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Social Stratification

6{ft 6rl

6$B

esB

Introduction
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s{sl,
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ET*tct <I ErFrv*t
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t

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o

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L:;'"

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q<58 qR{rq r'*fmn
qg,.qr<F
*fr+
*ffin s:..lts ert o,*K T* r rF{I TrTC6t ,*rq,o {r{m rrql
qrrrq {s T3tl TIn I qrr:rsrn
wI flft o'trqt+r$ nt-wt strt F3fi Trfi r criHE rnnrr .c-u.

ffir

Eqri.a

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ri.ilil!

qftEqrrF

<r

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nra-Umtg
rr5[rGi

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rrrfu
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fifli REx >s3r (strata) 6{l<ltrrs, TI{{g <t r p_ucg Q

qrrq-( EE-fr' frfre
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e&T{Bm fiE n ery {rcfi {rq
Til
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q&E Tr ft-n,E r qsq<, crrrT&-s
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fy.p1_qa

ercrTE

rygfret
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r. rufl
er{rE qftri
q-{iryrtr{

a*r- ffi

P-srq strata

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wEE {EtI

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I
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e<< 1fr8&-+ cFru mrrq qfrcrn-ril{K.r
r1qi
TTm "iltrsi
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ffi

:ttl:ilE

>orkqim frqr

q{rtt

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vIF

qHt c$ft e cfitn rr1t Er$

a3rl'{lT I crfirq {ft_{rfu 3[rrcR,
<rsre frc{ wT{ TrTs r <fre :r< clffi rcc-r<ft
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ce*ltls 'n{r+r< TBn6t qr[fit 6scls sREr] Er?F
Ti* * , **_ qr*t frrfiE ulgl. .$I Ettr ,!,.,r
qs'q-{ ctqllct s.{DTfrn
EImn {[$ "nd+i qr trnK {s r c_{R ert
fiq,H o{|ft +q, rq xrrt .s_
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mE <t Enql mr;t E6{ l
qslr< cc{I {r[( T{rrq
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t qfis
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ryIrq-< qqrt qTl{ m

ffi

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sl,-qi $n3c$ BE-frF nBl
fr.g i.Brr {m I 6sF[I, >r{D[q,

:q

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; ;";;;

rm{r -t* "

qllrer\3

*."

TrdRi t Efrqn rrs, qffrr

"ra,<TfnrEII fraq
ffi -e<r1ffi*t
csr,n EilrfrE $KI {EI r 6c?ttn
cou;l of elders <r
<IrxrirqsI ffi{c {h F,cl fu{ra fiDrNi-RilR
nq flRFm{l s-{rcT I rcv,rr< w ffi Fr+r< +m
oXq frro_l e<( &fr Fror<-en rrefi Rr <r6f cef6o"r r coB-{r
EreT {flrn q11;1{ E;
q-{It qrr6q w{rr{nnn yE{tT
c<ft q-qn ffiqr< qfieft *t, vT{, qTfrTrcat< >nffcq.s
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{lTfl-s <lFI,

q$r+d re-dft-{flq

ErF

<"$l

{. Ett fir6* qqfrq-f rc.-gftqlfc s Trft*

Ifure ql{ f{v,n cTrrql (stave based sociery)
q{6[ Qftrfi:u rR{I TEI I q
cff[q qfr< (master) c$ft nc-qrftq-< 6s'froo TI.*
<n.-{K *,rc.I
qm-rfrrn uq.t Rrrq wrq, )iluirql q'rvt

ram ft+-mmrt) ary e6 r qr6rffi

slrffi a{F c{ Wtt Oft fi"F sr{ Er{ fr,u ql v,Kri qrEr qr.{_qIa-$
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Y
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.Qft r e qflrq Q-nq qi T6t affi Qfl_ qs T3ilTR I
I

*., *'H

{fw {qf6r ftry{t{ eftqq s {16+{

(feudal society)
T6z" y-frfu6il clTs{rft
ry,,-E* qq:r.Br $rq I yFR $F* aftrs (Land Lord) y*,f,,ryqB

E-fiRs
]

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ct

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dft r pfrnm, g+o
Rq crrcR frr'n EflR vtu r aneurfii+ wt.u-d rs*kilr* qlF
eftn
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ffi

s. t&-irrft

>nfirqil etft
<rT',*FEI -.Trs.K r q

q Erfrffr{ c {ffi

rylrrffi (capitalist sociery) q}Hst

qfr,
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oqqr<*;.c-e[ Esflqr * o* <]G o,ft=sFiT qIfun
r
E{e !-6 Tfr, FE, <raqr q<[t.rq I Tjrrrq il{T
c,I{rn .TES rqrrr TR I il H]:rs
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lnp srb r {:rrqr 116

RcrR Tqr {rr R wr6q< esfr qc.t t*frs,

<rFr ET{nfu $ir qrrq, o,{ffu

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p' Et*q tqtftqt ryrrq? ilfie"{ ttdfunq

{r6fts

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q{trq'Rutrrf.rffis

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(mv{_ Eu,

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)58

q$qkffi

(gcnrrq)

ffi<

:nr+rB

eRIree q imlrq re-<kqllq EEF TIII {l{

Tr6F<:l-F q {Tnq r<ru'E'm"nmaf m qCDr Qft'rsqK qrc{a qr<-c"t ET-I$rrlc ftrc- qp <tql
qKI qrfl {e'fe <t Bq,1q-q a-6n qrfrs dft e<( E-{im dfrs Oft qil Bq'rmq 16 q|frrfi Er{
ttr6 r eKI Es'frq'{ T6n {Ifrs r{T
{E-AR f<fr{LT
q{rcffi r$ft-s Oft Xro E-s-(ffiq Oft i Oft qm:t q&rm en
{rd-Lq3 xcs, tffi

lql, fr{) ft-se qr* lzg t SI\o-I, ft+.f , ffm

Definitiol

clTfi
cr{Es q-fi

k{rq${ .1fu-6{ frw Ern lry

:[ftca TCe= q:[rq-{'K-{6f $'t Er{I q$qgfks J{slq q<".El3l"tr< ]Tllmft sTrq I $T< }I:rrrq
yfrre <r Eq"rmq q@ $froFil {FFr< lt <rq q:rm ofis krfi or< nll<tft c{fq dftA{ q:rr6q fl

