fr'fiTqqrm

ffi

A few pioneer Sociolqgtsts

o1*

qTfl Wrqfrerff{ .cTE c,.frre 1RGG,

Bq1fr e<r. {Rft{ilF
qr-Fflqr emR r rymRon-*
wriF{r R*K qrrqrFr*r <rcr<
6( <6,ro sr$rrfl
"tftT" TflqMR ftqq, HrqR*rfir Er< e fr+rr,t smnl
sr{r qrB cfrre "fREn frrs uR r csrfl, W1qRETffi RG{ fursr
6,.*
<m <r*^E<nftv q.u | {rrm wrqr,o *.u#,.*m ry;
o *r
{on6 frqil qn$ crsr Ft srG r--8, ense* fiiqn o**'o,*

fuqlqT

ffii

qTirz-

qrs{

'rkD-T

em fr.re uri&

=lEE4
=F
(lust-raog

r-

** *o*
#",.; G"*u. **
*il **
*

;;# *'ffi

T** *";fu,fl*

(rbn Khaldun)

ffis

fr=ry ,.F* ffiR, qHfr+,

e wmffi tfrq {qoo )wr, BSrm effirq
q{sq'f :F"GFT r &fr tmft ftntT Ftfts
Rm{ | sm &fr. frEE, stsF rxq, fiftqq[ nl.q q<(
orrq
rGfi frofrl nrrqr .mE 1q9{ .EF
"trb
Rrq{
qq
qorfim Cfr ilqfr{C-$ -rqsr,
@
TEirC qsi',ft R.* 183 EF E6a-.*', *H,
e<(sr--s&ql.rrq An" G*"-* wTnr
p{+rcq* wcq
1e &rs qpnn <-sE, T.:lsrr qVrQ, frtrqqluNl e tryqrrr{
*nS er,fr
l

; "ffi "'R.q"#
et ;;*
ffi';]qa*

Try

ts.**

firyTyrr$qfuErq6q+tm, '

q:H

effiq qrsqr sc.r, q'$ {qfir rqgF RT&T qn sr fta ftm

'qiF
Yq.
"E
q<rB<
frm trrfto <* r w Ftvr pdrvq EnEr fiGa
tqtzf ,rrq fus R;, et" * *rrq
"q<qqft<r
i.r3n
nrfrs
rrffi
RH''H
tffit{
Gh tN1{ #oB*;{,--;;
E'tQ .sffirs fiT{ efi erl-< e
"G-R".1
rFfrq cvrwr EEe ;qr{e ffrrsiR *1;,ffi
qq]fr-r+ Iffi6, Tt ffiErfiiln
lKB, T:[Elir mprQ e ilREr B*,, *" qg# fr"" il
c&@rqfrffi

{NnqrvlrcsFr
drEEl r+l +wES Erq <u;n
bTiETr cnqt E{fm B@wIC{rT, I
I

.t{cl

?FI;FI

I EBr:rc{I ?he Prolegomeita ,(I38O)

{I

EfE-

&fr fr? t&qtc{ R*rs rr< "rrorrcRr reqtq nDqr Grcs ftrs gtr pfror
x,q"r cq {tEE <Dar
TcFr 9 rhe proregomena <l 'cq[Eqq1' Enn tR6o
i e ft-q m u*
**ru
re{ftGmr R&{q rurflrr ffire erB ftr-{ qBr qe qm$r TGF1 r ffi "]*m
16
rtq"{k$ ltflR fiq-s <f* l&qrrm fiTs{T E6o
'mr .n r qQ fr-fi dfi qtflr q;fift;

ry

-+rfr; ;,

8o

Eo:n<ift_+

cilqRwn (q:r rc)

qs'rd fre${rt< amMftnqn B'rd rr{g qr(il1?FGF'

$-*r

Rrfiqe'c&

or<q

erRrs-{ <m &ft

itrcEmq qE$e-E< q1qr{{ iEu q-s< Tn

l{orc str{K <{Tr Ts, qt{rn Eqqfu< {q qR(

*a* srd{ r u" -* ;{E*
<rvfu
r

ilte-q xrrn

Ifr-\r-er

iteQrcR

tG{qm ftKI

Offi{

qf{rrs q0q-en< fcef{q q1... g+qfu< qrr

qarr6 cft$ *.H qrrc{ q-{r

r-{ur {rE(q c+fr

eft

efGR.fi

q<q qr+{

ryl R@rr+i scfiqfrT-sr uerqR iFGFr

ft..r KDrr i,sr- ttcs E"rqR.",

iG{r4

cErEBr

*," c6s Er{

qr{(.t itsrro qrE Errs cr.tri srir
rmq e erl& ^*"
,F*" Er< r trR frfi qTs M ru_n< t{t
qmqftn"T
furn'Wc<r
#R iFK.r ,-c<( qt qYo R*ftTi ltrrfiit sGH qrq_
T.ffi ry{
Erffi (AL-Umran , tszz) <r cqTG fren
feqc

w-{rst r-ga

mmRu.mr

ffi

q-{<F T5q

qr*,fu iFGFr r rrss'rm

.fr s.ri fr'{c'tt

!ffi

'c {3ICffi crB "rg{ fr@H T{Drr6 F*-v-m* or<-q

R"Jmsr ryrm c'ffi drcsn FsH ql-fl wqt frwm<

mqn

fr

q<.. EBt

"rR

Kuiilrr cRFu

R-c{ 11ft*
onr+

.srff

t(

,rm

fulrf,
qflqFtuftffit

tffi {t

EsqfrsEr+ cl
'q[qflRst' <t 6

c+rq

wrft

{fr

safin

{-sq {'oEr rr crftfr\- ,'cnr{ .(s4r6q1, a6oo frfi qrcqr'-fl

scn$ r 6r< c."
omq{q& a v]:tlfrsrn:u$rlt Rrrtr4'flVrrgq q{
I rt6 6q6q13q61-3

Trrir+adT

Rw<r

e<.,.

Trnffi gnufr,o q{ g.kB <ir<ri.r

<EGr \a?h frqt6.E< qry
6q*

<lTr?Gr

qq{ ,trftsk< <rrilq

fi-e-rF

.ur*
".i

qR\ sWFy <ftm scn

l*.omr

Y.F6Y,
qrFnsfls iFGt({q

Ca-r

qeFr

erqH

Tc{rE{

1strR

?FRq

Er{fqlt

Tirtd 6FrE

ffi

st $ftqq-srrt Rers.f ssF gqc !r{

q qr qs

qt

{"qGR

qU{

Sq"t

ffi

ftTt fr
+rrq

q.q un{o.SK vru, aal&,

lRr+{,.flr* <rc,ot, {\,,frR Tarr6 q6_+ en
"lT60
q[s
sqplftq r* Yl.T{-<r{r{t wrc-6 E{i qq $cq q<( qi
{r{ I
YFct
rt{rfi rsnf qq4
qrc{
qsfr{rffi{
n
rqt frftr"t ?Frtr{ r
vru ,hffi+

ffi

1.3

"rrEtHR

'cfl?Fq-{t'

qffi, cq,G,l
\{Itt {rq, fiE
'6q;Eqg1',qf6J

:rcrrE{ q<(f,

ua1ffix*

qTrfui ercsfi

n)

cce&rs <tq1r

!j

a.mqi A&qq c{FF EEr,xOq

qfficqi
I wnq e <ra$<
srrd twg ffcr eA

rFI6f

qot6ftffi{

,r,e-

"urfr -l# R*;

EF {

Rrw.t.{Thoi

*,;';;,

{t

q{s{"t q,rf,fiF

.r*;t";
o*
il -r*.*@ {cft.q tF o,.ro*

+r-<re{ r qltrRR

q<(.,f. ; ,r,a-

frfi

t{!

crffi{.nTrci

T..............sun

q{lq

efr

IIFTFFF

** ,ft'-** **
qqfu
*
vr<
<ifro
?Frn
eil re1tur ns
rr q-{ ;
T y
',E,oF
",t*#Efr;";
rc <r6<e rsc 1R "nr r g<n {Fh-rrr" xrs <rrEr
y^w'a"r
*u'***
ffi c<( q&G E.*d <TFr flr 8o rRi r &fi rrq ** * <ns{r; ;il ror'*
qe-s{ ?Frn qI
I qqvTs

s{fr{t

ftqqqmft<
6sr{ rffi tB{

a aq R-rry qr"Tt-q {ry{, **.

q<.w<< #
d; fu. ffi
or+rr eQ fr*]r miw< qGficn er1G, Bs"r& e -$.fr+nt *;6 -nnroa +*l
cqe RE'o.$ c{ffi*,T S* ffirc flrd r s*ct ilT< qo,qr qt k6rr+< -** ".1Q; H
*u. * *o
qrEnre
Gr.< r

rt

qBfr{s a {E

vr cGrrtr{ <"gF{6

"fr<&

$Ts'rr!

*#'-;;;;

ci ry{ Rutz{i Rrr+ry, ,r"<& qm $ffis

d
6l

t<n ql

frfrt r

ilrrcq-d

o6 {qEr"KI
'
qrft+t

_9

6l

ji3

'rfr,-qFrr
Ecgq $Krqqr",

. +&,mt{tts*S*

8)

ryo wrf+wrm qRFr $sr< r ffi qqrq {slvt< s{k{sq ar"8ls 6q6q
A&qffi ffi$ <IT{ffir u* tm qrr<rfl srl{ G{rr{ TeFrT w{lrrqR c$t;t raIH r<Q r sr< ei
TEvT c{rqs"cttir

rymffi

ilEfcg.6 q$R"t smr

Tqs'rrs t&Emrs &F fr@rrfi q{rl ESs rmn efr tfuqqrc Tq\o {w< mlrq s
wisEr oqkflrfi $frI rc<( TqR< Trffia IFIE ftqr< cq{K eKI,I celKrqq I r1;r{ q{-rq
qrFI
qefrRs R rfrtd{ qBrq et ,tffirfi {rfl
'tB s-fe Erq <-{rt {rsfdn i&qrq< {E
I&qq q5q q-fisgt e orffi< sfefirv "tffi{-{ n&qc I {p1q6a< xrs, qffiws <r oq-flRfi-{
6S'F r{F{ ftqII qTtr sl-<q <F',inl <t q&Tafrfi EKr ?rtE csi E"$K qE-< T{ I {rqEffin reac
{fE ql frrctr q<(<Tfr$ I sBI {F eGqlrTr<-slK o.rq qr< cquw iilff,{,'ll$&'-s, Flqffi$
ffi frzlrq,I(-+ q6rcqn< EGqq <DTr $Brr q1". ffi {c{ T-Gre{ 6{, qvlr rr ft-err e
xltqfurrfi arao frft<"t +-sl qv{ {6{
tffi "tTsF nr$ e wrmi Es"tfr firl frfi qTrqIDTI ?FC3FI I eqE rm efr Krr< Etqs
Ssr& E\r$ cfrfrs <rq:mr s6re{ I .c-r< rr$ e nlcq-d Eq{fu-< {s sBI.t frrqr{ efr CfrE iF.r<F[,
'Erqr[FB['<t crtE ceFrs r qfrn .h+l qrs T.sF e;lrc clERi srd
{fr t<rq qEE{ cafi ccq& <t {Fr< qqG ilr& Ecrrr+d {E o.K't Rmr< frfts +r<r{q,
s{dn efi W mq rkurqflE qrc{ lfuTfi s qpffiq {prrixr ermrqfrrer q{s< Tml r q?FB
.tIrFF6r ECs qr< q]I{
qr< EEI E-fl8',51 ffi r 'tfutrft e
't3tlT"t C<( Sl ffifiGl-{K Cqrq CEglQ
crffi{ {Htrm 'frr E<-reud sqcffi q-fl Erm KrsiErsn ilt {fl {t{tr r qinl &ft rrssc< {ctl
sffiq"t Trftmq q<( ilqga qtgt w{I c+'H {Fr{ <t<"am qrcal EEI 'tRuxe frq qt r fieq Wls
frr*rcq s-${\, Tdtt Tm m, <rE <t'tfry{ <Iqrefi R $Trql cq& e qqe< effi qG6s-Et ffi ml-a
q+qrt ft+r< orrcqq F{fi q< smqftTs-l< TaIr E[E"l oarrqq
.6q;q5n7:[, q6r{
1.f.1-Efrfiqn qfcat Tlryffis q-$q rI{81{ frIT efr +l c<ft qfm}A Trs(q{
:mm, acqft, i[rq'ft&, y-{ffi, qf{, q(, p4ffi: q]REl, $RsT, Ftqt, qqfts, qf$s, ftfiq,fu,
stfi rtffi1, fr*IO, sFrtREFT, xr*RE.,tq q<r qt{flEl-fln ffi q-{-{ fr{c{ EIFImt qfl Eclrq
'(q'FFFNI' tnq r qrq< ft-qm e qqlqk6rr{d ufr< qrtq rircq ffi E{T EfiF iBqcs qlr{ft-fl
TGIrq{ ,{<( s.R qt qmE-{r 1fu s Wfrvn I EtqlY,t ffi eQ $rnef c$rfi, qfr'SDq 6e6q {q q.r:l
rtmffi flqG ,R-<qTr6 qr++

ts

!s

4
4
n)
6

o
A
_9

rC

T
-D

vt<

tffi rm cf$ {irffiH' qTTFIrt w{fr-sffiK rvirlr4s "r{rrqmn Trrq{

G'ur{r{r{ r$fri svrn qcDE qn-qrfifr$ (Al-Asabiyah)'l

qFmRK[ efs.JTEi t(I{e q&.fq Social Solidarity {lrs <l(El{ {fl q{ ffileT qq& t et
ccq&TiF {sT{ c{rff c"q& @roup solidarity) R[{r<s ql?ffis rrrR{ r tgn {qTffid {N
rytm;t frfut m eQ cafff qqG r trg', qltre. c<( E{ qprr6< e"r< ft& sGI rTNr&-$ csq& ulq
d | {lEErdcr qro srt<rq T{rm qNt&s cqE& T{cD-m g lJenft ftEq q('rFI {I{I?l3t ft<n eR
yfin qffi qa r ffi <16< Eq,r& e oqfrsnrn cm"cq qm&-s qqq&< tNt4 YfrflK Fefi
Ecg{ ?FKrEq r t<n {mTl KtGr $q6a, 3ryfrqr.i .{<( {s'ffi 4l3tc}, {r{t f{c$rq q56a 1 {1fi
q-{rq {qqr{-{

amuuffi

8t.

