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Crrncept of State

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Defrnition of state

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SociologgTElrF Sltrq KnSil

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"The state is a

po-litical unit legally permitted to use force within a specified territory."

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institution that successfully claims a monopoly of the legttimate use of force within
a given territory.- (1980 : 569) r c(E'tft f<ers{ <8nq r tMl q qq nrs w or< rr+rfu
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institution that holds the supreme

power in a society and that claims a monopoly over the legitimate use of force,,
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Elements of state

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Thcorics of thc Origin of the State

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Social contract thcory

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for the purpose of explaining and justifying the existence and authority of the
state," Krqf{B-s ryt}n rfi {rt{ Tqiwr <FG[, 6<F[ *<* +"$Ro {r$ 6yE c:[F[ Ecrrtr, nprsr<
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Force theory

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Eq'Ifu-d

itq6t

<tdr

qEI

(iF)BFI

qs

E{HR 'trr wIIEtrtr c<t 1fs"r+ <ftpE c1,Fo

rBrBtr ?titrlJt r .

5vo

Eo a1{'lfr{ mrqftE,|q (SqI qA)

s-fi q$.i Tq-s f,B s(r,R T{t{ril TI-rrH FI{t3t fiqq

(tl) ctfrQ{Ba ry6q qrdsrttmaK E1-at{iu q<( (c:F c{tq +-y's wu crtro'm ,retlav s <Frgv
.
r1-r

rFrffn'eUIFI

qlssB"r$&.f{Rqq q<". qr Eqqr& +65 wi u,rurBgs iFtE (f <FrW T3ffit eRIl{

't
STE "rf$ srflq E\5?ilrC-<t 1S TSFI Eq.nfu qcmrBr {r{fH SrGR E;[-{.qcB ,{<q "rie eKfe
ilE"s.tr:FI T?rr qr e<til6( ttfr-Tarfr rwnds ermrqt et rfu
ts)

cErq mrEx tsq{fuF {rq .Tle fqq furltrq e<( carq lfu< Nrua ilzE-{ -nrya
qffi{s q{ Ert qrurrfts srE ft ftffirtir ql{rfit 6F?a EEr uifuy <siB Krits flrK

p1ffi

nB fl c<ft ffiq sFFIro 1lrd E,irf'r tm q-+c{r&< :rqfu

rflrrrs{
,rccr
srq "ffsrlrfl cs< Tr l gs 6c1e1,ffu{ {q15s mrc i{r.R rrq flirrfi qtr6
EigT
e$fu iFs& rrrm qt r ,4.i qq:' utt cffiis{r r qftq q-EryqftTt <tr( ftfr- rfu qr

lfte rn$< Bs,fs-{

i-,rq6q

ilGE? Bs-rfu Tprcf.fur<rfr

ffi

I
Family and Kinship
q s{t <eE <r{Ei cq, qrft-orffii crrq cc{b{resr ETfrqqlr6< frfus qry rb I q<t{
6s-{rflK (sexual Promiscuity) e fifrs tfftrn r[<i fr-{-q eRmqRrrmi r{r<f ,rftr qtft-srcE<
ffietr<< {F{r fl {s qfl rm I fiFq lMlR Trs qq{ttr lfitmt qtfi ffi<r< I q qe{m
ffirora {qR fl r+n q<( Trsimq 6E-{r Tryg.6a s{rc fi11 cc-:{ I ,qefF6 {rmq-=r
qtft6[r<l cftq lr,puont
Wr+m< {q'ns qr I .c fft1 ffins6 <Rrli Ttrr{l
'rk{ri u<r @
qfrqR
<rco agq 6F$Es Ers erm r Frgom
1lsr, .c-ri E, qffi tr6[, ,E{ qsF e prrc'n 6
flf{-{ri<{cE qm-q'ffi >m& frrr {6s r Fror< culg eq fr-{q.'t r {ism E{-{q'H ur1oc'fi En5r
qsn-qstsrqa cfn qlko,K ft-fs Aq qr, qq-{, ft {R{|rni'ry{l< fta{-T{q EI-{t tffi E"r< fi<
6 I va1fa5 Str&K qQq 6q1 crO frieq iFGr st qrfrF 1fr<K qffi <rra qr?Fs'q<R. {k{rm{ a
c{Fr qri-crilR Eq <r Ee{smtrn q-{I nR{"i s{Ht c{r6q-n onE ffi afi?F'rsq I qr q-{ fi{Kq 6 rrq
ccrm q<R q6fte a ffit.frg "ff{-{l< rlq dr (clan) fr-<r+< Tqffis <rrr, ({{1rl qr q-{ <jIT ,tr$

