{.

6&il
cfi"rq <rqn
TI{rFr ory Eqt

EPdq{rH

>rrrr\E'qTFtRgrc

ryrt

Factors on Social life

T{f6 +<-{rs

or* )H ry< E,mtr+< {r$ qilqffinT

ffi-q-q?< s.Tfr\o

r ('IFrr
yT
Hg:y,"r*
rw:mFor E,nqta o<l cT(Tfus E,flarq

EE

rft'rrfus u"nq-n,

u.rot

r<r

ffiq

crtr&

TIfu

lrf

of

6qm;r; crrr& <r

wE"mi-

qqffi

EE <6rr*

U{rnF

dh<ra ,h-:m-E nq.rffin,ersK

+trrr5 ffirqT q6{

1Rfu!

rqk$ gop6

a qlTffi-s
Emn

qa

***

ercrfr q<( r$ilsr$ qt_{rg qrq L{T{ Err-Ic.frffi{ qgrc

qNil w,* fi=<.oi ssm

1M

c-s ErnE

dE

c<*cerrGr+ B-rrnrma ersT<

Influence of geographical factor

s-q-< ffift-o E"nqrd rym e-a+r+ srs"r{fi-",r<
s'Jks ift< srn vcEi cscrrrfr.+ Ernflr
frm-"tm Brarrr$fi r qF qrq ft<m< o*.$nB-";.d+ qfrrqHn

t wr-*Er

{sE'q{rq
cqlcs-{t qsB srsGs flfrr<r {tr$
frCX Etro

ersFr

*@o

q+ffi

q<..

1fr.or,n co q{rgr FFr | 6trm, R 6iFFr

qnz*
6{ "tkR.f
Eqtrqa. <rrr{ crrs
"NL.
1{ IE.rn il;r{ qtEilrBr

ft-<-d csmrfr-$ <T

da"l* a",fr"'"* ;"' "'

1'lmrd 6frr'rfiT E nnrc-{n ervr< w+ffi | B,ffqnm er+{

1ftffi Gtr, {:,,E

--T*^fiT
rft{rfus E{rrl{
*ry Eqrr{ Erfrrrcil, 1fu-o e q.ffir Er{r{Fr B ,tG, {.rFFFr,
T!"
auro{q
rfu, W-Iffi, yfusE r .E,frr$ Sflr I <TE q<_q*re.s
'qffi, \,
B,fiqm qs(
sla< TE tm {a-c<.r <rza qrr sm rrct c$cfifi-<,
Ern flz"; r"fr , .ftntu ,_*;
#_"p
arirfr {c ro
fics offrn I c{:ril_
a. ffi6ry6.

E"nann-r

{F

eff.u

,.sr* .A. ,rRIs I rT{tq +{ITi <pGql frE

ffis s"rn ffi-fifrs ersr< ''rmlI erwjq
sv' T ur;rfr;i'i#:'H;
\r '
R:rn- fr@io, s-.!.rt l'nftK e"r< oi *" ,*",r 'i
{"csrn cs^ cEEaG CscrffB-s er\r-r< 6{rr frRg, qr<R[
c{rrd rr{
s-fl{G, 6"ff,Is-qfrqn

er\r-.r<

fi EsflEa WK e"r< o*ctrfr-o **

fr.Jrq ffi.< eror< c$ctfr+ eror< fifrv +s
<Tcf,

6qya,

**

et eFI?I frfrg -R
AC r waifrro;C" e rmffi+ r.,r", .#
6S10

cMllrrdi

* u,ffi

Irft

)l qF

qrfi ,iqrE

wmfet

{ry e rfaffi

rt1{qG1|
fu.ffrn q
crrqtrBfu{

r,c{
. mtil
{K54ri4ryt
qrnn *ii
w,frQf
qe*i
{
$rll{
crq
*i
"nfr
or**d
{ftr+ 6

ltBi

qsfi{

effir
.rf

ffi

6ft'ttF#
E"ronq mrE,{

Rr-{eq
srt-TR e <d
tr{fsfiH

cqltr *r q;

{qt

,t*{

Fmrq r srt cd
scrcq r corc a{

qflqq_{ffnB,rmrqq{-{

I
I

I
^

tl'

w*mo cfi+zqr qrqr{i hfu gc< fisTn m[E qr* r frrrd{

**

ryro'6 r

rrt, ci

*.*

wm fi-<r+r +B"ra m'm c$rrnft-+

b,t,

ssKrs

cfi"rq <raqn $Gr rry{ .Try"

fi{nq qryq gq{rq.{ w-< qm

I
l,

.fttfcs

", J,i,XH<rq

E Tsre,u

ssrr<R S-fl

Ber&

<F.Er-

oaro- <6flrq rer qmcr'i

q[Fr'-fl s-{r qE s

(Distriluti;;;r;;*on

and the origin

qrfuftrer+ qc'q
Edr rrq< Tsrsrn E rmrft tfrr<q
r <EIBI
' qlt*1Krr{ Tr c{, ffirafr.r rr*.,,c=I
eryi E,tmrft .{<". qtrql-< cstrfr{ qdFs
,fG
cc{fr{ cs.,\5,t
rsr,
ftrBa wm s rrsrurr Eqqfr L{Rq.
fr$rrfi ft6E qq:

nfti

ffiHHHiffi

Ery{ s.rrqr wr<r+ ou q" q?F.o

nr{ -q.
qssrE qs-.,< E-q<
e frsf''r N-{
fr<r suo {eTS q*qr*{t E
sqil{n-*r qfu's s?H cc qfrc<., +*q
,,1tu
u,-s{Tr <ys cr{r,o
rtqle,frfltrni<l<rrefi (srqrq<qff{rnE,r{eun-<rqc<qd.Fftfr{ffi6TffrEJrstT6q6{t5q_qq
rq{ <rKr{ iBrE q<q {sis,
wro ,nrn r eomc.ri rft
*"1g1
r (w{
flq qaar qc{rftn{ qry ertrq frlft.
ilfi,;
orry
rar
fiK
er'e
cmn'nffrr rrsrur r cst o-rr< FryT m_{

ry*ryr.
w'fts
ftq wfu

*, #"
R-*;;

il,

TGr

ffis

ffi

;;i$** *;;#a

,* il rd ilor

. t r q6ilB (Economy) r
*ry $qop6a3 q-d, Eft Brrmrft qE-{*, *.Qwr sqtt ,t*frio
1*"nv
{-sffn s{rqR mi frfrX q-{ffin 66rcrfift_$
smq_{ I 6s;Frr,

q<( Etef_qrrEl r
R&x

ffi e wrq{n fiffin em

+-,'firr {-s{-@ e o{ctorv qE frv'r e<z*
om r
; ;, *"vn qrcrq qFH {r.-n fiT
ffi, fuq t1n qlr srilrq{ w?rsrTu Epfr_Eqr$*{,
I
qdffi{ Tffl$ s c$cenft-o H,
* *n" e ftreo r c{ qqsrfl +ft m rrsrq cjr q?FEr
{fo-s c$E +m q'ft
ilqNIq
{rer{r. # uu" # ;, ; f,sF qffrqir q**ts*
'rcet
q<(
nFa 1'tr1't qFr c{ sr frr'rq frrrn +TET{
** a.nt-nu E;#i