EE Tr{ifrs

qfu{

DsFFrc< ccqBs^*
'nr< r qK cifi
GvTRn 6q{-{- (rDtqqri,
c'rm6f, qrglfu

""

ffi,

(qt1 ,rq)

T*R*,

ils

.__ ..*] "il#=i+e ,*

oy [1n ffiEein g-qar$ erqRg rq r frrF

rn

p ***,

TT

,*r*
s6q
1r{.-ft-

ql

Hoo

rtiImFattn
at?frnrrrnt

* 66[ q*;

qq${

@xril

,"#'*a.,"* **

furr+re
cio.qriFirf

*#'r*m **

;il:FEN

er{I frscrc"rq rqr <E R, {FR c,ilqrs

s$ esfr ryl ffirzm r{k ft-s fir.6'.rqr t{fi {qEnRrlaF"F w frsr+ryre Bflm q<r,Trffi
** ** Ttr I sR q e[ <Er Ttir 6q,
ffi cnqfrErrir 1tBfr r?trfi T.GFI
"IR*RT

ilqn c furrr

qr{Ern-frrt
Er -.' aA

(r

qru-rycq)

crffi

(Auguste comte)

,,

Effist'ferqn qi.qi qflfr qT{fr-s, ff&*qfrq

e ryflefi*,ft
q:n$ mrtro qs Trs fifiq e qm{
&rs6 q{qqr e q6.,6
<m c{.",fIG1
Elsl c'lr{ wq {rfi qY{,, erE
rsr E<.&fi w ,hT+r<
*ra"
, i#'o* cqre=
ffi." n frxsm Rrrq *.uo fr r sr<'ffi
-..*
;;
uo,q
rc<s,{51-n5 qrfi q&
et wlcq-{g qs{s "*u,s
' )E)l c{rs )Ete
fiB frfi frR_rttrtrrl3 (Saint Simon) ]ntq Tfq T63.r frfi
I
crs
qrt6rn\i qrq SrFq , .r<1*Iq
osr e
ap,ffi6}iq;';ffi'H + s;rr rr{ r Gfi wmfrer1r+
6ryHlq sfiEq (sociar statics) *<",
cryr"rm sffiru (social Dynamics)
iER-{ r frmq sfiEqgi
E-I[rf frw
ft.-.T rytq TrbmT il il ffi Fq& e ,}rJ<e w1+rm
c<r
fimFrvffiTT{FKFrtffi3r qffiT s fifrr-*qmr*,fufr"*e.{r-u=r
B \r{F{nl
q'tf$ 6orr6-n n{F{s s wmurQT

L'

Cu*

tu'{t
rf,q{

c+t'e-

-(itry

***

-*"G'rc

** *

ffi

fisT CK

) I Opuscules Orrlo-)EQ,s)
l' l course de philosophic positive Rn
philosophy' )brg rTfq eff,ffis q{

ffirfts

ffi

lirrF

Ernq

qffis

qcrrq

w )baco-)b4rt) t(r(& E1{lq *The positive

I System de politique positive

tEBf qs )Ece-5bc8), tqtx& ErT{rh .posttive
polity", )y1c-el qR {r{i eTFrE qfi
1,
' opuscules 66tu tBl.<rftn ryrq tBqra< qp qfiffi1.R
<{Trs fuf{.t frmrq1. qq
@.-c'r qn *rc.. c*cl q<r $rfi:r:rrffi rErsfi aEm er} q<s, qK er'
ry{ qr<n'r ,,ilq q_{
.o

EiE

rcas"q
Frtfril

qet|.6 c<Cfs

frfl

.nffu*irl

q{lq', qqT&, xIileT {Bg1-q,

otftq e ilrtRT fiRT, qmd=s {fuT Ee*
{jnq s n*ta 6[B*
fr-$ ftrs qrrqru-{T
e<( cEEq
u"
q{hn
<e
efi ttqrfrtq
v$Trl< q$ csB rg Rwn E-Er<n qmq.flnvr Et_{R
*u.H
gFl Tr{RCqq I Rtg 6rt m-cn 6rn 6-o rtrrrs qr*r
ft-m <r+rn \E crFrT Rr,,
fu13 rr ar$rr sm trsr qTo
kqrq qr. c<ft 6 *u* *"
ryreffi'q'f,s rd'e- q{r ap" RErrqR a*"ft-, u*,a-*ua"#fr
t<.o +ng tBqa,
nrf+um
mr*Frwr:TuoR-6
qftT
"
T*n{i E"rftIGR *o* ot*ru.*
'rm'nft
fi; *{u" Trrq;r ETi rg=rq 6rr mqm
b"t&Iuftqqrq flRcfllq1t{t*r

ffir dr

qErEr

'dlg:lh

imft#il
,6fin{

rrnqffiir
lrrtlmqt
EFffi

<Ewrwq;

q,{r{a:{

-...-($$,fr
{frr|u r6trf

rearr$sf
ctrq

r"rsrtc#

ffi:tlrosrd

wffi
ftftil

s<r,ftq
qrG c{r<kl
qrtxlo
n .**

+Rlrm qRTs

cnrqfrte.ft

8e

Ers iFr*l {fs9 ls tq{Eq-T{"ftn) B iflTk+ cxrrqi

q;rq qr< Md-s e Fte
q$cr xBe rlrfrfRs ,fie h$tr{rftrq-n qflGfrs q.qw{{Fo
",rrs-r
f*,ft-*qq r 6rm q|E Tffiq "SiTRs_&-<
a'{frslG r crnorn-< ,tH q?E TKR fiq'rBrpt r cl q6 ,** tu*,n*
*" ;;
*, ;
*TT frs( $${F $qs sbrq q-qn r T{ q,q
frs,( {r{c. {efr1 , q5q"qrqRv

rye<i c{'tc

qrfrs'ro$ qrq

.uGH

c;

u-aq qffi{-mrcw

tr"

<e

"Tfr,

cqlq cwrffir s{rq E rR qq $cfr-s qfrsrir r um qr":fre-<

<r
,n#rq ffi6t rTrq*i
<*. xF{}r w<

*.rr,

I{srq.frEa
frEfi{* *'rcrr: (r( c'G${cffi {r$Tn
r*1rft Rrqfte 1frx mr r rrq,Gfr Tffi r*o*
+m n*&-$ fr*,z{R wB+ e<( eo,$ Rrc,u *R("
.o q<.. .ot n*"i.=f rufi :mrqRETq
nnrmq T'C*{ r,91< q*ryfsfr+ q56E ffiqrqn ls crtt.8
ffi6u frt- .*., * ;{fr. fr,
Srsa:{Fil trrr<'>rsE r qr< qt & wrm-< wtr sBze .${..8K rann qrB
ryi ** **ru
Errn qb[Ql,q{bq<
ENfrs wttq <Fr{t 6-{rs r{ulfr{.Fn qqrq <r.TqR Ers.rsc.k a
s&s
<mfn s ReN.r crrF$ ffiS qctq Trrrq{, Et(E
q&ffir{ qg 6, sflq csoBr+ qrtl$$ m6
ql-q frezK sq @Tq *qq omq R ro{fi &fieBR
Trt'T qerdr clft,ll6p Eq.6ftfuB qsn?p{

n*

course de Philosophic Po3iuve qznq c$lg a{GR {FI.IK

<IT'FFqr,{frft iETr sGFt L{<(
'ffrrsr cd E $n qR.r I efr Efr 651fu fuTR E@q srfi 8
y\r-6-d
m q+mft+rer*
.c<(

ffi

tq

IE

fr-q re-rffi TEr frrT {r+< frura

qG p

qffii

- d.rc {Ts TfiqR-firl< rt+rerl<, Tq E-{Trfr

qqro

*i*

q&E .[{r

wru-ril q
-r\ Errfi
qtftffiqr<frwfrGi"ryi*, ;i,*fi;
;
: (l) tr{E-q4E xsn Oheotogical military stage) . qt }srn :r:rrcq <rta cftsrgt {trn
q.,-{
'iffi qr r qs sF'o,'o o'K{r e"?q-< .'*'.r",u ,ft*.fi **" *l -t {cor q{,* e
q<(

ffi

ilzE Tlrrs

rflrrctr

q<(

*,rAun-* * , .,*ry*
q:rsft{ (o{{'tl ryl'rs <fl q{ ryR* # ffi
"
trvririt"ristic socierrr
Yffi
i t* *i.sr errra
-#*.j**
.et wnma,f{l{ f-<fttj r qi wrm Frq bq"[E-{.cET{ qrET
* * *u.n
; ffi
+@ m,1
qlF
q.e.[
erP,',.s
q<(.!*,.
rrq r*r
sq\r@E
-et
frfr=- -*;

...

Imrfu{.t fi<Iqi nts <imt c<s.v.rcrr

($ urRRnntm;ioa

{fEE'rE

*T

<E

Eg-cq

stage) srrfFB csnf{ qre, fi6:K

;
$4etrpty"ieal.tegalistic
"Er<q q Rq qrqrRairq. rer r eQ *= i#

qrf6

*=, * *nin, *t
",fu*,a.
sRqral<u3t frr+.qryt'qt r qt{r6 Effs
n*e
@
e
engon
eror< ftn ftm
Y Tryo*1 er1e
ry TW<K llTrk Tar6
r
fu"tvm eq 'r4mn ailAl ry1q <l-fl{r6
T wqs
'n-* <I wt{ qso'ltrc+
ffi
(Legalistic) q{rs <fl E{ I q?fl-F:TEfr-s rrm*u?uf$
mtt c,f6s- atrr$
o<(Ftq +qrcq-{ BffiF grnu *.i r gdts {$sE ts x6n
cfrs T6<r?r
**
eBr

esD q$-<qn oftorq ffi 1 gfQftqpp rem xrTqr{xo<\rrmBflqFk

qrtr ffi frErq q qqrrm frm:r +.c< I
'e

-m

rynur<-<

GK otr orn .r<r arlfu+

88

EE
1e)

{r$frs qqlqRw{

1ffi Ei (positive:scientific-",ug^.1

(seN ,E)
'

