a@kna@ a@na@a@

n a@na@wba@b @@@@
na@b!a@wb@ba@a%a@

bna@jna@paya@
^j]<^e<<
@n a@bna@pb

bia@b a@m@Zya@!a

821@M@3047@@Z)a@a
/ 2005 - +, 1426 :% &

! "
'(

# $

a@kna@ a@na@a@
n a@na@wba@b @@@@
na@b!a@wb@ba@a%a@

bna@jna@paya@
^j]<^e<<
n a@bna@pb

bia@b a@m@Zya@!a

0 +12
5 6 789: ; '1

8B C
B8+++++ F
B8++ +I

</3

+ $=
=>
:? @ 8A / /
D > @ 8A E F G / /
@$
< H C '1 / ?

821@M3047@@Z)a@a
/ 2005 - +, 1426 :% &

! "
'(

# $

J
K
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
13
19
21
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
34
35

L +++M ++ +

) !"

) !"

=P
Q8
- N & O>C
$%& '(( " #"
!
-1
" #"
) !
1-1
" #"
) !
,& '( 2-1
" #"
! . /0 -2
1 2" 3 456( 73 8 ( 90 ) !" :0 1-2
;/ 3 ) !" 8 (< 2-2
?2 4 0 @ 9
0 #3 ) !" 8 (< 3-2
( " (
%#" 9 3) ) !" AB
C D( 4-2
45 GHI 20 : :J ) !"
6K 5-2
(4I
< O %I ) 4L (< 2M ) !" L N@ 6-2
2$" P# ( 9 Q 0 R -3
S 8 G - D8R O>C
8 ( 90 ) !" :0 . /0 S NHI -1
) !" 8 (< 0 @ T R -2
< < U(
" V50 C $' W/0 S NHI -3
< 8
S 8 G - T 8R O>C
8 ( 90 ) !" :0 . /0 S NHI -1
) !" 8 (< 0 @ T R -2
< < U(
" V50 C $' W/0 S NHI -3
'
:
+ +"G - #U = O>C
Y ?2
ZX A5"7
ZX Q8 (K 0=9 08K
#$ =
V8J -

F
'( !

)$* $+,
.?

; .?

-./

@ $@ A )B

- 01 2 3 4$567 85
.?>

9. $ 94 ,. :5

C D6 #E F@

S $> M. # , B4 T 5 > U85

,=.

. \] ^ 4 P -_ ^ 7 -./ ` a 01

'( !

01 i $=R M=. 6 f . ? > < 5

2 4/ )
B (,

d '=> 85

; != 0 I ; D6 HB4 M. ,=.

6 $ V> !

<Q I/

V5 . W 0
= @ !?

C D6<

&;

$V

V< 0 M <

> ,( k $*

WWWEF

X
4

5$<A, I < / <@ R

[

@? .?.

=,> l5 > 8VD

@

. \] ^ 4 P -_
( V5 %j "

S6?.

! 4 (> HB4

D6< HB<4 C < j <[

C

<

& JKL M. N O

94 ,> e 7[ ` [ R N B

6+ (!56 85

q6+ I ( 01

; '<=> 85

C ,

.C1 f g h ; ,=> C ++a

D6 C S6?. @ R I

5$A, ^ 56 p -./ W 01 W

4G HI

; 4 P1

$7 V M. W > MX? Y 6+ C , ! 4 (. M. ZK V.

C D c S& I

" # $ %&

Q I/ ^ =.

> ,Q , j M. <.GS
.

I>

!^ D

-: + '+
-:7? %++++ 1 B 08+++J 7 Z 7? [ ++

S #J

;\, Q8 8 F

++++ ^ + 9
( 8+ H+Z Y +,)
$%& '(( " #"
" #"

ZX [ \ (

) !

) !"
" V50 $5
2$"
) !" 3 (

&<

3-1

" @ S!% 4-1

&<

U 0 S!% 5-1

( ] % 1J( % 6-1

1-2 8 (< 0 ^^^^^@ ` ^ ^^^^ -2

) !"
) 0 # T R U $ W6 2-2
P# ( 9 Q 0 R A0

_ N @ 3 ) !"
2$"

^^:0 . ^^/0 SNH^^^ -1

8 ( ^^^ 9^^^0 ) ^ ^!"
7 2-1
1 2" 3 456( 73
7 1-1

P# ( 9 Q 0 R A0

BQ 3 ) !"