RH ffiT
qH-cr

#,*"
"
gt

ytrfiq{

-ffiry

r
d'm T,EF q<.6q,or
* * * , .tr- tm;;fr';;'*.o***
frrsb
crrFr

c?Fm EnRn

+ns 'nR 6{ Tfr T{ s$

qftb{'

ft<q 6et'rGr qfrrr.r

sBil

qcrsil qqRs

{3FI (Housing

patteru) t
rftr*frs Etnm-+r-e"r* r<-<r*-< ?"F,s, n$ orn
r 6+il, vr-<r*
E"rorq nq*,'tFi, Tr', iFt, q{_{g,
#,
r$crilfr_s

** M

ersrstfril

si@ M crr< q-{r {ry{

<zn eryC< e"r* frv.< .*
qq-q* e r*$tn qr<'{cr c{m {rt 1rlorr.rri
rr'r

*n

qn<tr+nE $Ts gtn qrfln

crrr.l e fr*rqem fl-slwq
>rsiur. ErrErf,
fr{nq<

*u3

Ml

s-{

ermrsfiT

<t9_1ft.,
"* r sa6 fr6{,
*.e.frd."*;;
#r qfir

ftlt{ e*ft.. qir&

fr{rq s-,re Frr?rrq

s-{i *,T{furc E rmci
firnrq r s'rQ clrfrtr{ qFt, q{, qg
" {r{ry q)rr<{
qEi cq?rti
tgrrftn
{Rr[{rR v*_<rB ffiq
sKrq I 66p$ 6fl1Eq@ {E{ smn fi-Trq
ffit< qqr d6q TtB<rwn +rr qt* r ewr n.'srff{

r*e

,".*

un;

*G

** ft
""

bs

6w $$fus qrBTfrs.n (ffiq ,rq)

{zDq {rmR

flfu-

vrftmrl

qrrQ <Et

ryT G:n cs{fi ffiTH rryn frfrcq q{ndj E,rqrc.t< ss.r< 6fl ersB
stQ qcrfs sm[qt ss@ fr,frcq< ffi.q {rT{
flTB-s ffixfl-ri sqi fi-11ffiq *,
t

sD-*{

6r1p6-E-ffiqn (Dress) B
ctr.tr+ "tkeqs^r6[uflfrs E{rqr{ srfi eMfrs r fts-qqn
ccp(q ffrBr srw <l ,rfi
er5fi I ftE eq s{n qsrfft qq,
etrl rg st'WR TrT{rn r qsq< cqr{rs qkqq
6*[flBs "rfrml EmR fi6rfu qt
tftlu-{ frs e Bl,f srrf rfi +.{r, qql ft-<r<q e<( c,ffi
1ftr+rcc canqm_n qfuot
$Ai frGX qfrqs[qr scrdr{ q<".ct<qtTl {s qr r sEotfr, ccprs qpq.q frfi"t qlqse
3-<F'{ ;m t qt ctrtr+ {Rqm-< {;FI ercl"s q<( ermrvsrm
"{-effr$
cs1ctG-s {Rrq{ EKI ft6frs {rg
A I T[-Ittfqf (Transport) t

cq r$6q fr{ra
h I qrBd

fift

ill

Iry

qerf,l{

fi6<q ftm

esB q{rw
r

;+

{lfiRrl3r

<rrq

ft qr{ friI' dbfffiRs qRrqt

s'm

ffis

r 6sF[, <{rs,nn <tqtrrqr{K

fupfr

cwt, cfror e Ere EqIDE s-K

<rwns <r<u?nfr ft;rffi qfla {t{IT il[T.rq e dot{, }arqlat q<( qKrFI qq
I e ffia xc<i
cilqqq dilcfifr-{ qfrrflt fl-sl T{tks qgTRE r a:r-< vera frq
e<(.rfr-{tqr qmr qfr,KfrE crr{
vwm frGx <-sr+< d*T, GJm- 6fr<{, {eF, FBrri,
ErK t"+-- {,.ITrcw wrI.:r \Iffi Rc{r<
<I{{s E{ I lFlsrn Se mva yfr qqocE ilEtqtt fiffis qn q<( 6c?11-5a
w{fr.$ ,E*1'q *-_<rq,
Frq, 6q &ffi ffi{r*ra& cql.:r ${r"{ Rrrr* <,*{" ET r *-sq< qsafl
TflEt ql,fsl Krcq TI fi
{lsl-sle itTr{rsan {E-{Rrfi trrq ft Er< g.t C$crfrE-s BTITIT
Wnt qrdr$fi frfifrs
(Race) r
vr
I

qgq qtrqq;q6'