,r(trri c{sffiq
f&<m

1vT{,t) mnq Frcr

rrrrq I ftq cffffi Frq"i& e
rcerfu*< $tr .F#
FBrE-e- qr<
q*r {rsrctt E
fre qto,frr \Tfis qi crrq <ru,er*
eomref'ttcf r sm ql c{rrq< BFEI 6srq
c"rPq fr.u r rrfu.{, wr,,u-E w
wq Til*&r
e
s{fr-$Fl et.fr-{fr urfr-o :ur<< r$ fr5g
ccRF. q{
\Ttfl$ r+lp-r$ u
1T
"refrBeil (Positivism) Tr T+{rrrn er{sT uo1 q* r &fr Err.=r ,,u
f{-str.t< {Krrs &ryB xsrr Errt srtr{ qr
Effsr tcsTtd E_qq qr{R r 6r< xre @rrr{
Rfir,.fi
pqr <r 6fi 1'r qm ,&ft&q{ v
$<nn* I't r q wo n*,.u r*rix T*{q frers$ .,il qi*r.
*3" erf&R <Rr< t?3 <I wr mF u=Fr q.irrs
<r qITq I etqrs qfuEt e<r
18<m.e{lrr
DH:r cq su. qr. Ee*o
"emm
sGr $BSK 6<F,o T.Nit {rlCH oQ r sR
dl65n r$iln-{ F Sqn, Wr ei
*r* Rwr+ {fE{ q'rcu< Rrrsi sfu e A,tuo
TS
fr.m e<... qn <Rrn q{, ftq rr{ffiF 1q6q
Tr r rft{
Ee-rc e<(Efrw* qmkT 4<& E"fqR
F{,u r .qrfis ffi}N,il qeftfrq:ns
c.cerrs um cfr-sr{rn fuqr< qRnRE
s[inQ_q
:
crffi d,o rrq< .h'rg< F.et ll< riT{fr--$ Bfu frfi
nD{I <rcrrq{ 6rr em eFrct The
System
de Politique positive c r 6<{E:rrl
T-rn-{ Nr61 {trn Gg.rvR_{T.};-ql;-;;'ffiq
Ttre,
reqfr w{fr-$ rrrrq*TFr{I friaq err<
{ir{-{rRctr u
r
w{Ts
i:rrffi?
kp,tr
qq tr<relft+ fro rs Flffiffii
$fli q<( qQ crrrq-< ffiE-$IE flBI-T eltn wi. q.mqr
qs
r+sffi-o
qt qrsrt frfr qs*
frur+
su,
xqrqfrEer-{r u.,ffu"
ryr
tffi E FTR
scr6E-{ r 6rr et
kyfr*
qr{fr-s
rr<rl
fodn xwD
1fra
<r.Gr wrGF
To{rr
4s-{ FGI E1t! cl<"' qvrcl 6rn
6urErrr< ET.r,*ta
r
)b.eb
r.{
ckq
113"
d,. qq:r
'qq;s7fr614', (Sociologz) -rqb
EBT<T FGr.r r q,tr*, dt" ql+{
amrd sz{, esB ilT<",r
qrflqftr.Tr +qre Brg-{
_.{,
I*",ft
e_s RDrrs {rFr qr<,
c,c{ I qs
Tm
esfrrs c{r{ n{R.$ e arffirsi , **fr*'frrt;

ffi

""*
;6'#o;il"dHlll,*oo.

-*.

ffi

y
rrt'

',{

ffi-s

15 f y:*
*T

o*-r**

ry

*T

.t

qIffEf 6affrl-3r (Herbert Spencer)

ffi
_# ;;

_; **RH"; #l

qTG+rft-s e qrs--q
fr6n RHr< qfrfu r6rcs
6,'hR EBI T({i Eq'rcrr q'ffi 6+rE

c{r6:nmffi qffiftq
wmF 6r+rqq Effir
r*n'r*
Erftr ,,'m*t
rs'rro=
*rfr{rn$.s
*fr#,fi. {of rq* r qr6f pfqrr
5u\6 q;5q Q<qrcq< q<: qzDsltt qR<TK
-q_d*qq t.r,fi I Srd <rB$6 frfi, q,ft, tr$ e
vrd
:fiffis {tr-T R.{r+ ts qrD-R-ETD-scou
ersm qgts fi$ qr$.I g.6< qr6tr
cerqrin
TPrtrR {JH {,u"fl. rrrq
-6tR ryqrqfr-s *qaon, q-R ,n
u"* vrs,rdf r
&B

--*fr*,o';#H; #=
*.

ffiH

i*

*atT @
qffi pq,u

trsrqmr

ffi

u** no*"* ffi.c_ qm.Rrq_q":;

",*M

c<'r FCT-Sfr

Princtpres of tuciorogy

t*t{

qqq RsTr TGF' EEr

r
rcEI

ftrst princ tpres (1862):

(rc^q, socrar sfctrcs (1s50)

b,fr tqt{
qrfif cemr< srn )Est wrq qFrFlE
Qqai Frrsr irr*ro**.{ R$f,{

The

"tqld*,Ir e q{5as

T--'frT" -**.*,u*

fr*rr<frqqr

fisist, <ry< d

frTN

{eitsrtrd

q{< 19 e
iF[;Ft

eFFil

gsfr< 6rl
{Brqrqi Rfu*q

fflTlI

sperm ?

qrffi

cil

+q eatro<"rc*

ffi

6ep5q

T{d

qq-

(o cmrttn
({t ?efr+;
{rq[&-r f
c.cnqr r 6r<tcc

qnffi.
cpmT qri
r{l

Er<[r{ti,

dftr {

q eHFtl
qfr{T,i
"f{mscq

qcuQt

d
'nrr<nfi{r
qtfr.Fnn

*r

q{ q<t Effie i
Erdft-$qffi c{

()vlo-) roe)

--TrecrB
*ffi

qs

Ers{

ffi

m-{mfrs

fr$fiil ffi frfi csme <r*r< 6(

ateffisqffi
.rg+.c<q.<IGfrl

EC{Efit

ffifu

frdq frsT
qB*rcffi r. a:rrd
6,T'TTCffi qgg, E

furr< Trq ril

fr<6[-{n q+ "ffi
Eile g63, <Ifu

@qnr.r<.d
wruaprufu<l

oBqx IRTE
e<

cnqffi

8c

ffiry{S

<rTql'r smrqq I qzsrq furE p e ursB er$lq-{

sER srrrE{ I Tq}r{q Eq, {BR
<ry< wfug<-sr,-q<( fi<frfiqur wl< ersr<-llc{q
Eq rcqrqr r[{r Erss q{1r6n
{nu*n ffirqs @* crr.T, <Tq{.ui oB1qu43'ou frm ce*n esrl q<( o1fus q*{ar I
{E s oTq}i{.{n rr$ c.uFKtrI SfrfiK }T$.ot qr6f cprqr<

F*,
tr*
qB

"t4*
"q'-*
A

qsrr< 6Pl'fl-cl3t

lcu ffiq--{rq EE <T-< esarcnq Eti ql{{fuls ftT{

Azq{< qE{E
qfu*
ffirq
e
qfrffis,
s-qqfrz"
*FE
Tqn
'tGrr('tr
wmnq* ffi
*" # ,*wcl
?T{ry, wrqrn {tlv<
q.{rb .FFrEr rr{< wlrq-d-B*-{,
k$.Ft s 1ffir+< q-fl <il?uT Frfi r ti rre, ft< quts.e
q'frE<
TT
{ER {FK {{I[s.c.ffi c(RBs qr q<( et fu{ fifiS
fiTtn {CE {Ir+.r Cfi -?*
,rrn{ c{rs
T{ <Frn tq< e<( q( ?q-{'R{r,{h{ ,n}6{ rf, frrr{ crr wrq tlc; il
a" .;
r

EEI_

t+l:nil&-$fur+d Eq,
hrfr$ TqrB-< EE,
{lTrfr-S fuFdId uq n ct \r=rqn crqr@ ffi m.lrr crrrq-{
cqrf& <r ,tfr+5ry5q
TCinE-{ r 6K:rre, c$) {FK
,{q
qBs
wpaff c+r+
s{retfn ltrURu qg
".ilq
"*q
1$ xtrR-s e 13 frB+;Fnq ircq Fm wrm qnsRo q.{
r
t"tt

il$I

c,FrR qme mRrsrqq {H{ryM sr.rt TnEr E-<,e[

ErE Utn qqqm, qBq wcrqr
dfts
Er<tQtIT, 6{tft{ wria[t qts \rG
6frfn-$ e<( qB cr]fn-$ q<-[ carrs
cilfi$
EgIs
qrq r q emc6t eB 'H.t T(T{ {Fr<qsrsr
fr-srr.m $qfrs "6m fq mr"fua fr<qq;, ebr
"fdrl-sfi qR{ri, Rst, c{rE, B,rqt& ts 13sq{Ie<9l6ln qKq.TK

er
***"qrrrfr"

Tr$ 'K,rR cqr+ frB fu | 6ffn6 Rq qr ron qTr&-s .{a"

cmieT ccElq
sKI qirqn frB{ +r*rq frmrcq frre Rq I v.rfrr qrg{ q-{
s {rr{ fire qs ;* " r*G frftfu
q{ ,-c<( qflfr qr,s sd qeR qfts I qTfr-srcr<
orrs oru.fi srf, c{ *rruu *o
Elfifrs'tfun mrrnm{r ,-cerm <ifu qm u6
-i
ilqffi's qB6rr r*qG qq*r ers* Fcr cr{Bicr -,Tu;
#'o,*
r

,{*

ffi,

q{$ .{Es.(IB frrs:ffiq

"**0.6; m";.i;;

*# #,

ut6s qs r 6rtq6 <ifuqlw6{rE

frtrryT-rcsq

irrGr iFc.r

{rsRR fi.qq s
frdq fiET ffire-s <nT-{ qr*
qe*rGffi r +rm ft-w

*^

* ** *

sfiq qmil qfrq

qr+r< {kq sGr r vfuzq<

+p,t
e*
qn qRqrsrq ,{rfr
;bs<
qs
.rsm r
EE<
r
Er srrrq {Frr
ry-rr{
$ .qr.ir c-{ftrs. , *t"*.q:rm ffis'qg qgq tr<rr{r c{6s qBq lipqn
c,oFTr[RsI qrs' Ert c;rq r{rcq-n
qq frw.r< ${16r r*r <Br( c'qmftoR
qrs Tq-r
qtrq qrfrq
Rfir<:nq +;[ r w<
ql
Iffi freX ilqFTBr qffii{ q<,.ilMtTG_{ rqEE
R<6rHr c+ "r{rrn c{rq ftq Hrq q{Ek; R I
G&-s qrkq.
s6 r <rfu
EilE $63, <ifu qlwm{ q-{
cw r cQ ry6 et c.r a&st <*,g <Tfu RIrR q$
T$ <g... nr$t qr<
q.oi r'crDFrrrsd rco. Rq6c.m q+ r{rc
L !r'vr
'''!'q r{tus
wng T,,sfu qn, q<( ..{r- <ifu sm foqi F{cr."

ffis

ffilt]

frft;

frft

Pru

*.1U

dH

Gra";H'#*}otr#
'
T{r

"""T

* *au-i

6ry :nqrft-$ qqrqREH (geN

, qrfff rrl.rrm{ R-+Aryrtzpii * *S

rfifl'0T{3

"rq)

{Kr qq e_{lqli rrre} qrfi wrrs-< Trfli e

e$E rrffi{.'ft<6r+*"
{d wfrsT< a31 I 6rffi15sn :[Cg

ErmE-{L< qtRI m-{Rqvcsrd

\rfi snq EuFt .=H Cerrs qft-q e dfi-+ E?r-iqr< fu -t*,

;
q.re-<
wqt, orlrmr E qrq:r:16(r frqrrn

uM cqqrn FE (rndustridl) s

;*"" #ffi'-=""-

ffitffitary)
s eQ v-q wffi ltrcq-R ffi
qr fi< q'rrs< ffir4. r"q
* mgug
r ffi a-<
fi'rqf
4H rFnq wrir qffs
q<(
{H
:rn
&fr
*q
.*"
,**E
lqni
**
;';; nTfr en
firqn N r Sta qF. r{s mrr RFIS wrs cr{rnq qs
qrft c{m ffiG<
sprr
qrqr ft{
n$.rq
qagsR fr$I't sdar
reqfr
ryrmrs ffiq xtzq cl,t+ qrfrq w<r{f cqrr+
ffis EIT <6{T
*-r< cftm 6w1 qftq 1cE mm Rq q-fi
' ft-.6- ';fr-il.
@
silq Errrq frq", sfrq,s
<{{$ r &fr qrrf,r g65q Trf,{ c+, fr< cnq q<(T$q
qlrw
mrq
fir<m
r*t ,*rsri qrk-n orSnr',.
qR','Er
lR m q<(+-(ET Et* *., *u,r,*aifr;H,"#; ffi"'[
fr"*_ * .
TGI, erfr q{tq<\B EErfi m ur fr<,Frs
TfiqEI
il;q*
E{e-r
yE{R.r **
fu
frr<R firBr Eut-ers'Et cr{-{ qnrn
.Tr< ** ;}#*
.noT
efrr
azrrq-{ o. <r{
{srt[{ em r .ctsrR ?qR-s tll-mn Eq
eB {r+{ **. R-.6* Tqcr 61q5{ s.GFr
1ry
crmn 1r xrr< ,r'ms< fr<6{ $nr srtflDTrr
.ffit
-'''",
crfu
il; ;'** :: qrr<q{,
wsq$iteyGer<rr{Drc-6RTg\{ffiT$rrra!1
nFil-a

EIrv-

wqr.,?T
Ersr

qffif 6rq3 rFr< T{Icq rcf< ersr-<

frme qnqru+r srs{ I frfr {dn Bs"rfu_n fu6iTq*
gi]ifi sqH Trfi r grr qc*
yftR cersrvr -*
*r- f-re q* r ffi:rr+* *m
*s*t {r*ou w{ yo,q*
",fr"r*
qrfrr
r
T.'r {ffi'qr .rB< wrcq
I qo,-q
fuHi qcm frr$ trtr ci-<^m-ft
,fqr .*, * ar$ q$fi,
.U
ctrgryH ery?
qfuq ft$q rr{ .q-<( fi--{-fi-ftm
*
oir-o
rtrr FGr I TEm-* ,ct {trn R *, *-*,,
qs -FTI .oir qrER q{$F
W
r wfr{ crilffi cq-{_fie
t_r *,. -tt ,tr "F_ H H ;
{err6s rq; **1,* *.,
j$g^*r*
q-u.
"_ c--qp'k o-r*aft< qrcq crrq qlfrc{Ri q*{q*fi gI{ ofrn -** wBr{c e-+a$rl Rft
r rw q{rrq o,{ks $,,< *RmR
vrq <ifuR sq-{T sr.l qfrilqrr 6Epr fln r sR
ct -**
*,u

r.f-;; H ffi;

***
wnm ftm Trtr{ 6{,
; Gr; *n*,+-;'ffi;
TF,u c,'rq-< qm",{fr.

IR
so{=q

T{rfl

o'{o,ry qrnT q-fiRfi

{irrrc{

q'<

<FI grs,

qrflr-r<qlfli

RFII JFGH

**ffT

**+r*

Rq.n

1frR

Trsrq

;-,.*.8-.e=.