rl5

tffi

dl
ffi

qEF Titr {RI. r GFIr{ t'tsT

s nm?*rioq rns+r rrgatn<
'fl-KK e
q{F RFrr< irrr <rtrE wt{qs lpiiq qs q<ls e<...rrcitrFs Tt{oqftq GK q-{FC rqem w r
,ffrEK gEr+I +q, Effa s{H q<( rtpFps <6 r
op6q
'rk<n<-<
An ftre1r frfrt .IpFls .{<",
w{qtfs qR-{R stfrfi t
fi-rsf{ q'{sm qf?rotft r fuft sr< rsn-rq( "flts fi-rs qm-rga, Errrt,
q<q qdj RrsFNrr< EErsK crre
Eyr. rerryrmrsa
fmma r oaa ft ura<

ffi

ffi

ffi

Xs5

qg<E 6+.u
:FDffr Td fr-q .{
qroB

q(qrRfrs rs (put
T$tlrer {H rfli 6
6ftri qs(e e-+cf,
R$r$ ffirqrrn fril
t{iz-+ qftE6 q1:

gffi OffiI{H fr?'r(E

qqrrIr qlftg
Tl-qTI

'nfi,

*tEl tfl:fi{

+a r eerr<QnGqrd

<r <s:rRrorq rsq

Bvolutionary theory of the origin of state

<iG< Eq'rrt e<". fr$FI cPn6
sEfr c+r vrs"r{{ r nnsl Bq"|fu e 3ryfoq5q1
?F[3t
crrq fivi< GrEm iffR pirTl '[FI;I
c{TtrTr {pfr61-a6B qEqIE-{ i[3[ {dt t

<TE

qfiefrF crr6q

T[9={q'ilsqn-

qeqqf

rrq

q(gr t qKRrFr-d rBil

qftsrr-sq+"i.rc{ i
T{rnT q"enffi uFvi
{ar6,<Ft 1q trrr
iEnq fiqt qtr{ (IICI{
VforQv-t<

vrrr

,fr{ +{r*r e,r* Eqt

,li Gl cmr+r,
IG_$rflr r efi <mi
om r

regulation of propt
is involved in thes
the matrix of gova

c{, Efrl
f;qann ,tfr<rr r
E'caq,

vu

{rs(q

rf{
Religion
q{ cur$ Rum
T{Erq-$ ffi
rrr

lfficqR s6s sEN

tfr

or< I srrq-< T[s'

ilsffiT<TEtt

)v)

qfieFp corffi <rqq,

16 rn +;rr Es a, ilyam ftr{R CenF Rr60{ Bqtfu q6nq | fu o
xoB wrc 6o cs I TEtct 1fu--<lqffi-$ T{, sr RE qlTres q$6T r er cc'rnfl PrqR !F{r{(

Tprfr <6

qffiifrs

ftq '{Irtks' rir r qqgt tfrilmn std e 6.q au sGrrfl qRftn (private)'