)o I Tlll
q6a-1(,

ffi{
ffic-f,{tfi
q-{-{rq r

Srrr<-< c

erslRs T.m

1ffi

{ffi

rff

Fnft om r <fi

qcpr't

cow

ETffCml

qrffi

lMlrE-s xre rftenfi-q ffir<r{n aer< TEI'&-< srn c{rt {rffir

ssmd rry{ es <c{-< e<(frs q{F qttsn {W
TE srft qrn qrr$

ffi

:nrrrqs

fts

q-{frs'f {population mixture) .l<". enEF+

@sts (natural isolation) s{qrfr es t sqlFf
RENIi
wql
dc'trfro
$efintrtfi'qnrst
atrffa
fr".rwl* T{s'frrs {rn'{ | drfirirs
G,fiqrna
s"tm frB{ sEr{R
ffiirqn
(food habit)
$m
ErR
ryrre<
x-rai"
$qrr*,:ffi stt
sv=r< rrrrq r -sEqR, oftrfifr-s fficEr,ri wKQ
ryn6{
f{6n
v-r< c,rI.rFF
qRqrn-a u=F, <ErEr cro's't
il'r?t -, m fts quro **ro $F c{nt
qE" y< nrc{r fiT qsftn qerrE qflr qzl[TE
"m.'G;'6fli:r'6,nrr+
EIqsFI "r55qt cqFn$ t6m ?F.cn :mrql{Kct
q-{[ufffrn qrirsR fr-r+s esB E-rg{rqlttJ
rys wrTfts rtsffir <nirc6t rfirl sFil qRrn rFBrK c"-o"r
qw< Tq{ TI r qrs sGr 6{rm3 sl'irn yrffi fi
ers.Fr 3rq.{ .e<(
vs qi6r[t
<4 qrnq n;nu ,{rrfr r q\oq< cssr qtt qr{q, 6q
o* *t'r,a* rfrrw;

d *."

{tn

{{.1<t16

erlrrft

T-,.e.

,# E,

.t*

w,l'rri

",*qt

ertft e qrxlt (Human lature and ef{iciency) t

.ftrfifr$ sirtr{ frfiq rrd, s-rqfiqr ilT< q& E ,'Fs*r rr ers* nr*o qr*Ecftnr
r
tfKqcrR emfil G[, 8o Gft ets slt
{rEEr qr'{Fm ;sEI s 1Eq-, sinr-m rEft qs ipirr q6r
1t

*rtry
-f-*.

Er.i-<

Et[q qW wFsTo< o'ri, (qift'rq RB lkt qs q<..

oAU.* xr1q ,rfuru qr{ oEg
{IN r<Fi 1R${ wr qRstu R qr r ao +r{ w{W q{ e<qfroo *,r qr{H
H{

ry

i"

=E<"rdfrr{

(Influence!

{6{n
or

${s {c

e ftrrml

c<Ft <srqd

?qRr

qtql<qs ({ rri

frq

rfi-td

q:nq

'

h I R<tq

ft-

"

EqnaqqIs
ts1

(Marriage and family

life)
**n ,q.n;,*r* pfiry{.@rr< s,8T{..,

er m
a ft{s.r{
wq <ircq frElrqi mTgr
cq{r fiT
h I vr?Rl{ (crime)
t
sr-sr Tqr

q_<zTK

q<qEEr <TrrTI
rfr.".,.6_Eq

fir-#H':ffi.mm*HI*E

t-{lc<tR

slicf

q'rft

1qw

6il.{rq omrr4 om r crs

sil ou, Rrri, D-n Ec'rq qfiR ftnqT

)o r xfaftv*o qv*i e eHFH

(political organization
and administration) 8
rzt-{-tr vru ftEE
EFrg qr rqgrE.rfr .rmTn
q"uo,-i *.,
*+- ; r.i.,idi
r,rrerr e<( qftn o,*ffi
XTftr

*,q *ft";-__. u*-*-,-t

ffi'ffiffi
*R"*H mH,*m..ffi

"***

,racr.r qH<
w*_rs

qn+rft

IE
/E
(P.

le
E,

-\
---:--:.-=
-:-:::l=T q$Bq->

fr",-*)

-:
--. rtnrl

@
trq s qTtse-ffi cftrffrsBtrTrciqn

<<-tqr.c:f efgT<

(Influence of frereaiiy)
Try{ {es q-{ q'rrw

.-crm st<

ffi:W
ffi+

cl{rsq.

'frrt

e {nfi-s ?<ffir

";,

Q-< Rr"n< <rfua :rc<l

*-.

qor, fleR

{i,

erv].n

uR

EErcs.ri

t{ T{RR ffis

ssi, .iqq ft q<

{K.r cqT

ofl,&s

WrEi<

ffi <sn )rsn_}rsfu&-R vc<j <ffim arm

13
(.,rs qsrTrh-<
r--*;
u*urr** ryo <ffi-< effrs
q* ;;, ,*;;_,'r* ori **
E{
,ff". frfrT ,sr6{ Ern

q< r<FftT <(-rts

m-Ts,, ,uH *u,

\o_.f

"<..

<t1,

vr*ulm<

Bry rT{nfrs q.fiqR.6.|{ (saF

qPr, QE-etrCs-< tlp-l

,ro

ilTrTfrs tftf, erffr, Trg-{ eft, @FI s 'f6qff\e-.t,

rFeffis tmqffs1 (iT$:,slfi, cm{ s&isTq s.l-sr twlfr I
A-s n{fus ctr6t (ptato)-< :l-cs erq, <q-{fu q<E 6q1E-qtEI4 rTTrK :rcqI q-qe|Erc<
wH.,rr< <lts r FFI, q{IrsT fu oft< {r{GK qfug Es sin {rr r mr-erori{, <6[<n;[ q<(
cl{rn6t
TTs-rBF Oft r c:rffi qrq efiSBffi{ qrs q-{'tEslr{t cs.B-{t qfr<, c+B <r qFr I E\oq< E-gi ft-s
ifrft+-{rl< Trc \nrl firEc{ qqr{fu-n sgt< q{fu
<ffi 1M,hR Tro 6{ETrr <r c$ETr{R \r{q uqTs e<e.Trft q< <rflft s 1+<ce{< wg
I eTrq-n v" EqTt TrrA< (Elrs-flt Wrq e csls-rg BmtrqFf q<qn rnfc" .r*q ql
TryN ffiEl q-t1rqf <ffira efirs r qsq< EsTt' <c-t{KrQ rrilq., qs;\il q<( TFI<I Eea,-.
cq'fB:il(r{ qs:r I qrfit
trs1s^TrtrffR (dt +,$; qqG qsrsrr {Brs B TFt$, EqT6
T;

smt
I-sI, T{ffis, ffi e<1 qAffi I qq;tr16s, <c.1q&< {E1p{ {ffl tft
'tFrS Otot t
*qiff
RmrE urrig e* ur*r ffif', rlfis, qqvi, q'fiffis, orfrr&s c<.. orrlsuffft r ,cQ fimlg
Trfr& w.lqfrc'rr{i EaIr rlns qv-ronl cu{-d q<qH KI{rs "frm TI Tcq ierfl sfu fiT
<-$1, (RT{3tr 4V4, sCsK