(]D? < 8

++++++A8+6
( $ H+Z Y ++,)

!" 7& H . /0Q

2$"

++: + Y ++++++++,?

0 @`

3-2

P# ( 9 Q 0 R A0

1-3

" V50 $5
_( 3 &

( ] % 1J( % 2-3
a7

%5 S!% 3-3

^ ^$' W^^^/0 SNH^^^ -3

^ ^^^" V^^^^^50 H^^^^^
^^^^^ < A^^^^^B < ^^^^^ (
) !"

.(Q

++++ + + Q8++++ + ++ +
+++ =++P +

-:8 V8

= 9

a=

O >$? -1

V K & 3 $i R / W ^!I $ ^% '( ^ j 9^0

^0 (Motor D.C) " #^"
^ ) ^ !
^^!" lm^^ 12\^^I( n 0 #^^ o ^^?2I V^^ K p ^^!I A^^
Xq <r (
^^ ) ^^i L i ^^R k
1
^ / A^^B . ^ ! ^ ^ " 2\^^ Q Xj( 8 \^^! 9^^ 100 9 ^ 3 [( ^ I %5 ^ N
0 / ^@ 3
. & 3 $i 0 \" (
-: Iq
Q 9 " #"
) ! 8 i

-:= 9

t /RQ %5
Z Wi W
%#"
W6
= 9

-2
-4
-6
-8

# k 2G" t /RQ -1
B JK t /R -3
%#" W -5
u3 L -7
8 /G -9

(1) HZb
8 a= cU8R

a=

O >$? 1-1

= 9ee
8 e a=ee cU8Ree dee 1-1-1
-:S 7 Z (1) HZb (Stator)
^ ! 9^^ 12\^^ ( ( P^^G ) Wi ^ $
t /RQ 45Z < AB O( ^/" ( ^
.. :"
%5 ( # k 2G"
^^^^^^^$I %5 ( #^^^^^^^ k 2G" t ^ ^^^^^/RQ
) 2^^^^ (Excilation winding)
-:A t /RQ 9 8 0 L
9^^^0
^^0 A^^ ( ^^7 / t ^^/RQ
. FeO4 !
5B
9^^0 H^^2I A^^ ( 0 2\^^ t ^^/RQ
I ^ )P^@Q A^B ^ ( ^
( ^ ^^^ /^^^^^@ 3 Wi ^ ^^^$ W^^^^^Z <
.W 6
( ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"!% )
%#^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"
8 ^^^
iI( (carbon brosh)
A^^^^^^@ 8 3 ^^^^^i 9^^^^^^ 0 2\^^^^^^
#23 ^L 7
& ^ 4^7 p( ^""
8 A@ !L 5@ $ B ( n %5 ^N
& V^ K
%#^" 9^
^ W 2^
.
N
.8 L : 8 /G
-

= 9

= 9

(2) HZb
8 a= =V

=V
de 2-1-1
-:(2) HZb
n) ^^^^^!" A^^^^^^B ^^^^^&
^^^^^: ^^^^^ (
-:9 8 i (
Y ^ ^! & R ^ ^ 9^^^ Y ^ ^ ^^^5R ^^%5" ^^$3 1^^^J I Y ^^: V^^50
k Ga^^ ^5 1^^J ( n ^@ !2
.5\
! 9 < "0 V50
. <r < "0 -

a=

8 i ^ ( (Commutator) ^ "
9^^0 ( ^ 7" ^ @ !2 1^^/ 9^^
Wi^^C V^^50 I ^ 8 ^ iI( n $a^^73
8 ( ^ ^^
^ ^^! V^^^^50 AL /^^^^@
.9 L 7 9 iB /@ 3 4 50 (

-:= 9
. # k 2G"

a=

O >$? kV8

-:= 9
8 a= cU8R d kV8
( "3 [ "# ( ) !" W" 4 % '( Wi $

A^^B A#^^ k 2G" . ^:"