B{r<le

C{'GI

qtu\ fux
e

E{r6AT ffiqi.f q<.Ii :rH T-r*-{ q?t cflrqe oq-6<Ft :re-<fr-ryfn Rq, qfrq <T all"sr{ I 6{"FII,
T{; FIq'I, Tftqt, 41sI, C'l"ll,
{me$ re-<fr-fiq ERI1 E'{1SBI 4.fdq C$-fi TPfn <l qI54<
rern qfiffi re<R-fl:a -c<Ft Es r-<t {rr< l
fi<q{o< rt-I
RG{ ,r{Rr fiTilflq q{H q{H cIft <t x{nnr<rr crrr&

\5ffi

-T"T

qFrc{&-r.

arranged

.true essem
responsibii
members 6

t928, P.5V
;
qrm{-

ftrre-q- crl

rF'afta-l
_i *.]
arftr qqrq
I

re<ft=+lrc <t

E6-frF x{F
individuals"

aoi

$ftqmo

,{tff

known asa
1858, P.

tst

mtuti
qrqrk-+ vwF

nrq-frGil w{rq

,nrrq-s

n{

:BI I ('Super
Emft, clTgt&

Tffi*rsw*q

T-<IRE, fqfrcffi

of the great
diflerentiat

services, pot

Merril, F. Sd
Jr{q iill

,@
:r5trq

0qtnm q6{ I.lfr$

q<ri?rnrT :TI{i

ctftcTq{

ffi

c-s,{ffi{rqlfrs dftru

cR-{ffi

5-+, ufr+ oft

qrycfflrffi

{F fir

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-.,-.,,.-t= fu

))b

q<g6-f

Definition of social stratification

{N&T )sRf<il.qK

cc6t ftzu {h-T ccTfr-{ (soro(in} Trfi, EE-R.F

aftR s{r{{lrn
qqq$Brn:n,, fro,T,o
rTme-$.EKfrfic r e< E{ qflcq sq-fru rymgo
ctrfi<
sfug frqrrn r Eo-fru c*r&-s v.rmr frfr Eq ER.$R,

frffi

qcut0s

e qG"ffud

qryq

lmra-1fo<, o,av *<-*, uw,;

population into hierarchically

<f{ I ("Differentiation of the given

arranged classes'

It means the existence of higher and lower strata. lts nasis

ana

true essence consist in an unequal distribution of rights

and privileg.", o;; ;;;
responsibility, social riches and scantiness, social
Oo*"r."0 i"n""""" ,r.rorrg *"
members of society') (([r1+ Sorokin P. A.. contemporary
y.
sociological ?heones,
N.

1928, P.570.)

ctm{ e<( fo]<' (Ogburn & Nimkofo cm&-s rs-{RilrqzT

ffis \mN] Trq ETll.t
ftrrrRr- c{{r. fi*&-s yfuo s *ffiR freN q-{c'tffi EE-fr' xo-m
c$68 r 6rrq-n rr.
re-<fr-*m <I re-{E-q qlq L{\"i esfr qfrTI {t{
{I{n:r wt-ffi ql& e<l ct&m ffitt{t rqlftr.rr65-frF T6mK
,,q* En | ("Regulated inequarity, the.process by which
individuals and groups are ranked in a more or less
enduring hierarchy of status is
kngwp as stratification') (fi1r- ogburn, w. F. and Nimkoff,
rur.sociorogy, w.v.
r858, P. 154

oRq 0uerril) <m{ m, &Bs csH mtrcwt qfko".-t rTFqrmr qqr

RvTf e<r @lrffi qqlrgt
TNI&* re-*funry Emrm mr r cm&-s En
u*
1o.." {.urcr*r

*Y

v frqsn,

*
wrrsr< {RFt-IRfl, slvt W oGfi ffi

.r.** **,u.; ;;

q-{TFi-{ y-q-{T c<ft qrqR (st

t

Fri I ("Super imposed by tra{ition without the will or even

the conscious knowledge
of the great majority of the members. social stratification
involves a system of
differential privileges, which means that some groups
receive more of the goods,
senrices, power and emotional gratification or

in"

society

tt.r, o1r..".:i-,iUa-

Merril, F. Societg and.Culture, NewJersey, lg62,p. 25g.)

Tqq ?FarK wrq q6nq< qslsrn ftcr*T fr&{ <rfu, c{r& e<(
{Nr&s oft< emro
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Afu${fl

qfffi

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T<-{Tqrc r{KffiI

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mrlffi qrz,rfrT qC{

re-*fr-rrm <d,,E

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ctff q<( c$ftn qr'r q<]atn <l

5\o
:>rnrf&-+

Bu mqfr+ q$qREH

fu

(aaFI qq)

Z"{Fre,

- Etrr
(SlrE

(Characteristics of Social Stratilication)

r<fi& qerr6

En:rfl e?tfr{ qlrfi&-$ re<k{rcqK e&"ra

).

.,xffi

EIFilD-{ ?F{<

-+6

qT:trlqs
{'is
(Stratifiiation

E3n<-qTl,T

rirrrEq

is Social)

fu,

wilr {
xtfumqU
q{r

ffi

ql$&-{ 'rqT{mrr
tfrt{ G a:rffiK crcl1t-< frurr< sr
tffi1{ qre frrffiE r <rFI {r1mn 'rqr6rar frEisr 1ffi ea r co;HI, fiIrq eo1qrl etsFl ttrip
ft+rr or< I qrSF {qtqn Cfrti Ciln Tqrt, EGfi ffifiK (E-r{ ef$-"flr5.fi rlvr+< Tq{rs C<ft:{dm
cRff I qT{ ft CE-qrfl e {Afrs trVn< CezE re-{ikflc:1w< (( ebr eq{]' R, qrrqt etm atr

reKRmrqR ?qfr'$ 6,nqlE qclt T{tr-{,

S6st,
q${F fi{z-< rlqqf yfr-fl '$Eq rGr r ,crl!-{ .c src"ti

fi? I mn

'tB,

+tr<q'f

ffis

S"tfq6 {NI&-$ ys-<kqn6a mrO y-ft-fi 1m{ <re

ffi

qar<I

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11

IEi{r{
(sll-{

q.

vrcqi {r"lle[<[,

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{ryflirqi s*kqirmr

ffi

@{

t"fu{Taf,

mrlmt crnqrlt

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frI
ffiffitr4
r.d
r.