,-

ffi

nF r BT{ vrn rF q-{q*,.r

o,fr**,-F,*;
"'' ''-'-.' r 'r'r v InlE

#"H

s-qt qTq
TTZEIDTI{

n *, A=**,*

**'

.TY qq

#irili#

{r6E catrr< qf+qfrrea {hi rrh6Ti

A-*H, trot,
frT{c{r< *noro,u um
.n'"*n'#jra"

\Trr-{-Fr,

wm

,ftn

qEilts q<".

g6 q6-6 qrrrir s fu:rm

w1fr+ +m
,

)i

flRcrffi qrh ite qfittTmTli r 6rs rre 6qqrca1.g-q q,,F

. ,.'. -*
ED-{ q.r{ r rr{r
q{EdilDfi
e ftqrnrn_tg qrqr Rccrq.R
({
srr
yr
flB$rfi_s
':'--." ':t:rlrd
qB$rErwtiRzlE6tc*rErr-<i"-1|1;rfi;A,

' ffi
,*rq*.;

R.rH

.qfuq ETil
i

i
;

ryrfu
factl

auql

tq

4rlc{GF

ffiia

krycr
*ry
&aRq
rlhg
rc&Ea*
{rr

ffit
&s

dfifu;

IRB CFTTE

qra:Fr

r*h.#

a}{

rr

<fr r&a
:FiH r;1 t3;
(o$*

q,*

refiqUlR

pfum

Etdrd
lnqFqIR

prf qrrun
F<n

e*ersc<qrq#
_

"s:;
qrqmfr.s crlG

qtrqnroq qt
tr:Ilq TGIrer

rrlri

TG,in

EcaT
:f - rsrr)
(rucu
+-*rfr

r.o

89

(Emile Durkheim)

rymfturff

{rF{ r i*,*

m1,r-aqrqffi

y,+to

"fro

s*r, qrn&_$

* *1 qryfqq
w# ftouur *u#;r ftfr <Tf{6
(social

s!-c.b qrrq
ur<

o."

Sffi*
rc.or'

<F.K{

m"W'
ffi#m
-*
(r R*," *
trrTfiffi
il #'**
.m,*{&

R{rq

ex

u*.,r

* ***+

q<R

sociologicat Method (1895) qz"q qrT,e-$

w*fr*ruqR 'rqo-frm q,flr'r

.r-rr"r.,

ffiffi HmHffii* -* ffi ffi

:y-1*

,ffi_*

Xm*

*.,, {,u r Er{rr

tr.m
qi

sq]T sG-{ q<q

rufi ,nrqkqzm

<r turyZ< R,.T

"*,T
szr

sr,{

Rrqz<
!

-py*

clT esB fr{r]E al"q{ The DM_sion

of Labour in,society (1898)
cq*n
rc &R qtfl&-s
R**q TrFrrr e
r grm* o*.or*
qR r rcr_nfr{, qrq&
wr.q nr {irr{ q(,{& m*
e ffi_$ c(eF r .,8_
qr*
6tn

ffi

ffi.ry

;G;#";,*

ffi$

a<<fr qtrfrE
a-s scfu < r ct
qo, *eu
a*,r* {qg qrm r r*rr Erfin
TK, fi1*s qst rtrrn.I Ek<'t;
qrcrn
*.Q
*<,
est
wroq
<T
qfrE r {E{
onfi-{R ft+q-*n
a*rn
*u.
YoF
Tv{ ;H r <rB< wri'B rs -frew
+{rri
m.*a"_,
+rt. H^*nn-<
(mechanicar ,r,orr,,j
tffi q* grsg yr{fu u,B.s
*gf"
<Ifu DR..< Tr$ Tq-r
uou irfu r.h Oi *<,
iruu'nr_1"_,
TarrEi sril cnmr et ReXvN
<l r RF4 vfu fr** pr
** <r<ry qqqG Rilq{H TIF
(organic solidariry) sr{rT
yc{fu ?ffiE qqq&
ftrn.uT, nrq< o-r,< noa
q{ffi cw{ o,*u.T q.Fq
lrc{,, (E-{R qr{h$
T,u
-.fu Rfrx, w{g_$
B DrrFr ilc{ r fi i:rrq
ryQ& 6a'r,''u* fi
ry," sr{B-s ${
ffifu
*u ,e r csn wrq rfr c\,fim <r
R-srvr n$ nr
cc q$Gi qe& oo
"*
ER {r{
",qrE
yc{fu ErnE rr*' rs q{lffis
e t+crmN
rE qs

..* #'#

ffi

r*

"*
il-rffi *'* ,,fi#;l *r* ffi
-#
r#}1.r.
;rfr*
r#.ir*e
*rffi"
*-#,#m"

**.

*G

-*,.*a

a11$

*o

ffi
*&."3 m d"
;;*;; ry*
rft-;;;';,fril Fr*ffi

<r r+<rcsr_r

rE q*

FdftTi qrn qsD ftqns qr4ern TE The suicide

(1897) r
q]qss'R C$R]El&-s
sr.i{
frCf mrm
frE<q e frmsq *ro
^et
q..o-rN,e,*
r
frfr
*
ry+r6 qrq*fl rrd;r r Gfr
ccq&n
ilcq q.tqeETrn
e,
.,wa.* **

..*

"*
qrs

-i"mffi
qlwc-sfr*

rR sc* et
erTlq $rrrqr r

(Egoistic

wv&,

w{rncr"

**

s,i"ia"r

ffi

u* # ;.; urm< or<q fi'r omq

;; -* ;*,*

*n

#* *

Trfrr tt*r+ E{e

sd '**T*rcl
Err$ r yr{tl ,*de,n;u,
*un**
Bq*sc.* c.t*ri ebr
Bfr fiFJrraT ,ul.a*r,il*= a6ql
TrTe&$rn_n
qtqqs_rF
<-tr6-<

ytw{srT

car6*e r u.rr orft< crcq

ru_r*

{R

c<Ft

8rr
cqffiffim<

ql$frs

T-fi-*. (oS "rq)

{c{i {ffn <qrq E<E e<( c(qG r{ | q{r fr6a a1qft-q66 q[$ {ffn ecq e qq&
Bry

ffi wrn cqRrrrlc m ffi

ffizqi rc{I G <'*ffi {rrs g-t

qmxr{ssrr< +r
1<n "m 1 ot{ afiqfr-$ran {c$ wqwlm c$Rl
cffFmn cr'rg qR<Ik\rTq-n 46qj qrEg5l'Br qRrn <ft r or<q

qffirm

qr(*:Trcq

{c{r qrrs qI

Edtc fl
)FnqtrF {&eTrl

(Altruistic Suicide) t

(q) 'KIS{;FF

srr+ ffiIdTtrs

r(rq+ft{rqen

qqsj'l
qq5n T6q

<rctr

Tr$ T{H Trffl q{I

qlq-WjT

iF'GI

fuRrcqr-TFfi
TrilqB qt frsct

ErFi

tr*fin qqwl ct{Kq\o cqrft< or<rq n ctr&< qrd o.m afitrc | ffifi qrfu wns Tr-*t
curft< c<r<n qsrrr{E-c{ qrErrcr cS{ xo <rGrR 1 q5q 6affis w{t c <rsrd< qqn cc{fim
q{ I wlrw sEfu fivq Eaft qffi-$ ${tE rrcr{ crc@ 'KI{lT{s qq{grR T.Kq qr{ qrg I frrFt
gr-<s-{r( qr qrBr cqqT{ aafi {E'fqg Rqi qt qafi q{sTft cTft{
Wi 'tR W qrftK qrc{ rmi ft{F{t
frrs Nradot Trrrs w r q{rrt ftsr<T ft ADEI EfrqK c$rt {qi kt xt r :{Nt&-{ stl w1$ft

ei

sft
.

GqK
(tt)

qqf{ W

xqr-<qQ fqq sr< q-qI

qffi

qr{rffi

cwfi

qir

qqfflEa FI-{t{ qKTer q[E T{

siqc{R trBrc.t q ffi-r{3r qlqI c(sfrE Ere

ei fr.Fmqfu

16

e cq$ frr,r-

om<

qRF{f\gN qNt&-s

flfu{

tuu.o)

ffi{Efrsr "rr

yc.Rrffi rrft :rqrqfru'H qgrg <IT'FF e i<.fls r ?FBIcr u.ritr, The Elementary Forms of
Religious Life grqekl o$t e frft* "lcs efr <rd.( Sstfu c$rs t{ s'r* c< frfr fr"s Frcn
qrrilu-ql s[iFr r 6r< :rcs qfiq 6crs rrft Eq'tfr qmrq I c{r[q-<
pt qq E( r Erfa
Eq:tRr< cqrq
crf&rrc rTrEulEK s"rn rl{g- Efr$l srs-,{ | q6q cutrftso{qQ vm qco Eifl

{ffig

ffi

ffii-<rnroe ntTrfuT crn6r<rysm qert frffi< <-m frrrrqq r gr,{{m<

{r{ qetfr-s ft< qqfttg r s{ts EK {r{ sf',fr{ i{z< fr.flrryK cflr {rKI qri r c{r+? W{tFR
rdn Es"rfr q:mq qvq< ?.dcffi frtm e srs <rtr< qF 'ncn iT r e fr's c.rr+ AuN o.-<-rq Er{tN<

,FRErl

Brr*Eti
1Gr fiEfimrr* I
{rgFr

fur

Grr

ffirrr

wqfunr+

fr?Trc( {rq mnq r

T{t?ffir

er{6 rya1
q{ftCfrn.{-{l

Y'c{tc{K

ffi

werffi

()b)b

ffiqq

Trf, Trf

qffi-s

cqa-erB ftqi'rv qF{ The Elementary Forms of Religious life (r9r2) I qi

dF{ &fr sr{n ccut q<( {r(R ffiqerqo frc${q drilr s6FT | <.frs anfur< eR xtTI&T q?TI
Rr{r< s{t6t sGFr | &fi {d'n {ft frm< Ten 6rs{ srrrqc r <$,"rKdfr-$ Fi-+ e 'ttF[< ft'-+
qfiTs{ {trn fuH e<.,6ffir ffi{ f<qrc cqfrsQwre rd< Bs'rfu
ycQcrR lp
rsrq qrErqmK q{gl (Arunta) ilInq-n seri 6rr<ri6fi om eQ lqE{lrg tr'rftE qq cq srm ffil
<rrn frgrc q<re e<(
1ar q<-s r lr{il cltq f{E 1f1A" erfr srft{ s-{cfl'ft r srt

ryftq-d'o

Brown) s

{rycil{ "16 qR tm r et q<E[Irs

q<( qn strl
Ec{t{ {ryril{fu \x?rxfi.<rq <f+ srs-R{ r s{rs qt m'{ crIffi IE qn M
<Ifu :{lTr.{i r[$ w].fi 1R 'ttt r .cK ficel wcqt qqN]Tn q<rqq 1R ,"rre errs i \ilt et {sffid
qqsirsryq- r+*tws$ qqsfi <FrE{

Tdir

ffiaw

afr6n E{ fr{1

Trrc{ cnq-Rr{q cs, 6FF[ 6a6rK

cffiT

sl

. r{fiqfuv{r

e <Tffi{

qol3rfcF
=rlrrcr 6{ mctr{N[qsn 6<W sm r
qetftTr <q
enr< r
Er{tm< {cs c{rcqr c$f{ 6sler qefiq fG eu$u sKc.t <r csFI csr{
+rq qB&H$+li rsqrt{frq fi"fi tt{ r q< e-r< {tlt&'s cccut& e fqanm
<l 1

Y6ftr

@vtq{am

ffir{{-$ \nqn (Anomic suicide) c col{ mrn q{?T6-s {ct {I csi

qtqslrd qql crrr r gr<tl EE[*H

i

6i'!