%5 V K A

^ I $ ^% '( ( ^!" ) ^$I %5 ( #^^ k 2G" t ^/RQ

.) !"
N 1 2" 9 A& 3 $i
W L $ ^% '( ( ^"!% )
%#^"
.t /RQ ( &
-:= 9

8
.

a= =V
d
! p Lr _UP 8 (

2-1
1-2-1
-

2-2-1
_ 0 p LK

-:= 9
.. /0Q lm t @ ( " #"

Q8^=

! . /0 o < L

-:#' 8U l A

U7

S1 a=

N8(1? -2
@ A5 " B

>C1 1-2

-: Iq t @Q

V K W/7 m < 7
. "6 %
. $L i AB
H!L (
%#" #I -t
. ! " & < AB B -p
.t /RQ & < AB B -<
.AJ Q 1 @ " (
\
%5 . " ( & AB \R -(
. ( !" A@ W I -U
.AJ Q 1
%#" W T "I -[
.W"! AB < U -
.o?2" AB ,5I -Y

-:Om'U a=

0 2-2

-: Iq t @Q
V K W/7 m < 7
. " ( &
\R . ( !" A@ W I -t
. &
%5 AB B -p
..< 7
/2 AB #
%#" -<
.W"! AB < U .W"7 #" $: B " R AB /Z -(

-:

8P l 1=< S ='^? 1=9U a=

0 3-2

-: Iq t @Q
V K W/7 m < 7 (
.O %
%5 & < AB B .W" 8( 3 ( W#5#I ) ! -t
.AJ T "I ( t /RQ %5 AB \R -p
.
) ! AB 9
W 6 I -<

-:( :

Q= 9

S U) a=

=b n : 4-2

-: Iq t @Q
V K W/7 m < 7 (
. " (
%#" 9 3 : ` P _ 0 .
" 9 3 % O #I -t
. ! " & < AB B -p
.
t /R /R AB /Z -<
.AJ T "I ( t /RQ %5 AB \R . & AB k W 6 I `i0 -(
. kQ W I AB /Z -U
..< 7
/2 AB
%#" < ( _ 0 -[
.t /RQ %5 & < AB B -
" AB 2
0 %I
@ !L 1/R < ( -Y
. " AB 7%I
U 0 i < ( -)

-:l I]G 1 8C CM a=

-: Iq t @Q
V K W/7
. ( !" A@
" AB 2
0 %I
@ !L 1/R <
. " /@ L

10

A2 5-2
m < 7(
W I ( -t
HZ -p

-:(lG =: $ 0 L8 G ) lD

0 O8 o? a=

D 6< 6-2

-: Iq t @Q

V K W/7 m < 7 (
.W"! AB < U . !" A@ ,5I -t
. %5" AB \R D( -p
" V50
%#" GJ AB < U -<

-:
.

p9

S & 1 J -3

!"5 & 3 $i . /0Q S NH 3 _ W R 1 2" 90 ) !" W\B :

^^^R
^^^ m Q W^^^^ S NH^^^
2^^^^M \^^^NH ^^^ "!
^^^7 _ N ^^^@ ^^^:
.L \
3(
.
( 7" I %" ( i%" ( < 7 _ N @ :
. & W\B 9 W R 45 6 I (
Hi A& 3 $ 5@ Y `" _ 0
.) !" & 3 1 2" 1k R W6( W R $ P@( P 6
B !6 9
$3 ? P" 9 ( ^I( ^% 2^M "? ^2
^k O ^I ^: ) ^!" ^B ^ A^B
.1 ": < 0K 2M 0 #"
.[P6r 5"0 9 $ LX 73 ) !"
9
W S!B < 0K

11

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

AL
+++

++ + S++ 8++++ G
+ + +++ ++

12

(1) :S =

S1 a=

>C1 N8(1? q 6]G :S =

-:7? % 1 08J [

@'K 7? #J

+++ '

<

Y ,&

. " #"
! & (< U 0 S!% -1
. " #"
!
" @ S!% -2
. " V50 $5
( ] % 1J( % -3

-:
B T R U $ -2
Z 3 \ -4
.
"2 < -6
W 6 I 5@ -8
.U 0 6X C -9

'