ffi

asiwom "fR<rn +.{+ .w 1qs Wr&-+ q<:?F q<( <ifuuno

q{rt Erfl .ttfis w r qftq rftvgm Erfrq!ffii e&N erfrs qn r cbr

Ts (Pubtic) I {6{t(

<'fts\or tq c+t1 dq
6ftqK q-s-(e qErtn&< srcdr fiKnst frqrt, frffirm xcqr Ert-n frfl.oT
qiprct e qfu{Ft
{rFq
RrTs qksq-{R Bfrro qe6v En I fi {t 6{FF, 5fil 64gqR gt ,rk<m o{F e ere+qorr6<
t{qrs q'fi-$ri F{l q{ fi r utGqer6 ilqf{fus Rffi{ ccqB RErrq {qmrs Rq r
<r ctr&
qR{K q{rffin
q<qqtrrs
s{F
m'm eTt nfr qRqR e 651l
Effi ffiH GrCs1
etsirTn TrftY
(tr=F
qTEI
flft<t3 SE1.i(trt fi6g rfiE
B"nq61 nfr$a 6dq q{61S
'rrfi Fitcsi r
qRlql'Ertr I {rry{ rm Frq 6!o
trer $rs sr$s aO arnfqf+ fr<cq q+ Hg'l{ Vfr+r qrrm
em t evtr<R t&qr6q'nlsiw 1crl< {ull <r r Fqerl tRorr ProK 6pqe qs<q qqrn ilqffi-+
ry-qK {fiTe= En- q wilq qs fr-<w srsscr c"rrs 1B fiTBr qql qBfu qs

fr

(tll{[Tltl

urfrqcr6

ccuttn tffit4 vfr-+r "nq{ a5s I qftq cTcffi qrflvip.rp .rq, TH <Kr
qKEIoEt
EIET I
cslC{fi Effirri-lzr ery< "rq. -fs {I-{{ cl:I qHnc3r cftlr++:rtrt itsrE I
qrfsffi:{ qq9i :rr{
r rtffu wcd wqaa eraxs'roms qF etvrr ErrF :F3rt Tr{ r m q.|6t q-e
qdmtT qr{l<tq qqr qr&
.cer+K, (Erl .<I&{io
Eft e ftq.c<Kt aq crfr tta.fi r qrfr
{+ff' <Ft rgg {rg r cfi .rpr-{q snffit 'q-{rfc6fir' gp, ftq .(E[?pr!1, T{ r t&qrffid frm qF

fffi*t

rc

t{,

ffi
q

Gn6r m{t

{tr{ ({ ctTI&'S

qcutS{ ,q<cRrE,

@tBryfr6.{ GfrN

I6

q6ffiq

$Tsrbfi {rq T(s{ G, tkEm {tlFF mF{rrs TE Iffi {KCq r 6r<:rre qffi qr+<:rlrffi
fi-{ffii tseK gerr frs6ct <rfl{f qrfl{ +ln,r qR-{K &{ fts{, wrfr sr{$,nrs frflu"t
om r 'rt frq wrr< f4sq6t <i-{ifi Es p:rm {$ {r< cqt qftqQ {REt< qre <1r-{ q-fl{ <t
IFct{R t Gfr <m{, 'The existence of the family requires the regulation of
in"
""*,
regulation of property, and the regulation of the youth. If we briefly examine
what
is involved in these types of regulation we shall see why the family is everywhere

the matrix of government."

l
T

cfrq

ErF$ R, gtffi <r e cm&-s c$rln

fmu {rq qRil< s etfrryq-f,5q crft Trrrq{ r w{
qR{lR
xre f\arn
cefiF ru cfri lcens), Et cqrr+
Iq! crfrff ftEq, q-< sI ccrm rE
Ersrq

IE

q-{

it(

Religion
q{ c,ff& r<zrya qfoqqr

{,

{-{EIq-+

IffimF
1fr

ffi

wmfl

wtr6 F61 6Efi cqsn m

TKs +lit {oo

ora r srrm

que1l

rF

L{q<

sTe-T {TC{TEil-{, q'{;

fr r q-flT qq q sqqTmfr

:Fi,$, ci ffi
(6g

crt-rq

frF <1fi frN f{LT Sm nm qird3 {ffs"iF,rqqt

frtrc e Fr-,nft.k

qfitrF cfi[v< FHs {ffn

R{r:ry

q{ffi

'rrql +itcsr;

.qsirm

ffi

5w

Bo xr$fu$ q-{rqfuelq rsq{ qq)

+m
r{p-cqr s& q-fflet U\{qrftq ECq alr6a e<( u'1 R1e1ffi-+ ccE]ffin qqft rsm qrltfpgr
qrffq
qft-qs5as
qrFu
qd
6e;l
aBrK
+{rri fcqqrE<q <prt 1
cdl <r c{Et,rBi E'nr.t-Fnftr tsIrfr
q<t&
qTR
:rm.xrr$< a& vrrytw e ut<
frqtl srd{ <tq
r{rTc't qrry Erwtt ftK ffiftq rrq
gt
qlqlqmrm
qHI qE r @'iBir{'n6R <qFr E(E crtm <I
Fnns fi{lR{ {trr fr$c q{tl6rm
q<rBs sB[cF, ars<c.f Efu- <r+re q<tst
{Bf6 Efu etFI{ TGI
fm