6rF "{fuTf cod

rEr.R]r5[d

frt(

?
3
.I
A

f,

!l
I
C
a

aI
T
{

q
ffcffiilEffid
qr6ffir

:IRO The Pover!

$tc

e .d
q{ ccrr{ d
{tls ,{TF{ q:ftl
qlpEr

fiqs

qsrffi

of Poliflcal

Eo

{r{n,** cil't 'o.fr *rws

r{rq

sBflR "ffufsqilqfrc.Er

8b

rmrq r s*6t 6fi'( {rfs cEn

ceRr ftine vqrr
rftr qeF{-s ??z-ffi R?rq scr {r
y'aq ftil*r'r qqr r qqr&?-d sffi qcs*
{Trcq-< qrffi-$ frffi qri

cqt q<q

qt

:rnqtrF

*s'R

srq F.u qr(

EFrm F{r ,,rrqsr qBfr qp*

c{r*
fuRrrm'Tr$qr r q6s .{$D q{qrr<Fi
ft&n v<rn vf a- aqqrrR
-rrqLy
,'IiqB etfrsrr dcr qrrF qq. cft.u

#s; ; ;";;,q;q"{, *Ert

{t q F wr qrflq{ I TE<

u.ni'
*fu 6E Rd*,.q-r TJT.NT *T
,qq ET'T irGFI I ETB ffq qt EWT TIfu
rq*r ffia srq e*rq qns **+u ; B
<r <i& *$*;
r*rd qrr ors REa wr_eNrr'r
Rcn vre:rn'rrfi
rm r wr-erqq&i

cs'fr ryrcq-oe qnq firGa

fumft

s{ -ss",.{

*,mq-{ Tffiryt <r&

mg r'r
*
o*,
.+,_ #'r# * vfu e u&d;mu
"q_Er,rr
r fiftx
qrrs"-tr;;,*wru'

ffitr$ffiHl
qsq<

srre*T

qq'qrfi

*"q'q

qtr<F

qer.q{q e <rB

gcfti

r+16 6r*o T6gR{ | snq erfi qre|s

..{R
q*t*j vfu ca qsf rvo e mEB
R-",fr
xr{t6*r
;*tt=
*
R,Mfua $B{ (Radcl.ff.
Brown) .s ffi
(Matinowskif ek" frnF_ qmR"-qsl
"
Tr{ T16T (Earl Marx)
Erd {qr*.'?

()b)b

)bhe)

qfflT qq]qfuffi o6 qr6{

)E)ts rEq q,{sq.r Trfi r
q{ftefrh q<q #refr,*rft,

o,tr*

{ffi'I{

Vfr-qr

JNlqftErTrs

mn

FGr

ffid'#--*il.

q<(rym Remm
ffircr rgq

fiG

C
d
.l

g
rrI

e[qr{ s.Cn r ErQ

6rr

vE fi3qiH.rR
&fr <q qrq {Fil rrcsFt I .c< .mrqj 6t*
capital (186z) ERI6
*rrFcr Erffiil'r r Gfi 6ra s{+{rfi
cft$r$ r* ,,Ao ; ;.rqr<
ffi iFGn r qsfif,
,u{ frBeTnr efi fr{h *-ou* R*, ;
..ft
e'*
&fr +in "*<f+nE <Gs
<rfrq STr ftfis emr capitat r ,e qq15
"irrn'
wq fiEX r qf6q qrffi ffis qR .qrB
*'b '{fu,fi communis,'rllo."i ",V, "rA*eOqfu!
e .,*,F" er' {uof u' *r6qfu
Tk
Tcnq ry{ Rw+ r Hqrfir
Tr*ftR .F *{r#

qK

Tz<rR r

t?
,4

ffi,

efr Anq err{r[n qr{frs,

ry*fr*o ks*r ffirE q?s

,#;

,*fts

TrfiHR qnrc m-+r<frr+

EE qqr+

r*-*,p,",

Tiil q,-u r )b8) ,,Fr

cQIr$ )ts8b ,,,rfir :raql

",n
",{*",
*
e*,
a*..
i*
*, Er r q q:Erd r'Trqftr
Tc{i rhe povertv of philosophv"

ffiHr rnflqB* 6R c+<m$rori

Ga+n l(The

;;;;

ralorog, (184b)

Bru.k*rsr
flsc e cr. mrqR $l'<F'fr
{rc-iF The communist Manifesto e qm-sR
RS-I r )b8b
clrftr 'R c{m qw wqltr qwrr EF{fu
rrfc'R vcri ,rffir;'.fr;;#+"#(.

{qs *WT >nvmfu,fr

qdfifrrRq RrqrE sr<

I
e r*rs* .D-{Rfr q qrsi <qt rca sm
{fr$o Tscqn RE-{Rfu {rq, c{ qE
r
fiq *u,, u*o*r*; ;;;;ntrrbution
to
the
critique
of Political Economy (18S9)
t( Capital
..,uq

Bo $sift-s:rrslqft6T-{ (s{{ ,t-o

{rftqn ffi(5rs'It9t{ dnq qq +ntrrFrq (capitar) s{

r
sr{q Tr{rrrr qrffirfr qftqfu+
frs*r*a ffifr+ ftmtar< u,a.q rmre,
*u.
sfn +sf<l'ffi.fts q{,rr6 fr.tq crrqru-fi
Tst Ers[qt qt Sr*q
ft_$rfiR {fnr qcq {e{rft
{k{rma
fiiFnR ftq
q<(
*,<I

*o*'ffi';+;: ffi;;;il'*.*

E$

Y(E

T+I-.q

{qrsrffi

qft*{"*

*, ur* ; ;, {c#'il.il
g"ft fr* -ffi

w<li'c$a qRqen
+qie ,sg cr.qr< .{sfr q{H
EBr

qqTq'rtr+

*
q." xT-6cq? rT{fr's furo,il *o
,**u, -{r* .t. *=- vry<*;**
finm6*
lc{rfi
Rrsrqr :n& sfr 6<H 6{HreF sr-{-{rft
nq{ sKT a-grft*.qrq.o ,tz-< eft arffin c,{FK st_firfr
*tsIR c{rs qy4
qr
r
qrrn
vrinn
frfr
Ts
R}gflft ,,-fa_ **" ;;9t;
q<(
EcEs

oryr
<q;-<rft.r{ry frrryc<qrfr(v q{.r
a{q \rn< *1* qftq&F *T s'rs rTfifks
eraT"r iFGFr i qffi-{ Esrqqrst
frft wre qffir4. fr B{mFi ftfi< fi&s qrs-q T{E
qv

ry

qffis

fi-<ct I q'$rsrR

!tr*{F*

"r'ir

rrrcq
qrsrF{, eir q,rfr :wf,q
r
Ers{

** ut* oto.e* qnqlE"#H*

Hfi=Ttr{ R q&B rrrrrrrm ,a$Bf dE <l q?rfitrrq} (Basic

il *i.'* **m
{sqperstructuie) r +nrqa cftryor}rrn 6q,r; ;;
",r*",r"",
*u. u*q11qq rfu n*r {fts r \flR
qffi ER{{=, RroFrGis sfr*lr rfiqrFpq
rra- ; F-" ,TB
rtftE sqr(s-{ qk+rtEsl q4q
r
.4$ wR q{ <l-sqrm
a*n^*
qiii
fr
q-g"E qe-$p, q{,
R(
Etq"ftB, E.,ft ap&.rs ffi,t qI
q{Bqryhm

Eft'rr KFIN EBr j

ES,11E:{.sfffr ql

qm$ {&q

oB qrfrffir* qrl

wtlr

cDrr<.s<(ctf ad

A Afr{fr

tr* fr ; TCEEil!
al l "15192-{:Tmfl

fuKmrfrHqqi
qr6rq Tlq<

Fsrqilr &&ip

r-f

-{"d

-*;

to clfrr

iTIX
4<t <aq *ftu,&4*&-$ qar6

*,q."q

qrym

fiffinrt

"*

.ao#

a1mks ryaft63 {cqj q]Tq Err$

ofum ui-1n-m r*rqr r*r
r

qr;R t&-{,ffif cE ffu

cfts flffi qr* R-fl.md r6qq <itfi +-rcs ftcr qifi
B*,tE Ifu
q?n6.
T(Tf B,R tffi qiffiH iFG;r r qfiq k{6rrf
'{sr'Es"fic"{
erm *fis ,ffirrs qfi frEJ:ilq
Bqtmq ,B fr*FM
E-"*
qi q<( srr+ e*,sr yn
siR i et ftFFlv Sq"fiqr {fu ryrffiR qfr-{,6{ qirfi
ogo
+c?r6 TD_{ wil I qst6
Bq4lri-{ nfu< rns,p1 fr+r,t eqc.
wE r srfi .{-Er Tyn Bq{rqr #.+
Er$ 4rc+ |
*a ,3*
u-**
T<*r csr-{- froo ee.$
utq, aI.&'JE rm&. 'sefiqq
*uqutt-*.* ;+-,1,

* *.pna,

{ffis

"r{ "**. ;H
*.

*rn-r*
*nto

Esqtq-q afrR'N

ft.t* fiq

tdm

ftfrE qftEqr c{ {q,r6 iE{I Tm

E*1lqq rfu e<'. Eq{q-{ ryrz-dn

qar6rd qe'sq +.rn {rg ,ffi(
{#m{ TCs crrffi qsE{Q

,*
e**

p_ *# *. *.'

"r**

qz-,$A Gq{rh-{

xor6

<qT

{lr I

q-{rq

tq ft-+Frv Bq'nqc ft frq*,o EcTrc-{

tffi{ ccrtfis ER
ss'flc-{ *fu us'nq- Tarr6< oi
waa o" mu *
.$ r;;
* r Eq,trqq rB e
bq'mq carrdn A
crt.r
A*';
Em
qft
il",
*pfr
TTrAq
T*r* Eq,fiqq roor6
"Tre

"m

Et

. ({)lrcffi
trtt tfrdrfr {
' meffi*

*r6*i rre qrt{ cra ter-qfrqr frffir.r* s.trfl fiffi'6

T.pn6 qR ( q{ r \rfi TqB rst
qr{ c{, qrqil qr*
Qftrqi"rryn rfB .rf&-, qm -+rhon, Gvfffi
*B e<( 6qtrn* x+rd 6.g**
,
trR , v&rr$ qn ;*..r*
qn-r$

fuTmrerq{h

E*,rTr

qft{Ff}mf r ei{ffi{ {rE

cfiE +r}tnrr ffiE\fr{R mq Efts*q$;g
ffi"64 cwfrs En I :rrrr,6fiq s#rfi fr{m sra
*MEr*
.g,
, *f,,ru
wnr*rfi s*r rrw rs-{F qE
frlfitu qne qffirqE ",n cE{
$r{q

cqm Efiqq

.ct firE Ss{

eftr

'pqB s:

futEwrartlrtrt

wftx oqtrd
eF[ q<(

tffi fi

urq rr{rs t en ,rgd

Ifrfi$s

6q'xaqBr

w+rftr+ efi

fref{qrrftm

fu

"t<erc na, pfi@

*rrE< qQ-+re r <ft,

aft rqa FFrer

6s6ffi<nqfi ep{ri

rtfrffi qfu{r
cq<[ a,ffiF-rR;sr.ti

Tt Erq utr Ri
1fr <t twt-* o s1
atcq

+&rm qFrEg

q{lqffi

c)

Ik

frfr-rg KFf6o EEi , sIil Eq,tIc'{

Enrrr <Kr qGr trvm prsHsrn wr crftE aq&& q<q tEq
qiefift
:tonfr
Eq'fiqr
rrftfte Rqr <rrt rT trl,Td", Ec< E$n rtrcs.El
.rfr
tr-*. Gq,rtql ftR
r

wmr
ffi-a frcrsq T"ffi cq{rs,nt cq B{:rT-fl ({&{e *$y gq,rmffi{ B'fiK-d
qlfumR:ilEq
<I&
ry[s r qrifrTs c-o-$fi ctft e"E ryr $Tres cc'fbrrn qefifi tt
qftssr
qqBftq i et
wtin r<r+
qfr.srT gq,rrrF{ .rfu< wme O-ar1
Nq qlfl&-s qttr{
qEnE c<( qil sqBftq EeercR {Elprcet esB E-fr
qe ABqrks <lrrnl :nfa
11wf,fibn$r rdq orbnqrt e<( qfffiir\.r g'riR +rbrmrr "lqr+
qr<-c G ; WEst-ei qtg qilTk$ q|'<EirrF ,{sF
TrfiEn I {r{Frn crDETs-R <r-rsitE.r ffi.r ?Frn
II | "rFErfr:ilTre-s <rqsglt :fiT{rs qtuwt ?Fcst csnn r efr gm esB ggr{ $il {Iqnr {r{Rn
fiilqRK Rersq ?Fitr q{ clTr&-$ qr,rr{f, ftfurs
qffq {tTq qeErcq< y:r{q ffiX gq,rrqa ,rnt& qr-fl 6Ro q,rsre3 r ctts csrs cqr{

ffi

tffi

.itffi{

Berc

FglE'rma

qFr<

furffi

TlrryW Rw rr<&rfi r {16{ s csrfr

qtT{

i&qrrffi
frss +rarq{ qffio rt 6srrr :il{r[rr o<r.ffi ur<B B-q{rnc 'r,(& fifuq ?FGH qql
(:F)

qftI gqofiq{ oru& 6ncient

re-{trF

Mode of production)