Qp 9

. "#
I ) ! -1
.( : ) U 7 T R U $ -3
. /3 -5
Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -7

-:S =
M

Q8 <=

Q> C

^8

s8"

\ G Q (r

Q (6

9 ^ ^^3 ) ^^^!" ^ ^^& (< ^^^ U 0 S^^^^!B -1

^ ^& < _ N ^ ^@ 3 $5i ^ ^ ( ^ ^ q ^ ^%5
-:A5 "
BQ ( [ \"
o# V50 [ \"
< AB k ^ 1^J ^^k V^^50 ^^Zq
^^/ ( ) ^ !"
.(3) WiC n13 V50 ) !"
%5

(3) HZb
13

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

T "I Y 9 Z ) !" 8 ^ K ^C A^^^B ^ ^ ( 8K( ^ ^ X [ \^^^" 8^^^B

8^^^^B T ^ ^^"I Y ) ^ ^^!"
< ^ ^^ K
. \I < ( V50 X < @ [ \"
.) !" o# 1
_ N @ 3 ) !" & <
" @ S^!B -2
-:AIq
ZX [ \ (
BQ
#^^!3 ^ 5G" ^
^ S^^!B 1-2
#!3(
!" O L 9^ O ^L W^
-:A
( n $5 6 I
-:W#5#
!
AB AB ) !" 9 8 N 8 i5# W^6
.(4) WiC n ZX [ \ V K &
:[ \"
C
" ^ ^^@ V^^^^50 . ^ ^^ 4^^^^LB ^ ^^I K . &
< ^ ( V^^ K < ^ 7 ^^ 8^^B ^ o^^ K . & AB W\B
.456(( & AB W\% 8 i AB < -:O %
!
AB -t
8I <
!" 9 O 2^ m^ A^B
:8 & 3 $
.t /RQ %5
< :V (Q
. &
<: L
9I
W\B : ^ ZX
^ K 2^0(
. "$a73 90

(4) HZb

14

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

t ^ ^/RQ ^ ^%5 ^ ^& < 9^^^ W^^^ W^^^6

A^^B k 1^^ l ^ V^^50 W^^ ^&
^& <(
-: X( (5) WiC n[ \" & <
^ ^ o^^^ K
-:V K
^ %5 V^^ K ( $5 ^ 6 I(
%#^^"
. $#%L &
V^^^^^^^ K ( t ^ ^^^^^/RQ ^ ^^^^^%5 ^ ^^^^^
.t /RQ 9 3 P 6
< ^ ^7 #^^^ B [ \^^^"

(5) HZb

#^^ ) ^^!"
-:AIq 1 2"

^^%5 W ^ 6 I S^^!B 2-2

$ ( W 6 /N

C3 ^" ) ^!"
^k o^50
^^ ( n %5 ^N" 4B ^k ^ " _ ^R (
n !^^^^^^6 WiH^^^^^^3 S^^^^^^!%
^^^^^^ r
.(6) WiC
(6) HZb

15

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

W\^^^! W#^^^5# [ \^^^ ^ ^& < W^^^6

n ^^^^^kQ 9^^^^^^ p (U ^^^^^MPM V^^^^^50
.(7) WiC
A^^B #^^ p (UQ lm^^ ^ 8 ^^ X
^ nO ^ % ,^^5 8 i ^ B ^ B Z ^ JK
A^^^B 8 #^^^
#^^^B 8 ^ ^R 8 ( ^ ^
. H3 [ \"
JK
" 90
%#^" 1B ^3 "$2^ 3
" ^^^^@ ^^^^B n[ \^^^^" ^ ^^I
W#^^5#
^ %5" 8 B ^ / 8 ^
& 5 L [ \" o5'