T16

qrrs

frrFFi

q{srq Yry

tl

F,.BC

cq'ffic{rsfiil

<lBoc clq
Contempon

<(fi

!ns{ ffis
@ garff<
q<s

ers

'n{-+l frnn
sIffin ${l3

(Lombroe

qr'r6 se-h +;ns .irsrE BcTt

1're< EqTS
-E*t
q<qn
ffiiq
BqTS
qg'tfi csiunr
TqTfts nF,tl
m+cs <l{
or*- i
'frr<
,om o
wtsist qqrfB c+-<q qrr,si Er{ {I <K(q gl"io qr< Tr{ <ffi{r {r{ TGFI
tffrrn< (Gobineau) Tcs, q:[q e Ts]-qlK E4& s q-<-{e<
qIft r 6K
{CE TrtfirtE ETIqHQ
lE,EsTt A'n& {fr {fin cffi"r+m, foa1q-qq5a <T EfiFd y-c< errs seripr srrq-d qerrEr
<fiqo Ea ql I E'Brens, frf6
T{rffR 6{ts rc} ffilft s qvrsrt flfrDT fr-s fl fir{ u.Eq;r EKt
{slq;r cq{G }rs<t T{ I Ern {cs Bc$ grfrfi< m6 rwuf< Edrt&-N Aft q1qrrt Ctrc{ D1TR,
qqru firTtrqR s+r c$H yfrfi
c{t

aal&

r'{,Iq

E4;qHt

'

1"r'n&6iD

**

B"nr

<pgo aRfir

fi-{rtr fift

<t

qrc'ffq (Lapouge) TFFI R,

,gq<
qn s-5q Fmr <r sqq
1Arft {fr
'ffrr+.t
sln T[{I Nrfi qmr<isf,s
qFrcu fl-6 TI I q-{tsslm Mrq <]fu[-{ FtfuE
T-ri oorail Tg.<
+s r &h 1m G: il{r srsc.t EsTt
q|cq
qrs
mnfir
r$6
a.r:i
<6< Esg6 M<-+ <r
TrflDt{
<IflTfrs mrsj 6{tet {rrq r e smcqt qm<r qgr\ot Er6o sner gtrc- ec{e qqq tn{ET w++

1ffi{

wfffi

qsrsr{ q srscct <R".rrn qft-r r

]3r nrqtrrc$ +mq q"ffis E'qTs m.+ mrcrs s{ryrq qlft<q
qfil
stfl5frn
r apfi-q ffir srqm-sr ft-<n;n n;rnr srcqs uqFo ,frn qI r .lsrr{ EqTt
l,tr&<
q$m
qm=
oc{ qrrrq ftrm c-\rrq qcq s.(rJK qqftq r Ere$ <ffirqR q qq rg,<j c<I-t
|E6I-CTIE T{
tfl+nF (Francis Galton) Tcs, {tftfr+ rtFl e ffit +qrot, itr(, trlpefI,
qtr<q-{ftfr-I,
I

X<6t IF{E-I,

IF{Ssl, 'n<qfiq
cEut cu-n mft qq <qtrtg

r&,

ffi6e {ft{ {ls qcl I eQ qqrsK

TBr"t

IEbt e1fr5q{rfg EiL<

6ri rre,

qfusr<rqm<

frm

,rr<s.fl sx-ril

sR, s&'r q<( Tssr <c{rtfrR {m $re

qrrQ
qfr.tTrq
sesrffi Frc-IT[*a
rslmn q-{ Esnrr +sFFfl sn-{ c<ftr eR -ffiEr6, r{r{

til.qa <rfrrrc rr,r-e qTEq e E"rqe

*.r*
q"rn errs eh qlrfitr qR-rq cs, cqflfte

@*

Cem ft<rl qe6g

e6{rq

6n?ir

"fr"FF

* *=;;,.9.&Etqffiffieffi
"ffi#i]#,ffi

!---*ffi_q",

'6t
.,
ta

A
1
.g

r6l
.,

1)

,o 4
'-9

r8
I

,\

.-!

c"nt

'

(Influenc

qry
fi-{ ftsr+

__snqfr{r+<

Bqmraq{q

b}

sH PmT{,{ (Karl Pearson) <rtrr 6{, me E q;rctR.-s

m|sj EER.Ifiror< TErt <ffiril
l'IFs &fre catton-(R {Fl qsrE I pearson :[cet s'GF{
6{, {Fr< qteR fu[..] ffi$
E"nnrQ qq<ffi
<rm
r
EqTqHt
ffi+
vfr-$r "nfi
mr{ *,fr. u*H-Gu'#Hl*'qmrff{
RftS'mffi
lSorokin) <FFt 6{, erl rrrcqn qt{r{R rc$ fqRs e m+fu+
,,&T frr?JTti t q*Br.tsrtrr
y.*';fte- ,r}6i <Amr nr. eq54 ffi
E Oftu $q{ FreftRqrqr
Er,q=r flqIlR o@ e q{m-<
',R{H FxaftK EETrr
6Fr r sTrn-n **, E*n r"l;-au *.
q{sE EsryITctrErCT
fuSm Tc$ TEr-n qErc Tcr <n frfr fug?r
-#';,srs{ | q<Hr eR E{ .ci
fl
qIr<F

{n n, E'r{ftR T<Tt fire\ Xq* a""*, *r+o- ;.

ryrlr-qrm $mstr orl Eo crft< q-sr{rqr lRr-, v66;p ffi

<Ie-${

qI{BI6t

fimo.s q'frsK

Contemporary Sociological

fi_"ft.