IF

*ry

qmn
{Gu-{R

Erf'< esB \r.ll'sn

yffi

qil fttrfrrq'n wq, cR&

c'H +r<

$ rrst

ccuttr"n q-li'

Power

rytffir

'Power is the ca1

gothers whether, I

Trarfurq+urtr

wreffis

T60 'pqver is
$rill (1981 : 4|fli.t
EISI

qffi-+:0196S{
(Economic Activlties)

T:IET

ulB+q6 e qffn <.r{q ryrq< 1fr v.r< qrinq fiQ r T{mthor, GI{rGipt KIFI !0TII <I
qfie {h ENn TEs Ttr{ra imtcs ettin q 1 nfiffi{ a.$f 1R c'rrU qf$m u.& e qff{ <*fi'qgT
fre, s$ e Rm-fr{l {6fiql Er{ rc i onr.m r{uplrt 'l].-{?otRr c{'r6 frftffi $qd I ,rtelFr* s
qfFF I rFrE, qloKrBI Bsmftom
Tfr ytfrwrtffi qftq qftT&-s <fiq<Fd iram- ql'ft IR ,"r*
ft&, ur frsn e cm&-s qftqTrqa 1fr rm r <iBflq q.qfu Er< e srr+ frm ffisrsrd qt{,
<tq ftfr, frfi, $ft$ot e cm Krt Qsrlft c{rq"r&R Kr6T T6-$-{"t f< T"ffi | <FEI-{T
EnFrN

qil qsr{ r <iBEo qqPffu a{'qfcqscf B

(Commons) {raF[, m, SIE a*.<'BAv:r{Pffrr Iffi
"qt
iorc+ frra a :r< qltflK, T6<r F trd-c(src
cr ril ft$..qn q-{il sr$-qrcrr Et_< i ssrr<
q{ffi-+ sm-rrft qqj frm n <rfti (D\r{t, \rfiQl e fiy['g< $R.[ ulry e* st Tr Iffii qfs rrq

$'

Trd

E:TE t

{FC{, rrd:[ \s q<qTs

War, Conflict and Contradiction

qfi<K e dt&-*ror6, E( e qdR{F{
Fr6a clrt&,-$ rotoff,t ,l{ rmffi+ q{m fl{
Tt6'fr
r{r{tER-rFr{ {N qzxrg l$frc{ t
s Et?tFrr{;r sr6l lqq Fmtqs+ c'.ttt-{ 16 E;I ,l<".
,ttffi"$ s 6fr{ ufr"o fiqre q*
g.ftqtaffi1 :qrq qfiot Bes &+r EWe q-{q EF q6a I
qk{rd< FMK so?q icryt' fr{tGro
q1q sK ffica e <rtfu r<rg sH Krfo
"t6rcr I @orn
cryg fi-rel r il'effi-s
<sri fr6CF afiq s{rt <r c{r&{fr r{, 1r e<( cmtks
q'Hq eFffir qfu efm qq( g| 3'(I w{,r{I csq-qfrErs +tis^I fun Tdtr(5 .q<( 6i:{mK qE51Ei

ffi

sTffii

qIVTRGt[g

{T'{

ER

.{sr< fr<6rffi qrsiT qfrffi, q{,

qffi+

v,&-s{ c<< g-ft+l q<A <E Bs"t&-< En

sm{TsrE{
r

E-rrg;.r -s

=f'g

s e{y t:rn;r car6rc r frcr w[fl T!s.t, <( ?Ffqr c(Et &rfl{t{-$

,tT-*r,ffi-$:nqrf6

qffffml Gf<

wrqffi

Sl

-Fower is the
aH
resource to achld
FIIFUUq-i E R

TEtI

qt'lrrtErcqlotrs[r

,t

qsq?t ffiq qg1.