EgFrflHTfdtqrfu

(Stratification is found everywhere)

c$n rsffin re-*fr'qirn ait em c:rrq 6{Q I qFr ft q{lqqR-+ {Tm frc.rq frr'fi B'nErr{r
fr&N re,-{fi\o {frs qrfr km1 6q{rn qffsDr q{ql' r cR${ e Fr+t< qdfte fr-6 Trqm q{Irqg
re-<kqXq <rrcq {KI {re co c.rm :oo q-{'6qtiF frrq qtfrs Tm TCq (tfI&F frW r frul, <fi,
,flTqftgt ffi< efrN q+-q qwQ re-atfrp t qsm srlst, cH q<q fiTfi?ilr Elsrsrlgt 6qg '
,biRilc qffi {ffir frt* <cq frciGs

crtrcrHffi
RrftE

ft fil, ft

nA
fum{HEt
rfrrwEft

krlfr

ERrGr iFrJ

frq.jTH I stft{{,t, {{l1rf <r qr{Ts Tt-Tqc{t

rfrqryrai

fi'{t qr{r ft sIE, ft'norq cffi reTRilr-qK E{F{& Ersftnr frtrFl{ r<r+G <t
tr{trflR <s ffifin qatk{E cq{I {l{ iE<kfiq I qeq<, EnR** qfu frql{H

CHI C-fF[rl'I

,retIitrilfi

fq {iiri EIIOT
(Strati{ication varles in form and degree}
{fru fipqfrg,6q'5q q{\Ef qffi rqrtt qlT EqTft }IrilqF-fii q}FrsBt o1G e mot frGn 1t
6r I rmqkgtfrr* rrrsrfl{ fiqI sls m &&iffi srdqT q:rlq c?r }Frrrw ors 6{ft E$fu q<(
W"q< ffi{ {Kibbutzim; rym f l:$orr <iErctQ
,o. rcIfqqJTfrl-f,

'utrqf&-+'ffi

rt=rq

<t

ef<Ft=rger

(Types of social stratification)

qlrqffifil

qmt mTe-s refiqnrc{ uKE q{n fl (t eFE-{cctrr rcfi Erg{ T'cr"r I w t

ql{ q{I (Salvery) erltt-(ostate), qB-<df 8e[, (Caste system) e<(rNf&-{ dft e fiqdfql
(social class and status)
I

q,!!

o.

lqn {< :trrffil rc-{k{iF{

q{TEtr'

ftroirq{t r'0

{tTrqd fr.{rc, {ffiM< ,c<r. {Trtrmsr{ qs{ Rffi< ffi

w r cffi$ E ffnrr{d (.FGI wlrq3t
i<ffis rErW eqtv <ER <rq-{It qvq<, T6n.{L:tr c{, rc<ifirq TqE crrr&-sr >r5wrq3t cc{rrr{
E-dfuflzq

ar61

naas

:NIciCEilI
gr

tFTr+tEcqra

EtrEEq

-t
A

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ertimqnql

a
I

d
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ffif

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EE

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)4.)

- ETrrerert
(SlaYery)

qffi q{lvq GH ECq quqeff f qT{qenn {cqI qffi-s

':r"ik-s re-{fo{TrqR

-sE 1rtS "tftun 'ne$ m

qrffi

:s-{fr-{ilZffi

frN lfun qq. E. E<qtBc <rqq, qrq Erq qm ,cr <1fu {-r$ q:rtw wt{ q<(
qaff qrrm Ts{& Rr{r{ FI<DTI ?F-rd r D3N E?rreflr q|,I q(q cn{qz< qfim-<
Rfu qB <t
{tfuTr qer<< {c,ft (chattel) r cl{rnq q{,{tn Errr qr{ <iB {lm nc-{Ifrs El< rr{ <I utl.{k
wt rnt TGI q<( rl{<l Et{l3t rst qmrs KsctfGt$q Trn I qvq<, qIq <t?pefl fr6< qrrq <q.F
c(ET

q:rrffi FrEX qrcr qrcs$ ftrfrre w+,rr{ cn{r {tlr 1 sr< qmaefff,
ntB qrr{ Eqqrq
g
q$
qril-{
:mm
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q<(
r
(t) q'$1q.1 .{1".
fufi +m
ftc e 6NF
ttt afil
tqRet lgrfu qzcfr-ffi nfr"t *tuilmr qmqafi |

fu

Ffr{

frvt wrrq qFrcq-{ cm&-$ q?p{r< <f{t fr'F ffm q6aq g

). q&E s'I,t y'F {firff Eft{i{ I clffin e,f* xRrE< wq-ut qnr ffi-{ I {Ts' tllt tr{

fi-<rs{ (Nieboer) cmqqt

{FE<r n+ftx <ug <t {*lft

cNq gen ftur+rn-< yq{T ErTm< q{rafi qr+s fr[D-n r Erc{< csFr a,"?aG- qfi-sF
of r elbtttEK ccrrs c{ <fus <m 6c sK c3rFK <t .tprF frft5-{ T3r(s qfr{ ;n r cN[&-serr{ nc
qrqftE qr.Tffir qrE[

t.