.u

6qn.<

uffi"-.u;;_*

'fr* .n rcrttk "rt, Ercoflq qa* Eq{ qqi fi$

"'rF
Theories lg2g)

p. sorokin,

<s'tflG {Fr'{IEr6rr$s ersrfu om r c r,sc.rQ +&,r*

c"Efiqf{,ffi c{FH, q[rdrrql
(Lombrosot 6Fft (Ferri) rtlrfrl.tsrGll (Garofalo)
c,tTI(TE-s EIE$c6fn q$ ffi$ ffirsi e
<st{ers nfr Tmqq (ffi Bames & Teeters , New Hbrizons in
Criminorogy 19g6)
B'trrs qEryDTt cm_q Te[ y,'o qm e*cq a
w*e-{rT< eor< <r.t?tB< er.sn q+ffi
qeh *{.t q{w frE rsiR-s
s-s
<r&n e-<.o eer sK r{NT&*
ft{rtr frEn sf-flzs Rets ettln rrc{ "r
<qFl" {.q mR mrtI ",o{q erq.t E'*l<-fl.
1gO <ffir< err*F sr frrE cq{r6[
c
r

Ht"*fi # #';

EE

tur
CEITf B qrq-{tr(
qrrm K(

Em{ <rs{ q<(crrqsr<<ft

qIErffiEPf

Qs-'ftlr{ elgt e <m4

fi'rqn 6tg{

TgiiE{ra

rmr

mqmFr+

<,cgr

crft

#r

wl{ s effirnffsT

mrqffi
ffiq sBmrq r'{vl

carr& qr wr:rrGn-+ Er?ttqTcerfr ersFr

(Influence

of

group or Social factors)

Tq{ <fre ff< qtIrcn esB ft< .c=aiift Ern erf" qkrr cqr&1
I
fi-< A.,R r srQ
vr< qNr&-s
ff< R'*.u snq {w ,"Frrn cF.* c'fl& <r *,rr&* ui**rl*
*o-^ u*,'"1I

a*

86 {rq.fus cttqRutr (saN

,tEi)

<Ifu cs qfrTrn cmr&-s qqql Rz{.u

'iW er5 qR TN mr&.fi-sr"t (sociarization)
qNI&-fi-$Rq qfu-T1T
qflq
qrfiftss
$fu
,*rg *o .*= err?t r et,sB-TE <iB mrre-<

t-+rtm'ctRd

w...1

au,,

*, *# &";;-#H'u*u}_

q{sn

1'.nuqrcq {r,,_ffirn
qrq <lfur+ s.E gt< Fqq
wrcq-< RrBX w".rthr< Frgq_m{e *o u*"
crrr&-s Eflqrl cr{-{-{Rrm, cfi6 {r5, u.ffR ufrs.,'C;:
qtus* ccr Gr r Rr4rs wm
ft+q q"*i a-#*

* i u*A*

frre-n e \r+t

<rfuB?F?trFr

A_*

E9q<

," ,^*'*h
-"' .r*
*,e}*r
;*;;
vm';
rmm qai{ r,o< ftf< wmq6r,rR-ffi en nn*,*
m;
***, * *_
qm<q e\ffi'*,{
Ern'fl6{ ocn r qk{R flT< fttr qrridfiT
qefi{
ftTr
, ,a** ;;
-il*u
<jts r"H.u IT ftc,r orE ft<+r+
*,
RB{ #, #i,";;:H
ffii se <ifu c+n c{r* ft TmEr<
$Gr * ft* ,R* Rt<t e c6d oa q{tq<r.k
'
v&g .r<".w qo,q-e-{6i-n
erfe {r*r; ,R." ,ffi y-fr.,
;
"r";
crqR .nr' c ffi-<rdR-trfrffit e ftfu uifu clks
Fq dsTs qru, qer*ft5i qprd \Tffi
T g***a y* E pR"* ; tu.*,".#; *il,*, :.#* _"
6fr--q-srzu ?rqR--,,-

c,fFrct

"rd{T-

ryE, ,o*--l$rfl, Elfry-q6<r, *ryM

pr<fr< {E-{tE{ qsq<,

I

,I@

i
.l

q*o ;

{trT Eftrst{ c^<me fu 'G<F ,orsQ ft&, qm{

ns* *ffiq *o, -a TGr s$pr
qtTetfirqu< {trn qG*H
rvl"r r!r?r, rq&R, rT$cr frrft
* Frnr 6qq ?trcr srrr
{<,
s'fIE q<( EnqqK r . Efl-< cqur ftI.g TrcQ q$-s
qevrc
vmfg,t
q{ I {ffn qefn

ffi

cat.sq-<T seff mT&-ft$rcq q+ E-r*+mr4]

R{,*T c cfiK

yfro

,rml or<

q;

EIt <jBR

"-

ru<'q
(Influencc.;

t.**ft RrnErffi ft.s.r <TfuR n*rk-s 6-<c{ ?<trq,

qrt$rFr$ Frn q-{q srr
fiI
r ftqrmrl * aoa qt-.#
Y :frrry
4* l}, p,u_*,
+,ffi,
TilsrR +'ffii ffii ilfrcql qrrq | ,{{rm
n nT{. Tarfl, ,., .__il *__

fr@ftTi frrr-{T qarrf

{r5 e rffs qGsf..R

*,*d
BettqF r*d

**#* RG{ fr_$ ryerr6'Errqr qcn

omrqtrt<.nq<ftfir<x{trm{1nqfiftpfrstnr{r
,
{Erctr

flv- +m r frqnftsn

f,*,

{Qfi'.

,:
Cultuqe r:

:,,

qg->rftfu s q*o-cfr& &fuq q".rlr{ qtrfl

I
{ry erb frq nu,<"t E?ffi }il{ffn q-r
c+nqm, qcfis,Err, Rftx fr"omq{-"
;.-;,e; *_* *(e;,;:;_cnro
q<-ffiq* {ril <r nreq"*. Eraoranur "q-t-t* ,* srn r q{tfi * , m ,tto *u o ;#
Gsr q*cs er* r wH fiq
{rnrcq
tfr"* #*u * {r{

+#

rr

"*-}pu
wrnj

B'fmrs b"rmrqTrqr qtvlg <Ifu

c+rq

frrR

r{o

r*r4

qrGfl

{f,41,'"C"f*J

rqGq@ql

csxbE

clTt&-s u"tfEl{ EFT ere]RE qcs. efrrn r qfr{_Ts_{,

<reg, Rri-<rqrs, orq-'tfuor, frrffir-Rnbr<
cTilk-$ E fm*

ffi

?qa*r.i4

RGX nn q cd&, sfiqfr-s qB.$r{;

y**u {frn;Tpfles ilH.fr- ;
, Iry
T{n<r{, v+1$rfr-o <r wT*frs RDrR qrr{T furq. EKrc <iR*,'cr-n *;;

c<(

*ftfu
#'R rr

I6ftE

q<(qt-{-ET!