(7) HZb

& 3 ^$i

2^^^^M
^ 3
K(

^ $: A^^B . ^7 ^R `^R -3
-:
/N5 B(

^ ^5"7 . ^ ^7 T ^ ^R U ^ ^$ ^^^ $ 3 o^^^R

-:A5 " (8) WiC nT
.T
$\ S!B ^^ ( T ^^ U ^^$ ( %^^6) ^^J \^^ V^^ U ^^$: A^^/3
\^^ 3
. %\ V50 C "
(8) HZb

16

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

) ^ ^^! W^^^^6 9 ^ ^^3 . ^ ^^7 ^ ^^ ( `^^^^R

-:
/N5 B( (9) WiC n4"# (
.1 2" 90 ) !" W\B U ^^^^$:5 < ^^^^@Q ^^^^ ZX W^^^^3 W^^^^6( .) !" o#:3 (Earth)
U ^^^$:5 ^^^" Q ^^^ ZX W^^^3 W^^^6(
T ^ ^^^R < ^ ^^^" W^^^^^6 " V^^^^^ K (Line)
.o#: 9 3( 42 3 . 7 (
( :" )O m
<^3 T ^ U ^$ WG^C A^^^^B W GH^^^^ ^ ^^J V^^^^50 Ga^^^^ (
. ZQ $ Q
^^^^C $ ^^^^ K H^^^^ A^^^^ " ^ ^^ W:^^^^@ .T "

^^^^" 1^^^^ $5

(9) HZb

-:A5 "

^^^^ ( ] ^^^^% 1^^^^J( ^^^^ %I -4

-:AIq
" 1 $ \I ( ] % S!B -

n] ^ % A^^B /3 ^ ( U ^ $ A^^B k W^^6(

.(10) WiC

(10) HZb

.5
(< 0 3 &
a7 (<
(
R V50 ^3 M U ^$: ^C A^ 3 K
. \I 8 V50 . m^$B 8 ( ^ ^ B . ^k
.
" 1 ] %
m^^^$B 3m3m ^^ ^^ (Q
^ ^R ^^^L K ^^
`^
^ " 1^^ ] ^ % . \^^I 8 A^^27
."? 2
17

Q8 <=

^8
GJ T

s8"

Q (6

k 90 ] % W S!B -t
-:A5 " ( )

a0 V50 & :#^ ( 9^ / ^C 1^J

.(11) WiC n C % !I (2)
^^^^^/N3 3 ^^^^^" ^^^^^N
^^^^^k ^^^^^C
^ ^^^ ( ^ ^^^3 (11) Wi^^^^^C (1) ^ ^^^ "2
. ZQ 3 & :# R ( !@ (
!^^^@

2^^^0 9^^^i" A^^^

-: < 7" .PZ 9 )

^^^ W:^^^@
. $#3 R
GJ #

=)

(11) HZb

GJ

1^^ 3 #^^!" ) ^
G^^J " ^ R 8 ^ R
^%
^ X ^^: ( ^ $3 [ "#^^" " ^
)
8B XK( n%10 9^0 9 ^ " 9 ^3
^ ^^I X ^^^^: m^^^^ ^ ^^ GI V^^^^ K ^^^ !3
A5%#^^ ^ C % W^^
^ k 9 ^^3 B #^^"
. o (4-2) 90
" /@(

18

(2) :S =

a=

-:7? % 1 08J [

0 1=< 38 J :S =

@'K 7? #J

.4I %6
.

-:

+++ '

# ) !"5 0 #
_ N @ 3 ) !"

'

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Y ,&
< ! -1
0 @ ` -2

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#

I ) ! -1
.
I -2

-:S =
M

<

\ G Q (r

Q (6

^ ^^ ) ^ ^^!" 0 #^^^^
^ ^^ < ^ ^^ -1
^ ^^57
^ ^^ A^^^^B < ^ ^^!" " #^^^^"
n) !"

" #^^^^^"
^ ^^^ ) ^ ^^^! 0 ^ ^^^@ `^^^^^R -2
8 ( ^^^ 0 ^^^@ T ^^^R U ^^^$ _ N ^^^@ 3
/N5 ^ B( n(12) Wi^C n( ^
)
-:
5"7 @ 2" B Jr 7/
Z .T
V50 V50 0 #^ T ^R U ^$ 1^J . I

(12) HZb

19

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

! V50 T U $
^! 1^J
G^^^^J ( ) ^ ^^!"5 8 ( ^ ^^ < ^ ^^"0
8 ^^^^i ^^^^!3 n(13) Wi^^^^^C nP ^^^^5R
U ^$
^! ( 8 ( ^ < ^"0 ^!
. (
@ V50 T
. $L(<( U $: C
R X
0 #^^ ( ^ @ " 0 #^^ 9 ^ 3 8 ^R
.) !"5
"