({) cEuslfr+ Bc'fiq-{

't'ttB tFeurlat rufoae of production)
er{&
EsrrEr
(capitalist Mode of production)
tat {ffi
(q) effis Es?ffq-{ qE{& 6st.tic Mode of production)

ql

EinEsqriqq 't<Brs EE srqlr srr rriir {rs r qiwrc{ wftq gqrrq'{ ,rqfu,

qr$agrkf

e 1ffi $s'mffi f,{B; 6qrr6 "tFD16lDir tfu{rgT y6q qil rrmrqr qt

TE
Fnfu rcaQ rq{u rrmm ffi;g rm frfiRs
YylE-i

fi{Br ffilsi {rEe q'rqqail r qrqEErfrs Bq,nnq "Kfuf, mEi ErR yfrnrc
bq"ncq "rn{er mr6i qrq cER u{ q$ r
{ffi Eq,rrqq ,r"<& qaa er{rcfir

'ci,frq gqefiaq
eF[ q<(

tffi

um'fdfs r eF {r<ficg qr:rr<qflqlotE-s Erq 6T{rfi rfl'{fk$ c.flttr"t'e frt&-c

fft<rt"t Es"frr{ Etrcr* rIfrTI{r otrr< rc<(g.rma nrsffirs Fitst eflipr<

qFFr<

il ; c{rtftrt

qr,firs

eft'fiifus Bq'nq{ "rntfr ,nurcsm rftrqrqro EzEr .rrn q.T r c$rqQ {r{fiT
frr'f{"ffiftrm
m"{ frrfiq r
hstpr q1q qFFJsrn <rrflIcr r ep1-g16s Bq,rnq
fi{Br na, pfiL'l Tqit ufi-{BT =prrnT.?mrrcglit ry qfr qry Esrs ,nc< fi q<(\5rT[ c-{R fu
rrrt* q+{:{o r tfr eFrstfrs Esotrqq fi{&F <n rir fr+ ET sr< cNtfr-$ o#rmrpnurcia re
crft rq< ffir6l 'rrEi {rrr,r=T i qms Bq{qq t<&re .aft cssl-ffid qr ft m r{,1.66 ildq
6fFr
<iHn sqn qr-q fr
"116

&ffi+

qqt vm c:{q q{ffin

r{{. r qfr-s rry'{rfi-< ql;rs{l q m-re TT

16rtn p Tl<qe E{ I Tfl?il w<ri{rd ($s <t Thesis)
cf[q EI Em EF frqfts Er<-reff< tg&-{rc ?II Anti thisis) *uq *uti* q+6 ryq$ a.Eq sriefm
Ifib qn firiN <l synthesis) I. qt'synthesis TFrdrfl Tilrm sw,dFt "tRqsq{ .c<(E.rn'frrtfu
Tr6rryn qlT-$ {T-flrq-R

6+g

6ry qiqjfi-s

qmfrsm

(qcEr

q{icnr

'

otED

rrPf qrr frr qr'^ur{,l rqs{,r 1+*m ovB synthesis

dlfu, Trg, q<\q{rmir Ecq&, fr.+rx oiR<6{ q& .{btt;
r

1fr <*, ;* qfts qe-fir

_,fr., rft+ +q<rrm v,g
r

o'{BR c'R c<fi s{H !F sr< oft q,srrnn

w I T*q rrfi re**rs Gfr csft cssrr{I
ieqq vm \T*nfrs TciFr r 6K qF o,"o, qrr* frflq-ffi
EE
afr[E frw r qrfr eft Esfiqq
s{t Eq'fi'n wrm IIfrs .{<q q{, csft Es'frq-{ E
frcm {rft-fiTr qr+ <R@ r qr& Ers{ <rrs{ rq,
qrnffi

ime re
Tu "

ffI*, *"" -E"F ,"",n",rr"; ;i;*,,tr

iJ,Joilr",,
fift .&s e frfu+ qt rQ
l@Rq ST
r w{foq {ffi Tirr.ir<F Gfr
rr
s6n t&{G *<.,q6qs .rt" R* cor*
lY
cTrcqq r Tr6c rcq TrsI qr{frs
c'mq teqfr c1ft rfs.fil ail;.|,i";;
tffi
vrry -c crilffi Cxft qrsN qsa q.o i * g*{rTftr$ cr& e+ arc .E-tt}l;-,*fr:r< ccsB'
vm Wfro ilBs.< qv"r qbrn q<( {fr$
Oft< cryrg.-*,*,e- #qr W11 **
qFTfn-$9 (Dictatiorship
of proletariat) $Imr :ErGr I {ffi *G off6e q$qE.rfrs
"i*r.
Bqfirrrq-qn'rf
in6r
ors
rsr.
'ra'm fl
qfrtfui
@ am ?FcFr I
o,s pc-<fr6r qlis wftqn td e<( 6K TCs srrq
Rr< ccqfu qs r {r6a rn FGH R:r< r+rq
rrqffi-+ qffi .w, <<r. &ms errareftlotrg
ffi
Tt-frfi eft cqsrcw srq-< crcQl qfirevtr< r-* qq
fi< ery 16r< siQ fiheory of
surplus. value) I ufus {t $q'[qr siBI slir mrd
?Trs
cr
1m
rcr il r'ufrr+E'6 Es"trfu
E-qrrr q+ ffi vc1 {futG ctff sqr uq,rE{
Ttfrs
eft qrq{Is rcr , orG ws uqg
Fr,6riq
qr.rE[

Hfft

*liqTuu, rh'q56

e +tRrr<-qs vqm

il]ffi;#"*-

-fr* *,
&-*

E\"ftqr{r
S,trqn qsq<, E1F q,*
*qq1,
o* qT"r*
rl{ ryfi Bs'r{ EE{rd
q$t
{mR
u*',
6*nr*r =*,,ui<*,t ",,
qr< 6{
w,
",{Fu
.l
Es'nnnn
qrg
sqr
q
cc
1eu
scL_ Errd <R{Hr<E r{r q{ Elg
qt
,
;F"
Tf{
;ft
W
up xry qqfis oft
.c@
r sR qrfffid cga
Tfirv< w Etr Tr Erql e,n q&6s

* **

"y*qw*fl

w' tq''t aft *v*

Y
Ufrs AQ Sq,tmT q<q.Ws
{rftffi

+r um crt; * -H q-{rs, Er6F <ftss qs {6Er <rrr{

c{rs frfu qR {rs <m qr{,r Eqq Trs{ r

qI[rsB wrs-{ mT&-s r-drcI&-s

erer{ wr
(Arienation) r eil er6
{imfu qq,ql r 6q qe?rF TB {lR frcqr$ q*d@s.nnrq
w:IEHr {&-<rft Es,nhq <R-i{Er
oft c{R"r u.*
<,?Rm
qrrfl
qfts
qfii
teqc
srft{ firfrrsn
FrsR
Erfi-{q* ilftffi rF ox wcs
*u.
qrr+ r qR vrq
ufr{ sR rF firs \T,*r crft .uft Es,flE F[s cnr$ r eer& 6q,mr
wt o,v*
slrs tfrqG Oft sot
qrrs qR Ufr<,
y6{
esrcu
Aft ssQ fiaq q6o qrrs r st lrr.iatr$
Fryr
ufrrfu $n Bsflfu <,p tfud os vw* u,ftr um rT , oq,*
R Te cc bs,ffcq i*F cr rq 6{
iEI
s'{st tlR'rr rs-ml eurr<
qcm Ufrs,n eql16"
";iln
n{r.rp{
slit'|3'sq
$qfiE gfrst cqnm*
qn I ?FEI6I Es,rril{ afrat-.,"
o*o*u Erd 6{rFI eL{ {u.j qs
Tt q<t B(HR {fm qt r cq Efffi{fit mFE{
rc
-ltrurRv En I vnn sn Sstfu rry .mrEs,nm oRwt
qr$ fi qrr srr ?qRs e -"dcs6$
frE;.r ybrc
e<r. qt rr11q qfrr6 e+

qlllfrrs

ry

* *

#-;;;;-#;"Hl;
*,* ;;;;i"#

{ffi

* *. ** *,

ftr

;.n

:lrrg ct
cqtr+

<r

frca'

Cc

tfiRt{t
![&uifr i

mlEcil
tFPFt

cfi

<{ dt

<tcil

rrtttcr av{lt
{.

lrftt

;t

ri

(*{.-T

rrer.!!

trurrlU
.ilHq{i

=kF#
a;
kfrnr

ffiTTil
ctfl

{r-*

m{

GI

*,*sf,
r*nfi
*r*rril

rarf

frrr{

UitcH$;

fqrfl

({ Rrf
ca

arii

Effl!

ftrrr

wr3
*rrr

ar I anrrr

{erp

,,R-1g

rmqRistft

rrrrl ot frcw crQr cfu\ T{o{ .xrcs qrr< il 1 q6c1 fus fu-r
cqos
rittrr:Fcr r .dR Trftrr firfrqg.r r<rrt v6$dqi?Fcf

ut+

@
tffi

6R

fiq

6q'5E

q<csrr q{lH

q,flq <r?rqm cIft firscfi

goro TGIrF{
ryru <Reersl,.t q6- qr6q qr{l
qqlsgl&+
rtilq <rrr{Er q'frsr<.n vk{rtrft Tr*rFI I Trf[ffi
tGnnft rrrfiq <r<ptt
:mwB+ rr +rrrfm ir
TrftfiK Rronq.!illn ?firl
r frE cqrm Oft rm+cfi:nqf
FpIrt <{ {t r wtqstQr ilr o{'t xl:u<nmi frr+ qerffi <rs qrsm q<(t$E xtqrcrft rtvjrst
ctiil .c-{t Qft oFrcq< q<rTFI qr< r 6n qcs rilqmft <rrnffn Brrr{-{ sF{ts Srq (state witt

el

**n

rffi

rither away)

()rc8 -

\96f=niil

Tl.q{

{F

(Mar Wcber)

>aqo)

qtftft* Tfffi{ {qrr E-{Sqq ?Fcitit I frrfr etfr$f w;ffrf, qirn

r wrqFrgn frsrrfi crrq 6R q{qn wrs TU-{tl e qFrydfu I drys frrfr
SFFI "tftts q,rft mffirgtft {r< q{R'ft{ wctrryir <rcq }mqfrgF qgtr ffitq qs qR.csB
'E frRr eqa s&fu q*
{nTq Brsfr qeN ft{r{ qdfter q{rTetiF Rr.Tr ,rie{t
firE 1s{fi ft{r{ efi s.|fifti
{n1q

r$<flF )b,'s8 qEq

r.rts qflqM

'rgI
frEfrd R1Rmqrn qqtefrqrrq< q$pm Rffir< ft{q
Trs{ I FtT+sr ft{ffi{ lgFt
qsTttqs
q qlgtr<
qfts
frfr
ftrqq t
rts srot lwg rEnET r .ttftfr+ +r*c.f
!$F[BI $K ql Srs qfks FIe lt sltnn
{fr qfts :ue R1 ffiFt, T6bK
"rilT{ frrq efi q6asq,
qgrt{t
ffi$rffi cm
il TR sR{E qtR furr< fufrqrnr-vl sr{rl't?F {< l- zrTF esEG &fr
Er.prrfit rFcnqq qqqclilftfi Y{,erQ Rrfi |
Trfq BrsllcBt:rts, qqlqfreF qr< qTE {qrm{ ftfirerr.fr*f{.(value iree science) I
qftq qDr qr< erB <f,"s frsn'r Sri r[s, mtefuH ssB fr6|q {r 6FFr &ffis
Wrs ft({r
cl{l&$ q{s <t rsrq clTr&-$ {{rIiBr rrqF,* frerqq grir{ Tirr{ r fu mrrq,r {tr qlcil'{ Gr6F
R<s qr?Fr< r ft&,ttq <t ft&frenm {s vFr-Tq frErrffi clfry mqtrwffi q{
.rxF' Etesrfl "]-Tlq-i<EmF Scrence or acuon <f fOfm f+e-rq <Ft[E{ I qeITS E.Iit :rF q{fEi

ffi

ffi

cffi

'ffi

FrEt{ qcq
?FG{Cqq

{r{fffi frrr

<t

sr{r fu,H qw 'lt{ trh

ffi

fotr va ftn <nr+< Trft

fg Traditional acrion <r ,iffi fur (q{f

(rt)
qsq
Bauonal action n cfrfu+ fr$ f+'{l

rtl, Emotional action <r ql6<tfE'lfrS <I vFtqro frm to'0

Eeq?r crts[

i<ersq

(TFrc;Fr:mufiglffi erB frcF ftq.$

qfr.S w1xr,r<

o.r{a vrqn e

I]iqc

wffieml "rarfu qor wn{ q{fl (Ideal type) ?vR qfl 1 ffiq 6qH
effi$ qqzq qFr6s qrar frefsq Tircq q{.q g13,sm?{ Rqryf ffi {fiq.q6