. . .,{-q,&i

Culture is nl

"l

16amrt?P

q:nq fi-<r{i

Bqrmc{{

b)

fw:rm'cqfrm ffi<zq
qrr+ qmr&-+ B{rqn-qil erurRv r
c{B-+-q s.{rwro ErR
frm-< e wl.lql c'f.ffqBr <I'BK q..ft{ qrq Lc<(frEX xrqfr-+
e .<rqf{B-s ccrftcr< qqpfd erc
<ifu UrgtcqTrrerc< eretfrE E{

tl

f;1[-t
I

EEq<,

qFfu m, fr&4 cmk-{ S,rmne <itsn

fo

:rqte Q-ftx6 e'm aqf&

:errryzqg

qtr

rtQG:"

fi-. q** Egt{ w<qrq iil.r

q fffl&-rg1.I4f6d

erst<

(Infiuence of C',itural faetors)

. .! cflq Q-firs mr*.E{rqn cfireE
Bn qep55 qrT <m a<m aq& u*"
"t4

"aqa

q\fl<

.l

Ttr

ErR

"rs-,

{c{r

crqF{r o,,rn"-**
v -I "vt.,' v'r |.flq&.s
ivr
I I

** *-"#l

Cultule

t
r
I

i
I

fr rrit< tn.r. schaefer,

nqrux qc*r ftF ftT

ol,"*""0-."il;ffi; t...,"-itt*d behaviour.- cfts
e<(,,$&'rer* BH{a.T.
ry1c gq I{M ,or*
+4ilft#"ffi;iliu* q,
"ffi.
<rEF[,

i.

91K.

"culture is the^totality

sociorcigg: r98B)

il

FryyT {B <q q*rG-s gEiEsE Rqr. tu-.q .*-'gy;

:l:ml._Le
wtl-{-qflta-{rs
qaq

<-qz" rt{,oR qrur<-qruaq, ErFr-{*trr, oro{

c{r<fljr

;*G #.

Tur**, ,aolto,

""m
fi*-.;

radt ecs $e.rftn qm-1s r< <T'tv e qrryrrs frrrr$

$m qneq r s6t <rfi,
.
^
Cultureis
what man has-created_material,

and non material, TryrE tqOX Te{I Ti_*l

a
qTRsKm
*ro
uryre
E'ff*T
q-s6
n
16
T* EFr - *q E*r* cfimrs $Er$o cqei

bt

Bs $qlfr-s c$qRe.H (qu qe

Er r Esflq-{ ad.ffi< l-r$ $q'na{ Trrq <r<p. r< Eefirila{ (rFq-eg1rtFil, Tat[&,
, rFmfl{ , <i<rr?.neHl, q<( qft :rlo16
Ets-(R q;II qr
?F-fl
q6r
frr.a<1@a rstm Brgrnnrql csq fr.ffi.t
I firnrct erfr+ (symbol)
=EII

"6Tqg
EIfrTIR ffi)

ffi-s

(?t)

Tfrfi

3j<r{m Efi t
Es"ttF
dFi-s qfu{t

9FII (language)

rfi'rmd

(E)

{{rr{I{

CIFE
Es

(values)

(ts) Cfl?Fft&

qFFs

tQ qlQf (law)
(E)sfT$T{ (sanctions)

6+EEKM
frrrs TG t
wrq+.:Ftr
rElr

(folk ways)
q<m
(D)
mqftn ffirffie (mores)

<fr, cl$ks fu$ n U<S fu B"nq'H elg.Ifrs iFlK sBr Tc{j cq& uFIIe:r;
E?l.t {T\e- r(TfuR .csfr f{r.R B,flq'n Ec'rFT{ C+rcsK ser<rse
$tT{ qIfr I $rrrs qfd qflf,
cq_eR <ll.n
Iry <fi'FF I 6t5iiFll, Cqfr ,ssB il'rs gs,m I rrt cqrc w{Tfls !1<t {ir6.i;r
q{tq-Q-<qrr ervtfrs sK qErQ r6res q{ r Ecfili{ ffi{q ffifi Txqqs a<qBr evB
I-TB q;4q
frE,
frrtlTtnr w$Etv;qe
{rrfrr-s,
15^oro
1vl, fiq-ffi
*-trf ,|{mYE t vR-oq,1fu,lrfts,
qsut
FrwI, ft6r{, qErsl, <rrnfi'm
<n'i+ w{ TEc{r
claTB's q6q {r Achievement-l <ct
w':fi, q'qiE q\iq ft<Trs ersri<E om-+qltrd c{ Tr+{ 1p r< <Tqq .{<qqq{e ffi{
rr+I )l-:lrqra aslfte- :[Gt I qqr< Eqrnsq dm qVre E-{rf$ ffi-$ qIFrwIi, ftFt, qrFst,
rwrq 6Rq; etgtRs +m
<j-<'z{-r'rri ffi, sljJ, {fts-i, ccftE ffi
qqm gqe6q1 cd'm qsle qrrr{I ffis qtRsrfr, 6qr{-Req, q&, cd&g, 6frmH,
6Git't,i, uqfu-q, ffiq-s'r^rTtls <i-<[rQ[, Fmt e {r{{qK {dq[{ ffi Tlaq ftqflF <nrtiFstct
ers'fu rFGI i rllTi5 cT{fr-s {rq fu6n ffi
6{'r qtffir ft-+ frmq rsnqt fuirti qrfrsrilil
ercfltt qVI ql{A-s >Ffl'q csie-K fi-{q q-f{ftn I q'6qs
cqm q;[<Flar, qmr< w c{rr IFi
6
qrsh
q<qn
wcq frerr+<
qsFt E-{ffi | q q,nEI qils wns E{ c{, erfers <m qd[g
'rfu
qTfr-$ET
qrF:r
q<s.
frElq
EI I,Iryq.ffi1'rc6k T'rcq slrfrq r frwrr+< qfrSK ql{{ fff{m
Ersrq
q{TsE qslRq e
Qp"t s(rq 6{,Iq{ -orrq qm ,rffu zmnonft f{qrfi $Frsrrr$r E{r
q{fr< fi-frg vtry
c+r nd*.lq | ffil{-qrq<Hq fra'qervr a{GftE ryre ftqq sril ?Err
qt
q{IifrWs<
<tr r
eqr qmsr qq t1<i F6sfu
ct:l-dl v+q

ffi

ry

ffi

ffi

m.fia

FrTl r.Ft.

a{
.r<tffi

ffiRc

rfrirret

freTefi
ql otn I

ffi{{S

fu

qtfrr

.tr
aelM tc

rqt

({l
(tl)

00t
(s).!