qrrfft ft+q qr{ 6{, 6q $rq T3IF <t{I <t Erm s[ffi <l$ :F-{t qn I fi RrMrfit
{cE3l
ftr+rr'+rrrr Ufu-$r ns r{ m tq $-fl"rQ orce ire-o frre 'trr< q<q qqrcl +re {qTE 'frd
ffir<< Emr.t sEt Er{ iFrq iK[E <I{i r .qrr-rg EBt c$t{Q qrftqgr 6t
ft-$ Ef{fr$ efrstq qmrqn Esrrffin ftEs <r fi{<fl <teffi Rrcr< GRs orsq c<(frfi
qprerfrs {Fil lBr qErn 4ff{ R gIII,l trq r 6r* qre, tfr< ofi-< m<r< qqr qH efcjrrfi | qceqfr< wr6qn rqH fisr Tirce
lril{ 'rrt r {rot ,rfles "rqm ntm flEi r-{t{ 6sct et 1&
cqel I 6FHI qrl <rEIQ lrq 'ro&o e.<t ffiGs<t ffiqr 6I{t qr< .{fii clsTk-{ r 6tn qF 6{
mmqlcetqt cqt cc cflfrQ 6FIer qt 6FH mr-rl qIq
qmsqm frfr c<$t E{E{F$ I 6{6FR fr-{GK qmactrrs eril fiq <r<ufi <m
1B rm
ryIffi qlrtqqtl wR6tr<K {pt rrcut Errr{ grr{ e"r* Fffiq esG qrfrqrc elft-d E-s-< sd r qrEt<
Ern-6F1fu cm 6{'n-{qqrF\orrsKcqqqmqan< qu{ {d
EFniK T{ct c<-iett foTrr ql6ffi q'k{ ft'q<I-<r{T r{A-" q{ I 6{:FI, qrcrFr {r{FI {rcq;r qm
TIBrs Erm q{rsr frfrq 6qnqr s-Gn q<( rffr:ri Sfrs nfffrrs-{r ,{ ffi-fln qrcq+t Erq frre
tfi'lef qgFr KrcrFI | cq qlsrgafi qtrs {rffiE Er{ stcc I qmcmr .flFs ftF {frrq{ TIEI em :rril
Es r iFFr Elrcirl fr{R [s q<q {c1fr sft
{tq cpr& ,ftTBr qft-flK ffi a5s
vRffn qqtcqg nrc RE r sr< ccBt $fi-{ fi-s ts.6{FrFI cr{tffi-n ls e<til Ftq <r-{r{t fuqr<
Ezv ez} fr r qrfu q:il-ffi qtr qrs'Fv sBr Es"lTq-qfr qaf Rmr< {w tsr, fi I or<Ot qrTrq
Tq
Errt (Domestic Slave) Qq q<( c{rfrq qH-{fi-< Tpr6 flrrNl{ {nT fr&r e E.T c".sterm RE

qIr

\e.

?
7
IA
.d

f,
G

A
-t
H

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q- cq1lffB

Eu qKIfts

msfuF

(stq

"rq)

(Estate)

Etmv', Brfl.B R Estate

qf{-srK +v-{rs 1<ilT

<Errv-

+?FIs

qsft{

v.-qffi <l ?t[:rri, p'q{ts qm&-$ Oft o<rq a

9lUil6t

flil{ fr{

r fi-ronm

gqa[66

cffi{

q:rrffirr e+
wI]grt ofRE{ { srn

frrfi

qffi

<lri${ w$I offiqg r o+-Bfi lcur<

qTgilE,fi
vl<-ql clrfi&-{ s<k*trq-{ c+
ffi-rfir qfr {r<r{t <I

{${rtk EFrilan ffis:Tffrw

re<Rrym

lqq $ qttq qTI fi6RE I 6FHI,

qRr{
.{rSEe ql1r{K qfirslR e +6<l .fi"r{crf5l e cIRE:eren<
<i{s Rq r E<H:{5[rffi ,Jls qr
<iGa erp q<,Er qHN Erq cq"trc wqlt{ q-{qIft SR rdt5t r{$BI r qm{ NlfiF pfrnq ott
(Serfdom) rq{ f{isFl Efls:Ff,N $6F .s?t({Iw <rFE< Y_{i qtt{< qq IE qF qfrs E?n ,qr
tq:$s qiQTftfr (Glanville) yfiqlrqR (Serfl q-qq1 {en6 <rEF[ 6{tr, (T) Em frflL<3 FU ilsBr
+rrq s{&rqtrt EErs {K\o {t, ({) T{{fuF srrn< c+rq EftsK ftli,o Rs qt q<( (tt) ilil skt[Gt
snq< qkqmr i[fl qs r ersBlrrr< fi{I 'ndrsrr wt s:r efr Rq yfih-ftc< qsrIDEt e .rfu<
firB1st r c{tqRfr-{ qrfi6 qftdcmr vttq{s cft.im e +6<l Ra fren qT&K
ftfrso, edblmrre <n r$ U{frsttt 16 <* r eQ dlfurc{ q:irffirr sFI}s{ ffi ctftR oq

iE6tftr atrs ezf&n erB r{rn e F{EI

rqr{crl-<

T.xttq ry<tqfuts c1ftnrmQrfuT<uFtGIt (save)

q. {ffr entrt sefl 'f[foq-{ Tlq fu {fir q-{r stffi +il, e<(
rt. q-q4{-ggclK slq EE Tffi ffiK Rrrtrq Efts Fitt (serve)
Y&ss, eISt k eo e+Bt <tsffi+ cotrft r firtrX ccq cfrBN frCa Ofu $qf{es
$NI frq, vr< rc yfrntqmi atsfiEq lp, r Rq {i gtt sFI q:F qc{ ed6< 6Ft"t s{c't {s
{ilg,ft Errg-<rttm srtviq|F cITs'tB q<( {ffn 'rfft e EtB Oft <t edtt ETF T;[ <B I E'Iq.l
rvtftE Tfi tqmfuctrs eFrF Fqfu qtr {r$ E-fi yqr q$E Oft <t erSlin wtR6R q6

e&-q{ q
ctfiilq TN qlrf;

ffirtt mnd;
qrflqfiR

qtB<c*

CharacterLll

{hs r&

EE{

B'rrnrrff
<n frrsBs <Tr:

artF,{

fu.Gstl

ft<n

* -mmm#*

Rcnr{ frq e<* 6c )Filffi=r q{n Qft

sthffit Rn eqt r KIet, r{Jqrstft {Iw;il qmTstft c1ft e Tl-{ eft
qo,

\e- \5-fft'<{
cl$&-s vq*fr'rinm cIrdsB fl qq qr& <{ <r{nfi r -flRq.rq'Ti'rfi (casta) qd <c't <l
<$t'jts tlffi (breed, lineage, heredttary qualities) r &
ft EI-{qn Tlrfq Tfil-ratH qT
frr,.t{ qrn.[qK ct$&-$ E:{Ni|ffi$ qterv-q qqm FRffr{l3r wl "I(fts-$ (Caste) .fqB <rEqt<
66s 1 ftlfrftry1, <fi'FFsf e<( flft{srd rrrr$r6p qle<r{n bqT6 Sqrqlq *,mqn wTHt EIIF t
I

q{e<{

q:ffffi <il'r+ q-<(yfi1{T{-\rrc<

.q&< r en qd ct T{ a, wB<{ <Fpe[ ws' 5sf4 :r:ltrq fu
<Frr!fi g.r<ffn

iRsq?#

'"frSrffi

ffidq
ffir,{
tuaBG
fuHBltt
eFqtgn

&,?+ge!&}

efr1ea1

SIEI nrB.Ur*{
tfliHt cilr efr(
\l

(Caste)

TITI

cr{lkd{

.t6r

c<Ft

r{fu

lt <t c{t I

<l

<'{ (rigid or closed)

i

rtw"t{,mt,i
fTfu9rg,,

(qfl{

vtrl Rrr< r
fUntouchables]

rycffi fu q:rrrt
tFrrrrtrt@t
frrl{fu16FFtr,r

'

qm&s:s'(ffi

flfr{ frm c;tm r,t<( Efi{Ts

)\e

tumr"t e qrmk+m qrfu <( <Fri{rn g'r&r&

rBlTq:nB[,

qFftT r frrqrrq< {rut c{ser{ nEarftmfrfr qrKct

qIEN"t
YEI-{I TR-r{ 6T't fiS {cq {IBTI TITI

effi{

sTB<u4.< Erqr.t <"rrr qyol.ti

rrter

qtB<c{ax<st
Definition of caste
qlB<( <Eco c<r<fln qgcfiq ffi'oe-+ qsT qr c{r& (endogamous Broup) Tn qrE
:il{t?t6t TN {I6iF; TEI:{q'{tsl qq{5q fl" aire qg; Tld qqiirq< cltteT flsTn.flR cq-cq sefi
c't"tl-{ re ql-st qdlEl
FrrqRft c{trt EErN qt r et fur ftfkd Tc$ q${rq fire ,.csQ Affi
ermrqfu -Igr
,:.

qtfrD<g4il

Z<trr8,

Characteristics of caste
{fr qe-{c{il crut; ffiEl e Bc"{fr T{Drr6 rgryE Errrq E{rfi qtq-{r nrssB qmmct
g{qm{ trfuE qrG-{T4r q-q <lrgt frre qTfi ,trm {:Tme-+ xffiryrn< cw.rq $Q {mt{
<m fin<Gs qm

frqR qqq, <$tt& s 6Fl{ sB cs q,Ie<({ q-{dEt ?Frd EltrF E.lQ-fi fin
wB<c4r qffi <q{ cs q{ I \rrr qsrq-w& fi Rrfi cqn <l&ol{flf er<rq sni w&<c4
k<n * +.K"\orq st< wtq-w& Eifi'fi qEQ qtB<{-< qft6{ ft<q +ttm r qI&<{ Ett r{fu
eFFF , rrscrflat

q+ qmrfu+

cqT6r

f{qqq

'ir&t eft<q

qr<m

<Frrqr.r

+rr+E Bqq& <r4 (suu-caste)

frw

rkr qGil fiqr&-<4Q qsc{rq

ffift-+cqr&r

ffiN,

qfu{4.ftfrT qtTtfrs e dfr E rrt6' cfftFnrm

s :Tffl&-s re<Rqlrcn<

crrE

etg<{r et t<Fr&lB 1 uvr{$ r et&-<c{a ilbnm {.Tts c<rrrm @ cenro 6qs ma

{E t gfcr"t qtF{c{r $tft& erft{
RrE qte-<fu6{d q{ q<yatFr ffitfi

-"

,nfuresrc<,,EmB <{ (varna) orq EI&<{ frqc< {RGe cng T'[it r e'Icqt EEI ET{et,
-fqn, t+ti e'1g I qT{H T{I ET (q gqrR llrlqgq c{rs sEi"t <I Frs-$ 'nft* q,q r tfr'* <I ffIqtr
I

i
!

r
F
Fr
i

p)
r,

I
i

qt&Tc{r,{6 q{ ETE <R cqr$ r kr <t qfil{Rct gfia U-q cqr+ 16 q<ct (t servile caste
grrr qrr$r ffq qr+ 16 r etfu<<{a ,qrl{ Err:tt6 fun:{ fte cwler re-sRilc:Tan6 1r'r8
cri.Ir ccn I etfuEr{< q ffi-rfir frstql rrctr* wq{ qtrrqn oftf+ryrrm {rt wrdq-{w'rm
6qIE6
clTFrt{ r 6FFn, cf&m qm{ wm ffi
w{Er ilq1 Gmq E*), * fu< qffi
mfuignD, ffirq<ffiXfr+ e T{T (mi e.lp) |
5{n frrrt {re ETqq {rq TIirF{ fi<sr q<q Ewr{ffir ETqrq-rtr q3nn fl-EI I q{'ffin
funtouchables) :F6IFF <EI cl-cE ,ffB {ftT{ qr<ff\-fl( elE fi <t T;r{ GIN 'lklE {t r gEII qt6l
rtt<I
ftt'rtr frrr q"rnt <uFrrr ipis I ql=I ft :su\ {na {Etcq erB qt&Tcft 'rREn c:nE qFTr
qrmrro
srrqr <tQzR
Tficr Ifr?rtfF{rqFr T{tr (unseeable) cdtcqrq< cc'{ts frmq r frrm
q,tf{q
qcll
qs
I qrR:t {c{I \fl?tlt
frrsq k r 6FF[t, Erm< m{cn TIft c<frq 1frs, TEfrE <r

