6.00
Amorphous Si
2.00-3.00?
CIS
NA
CdTe
NA
Si Film/LCS
NA
Factory Price
2.50-4.00
Lowest Price
2.5
NA: Pilot Production 2001

2548

2548

2553

2553

Cost($)

Price($)

Cost($)

Price ($)

3.33

1.4

2.33

1.75

2.92

1.2

1.75

2.92

1.2

1.75

2.92

0.8

1.33

1.2

0.75

1.25

1.2

0.75

1.25

1.2

0.75

1.25

1.5

2.5

0.8

1.33

3.5

1.25

1.25

: Photovoltaic Technology Performance and Cost 1995-2010, PV Energy System, Inc., 2002. (..2545)

5
5)
.. 2550 2,826 MW
62 % ..2550
9,650 MW
.. 2550 1,328
MW 47 % 480 % 680 MW
220 MW 230 MW

 (MWp)

21

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

3.4 .. 2538-2550
: , ..2549
: Marketbuzz 2007, Marketbuzz 2008

( 6)
European Commission Joint Research Center 2002 ..2553
14,000 MW ..2563 70,000 MW ..2573
140,000 MW ( 3.2)

..2543
140
150
250
1,000

..2553
3,000
3,000
5,000
14,000

..2563
15,000
15,000
30,000
70,000

..2573
25,000
30,000
72,000
140,000

3.2 ()
: Status of PV Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation by European Commission Joint
Research Center, 2002. (..2545)

21

22

(amorphous silicon)







3.1.2
1)
.. 2520

.. 2536

.. 2550 3.15 ( 3.3)

2554

23
3.3
2536-2551

() (kW)
1.
353
1025.5
2.
2
4.5
3.
192
43.2
4.
197
866.5
5.
38
100.75
6.
137
205.5
7.
90
180.0
8.
30
90.0
9.
7
26.6
10.
65
130
11.
1
4
12.
19
64.35
13.
40
95.086
14. /
17
35.5

15.
1
9.75
16. Mini Grid
5
50
17.
15
202.2
18.
5
25.4

1,183
3,158.316
(.. 2551)
32.5 ( 3.4) Stand Alone 90.5 Grid-Connected
10.5 3.5

24
3.4 .. 2551

(kW)

1.

3,158.316

2. ()

543.637

3.

24,507.990

4.

797.164

5.

463.050

5.

12.913

6.

16.800

7.

4.160

8.

56.100

9.

3.700

10.

1.640

11.

42.000

12.

1,142.022

13.

2.700

14.

0.300

15.

1,755.00

10%

32,507.49

1%

4%

4%

81%

3.5 (2551)

25
2)
2547
Multi Crystalline Amorphous
5 3.5
3.5

()

(MW/Y)

(Modules)
30

(Cells/Modules)

(Cells/Modules)
(Modules)

(Modules)
(Modules)
(Cells)
Precise Renewable (Modules)
Energy

(ISET)

120

2547

500

2547

50

50

3,800

2550

70-80
(

2548

10

70-80

2548

15

2548
2550
2548

2550

25
3

..2550

83

123

3.2
3.2.1

()

(Cells/Module)

202

200
1,400
12-13
(
)
200-250

26
1)

3.6
3.6

1. (parabolic Coolidge

trough)

IEA-SSPPS
Almeria
Solar Electricity

Generating System
SEGS
Navada-SEGS
Eldorado Valley

Phoenix
Arizona APS 1 MWe

2. (power tower) Eurelios

Adrano
Sicily
IEA-SSPS
Almeria
Sunshine
Nio
Solar One

CESA-1
Almeria
Themis
Targasonne

C3C-5
Crimea

Solar Two
Barstow
PS 10
Seville
Solar Tres
Cordoba

150 kWe

(..)
2522-2525

500 kWe
350 MWe

2525-2526
2528-2534

50 MWe

2549

1 MWe

2547-2549

10 MWe

2524

500 kWe
1 MWe
10 MWe

2524-2529

2525-2531

1.0 MWe
2.4 MWe

2526-2527
2526-2529

5 MWe

2528

10 MWe
11 MWe
15 MWe

2539-2542
2547
-

(..)

27
3.

25 kWe

2527-2528

25 kWe
50 kWe

Boeing
50 kW
Stirling Energy
System (SES)

50 kW
Science Application
International Corporation
(STM Corp.)
Eurodisk
Almaria
10 kW
1 MW
10-40 kW

Vangard 1
MDAC
SBP 50

Rancho Mirage

Riyard

2541-2544
-

2)

10 (module)
stand-alone

3)
(cost)



3.6 3.7

28

3.6 (IEA, 2003)

3.7
3.2.2

.. 2548

29
3.3
2
(High temperature solar thermal system)
100 (Low
temperature solar thermal system) 100

2

o
o
o
o

o
o
o

1)
25

Black Chrome

50,000

30



40,000 . 2554
2)

2552

3.4
3.4.1
1)

100
30 60%

3.8

31
2)

(Cooling Load)
3.9

2 [8]



3)