,,

F[fi, E-Fsi, s{r.{I'tll ffi ffi wrelB+ sil-c Erqrn-En rrq I 6Tc<pn r[rq FITFI, q,nFs.I,
qEFsI e<( <I-{rffi-{r c*Sts wrq
Wrs qR r c+v-?flrn<[, qfrq qmqs, qq-T.r<Fm{I &TtftF
6Frq q,IrTcl sc{,qfrIET q-{ffi r qFIIr?-s e rrem-$ ft{r4 FIFI, Es"I, <t?rn[pm EFI $rl
ulqR ir r <rEs :FrIsEr crfr q'flEr 1g ch
"rk<Ii ft+rle *t; cs"T q<( '1ffis
<l<Eloffl cqiFls EF q'ftol< s-fl EFI ifl

-,

T{i

E{f;
J

elgr$

+fr <ftE'qlq tEa <rqcqn c{ {s'std atgr Fffi +-rryq c-{strlr ffirq r tr{$Irf 6qfit {r$
Frm; ag1t,'''q1ftsi, fiq-ffin reli vFrto qrd r qt;t eQ q{+li
"nern rm s{q Tfi Tfrrs Etr
Bq'frqrau<E{

FEffirqt
E'{f;

'

4t'

{trtrF4

(q)qFi{ 1no.*rf

qq

f,

61qq-{l
I
I

(traditiot
agricultu

t
-i

,
I

i-.':':- ' =-

-:ir'.-._..-.ry.

cFls({uq( Eu-< q6 r e
1ffi q.+":qfiffi
wrm qF{tsry' TsF' Yifrqm,ryq ofu 1E ea
<i-,{rn yfr Fffi+m c<'g rn
qlfrEFR $ee6q1q-<'T{
qGr<6q qrc FE Rgr<n Orqorm r
$qonq:i <jTi!fiT <ir"ro
ry*t
<{ uICq qry l aqs Gs'nwt
.Fm-+r<qr,qt ,rq urb .n<< osla
dFrc qGff1 w{t T,[< l
q6qcl{ff{ {IEs {\,'sEI
qi r{gfrT ,|;;fu;*fi- F," fi6. qflrqK c'w] I-s-{;s,[.< r

Tfr ft6i

Eq'fiq{ {r<v{K

*q3}w*

.filrffi

c.z,r(er <fl <r{

^,

o*

q,o,u
ffia6ffi Tc{, qffi{
firrts $R Es{qq ,fi.".u

65{q fi6{wrft'r

w*

**

ary, S.GTn

"Ft ,m#,

ry

qmfiro'lm r qs'qi,'

AS

*<.wr.r<

q<(

ffi'ff'<r+<

+:--Tf:3flq ry

eor<

1sR.t

cq[B
ffss't

qt
'.TEIL,r,ftreaq&sqFoflqE+mcqrsefi-fi{cKR54e6513.s${r$qTBtT
fiirnt 6{
qt.* r ,r6ri enu *lF rm,O u.nu qe-o,< B6K{ Trd.u r {rffi{
{.6 wm Eas g5
61 n"f A* +-rroftctcq ; Et&rrr<EI
s6cr
EAe
offi
qn a*6-<+arc.,
qBmrer eslK ff<q@ qt<e ffiElrs
fia*

+nq qrffR

tr1*
$ *"her"
qBrn
Fn avsm'Fffiq
1g
1Rf
#'ffi*ru;d.nR1116'
e<(ft{ffid
qB?-{rql
' -:
{:H, pfr, lR-tft, ryqg-S,lu1fi, in-yn, E{6,r
w ,1'8, cHRt qoom q]r{ft 16
o$1 u*
{ilrsft

fiilRq qB e *l!frd-E"*

+r<

mra

5sEcE

e<(qrff
T; iexB +rcq flFnF qlT{qIBs'k( Q-fir$ {qqsr
{I c< <{ds
"lFffi
t <vguls aqe< -{-ry I fiBI \TI'rfi {|13t qHItfrE
qt (EtK q6 $s< \.ecEffiRq
Trf,
@Fr, {-sot e ry-+ft<or <rq
.,r-r
q<JE*
iqo
KrsR
cefqa
or< rq&a
qrft

"*

.!slc frGa s{ts:cq]qft<qtr {trTt eroRvsrf, {'rm'

q{
aqe< tqB) gqrEq qlqvEt TfT eqt Ereq Tfri

fr"

T9t*T*

<T'lE

m1fr<B

qlB
tuttsl'ry qB

,q,FE

"

"

q1B

trlffiq

''."'":

qtffi< t {q<m t{fu -:ttT"Te1B

TC{ca q{qtls atqe
E{RrB-e T{tls aqe sefi er1G^ql'vts

.
l

rs) snrcilor er1fu

6ryq

ftq-t sr cFil&-$ ft<qe tr8-{srm *"tfr" =pr<

qo'tfud rFtrl I qttrEI
qr ({r{d
EqfiEq .Btt .Gt es
"'qru-t
e*rs q<({rfi$sfr< qstfis s'K

xtfui' qqfu' ry-l'

*'eE]

rym fr<+r+

Tftffi-6'wr,ne<<gr<ft{+qn$g"frftrs.r"rre*<r$o$nffir1q1f,6q,qg[r<
t1& {l 'tl6tllF:l E'R (shifting' cultivation)' T{Eft Ift
6gqq-dFF $ la* w$\5 Tfr
technology) q<( Tttr{ Tft (mechanised
(traditional agriculture based on prough
agriculture)

Eo.

{r$ft-s q$qRsdtT (qeN

"rq)

FH q{B

Fs

ET{ft-s Frq c{rqer<-n.T

ds-srr< sqR" orn r wqfrE ga
Frenr* eR( TrRBn
qxeR
qc-q
FE
r EEDTfu Frq * RsEr$Ii"IFTi
Frq <rrorrqm mq s{<ftn

c(ae

-* ;*

ryE**m*6*r*\frr*i.*.fi";i;;ffi
:i leq ffi
ry

lI-rF{ qrr q.t{TE Be-i

fius,q
oq& r*pr fi-*nm +-dE fr-cq o"* s--*"
"urrr
#-1
,Filq frEH frft"r s@<

*t_.