,NEEET,EFT'FUMi

qEI

@rrqati

qEqFFilst*t

ff),{i{
5lnlff
tl{F, .cE qr{ sr q
rpf{E-r

gqs cqgsqf rrri

ffiltrqarlrr&1
(dctator) frB

cen{

ilwtr <t AE{

ffirrEifrF{qmtr
1.1

r*"16r fr

E r' fr{rGs fi,tr

:rmEffisq,ffi
.Ffr{rCE qrsq"d

reJ'
Power and Authority'

T'{u.r

EIzR;I

(OfifiTrFq

ifiI er rr{lv{ rqEr

&
T:IEI $rsH+rcsTld

ilq

s<r$}l[f

EFTTST
Power

qrem I(Et FrN ff6n a6rya

is the capacity of people or groups to control or influence the actions of
wisl to co-oferate or not.l (1986. 582) q4tC WffiTlilf
*others whether, those others
ffir q{ fiA ql qs prm< otu sfc-{ qotFry elFrmrt ffil mtqlEIK amt qm wqot t
q$qffi shepasd 6K socuctogy {ls{ qIsI qff{Bf ie tTf cc@f ft6,1ry'
E;Et T(s "pqwe{ is the ability to control the behaviour of others even against their
witi (rear ,,.+rn'. q6q qry".fi-d tqt qr $ il ars srmn qlEn"rm frTsl TqR 6qltrsld Tlqt EruE
Popenee $El Sociotogg q]:rS SCn{ Power q1

"mqtrrgfi
-power

T:IEI

il
F
E
lla

t,
['I
[
rK
Fq

{flqft61ft Smelser 6t-< Socrotqgy qllrr [rt Power Tt rFllsl3 qtET fu ftm frnf-rql,
.power is the ability to imposp one's rvill on others and th'e ability to mobilize
gl qq T qFe
resource to achieve a goal. (1981.499). qc@tG Rfn<q Ftq {f tf\Em
.ffi
q6r{
qs,
Tt]H

{afq
rFt:tts
e$h
fiffi6
cl{d'q<s.
EIFtiTs
ms{Et
{r.$frT
'tit
w{rFtnRR
{qf
EIIqtr{K fiI'IIET

'

c{wY <l ]iln{m qFnT TBI <m 6<FFpe <l c'f|&

Trrq ql{r[s {16{ I
mrmnlwO'r:ncqf, EIE(ct, TIffi 's<(rwrcwt raPiGF firqq e n-mq
qqr+(q
frBX ilsffie <rym TqR erEB o<r'l-*l frfrtr qt ffitt o.rE r frq .{ Ttln6

ry< m{t {Er 6{tr, rsrsl <qre .ffi{

,-cr

ry

qrcil?F

lls<ffiIqE t

F.rvlt (Authorltarlan. power) frBA q$E e nr +6lfqq+

<rqffi{ *.m,qfuq qrF rc:il {tmrq I q ffi-fln ,r'qot 4T qq <ifrK Elrc TfrqE EIII 'f[9
qS q1 <IBK qtp efim
o61c. oG rcg{ q-T qgffit <t?patffi Fnftt em 6s{tT <fr& p91-g.mv1
t$)

*qrm

'"[l{

{<(
hE{
itG\o

NtrT

[re]

<lB qrs 'mrq q+ s{ RIqs&E <l -<lw (Monarch or kin$

irre I *{Vywt slvri ffi
ftfr <EtEecq ilt{ .lFrvr sqct TGfi | wlY<isil-s TIrEIrr Efffi qN {rrfi .$F qI cqqlErfr {q-s
(dictator)

ffi

cst<tf,+ Tnsl E?Ft .$<qEI?Fq Tm

e[ttrF-{

rrsfi&-s trq <t Ttffi EIq{ frTifrE cn?F[E 'llct rl | 6$Fil iq

$TolK eGerqft
qrri< ilqt{&-s qffi ,{<(ilqffi-s qrr< @g
={gqW
*T 1*1
(q) {ffi{ mtrwf rmst (Power in democracv). s 'l:lstffd
T'q
q-{rt"tt frftSs sef{Rrim.qrc mq,qrre'Td{lq,l{ <flSsr <Ird q[?tFI Ktr{ {I n, ot$tff+
**a A{tS" gBfifkfl srffit .+nst {crrcffi csr,E'*trlq<[fi orrq q-<r<frQ etrr+"{ | gt:il q{E"t
Kpg;ct R

f{ffi

cEB

rTs

TdF frftCa Ern sRtk'kl

(0
<E[ qn

cfus

{EFEqR q-4;,

waf('kl qrff 41s Tr$t

rFlrgt (Totalitartan power) s q-r{s

yr{w qlsl

(totalitarian power) I

TN',t errflrt wre qru-6 qg

qrT-cGI

T.p|3t CFsq EIs T;tt IEI {rrs

.C?F q'rEK prrs sng.t Trs alIrs <(E.rfi cI
11-s5q3

Bo qr$fi-s

)\98

wmfurq

(saFr qq)