L::

)\8

B6

{I$frs q{rqRE.H (qcf:r ,tE0

qrB Oft Rq srfl r{rirv

qq{lTn

qm-n

q<qH {CTRI

q(tur

cerc-{ 1rfmcr< cTq ,r{s q41 wpI.InE< p1o1s 1frsrn iEIs I ct{Et6t
qItF{ Rq Er-{IRou r s'li, qil qqqq6{ srFrcs urte- {t I q E?rr{K
EN 6<r,.t {rFrTtt

)r
t.l
\,l

lfu fiq m q&<{ ffi6qE L{s csB c"Fnq'K c{r& qt ciT q+ $rrrr rFkst't
q<qfrrlt
<Kr?fi
frrR o.rrq frrr.R fufi q.rB-<cq( qsEI q6ffn lmrt
R{n &q qI I q6{rs

8r

cl
Rc{q rR'r q'fft Rlrrq r erBEcrf< {-r<ritrEt :rrq sGFt a a-fi-l Etr{ clRu"} e<s. {ffT {Ir{-{lR6fFr
avrfi sQft sFrt TR {l3l +rmq q&<4 q$ crrffi rafffry fls rcr I q?mg srdqT
.ffi.
el. Sfrsm8-{ tco qr(r {Kcfi (Notion of Karma) T w Rtr* et
fir 6{ cq c$6
frrfi qte<r4 s-{sqq TrsR I csFrl, ebrcs q-{sqcfi ligi srr GltrfJgt Rr u<r.1uor(a

qltffi

ffi

q6{ srrR

cc Er

cl
1l

lryrt

5t3l

IfrrE

q
i

tr
fl
tr

rlEl

er

qdtur

*ErifrQ
G.ii11;ti

apfupast

15t <twrt e <r<cl-<Tfarmlr emr< sBH sqr+Rs fiEqlG<{

'rqr{FiT E E:tst q6'H qrr qm r rr <r<r{nn {ffi-s

sfi fr-{6o e qfrn rrfrs

T{1-6m<rr fr$.Ft,

sg@ir

Rrft(

eFTEr ,q-ir,.

ffis IffisHK nl:cct Eell+IQs &qr&<cqu 64-q asqfr q<(armfu qFil qerfr{ cq,r{ qrrrc
:TrFq qcTrq r qoErR-q,

FHrs{ s

ffi.a

qHts Ffrra qcrmd {et

a6s51qtG<c{r

fu

E{q qrg

E|B{C{( ffiT frr$H cfi +qq G[cs qrr{ qcq I qsqqrq sRqn qrftq wrm
'fryrq
qrB<c{i qv-.m qqimfi fr1u .c<< we<cft frere mrq erB
R{ dTrrr qm&-$ >s-dR-{rlc F-*t
crrr {r< r rfre FIsl, l'tsrs{, Ftq|T{, rtffis (Eqt,
ecr er&--<r4r.p
Emcq rFr rB cq*$ qs, uqfft q\. qq. sFr"rrT 6R rrK{"fr{ ftEq qrrrqq fi
qr{fr$ vRer srrrq wI& <rfr q{t {<r{c,r frE'Ksrs rrrqr qarr< qr{fts
v6rcs q1e<ftsrq
<n{.in, 6qrdq, q'FilTi qfir&, nE<I qGfiq, ft-<R-6sm qE dw e*rq, csr-)Trqfi qt6s
q<q crr'Fl{

ffiwr

{{E

tr

r ,[$:[e, ffi-fa6qq

fl

tr

(Taboo) c q]fr-<{ qatr< wus-{'erB mr6i <e fis, frrflR

q<mmK ffiro ftq frIi-frc{{ trrq Dqt r
c+rq frrfi qrG-fi{r qpt wB' c+n qrf<rt cmrk-s
.TtF
mdIIcv[BI eor< TIfi-frC{{
F{t $n r et <t{t frrq{ BsTs frl'sg.K qIs;t rq;t vrn frrrs
q,NIe-$ re-<FnttccR 6s-GI qF qs6 y-fufl
Tcrnq | ,qv'rm cflq nrrs qtB-{ca3 ripf 5aB q1hl e
err{
+q.t
eIr$
fr<s
{rrcs
sK
<t
<r<{s qen tR t <T @ "n&q <r<qf< m +-rpm<
"ttftn
cl{lnqE qm frmrq-< uqfs wM,n iftF Trl io-c? Erirr wqi
firyem-R qr+rsn< q&-5g

tl

cr{ ft cl{frft qkq

eroFrs

qm

ffir

<e

druruaq
wckffi
mm*
qf{mr!.*
E

ffith*

md6i

611-.ra rs erqqfsq-1
(Social Class and Status)

vt<t{$

4fi3aqC!,!

ccr#

qr+r&-+

El{ars Tc{ aftR-{ilq

{rfitrT
p.a-*- l
*ui{
cdcfi*rrr
xlfrt

s{l'Q+qc{r ffmn

.roB q"t r 6$;FfI, qH fr\r'n q:rtffiR qFI

srilE-{qq{rm qqcrqwfr<( qafi snq-n qrcq-{

R-{irc

<r<rreJt,

<r<-rQtr

{$rfu

ctfl&s rc-<Fnirzcn

'

FrcD-r*

qtrg wrffi;t qr*E <l-{r{t ,fi..