IR?rrGlsr

cNrfrr-$ qeltF <I

c<R

ErE{

I GI'rFt-

& q'rcs-d qm{

r11

{{tt M< rr<l qQ eR Tarr6 E'FI qrs vrs< {r< r erq{ TI$ q'rcrF:r <t

-(8

Eo:nsjft-s:mqfrH

(eFN etq)

_t

c{ryR eFmrr-<t <Fs-{ 9-${t TI qrqe, qh <tre<qn

| glrt Wq-{ T{+r qil cNI&-s
$e
nrqfi q+{ 6{{tl:II qff ed r mrq q,rclq wsil"r ropru,
u &e*t qsrs y,Bsr^ Btrq
{c{ (c<q c'l 6!FrE
{verstehen) {r$qr r

a.ffi

ct ws{E .* cfr

ffii
erm

n{k{

qnfr$

qn

aftB <t &&qtFm nqn wn{

rye r*rru q6
a

fiqffi scs Ero r'qt wria**"

crTt

qtTrks qtF $

ffi

TEf,GITII.

w{

n-E|sr

il; d;;
".*il

cq

lrcIqiXR

tffAfrrr arq
{n sq

ft{T Rq .nffi$

*trr

frrA mE
(great refigiont

?F6Fr

.*\}3ftEsls Tqisrm

h,

{tu6n w:rftq ?.fit,.fi

qBrrftr ffi<r-.
Fon
JFqr6 {Ertr qotg pr& e
qrg sr5

fr+rrra;*il

vm te<tI
*i*,
,cqrglu efi qrrssfr ..iffi$ q'f(sn qq{
{{lT ffi Trfrkffi, TEt Trrr cFtEnsEil
qm{ rl5r ?sR-s qKrH ffi eR
?.Fq ..F, yrq {GHi Brlqrr<K p( n nrcFrks
ryT
vrrq qr{lEq q*Drr6 qE ols {rdcft mFI ,rm{s
fu" +fi R r ffi ct qasrs ,nrr*r rrrq
qsrg ,rs B rr<s cEt{rrju rFGI
ffirH r "tBm
r<F,reJR ** aa-ua *- ftrl e;
<rrq 6{ tftucr qmW Rq 6frfu (Rational} e<e. qDt
&q qrrrccrte ..|{\; (Rational
<iflrffi TcFr r qE

i
Bureaucratic Authority) I
'la; q.mi\oEr wrFL f<ffiK {c{I rmcq

t+tfrfu'rftHR

{r{n5r c{rrtJEI w$IK fr*r"trsrm

(g Ermr qftT-cfi

rffi

<Frieil,

trtt

frRqw< w* il{sq

(R)

sr{R dfu"s csrt

1sl

wTflsrfrs

qcrr'6{R

rFpttq1

{coflettrrr

r{ <r?rtrr{l

ffig

,rK&

lal {Bn r frr{

ryqlf{s,f{TA{

ftrvlufi1l{

<r wcr rra

rBFl I ffi

*r

:rrtf

ftfi srmr:

rrcf <q {lts {

qtnfr

6Fir Jr|il
nfiG-cs <r qlti
:F.rcqr q{AB ql
IEIT{0I;I iBI
I

{1Tr Bai

&frrr fi

R fr!
qgr 1{
"rH
A{Errvn qnfrFH
c5rI5BI s cqR{ {
irBr1

qry

c* frqm,

@i{5g{tri:
kt{qqn qlrfl

sr{o{

fimfq.

ftq'ftaa q

rnF{tfr,ql

.q" .t-"fr

"ui'#*
o &ffi-+ q{$ r .,{Q q-fi ,he-qrfrT qffi <norr T-ir." Frnrn * * .u* w
**
qrflqfuMr ffi
r &fi vn rrfr{ l{*Er qrq{ q{{r ffi c*r*
rr{rm *" #*"fr,
<r sqqffF rnrq ffi{'rfl iFGI csnt {rrr r Ens Errirrr
fi,* rm,w il;;;
. *m*
ffi<rrrr (capitalism) qFr{ T{{r M *1
r EBr rtrr * 1o or* Er'rrc6 erce qstr
*,9
qil' 6fl{'FB qrn Ed n twtr{ vt+e q\fir rrtq qrv
Tcr;" ie6g[;'ffi iln **m
Affie qt-{r r tk-{rE
EBFrBr a'*r.
G #**
ryfl{frs rffid
""rq6 q${rt ,cvfi:,r&
"*r <f *-* * ez} fi,6Eqs6rs.ners{f6d
a+n :tElrr*a rfc.mqrg {k<ttrfr
ffi
pr6 e 6{H{:[, qrs t'*RE Ekr rFrrct
I
vr< ffi
wrqR*rff{ qq& #{ *.
frfr tkrq q'rcffir qrq{ q{r aoR *.uR,o{ r et
"*"';;;*n
ffi-fiqR .ro{ .w -ri *-'rt*

r[

Cqpitali.srru f
rBFt I q e'El

ffic

urvrnr 6

fu

16.fiq <nBkq
Ersq< GI qT[sfr qrq{ {{tT
q*r qr< cct q,trffi ?<Ffffim
crfr w6nv{f Er<
cqt a!fisFr qm{ TI3f r Eln<rmir vcs' 6on flerrs* ctc,.-{ qw
:n$1n & fia6r$ Tqrq
6il{4:r, ?FK FIEIT srs e<tsR Wq{ qrn wq|E-{ <r rFrril
ls r eil ,hffiT qE} FbTD qr qqE
qrl&--s qq+ frefir.|-d crB E'rls
<r tT {G r qns Enrns
,,E*
q(r.H e frrrq-{td e'ta frrfi
qIrilq
,ooun
qrB
q{H
scsFr
r
t{g
u
r

T{s[

ErE' itrErcr{H

u**

Tqtr Y"E q,&d#*

# ** qsrg ffi{rrri qmB}m
qrfl&-{

qsr-sfr'rr<Fr& e dfu+uTeu*tf.*'{

Gl

mrsrrca*

{Er

Ersr{
Amtrcism), C6q

nG,m
(D)

Fqgl

rRT"qrmM

AQ

*Try

crffi6 fiRifl (Hierarchy) r rrrs ,rrn qmsB

TqCE sm{rn
$Bsrqr
"fE{G c{rs e E"nrs
6io.q
Tr,s'ffiutd;
.qR
}rafiqq
"R'flETrR
Tffi.,q
iBrI qn
qr{ilEa
Rq
c{6FE gs arr}rte q*rs
r*rct
qcr#rrd
6$FI
'fr*r
<rq.rqprqt{ \Tmqrs.*.{
Iqc,
eBgli{t q3 t.

il

* n*

qirqq erT<tBI sr*

capitatism, le20)

erfr fr'sle* SrQ ("he protestant Ethic

,,nd thte spirit oJ
{flT{qrmrro w1ftq
gp
k{rrtfr
srrq Rcryr< fifru
{-**
Tr$r r gR BrR e& Fnt &fr cq vE
aBgr wrr s{Fr *C * .m
Ifrmr{ * ,qru= *rq
6fl-a gflqrff-d

{ffiTd

ErEn

qq{ fufts

Yln

oq+O*

qm{ TFr

qr c{_$_{r${ ,rRr6{

ffi

{Gs qs, qr R r e fr{rn rrdffT

T.rc,ff*Fr 6{, 'trurmn qr*flsq de.s

nrn efi
irryF
cirnwr qsq<, efr
dB* vrmrum^?<Frffi C ** *;Hifr._;'*
mIsI Rq r onri wmtsar e:r< f{fts,
&.r.il u- d*,fiR," Erq1gq T.' {Et qI
rirqc EGRr6{d q.fr *ssiR*,r qFry
ffi,f r gr*rasq* *; *..

qo ur o
c$q r frE RBR :Fre e n'rc*r cqfr.u
*=G';fu
F*H r fimm q <v {s
(great religion) $ frfr q{rs-{
orrc fi{r'n +,.o*fr".,, of,,*tn*,
6ilq{d,
r{ e<( rqrr{ r frfr rcsrrm oq *t*oi
ftfiuo, i*flT
urun
{dr
erf&,
$m.r
cc<1 cmscn
T{,t
yrq {.r-{i frffi
-m
q6s{r
ac^&fr
1u5rqo*
,nrRH frnr +za sfia*
ws1ffi Bmil_i
* o**u**
qfiq
r &fi qz{il qsr*{
futc u,*rr frrs ws c'rrc frErcr uo
EdftGrs a*o *u"tu. c{ffG ftsr.
Efrn fuq.r
TG r GFIF lt-6rqn qs <'gflftrkqs qft{B.s
fr_rd;"
E-q
B
IRj
<l.rr{Tt E{fuE
='rs{ r frfr w{ arfi qfts@e o+aig urr-* fr*q{
mzE
E{ftfus
qlmu
om r
frrqrr
rfi TGFI q{ o{{ *u,-t "Briqr frffit q<,\ qrs
ETffi{ em eMfu r (-rr
q'*{ Trq q,Is T,E
"
*m o,.-* E
6n qilq
frE*< qff* Flrffi u, qfin
w$PFl c$iT )Frrffir.uq'fftsT q{ftBm
frt
roft** frs6< qgq rflx {rym{
cdflBcs <t q{-<,o,u* ,fr<6{-{8"
r gn vre,
q$ Rc}r,u eR
q<( qrymi oor
ffi<sq
*. ;
qfr^{Bs

** lg*o
*k'**
vffi;
*'**
*i ** fi.*";#;*
fi
ila*
-";*,**
sfu
*t
-"*
W.,*,
* ,o*
"-* s ;iil
*il
;ft-

ffi

ffiff

Imqq m{ril tB-mrcT

,ffi{

frm.t-<rn uEr+

R-*,

ffiqfrc-i
=rr<cf Tftfn vr*t r sre qF. rff{rE i'r<r.ct
rl-crr qi 6q krnrfi
rn"ro.r,rrt10;
;;;;,G
<fi TitI qT I u,gE fr* r.*
{erkm ks*r ftq
q6ffi *,zinrfrrse f*"ir."",,"r,
"*t
iou"*"nU
t'rffc,r< ftErc
frRnrr qrrm{ R,T. fiR= -*r ii o**

i-"-, ;,h nr6a lcatrrohc church)

+ds, q{ r E{{ rrffn *on ,io..,r,;;#;
q6 mqfui* (rord
carvin)
cPq e< R-qrt qr frd oBqq, qG;o
qn
I
wd &*qq,s qR +-trT..
{q1s
fro,ftos q[T T,u i gffi* tfra,* nG
protestant Rrqr<, qR :m.r{
*
{rir' catholic
RRq qolf{'{rrs r erFffin rp.ote"tr,tg r*
*ffit;;
r<q
unil e 1ry.5flq
ryq
tft om r Er6o=r frT{ e$r* *'R" a* il e<(Tg{
qrdr e*r*s
qm
Firm{
Ers
Truo oaqrr<a vrs a*srffi <firn
lmror;H
qsrt,u s

firrrcr

Asceticism), qfiq ,l

*"*r*

T*ffis{
$ft.o TqEF*fi =*16o. q.u I o, frq qF T* Ec< \5tst
q_<IT <,R Tffi qm

(worrdry

6e

$q {I{rks:ffiqR@n (aqI qe

I srE TE{t-$ Ers qr< qc<ft r qsc

qplrr I qqsrtrF {'{rTrr E65, ftft6$'t

lt

iI{3 c q< <t

qtrr )rrn t'qrr? Rfrmq i$rm s.K

frsq-ffis6

fmr
qil- ,.{ REr {&<rq fr-$rHR wrs{ ot({6 r {r?'ffi
cercsQ

frro

qBI Z

I ?flq <l Tr(R {Brfi .{<.. sr(R rttfu-+gT

f$ 5.t
iBrfircq lrq-{m f<orfin qfrrfl 1E <r ,q<". qgrdrc,f
"wirsi
grB
q
r ercti <t sRE{r( $rfir 6ipt.t qtrtt'qq qsRBE qa fi <cq q{"rsK:Trlrcq
ffinnm Rfi{
qE
fr
{k{zn-{ f,E+r,.t
xrRF sN qTf&-$ re<furfsn ffi frcr( ip{tl Bcn{ iFGFT I Gr<:rrc n ffi fi+ cqfrs
q'+t q.5n.qr+ uqgfu.:51 {l{ st eft (Class), c{tm (status) q<r. rF:rst (Power)
EIs<ttGlsl xl-<furnm siq(T vlt ?rfi q{ Multi-dimensional a; Tdfrft$ r qqlfr'r+ {1-{'fir
47flfu wflf<flfmi Eq,4"H&e V (Jnidimensional Tlflt 414a1vffinnfr{ && o<rlD Wt
efr r qfts {rfrr {qrreBr rys aFFBr Eprrrgr ftrfr Ofr wg mrR frrmq r&rrq{ r {Frolm {Irq{
s6pfd {FFI fi1ffiA qq:Nt <IFI;I rpGISE{ ft1 fr-$ Cef6F rr11 s elft, qftn ,sqs.'{fs{gt r E-tl TEt m
Gl sr31[G5r qqfffis ys<R-{frm srqd qtq {f{r6r q|$&-{ :xo-*Rry.frm
ffi fiq afl?FrEs
If4IKItt qsfr< t&-{fli R-slrrF
rBSrrE' qrffirrff +:FI r sR