Un* *o,r u_rq

R*ffi
"#
vfu
ra
ysrt6r rx ;.,r*_ *"* ** *" ,_"_
ft'' tffi,," sRz-t ftfi.rTtr
Gl aopnlu, *-H,** -i" * * r
{,5sffi''lt,rlEqf,*** tnn *rc"i#.-;ffi

@.-l{ pfr-.flm

TEr

q:ffqfurs

Erirqt

r sF{r.

e
V
F

cw

Eru,ur

q-,ftq,wiro

lu

qr{B-s

{r't RHrcTIrt qTB <j.r,FF {qki *f,u,

q"rfr a]ou* *o,
*ffRIE <Fi-frr$ BaEER cks qrqRi e-srq, qryrfrm <H,6{,
qoo,** rfqgRtr. flffi* q*fr,
q:r*nr qw*{ q{rqr *ffs qrsrq,
Rlrn.{rrl

ttr66,

fitqraE

' '.,qflq ff<tr

r+n

c<(fuK,*

ffi

*.**n w****

*;; _.* ;.;,**, i-*,

q.{,

fi*

""0*

i*l**, *f= wr" omtqr

+_<2"

=tEqr{at

)l
tI

Er

JF

t'\

sl
8t

cl

,rl

\.rt

gr

JII

ur

tu

Eq1a*q.i

i*o) 3".)
/a\
|
-(=

tr

.t

_sl

f '3(l
.et <{
8t {fi
at T{
s

_!lt

^l

i
J

ifi

er

vr

br

cq
cq
cq

C{6

))r

q$

5o

tro s ae1&<Efirqcg

r6t

f.

-9

\#/

?E

;Il

ryq +{r{{Eflql{qq

cqe

.sirq fi-<F{

bc

*TT fiq Xrq r qt

e-

V
F
I

w
lv

6-osaq&eqqm*fi

<E{f{Ts el=f r
) I Estq<"fiTqc'$sfi-<cn cfr[rfrf{-slfrrffK epr< tftrqtE-fl s-{
I qTlqQ-{rl< e"r< <".'tutB ofi[rfifrs qRr<t-li qrc"rfus rffi {EqDrE-iI st
e i <<-nfu q{iq-6rc-+cT wa ersrfts Trn Bfiq3.wq qTFIID-{I itst
8 t rqG ft r-a<rfu saff cp?Bs Semnrq ryq|qq-firs
ry T.gt erstRe- iFGr Elt
Efiqiq{qElrqtFIt ffi
I

a.

cI m'|qQ<rqR e'r<qNt&-$c{tryc q\r-mtfur-*w.r

s r q{re-6f-<n< e"r< qqG ts {Fil&-s 6ffi q161ftpE qgtir q'{mlD?il q{
>t<fr's g_=-fr er:t s
.

6$gopfrE {frK,.t

ft mF[El r

| <c.HG mcu gfr fi c<R

e r <TrtE q3qq?freflE lqe< cft,s <f*i qNs I
,
8 I lt{r&s attft< e<Ffr TEET q$ Rrar< ffiqrir srmB pfr<flR qrq Etg?t q
c t sryfls w1G <qcu fi 6{Flrnr EqlqaqETs
s r q-<ry48lqe <-rre pfi ft c<nr I Eq'Enq qT
q I aqe
Frs yfr fi c<r+ r.Eq'Rnq n
\

rqro

yr

m
ffi
aqB< o.rmfi Ers<fmrrf, 6q-q Mr s-<
)o I 6{Cl{ qIE <Ttl" ${fuK UErEl qer?r qq'rr6 frq
l: r l.o1G e. cTl6Tfi-{rdR froE qq-a q

br

cqsBn

a<w qre sr frrfsq

bg

$q

affiq qqlsfrEl{ (ac[{ 'E)

)t qflqft{G<O,r< qer<1iM

EKE 6fiq Bflft-fi qN fr{

U"nq
qsrrnr <m-er1e<
W1nT ?r,r{fi:m
1+ru.fi 6{Fflr z cscunfrs
FFrEr wrm 1fr, FB e qpqJ qr{Bi sl< c$crfifrs .r"r<
q<'r
Gq

tl
\9

e*ry

crues nrrs ffiTtrq s sq-{Lr "tRK6r-dR

8t

qsm {fif[q q.EqRrqxq crcrlu-fl +;r

T{f{ffi
)

sS orcel

?I;flq@l

@ clqG-sfimn O <grqBBenqr{ O crrr&+B'fiqn

v,mq4q cIET[$r qql<E{afus nft s.r{rq{ 6sr
@ .Trmlq
O 'ffiq
@ s{Grrrfi

Csn

{:ra-d;t

E"ilqHa

{;r*rFnq

Offq

'g

ermwt

@ qrort fi

r+rarfri;rs

@ qIqorl$orc

{ItmF

ltEE

q{HEscr

r{cqsq

EF{fr-$ 6l qmft n{f{s

6l

o*rfrriT{fr-$

l frX

OilAftq

c+qB cftrfrft-s lRr<l

@ ,{q"fq

qmr

cqqm q-sroT rlrg

Bhp

@ ffi{E.,nnn

6l

r6fk$ etvrRsr

@ 6fr"t{
c I ftq
url@ 'R:tsPts @ ffiprry

\9

qqlT WF(EK qry

Ir

rrm aRqrrqr"rd ,t-rlre 6{ rrcr* ft1"r

qrr<r.

@ rsfrcr oqnufivrrer
@ 6S{tfi sE( fi:qqq EIrq
qNr filllfi E tgs w<qe cftrfifr$
"tfrmr EIR
@ aw{ {qn :tp'tFil crq
I

wtq++rz+ +,ffi

gefiqH chq"tr.q q-ufRs

@EE
E

mr{

cqoEl

O e{E

{F[< qslsEt

sll

Brcs

etrrn?

6l

ur<E

E"lrTtft tR.r+{l

ftt v<oe
@ qt&ftcqs ccne O fu
br crfi<qt q+.fi-

6l firs qr{R$ O

qffH

q-{rtEsffi
@ +tt-q< {cs

rf{<, c+R{t qI,Ir

)o r :Fli :[N

{trrc Bs<

c$E<T

6l

emEEi-qR {60

O xrrftRT dn
.

ins

Br+raxcs