(13) HZb

20

(3) :S =

% 1 =b
a=

-:7? % 1 08J [

H r q 6]G :S =
=: $ 0 08
@'K 7? #J

-:

" V50 $5
._ ( 3 &

'

+++ '

<

Y ,&

( ] % 1J( % -1
a7
%5 S!% -2

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#
I ) ! -1
.
B( T R U $ -2
.A& 3 $ _ (U -3
.) L GJ T -4
. Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -5
W 6 I 5@ -6
..U 0 6X C -7

-:S =
M

Q8 <=

^8
( n

Q (6

" 1 $5
-:

n] % AB /3

( ] % 1^J( ^ %I -1
-:AI B(
" 1 $ \I ( ] % S!B ( U ^$ A^B k W^6(
.(14) WiC

(< ^ 0 ^ 3 ^ &
a^^7 (<
^^R V^^50 ^^3 M U ^^$: ^^C A^^ 3 ^^B
8 V50 . m$B 8 (
B. k ^ (
.
" 1 ] % . \I
m^^$B 3m3m ^ ^ (Q
^ R ^^L K ^
` ^^
^^" 1^^^ ] ^^% . \^^^I 8 A^^^27
."? 2
GJ T k 90 ] % W S!B -t
-:A5 " n ( )
^5

(14) HZb

s8"

\ G Q (r

21

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

a^^^0 V^^^50 & :#^^^ ( 9^^^ / ^ ^C 1^^^J

.(15) WiC n C % !I (2)
^ "2
^ /N3 3 ^ " ^ N
^k ^C
^ ^^R ( !^^^^@ ( ^ ^^ ( ^ ^^3 (15) Wi^^^^C (1)
. ZQ 3 & :#
R ^ !^^@

^ W:^^@
. $#3

2^^0 9^^i" A^^

-: < 7" .PZ 9 )

GJ #
=)

(15) HZb

GJ

" 1 3 #!" ) ^
G^J " ^R 8 ^R
9 ^ ^3 ^ ^%
^ ^ X 8 ^^^: ( n ^ ^$3 [ "#^^^"
^ !3 ) ^
8^^B XK( n%10 9^^0 9 ^ "
. GI V K
W
k 9 3 B #"
^I X 8 ^: m^
^ ^^^^^^^^^^" /^^^^^^^^^^^^@( A5%#^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^C %
. o (4-2) 90
._ ( 3 &
a7
%5 S!B -2
B( ( no#: ( ^%5" 9 ^3 T " ^ S^!B -: Iq
/N5
n_ ( ^ ^^^^^^^ V^^^^^^^^^50 ^ ^^^^^^^&

a^^^^^^^^^7 1^^^^^^^^^J
.(16) WiC

< ^ ^"0 9 ^ ^3 ^ ^ " B A^^^5 U ^ ^$

.
.<<
(16) HZb

^^B `^^^R( _ ( ^ ^ V^^^50

L B 8 ( < "0(
8 A27 m$B @ !2
.W\ @ !2 lm
22

^ ^k W^^^6
" (8 (

\ 1 _(

W6

^^&
a^^^7 ) ^^
@ !L W^ 9 ^3 ^$:
K 20 %6
^
1 . 6 " ,5"

Q8 <=

^8

s8"

Q (6

-:AI B( ( n %5" 9 3 \ S!B -t

.(17) WiC n_ (
.<<

V50 &
I

a7 1J

\ 1 _(

W6

K Y 57 :" V50 Y(
H2 5\L 1J
< ( _ 0 V^50 ^ .< H^2" 5\^L ^ $I o^
. %5" 9 3 \R
(17) HZb

^^: ) 2^^ \^^I ^^!3 3 ^^ a^^7 (<

. / `%23 S!B ( V50Q AB
8 i H3 H2" 5\L 4 50 $I Ym^ ,^5" .
,5"3 4 @ : ( n \
^^ B( ^^^ ( n ^^%5" W ^ ^6 I
" ^^@ S^^^!B -p
-:AI
.(18) WiC n_ (