=s.{E,

Authority
Authority n o-vtq" c'.Et fr-F ftcg wmffi Smelser 6K Socrotogg' frqat <mt,
'Authority is the probability that a command with a given specific context will be
obeyed by a given Sloup of people ; an institutionalized & legitimised form of power
(19s1 : 495) s{rq
{q q<58 wp$ mrtr6{ qs q{ mr+ mri'qrrm Tr
6rtr{ E{r{
q:Fr q<fi >nsFrrr {rm ; <TE srfu$Tfr'$ c<(f<{ srvlt
+vlg
<n

rft

fr6l

cITqffi

Popenoe 6R Socrology +mo {fae[ <rcF[, 'Authority is the legitimate

power ttrat is institutional in nature' (1966 : 5281. q{iq d.q E[q ql;t qr f{q tIEI TIK
fiBhfr+ {'t Trrrq r &fr rm<e TFFI "Those who have the right to iise legitimate power

are said to hold positions of authority." (tgg6 i 44t). qfis {rrq? r<{ s'{sl <KQrsF
E{t-fi< qrcq srrm qrg soft RrrR I
r
mrs'F- sl,fr{ ilr& TN-t 3<{ I 6FF{I, ilQ.fts fiffirtir qftsB Kt6{, <ifu Tn I ftq }<{Et
<I Er|rm cqTBr srsl q-{rl6t cqr+t^'nen I q-{rl6t {fi fu{ <rrn Frrsd $rjlrqi 3R3[cq, <rrF
sIffi qF{ fi'( q<(wIffi<t qri vt silIT.FF( ErA ilE s"rfls-fu mm l& (force) erRlrt Grt-<
Ekfli cfi Tr< | <Eisct 'r{s KTrSR q.fffin t<<vr >prr6 s{ m erb Evsq 1dE rFE"$ {B
(force) erGIItf T<rNre q{ TI stfi I?|4e ilr$-n q':tet (power) e161IICo13t 11t'11-6;1 q1 rb g.t{I
{{tl,E
qr< nf ?t{ frqqro w??rR RITCR
TTrs s:tstsl qrs{ r<{EI Tg Elq E[trF <CEI reft (.r,trority means power with
legitimacy), {q qrE rrqqf rmr[rBt "[-fifftil 6{r{Tt, q:Irffi< qrilTril qi TrErF F<q <H
fi-1G ox I {rerfrs c<srd r.$rQ \orrq.?r F<ryr qrrm E-{-{ v|{r.c<Fr fiq slgr qrceT.{ qrrs 1l I q;r
Enrqr"f clfiffiwatergate c$u-{wlR (scandal) I E B['rrs, efiI{?FErE-s q3FFBI s-{rk*r
qriefi EmTqB F{st{ frr+ $ro, qfrq Erfr'sl< c3rF[rffi
ffirq qr{fr q6zq (see Metta
Spencer, Foundatiron of Modern Sociologlr lg7g : 430).
q eFrFt vqsrd rlbltTf <ETF ft c<FltH cc {rprr6 esB {ri"fi qrfi $rilq=r r qs sqtnr
FroiK TIiilcT FrF EsBi .sr"! qs fr{ilc <i-<rreffr<ti r<Ffrs ffi'{rrq f{e{ qlqr< s:tsBl qfiTrfr
<i'B q<( cqTelqq F{st ttncr q<"\ st eftrmffi cprE esG rffTi qo1-d aqn rrcq r qfiq r:tstrl
ilhffil Frcs ciFF T{lu <t ce{BI ft$ frE$rftE ffif $cri mmot,,s r'9< Efffi <ifrqd{-<
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