Tffiqkmrq<I q6rpl

tncme-- (RIF
n.v. rgg. p-'i

drc*

rU?FtElfu;t
the role it plryl

qNtG-s

)tc

reaRilc

firBa c$ft e {fi,il cttfff< qTRirft lrfcq r qK s${ d{.Ft PBIct EE s

orR6{,
fr:ru e<( "r<r<f{m{ FE fu-< oqt ss{q-{ sG-<
a{m
frfr1 wtrqr cq{ lEriEI qR c{rs fiqw{ FtElIn"{,
<fi,rsuqkgtq *u.6.rfqTrq{frrwcw (Expert) {8,

qrtfu ryrrq

)
i

i
i

|
et
t

8lw$.$IEeRmeFrsFqIfl(rsffinFwIsgfif$"t<r<nfircrEfrB{{mnm{Bt
fr+H s6r

L-

t
5

(vrE ,{Tlfts qq
<mfte-cs Fl6i6i-d q<( qre-fifl?Fs'ct< RIrt Eq--tff$ <rciefrd er<6q
m e eFF 6fu wfr6r<,
e aftfl c'ff&< qf{6<1, nt
q<q
cq-}l qss clwfr'{ dnei-s qtetlrdK <il'FF eHBl

1ffi

qtfteA:firrqtfl{i{TsrqGdqctlqficq-<fi&n'f*t{'tRK6r{i+-rdlcer{T'q!'|J

e<qfrfi{1-q3 {f5q qr{(q f<E-qrr

:TNt&-$

:'

l
T

t
E

I
i
i

IE

qm

il{t

Oft

q\5

c+'fi

q<(qIrffi sBls{i

cft $F c{t q-{tss r elqft sq-Efls $41 T<q ffiqtlr1I sIrftt

e

(egalitarian) crlrsn ffir6i {Rm[Rl 6FF[t, i$mt{

q(q {d-E q:ltrgGt {V-l e
srrmksT Ac< flA-{ q;l-q {srsaGF Tr{rft Rmr< q:a-l erN
.iffi ftffirem czqrq'tffir I rFm, & T < ctftfu q{rqrc c$ft Iffi Earrq I

&ffi

clgiBfrT

wrqglE-'s cflqtlrql q?FrE cIft e nrtq ilTrTrft wIffi (communist) {qrsfu

rtp ,m;i fi e<..g.R crtqs.rF+ q5ilffi;lfr-{i|ln< 6T.GIB TNI qlffit EEIE:U 6qE ll$&-{Qft <t
{Nr&T
,rt&< cFsg (cs ltmrq I qsLq<, .cr{ <flt <r{.'ll 6{, ET{T-+ wIcq
REn
o
c<I .<nT
ffiilq<qre:{Nl&'s cIft e

qt{ts

,*{*

qq'fimmffi

._

xtETGr+' cI'ra

s erq-xfrqr< qFt

h
t'
h

(Dcftnitlon of Class and Status)

qqe e[EI elft <Ercs qst qRI q<( ,{Tt qrsrTd {r${-1RO Ce-Ffslfr c{fftr+ mRm r et
cqrfi c$ {tD\o-T EN\e 'l[c< 4lu 'lIK I
. (de facto group) <rq qlm ' t'ea
mlqfilElft *tr'"m wng. aftr+ <rre-<t8t
lryq
qr( Oft onr6c
qDN <rrq 61; ffi 11 ffii ffi-F On* qc@lfrs ffil Tl{ {l I 6FlI11, qttt e
jure groups CdtSClTt&-+ Oft <fre<'
C<t r <ql <llt sqcial classes are de facto, but not de
qtfl&-$
c$ft csqrFq ry q'r :F-fi ctr6q
sn sfig{ frEnqs < \og-+ cuffff +s r ftB.flE <r {r(
<l's-{ mlq 6r<n cgft Fiirn <6rF

rq

qrqIG+ G[ftfrqst

F
F

ti
I

Fr

3.

trr
I
h-i

t
E{
Ft(
I
,

:
I

Dcfinttion of social class

qNIe-$ Oft qP 6<ffi'{ qI;t qT qq <]B

Wfqq s(n?lfr$t (Max Weber) :I-[s
q1il qTl qAqH qqra qrra-< ckfift I "Persons who share similar level of wealth and
*schaefer in his book sociology'
income.. (rn$-Max Weber, Quoted by Richard T

mmffi

N.Y. 1983,
-6ffi P.536.)

qftf&-+ 6q'fiq{
@avid Popenoe) 6la SociologU (1986:599)-Cs <ffit,
qq :TNI&$ Oft "a group determined by
<Fi{Rr Efr-+t qm w{r fi6Rs qr cEr <rBr r{ffit
the role it plays in economic production"'
emc1-6-{f

)ts

ss {I$frs }r{lqR6F

(qeN

"rq)

qft qrcqfus on{ {g r eil 6sH {T <Kr{t +* r sTI qr

csft EEcr wr c$ftN tRqs E6o
"m< r eil <Errd q('tst. il-crl qI cq c$+n frfu erq qffis <I EIcffi F<ui r ur<,
q16s

qffi$ rtffr on qft+ qr<s frq ccrgm, nq-{-,rqfimrrsrn

' 6Xft
-

oft< fre-rsr r .TN mllrq--< .FUFIrcc;T ,K etsR ?rEKr< <t fia-qq <qE
fuo*.Is I
Sft
Tq<,,q< T; oA u qRE oftrs
qrDr
frqs
in r cftq +it& *ui*qrq-u Rfr-Nl 1t T{ r eB Ea cft"r fr.{.{ r e
tm1{
ry,q- $
firBF, ?F*tct Trtr, <ir"\Tr (effect, not the cause).r tr< qN
EaE ; n* iu.q6"
ffi <mr c{, qsB ftc"t {fr 6{H q:rc6f frq c{rs Rtrq{ q*F aft; qq
g.r< .g-*= *B *s
s{rcm erulfu n
"r!"+rre Utr< r qt G'ffiq rflftfr-$.r8,
r*u, *
<r
>mqt frfr sR -tfu s 1f;qrrcK Eris:rrvr q .1pr-s e .1fru {fift fi{sr uaon'
afqiu **u.1q * .*E-fi,Tcq< (H. Levy-Uumann)
nqt< cGsR qE wrrq