V50 &

a7 1J

9 ^ ^^^@ !23 ^ ^^^ " % U ^ ^^^$ A^^^^^B k W^^^^^6(

C ) !I ^B ^&
a^7 9^ 9 ^I ( :
A 3 K ^ n,^5" P^@ V^50 ^ .< U ^$:
" @ _ 0 V50 .< ^3 M U ^$: ^C
.O / ( [ % ,5" 8 Y n,5"
(18) HZb

9 ^ ^^^@ !L 9 ^ ^^^ 7/ 3 U ^ ^^^$: A^^^^^B k W^^^^^6(

1^^^/ 1 ^ ^" 9 ^^3 m^^^i ( n9 ^ ^Z 9 ^^I ( :
. @ !2
-:AI B( ( %5" W 6 I !6 S!B -<
.(19) WiC n_ (

V50

" 1J

^ ^@ !23 ^ ^ " B A^^^5 U ^ ^$ A^^^B k W^^^6(

. "
) 2^^ 8 ^^ ^^B U ^ $: ^^C
^^!L ^ C(
!2
@ U ^$: ^C 8^B T ^i7 ,^5
.` 7 l :I AB
(19) HZb
23

+< 8+ + S++ 8++++ G

++ + + +++ ++

24

(1) :S =

S1 a=

>C1 N8(1? q 6]G :S =

-:7? % 1 08J [

@'K 7? #J

+++ '

<

Y ,&

. " #"
! & (< U 0 S!% -1
. " #"
!
" @ S!% -2
. " V50 $5
( ] % 1J( % -3

-:

'

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#
I ) ! -1
.
B T R U $ -2
.( : ) U 7 T R U $ -3
. Z 3 \ -4
. /3 -5
.
"2 < -6
. Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -7
W 6 I 5@ -8
..U 0 6X C -9

-:[

S [ (

O =$u

. " #"
! & (< U 0 S!B -1
. " #"
!
" @ S!B -2
. " V50 $5
( ] % 1J( %I -3

25

(2) :S =

a=

-:7? % 1 B 08J [

0 1=< 38 J :S =

@'K 7? #J

.4I %6
.

-:

# ) !"5 0 #
_ N @ 3 ) !"

'

-:[
.4I %6
.

26

+++ '

<

Y ,&
< ! -1
0 @ ` -2

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#

I ) ! -1
.
I -2

S [ (

# ) !"5 0 #
_ N @ 3 ) !"

O =$u

!I -1
0 @ T R -2

(3) :S =

% 1 =b
a=

-:7? % 1 B 08J [

H r q 6]G :S =
=: $ 0 08

@'K 7? #J
.

-:

" V50 $5
._ ( 3 &

'

+++ '

<

Y ,&

( ] % 1J( % -1
a7
%5 S!% -2

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#
I ) ! -1
.
B( T R U $ -2
.A& 3 $ _ (U -3
.) L GJ T -4
. Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -5
W 6 I 5@ -6
..U 0 6X C -7

-:[
.

27

" V50 $5
._ ( 3 &

S [ (

O =$u

( ] % 1J( %I -1
a7
%5 S!B -2

13

++++: ++

++++ ++++"+G

+++ ++'++

++++ ++

28

5=P
-: xy86
(

8'

/8 ? ()

p1

8' rv
K

8'

/8 ? ( ) @A

5\
) !" 8 (< 2M
R %" W 5

& R 9

! 9

" 1

& 3 $i

!" Wi 12\ -1

"# T"3

!"5

8'1 HZ

U8$u % 1 N

-: '9 7 Z H I] O U 1 7

Y=

-: '9 7 Z

'(

" 8 i -4

N : =V 0 #M -23

S1 a=
.YU

%#" 8 iI -2

# k 2G" t /RQ 12\I -3

( @ !L 7/R 9

-: Gz 8

p1 #M -13

>C1 8: F -1

& < AB B .
t /R /R AB /Z -t
a7 $ # P _ 0( ] % #I -p
.W GH 5 W"7 #" $: " R AB /Z -<

1=9 S ='^? 1=9U a=

%5

0 8: F -2

.AJ Q 1 T "I ( . :"

%5 AB \R . " #I -t
.[ "#" V\RQ ! 90 W"! < U -p
. $\"
-<

-: '9 7 Z H I]

O8 o? B8C CM a=
.. :"

K 8

1 -3

%5 AB k W 6 I `i0 . " /@ L HZ -t
.AJ Q 1 ] % W T "I -p
. \
%5 -<

29

-: '9 7 Z

'(

1=9 S HJ? 1=9U a=

0 8: F -4

..< 7 1J( AB # ] % .. :" & < AB B -t

.
t /R /R AB /Z -p
. \
%5 -<

-: '9 7 Z = 9

a=

% 1 =b

8: F -5

.43 [ "#" V\RQ ! 90 W"! < U . $\"

-t
.o?2" ,5I -p
.] % (
" 93
` PI D( _ 0 -<

-: '9 7 Z 7

O8 o? a=

=: $ 0 L8 G

8: F -6

. 2" & < AB B .[ "#" V\RQ ! 90 W"! < U -t

. 2" AB k W 6 I `i0 -p
a0 V50 a%N2 (
0 @ "I < ( -<

-: Gz 8 F 8 '<8 8 U G{ H C H ^? -33
1 ^ ^^^2" 9^^^^^ A^^^^^& 3 $i

^ ^^^ W 2^^^^^ " #^^^^^"

^ ^^^
^ ^^^! A^^^^^B
%#^^^^^" _ N #^^^^^I ............................... V K A N
............................ V K
! W 23 & 3 $i
!" AB &
a7 _ -t
.................... V K p !I A
Xq <r (
) iLi
j " #"
) ! -p

30

8' rv
7

S1 a=

>C1 N8(1? q 6]G : 8' rv <

-:

'

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#
I ) ! -1
.
B T R U $ -2
.( : ) U 7 T R U $ -3
. Z 3 \ -4
. /3 -5
.
"2 < -6
. Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -7
W 6 I 5@ -8
..U 0 6X C -9

-:[

S [ (

O =$u

. " #"
! & (< U 0 S!B -1
. " #"
!
" @ S!B -2
. " V50 $5
( ] % 1J( %I -3

31

a=

-:

0 1=< 38 J : 8' rv <

'

Qp 9
. "#

-:[
.4I %6
.

32

Q> C
I ) ! -1
.
I -2

S [ (

# ) !"5 0 #
_ N @ 3 ) !"

O =$u

!I -1
0 @ T R -2

a=

=: $ 0 08

% 1 =b

-:

H r q 6]G : 8' rv <

'

Qp 9

Q> C

. "#
I ) ! -1
.
B T R U $ -2
.A& 3 $ _ (U -3
.) L GJ T -4
. Xj L 6 A& 3 $ 0 ( 26 -5
W 6 I 5@ -6
..U 0 6X C -7

-:[
.

33

" V50 $5
._ ( 3 &

S [ (

O =$u

( ] % 1J( %I -1
a7
%5 S!B -2

+ + Q8+++ + (K
> CDu I 8U Q8 (K

0=++9
U=

I 8U Q8 (K

Energy transformation

R / W !I

Direct current

"#

Armature

p Lr a0

Commutator

(1": )

a0

Stator

3 M a0

Rotor

& < a0

Carbon brush

( %# ) L 3

C B

Power

Electric power

&3 $

Mechanical power

iLi

Motor D.C

" #"

3 W"7 A& 3 $ ) !

Ammeter

Voltammeter

$: T

Excilation winding

t /RQ

34

%5

08++K

#++$ =++

++ +V8+J

-: U=
Ai^^^^^@ B

^ ^^^ X .p - 8 G8 6 e eee<

18 Keeeee

V8U=eeeee Z Q e eee

#$ =

- Bv ?

D8 e eeeA # e eee CG -1
_1975 @( -

o ^57 ( 3 ^

U( - o72^^ 9 #^^ ._ / ^ o

^3K ._ - O8U=ee Z |8Kee rv e

Q8'ee

_1990
_1986

@ o72 9 # ._ /

3K ._ = 9

@-

Qv} ~pA2 -3

-: ' $& #$ =

35

-2

- B8 D8o