{e,ilft-#

Ty

cgft en esm

T{,,-*T&" als <r frrr (social psvchorogical

phenomenon) I Erfik<Ftq cqlqMnT clllrq Gq (ffie,

l$frs e<( frarks) --U4ft,
+et ftsq T'GH r qmR'-sn qffqrs qfiGF q{Fl. C\Elffi-$ (Egaritarian)
q} ,fF
r-rril qTH
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(Relationship

ufr* aq

between class and status)

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cNre-$ csft e fiT{mr< vc$ nr{TJ S-GH qI r 6rfl <m{ R,
qrFln BI tTR,.T([qJ, ftsr, qGtfu
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Wrffi

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sil

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qGR $frs Er< \513fi f{rq-rt'
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r

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"'uK
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e R+n s6; ({) fiFsrr< tffi wlrq {ftrfl oft-< 6q"tft s6 e fterm sm cc,t6s En; (tt)
te{fu {Fi TftKt efu rr{r iffirt q<( fr q-d qfrrm Cftns{ EfirsI fuI{"t r &fr 'c ffi
qgrsrt{qrfir &fu c$ftc'T-{d
nrq? 6rg ftfrt'u tffi wtrq fiq orcq qg's qr<zq:r r 6F
qft{& qRqpfift ftqR c$ftQ-{ ffiq q&*K 'r"RIt-@ Rem.t q6 {ffi l:rre;r *a'vstft
Ker s<qfi:trE Oftfu rNr{tft wm q&68 qr{ <fi ER{JEtft sffiq1
lrf,c qfuem ffqrrtr< 6 "r{ra Rw rrd{ r qcFI "r{lm :ffi{Kmr IFs ctft qosrctfu Tt
tfq erb wq-r q?rrn gIIf{-+ w<vqr qrQ R-sr
qlkffi cuo.fifu erB Oft (chss in itselo ffi
fu qrd <t qftsm rug{rfu Oq fuir< sn frcqrq-{ (ft-fl{ e qftfl< xqr6 }rcusq qca ed qt
q< c$ks a$ q-q5q
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1&"r& c$ft e<({fu cgft-d {rr<I a
sm stx & qt Oftr" frw <r frrt qr< I rr5il-q {e{C e<( cfqrfi q EQG fr<rqqn
ftfrrn {Rre qr< I ufr$ Qft frrrq{ qry ffi Er< I ur qlgt ftqf slrcR snTr< { r qt en
aq1qt frrr<< fl{rm &'iemi Bc{tE TK {fu< erss-g q&$'t r< I Eq"trqq {E <jB{e
qlksHK 6-( siT{F qBr< I qfin ltr{ Aft F+<v e dft etFlq I sfi q?F "IfttR il s 6ftfu
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rT-ffiR <l'Ful

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(Criiicisms of Con-flict theory)
q'flq-$ E-q crrqlFitr Ez( m r rr6q qrrm< vfrlis q-arr6 EBfitio crfi vkffirft
srfiq6em q< frRERTJ$ft F emfis {Cilrq r LcR wgs.{ fiIq fiqIRE {-NTfr7 srr6q {1-s,q sfu
$ilr Ufr-$ cgft Rtr<n wrri q..'tltg q's fr r stqtgt fi{trl {eft e<( c(.{Kr eftqrfl cqlq Rw
q$ fr r wirfrrc r{srFs qlrrq
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qr[rqs6K
ctm rrFmrn wH,
ft:{'r sztrrq
r16[q< Aftsrq< w[v{ qficilD-fl qe c{ ffi {-{ET&s :tsil-ffin .{sE frfi{ {iftrrr rz{r
l(,qrflR ?<efrT ERq fi-qm{ =pcrrer r sr< et Eq c:rrffir 6arq fr-srq sfi-s< EC< 6nBt yor6 qt
- w+ti e wIrnEqF <t{fi Bcs{ *il qE qrBrrfiR EEEK c'ffii\rt KITR {6 sW <Ntr ip6-rqr
${rqR ffi-$ AftFrsn )rmcErrE-{Br Ez( q* I 6F;HI, SI( {(s ffi< *A-+ ffi
cXft,
r

p-tft c<r$r

ctft6 qq {W Aft I qt yfi ft t& q{ r e-s-{E ff

t&l& o
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frrtt'srr< 6cHIA frrq{ q<. eDI 6K cirys6
aqrct ft<-ugt 6r< orcq qrfl 1ry r stt,
Bfr qry crrm cfft< qq+tq e ufrE+i'n{ cET{ sm{fr
r.. &R rqc'tftn ET{q qmr q"ffi qtr* ET{rrqT <rc-{st <llrs'rd qql srqEIfrT q:IrcsK ol:rr*r
fffuFtft
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pfr< xrfr-+

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irrrm {Td frKTfr ofttql< 4l{ Brs{ Trtrrqr r't&er(cR ufu
1r'n mt(q qqr ffirqrR qcrs
4TIfr-{ x5cl3t +qt 6ro Erg"t T[ilrqq r ffiqfft Rmc< atfr{ 6Trl sBq-lv (patrician), cgts
clllll ilt rulg ctffff &night), cl{3"t <r &< oFF (plebeians) rlq, {{]Trrt rTN-s qp (Feudal
frdl, ril (Vassal), firu <i c'.s {fr< uild master), 6ot lE< 0ourneymen),
(Apprenticel, gfrnr:n Ersrnvrer r q(q3t q'R erNlrBn qArC{ ql-{ qrq-+ gf<-"Tq iqq <(q 6rfl

ffit

Ewi

F*
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rlTr{

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q{rq sr5|uE qn m e<( {t?Frt qil-qE.llET )TriIcEBI sTI F.LI

re<rfuinqr Eq 6n i fi r 6r< 1re, {ffi1 w16q-<.rfi(]pErq3r v'r< lry Ear<

Ei-srTs- qi!-,t-IiT ,i:iiq-sr]EFF

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(Functlonal Theory of Social Stratiflcation)

Erffi* .tiil

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