?Ercs attrs

"rq-r
srfiE {cto srrnRsrrrs qnfrqe
sK Atd $rrn, qqfu< $frsF{t s qflfrfl{t c<(c$ft wrr{R e'r< fr6rftq
c6q 6ffi q:[tm ql:rt:rafBf {tFrs qBn eeBr Oft ; rffirl:Fe&-ir rlfrst{r c{(m dQss slTf
qraFFft c$ft r vr< qQ rrft-fiql q<q q-{ffi
c$ rtt{ Tirr< {I; qR qftq oft rt]rr< q-*
r

s.mq{ a1ft waana (Class situation) B"{&t& r cXft,sr<P{rd (class situauon) U{&r& Fl6a
.16 eq
lF;ttrt <lEil3 q{iafK (Market situation} S'felfr'{ {i t q<K <lqBt
T{i{n< E'tp<e< t(
q:rre< q{t;t lwrfiR ffi fito{ qBs qRF{B eq:l r c6s, 6$h qqrffi lft {r{ q{H rram E {I{$rsr ll{rc5t qEllK q{ slit 6{{nfi rflciK q<retl litqJnlq qI6F | <lEilSl q?P{flE e"r< isie TKt
aXfr sr+rtn 1ffi w I qsrn Off lreem EqfuBre qa{fr< rtft+tfo ,fi1qfifrfi:{rn frerc c$ft
utrg ed r q{rn ln:rdt q|d(qfl Aft ercrrn( rrcq ErFttGtB Oft elgrcn-r qFilTi qlT{r {ffi "tt
+r*q ttdmr Ofte rorry qrrm( a{F Gsemwd E"tnr< qlfr{rfi e<q\t$frslflr ffi[s fr6Rs
q{ r s6r ERFTfGET aft qsrs e<s.Tr6pl3 oft ercrr* m{, rlrftGl ;tclrq I
. Brr<rrrrr qftil CIffff fl$&-+ Tfim Effi't6s q*,r qNI&-s qfmr qRR ftsi {Kcqi
,ru& (r.ire style) <rffT{ Tt<;il (Life chance) Eldt fr4Rs ql I {E lrpfi qr erfr {TnH crlet
qr& qt cqlfu qNI&-{ ffrnR E&_er
e :rqH-{I wrr .h wlzq FH qm
c{Flren CF',rEe:TNflq,S aqra qIE ng sqr qNflq-{ qqrqT q_-{ {rq qrs ?FGI tAscrrbecl srarus,
nrr<m:mfr'+ {ft?t ffi iFil IIl]t (Achieved status)
1g{1GK :rcs qc('rsfr T{rn cflffK w{iem EE EH r cdtq :rfinr cffitltFTt eftr wt
ern:v'(rr frw r qefr:ffm c{r&a rrfiq ,$sE frr'fi
irc:ilo-srn &v r E-frETfiqK
ftfi qlaq tnG qr qm sm {REo <r fi;Rs qr
EGFIGR T(s, qmtk{ rc-<i<-+rrc K qrrffifi {rqr qot srM, 6m tre cxfr {ftfi qlvTe I{qrE
T:iE'R fr&6o csFr q:flq :oz< firw q6,
I c6s qm (T[sf{ rT{lGt frqs,B<{ Trgl qlTs
r

fie-ft{fr

ffi

'nr*

nnqrd <

q<r

rRrffi<
r{Tl3I

t<rrsr etg Tc

fu

<-*n<+l

ocFlu,

rcgt ils

$G

fi-frr

f;f,=dr

!6rr,

gSnlErl

q sFr

Tfir fif,r

a*e*
ttrEtlr

ftrrml

rilE n

)r tC
Ir d
rtl
ct d{
8r {it

cr 5{
s] {*
qil

q{r\

1r qftr

rrr qtt

ri u{i
fo r

xr&

)) I :Uiry
qrct

<Ffrfi tFryE

qfiqM

cl

qn <}T{R <prr .c<t wrfl s'rEI s rrqftG <Ensn rRr< q<rr{r{ srd I qrfrt sEsEI
Bsrrn
frffi"rsrA sm ,mrcs srsrcFt q<(qq-Tr qr lr,,lsrtq
. qK erTKrrsil:m?- ,h <tfu TrvI{H C{ qr{Rr <rql TcE.
frcEi tql< ffi
sDrrs ,nrn
qfi( wr-< {q rrrqo
<r +;rro En sr <':r-cs {rK{ r sm et t*,
av.5i
e<( TG,ttff-$ qirrefi s ttfl<fi q-rs qRFii :FGI
iFGI

ffi

fr* flffi

w*

${EI (powerl e<<eprsn (Authority) q{<I'fi{TI fi{n rm r 6R {cs Trvt{.l-{

qs
qm srfq sTrs s-y'g <ETr Es <r s.rlEr3r Bfr
t<$g,r
{fr qRi W ,c-rn srr+ +Sy SEil e3 t Ersil-i
frq <KraR TqqK scfi <cH
q$ri',
(Traditional authority ) T{y e .hffi +fcq Ee.ftflrc.r<
'iffi
r3I?[K

rGI r cr:[{- <rqrn (qFI<Iqf EIE srr+ ,hffi <n-fg <o <a
frQrs, cfrfuE qrrEr<irr* (Rational Bureaucratic authoritv)
qE quFtg wt{,e frf\ ftrrq <t qflrprqg

{rq

+'mot qte

,ffi

q{y . qq sfq<

Yft*, fuTfr.

(chartsmatic)

qfie qrs@ i{.fls <rfuq 6r< ffin

pr<fr<
Tqcr{
srr<f+aaot,gBh ?FGFI rq qlvie rfirBr afuqrfus a-qr f<rrcm ,t3t
t{grrflq rcH r 6m Erft Wrevq qErs
TrFp r BR vrlqn {r{, ftrr< s{ &irfr fizn fuFa qnsTFiI iFGr-{ r sr<io--+rf-< o6m <{<rEqt,
.,rre-{rft mnq t&Tm frrmn "rcar curs Rq q<( Er sft{B{, Bf,c-,i
<rtt Rq <cq =l.
lrrH iF[3Ft I tT<ri ]T{tqRE.l[-{K freX fr-S frrg rrr<s"fi ?FGH q<(<I qcat $-nf $GFT
I <ryu 6r<
frln w<qn nrtqR@Ero <+E 1fte't Ren RFr< q&&r EtF
Eril

frrstn ffin q<qffi{

eeK elgl<

;;

*C;;

FETrqErs er3 s
) r tg{ "[ET{rs ft c{.lqfr@linn q-sp {drl sR a 6rn rE-{rn{mr c(rslo| q[EIE{t TK

qETfrrr <.r6ut1n
qTB

r
8r
ct
sr
c

4
.I
E

ar

-!
F-

F
F

2
I5
,

"rE(q ft

lRrrrre+r q qrrFr

r{r{

;TIrqR

ffi

"i.n a."o

crrqftErG-i sq< e kslrl3 crrq qrns drcw wrEH

IFrTn.r m
r:r8 fr:Fmn rvrq crns 6fi6 +.{m >q< GRs srrRq ? EnIm T{ir6 qnfrtu"rl
ql(ff caqirsn ffiq'-ffii fr.rq <i.Frr ermr rK
r

T-n

{{tf,

6r66ss-a r

qTFIIE-{I ?[;t

ffi

fl{rcm qr<n mom {Rr? ,c ?rrrpt s.Er

ffi{

cTTr

E-q

ffi$

qTBo e
qcE& <ws ff
'efin prQl
$rmrs a um frxr<rq cq(sz't ErFTrFrr Fd
rr I EZ{Ql-e< qqqgjT lsslg qqm qrFilFfl Tn
bl +r,{ qr6cm s{n s{FI cils-sr&+ N<[q.<tTq]r ffi
/r
)ol {FFrffi trTq {rqri qg e<(frWm{ qq {cDr qrHrDTr s-d
q

))r Trr{q

r-rffrsn

qTFIIFII <K

wq{ nTfl fi r ffi fi-qz< i$rsrc"r {e-{1q-{ fifpr,t <irlfr

?F5grq{

EE nT$fr's qqrqRE.H (gaFI 'rq)

)t I cnlq
IEI

zT<rd <Ffio wrqr'c-a<

ryl.ffi

"xFrtql

r3l I '{ sqpt

rptrql $FliI

{cw

gqn e t
r TI{ qr6q q<".qr{ slfl-,{rc<K q$qGqm 'cTfr Yqfigr-s Fq
sq EtrE ?Fr1a-s
:81 {fiq.Tnq< f<+nr <r ffi{ qpir6qt11S atp e<(q1(ffi cflTnr<K

)rr

CIIFIE-{ T'{

afr"rio Geril erT s

t.{c{ "flq(r"K qFilR$ gbllB <lT?tI ffi I
q'{ E" Bm< +<
Te{m fi r c'tr$.drrqd
ydtc{K {ts Yfiqsr rssFBI e ft fi a Eqrq<q n t
$6rq< ufe 1nrq <n$I ?K I
qIT{ oG=iI6A dcs 3Eq ss ersl< e ft fi I sqTsEl:{q
$ftq< c$ft cedm EE <Il'{l'lr-d I
r

9l
8l

cl
gl

qIrTtE-{I T3i

)r 'qHlfr{t'qqP'ft 6{Rt t
tt {,$eT e crfrft fiffi qs{rR$< tI{F ft ? Fmrn c:flq &re bar{rqtR qrHIFll
\,l qrmf<$ e<'.qlfrNmrrffi xr$ qEPr6 fi{x +<
8t csB q$ffi< En& e qd{Bcs qITrfuK slq'r{ e gko kr+t w

t
t

ffi

rerf,r stl <rrqq fi$sm qlx fra

qafl* rolq:mrqfrsrrm n
tl I"e{m +rm s6ffi c=dtqft qRrrrrqql qr{t{ q:ri-q cqrs Sqiq<q ne
qK:R{,
\9 l' ,it q-*< ,m<1ffi:v{
"fltr$rfift i
8l q{S dqw{6rq,n cl{fr-{ fi{{('l frerq e sIfu Efr+t <tttn m

)
i

i
\?

)r gr{tq 6{n mm q<qss rTlin s{ $q"t qcrq t "

t'
q<rfta x.{, 'fld*, fi(-r a3 I
tl ir{trr* \oq-w<Erqr. 1fr+ ,*<e s ffi+
prmcq{ s1sryqn${q qTFIIF{1 t Yfr-fi erd
rgl +F* y!{e. $ffrw frFsi<Tfr <rFrn
e
qm ,q${-sz lBrI{sfK ft''l r
8l 'sft[g.i 66gn q1{fr<F:fifcq <fi"f$ un-Rgilq-{ frq.Im{ I' Cs.f{EI qflq Ceff+ Bnf<+rq
EfuE <irm q<

I
el
\

)
sI{ ${q q< ffi6t[-{ Urg"Imtl] dnal rsr{fr?
t
ql-d1 cq! ]q mrq^celm Elr<q ct t
cIfr c]{ TrlzE r[|d.{ A $crqr (.e-IrrBr
ffisK qTe e ffirsi.qrrflFl +l t cTB tffi mrcffi sql-{<'t
*+" urc

tffi

cs-{,

frsrr{ q<( frr{

frrs'caqgIqrr'ilEqtffit

\9

ffiI

f<{n

8TCS

Ufr+ Oft

frfu

Ere {rr$ <rq rr6c

{ts
8

ffi,r*tFrysq:nvffi
)t 'qqpfretq {c< {{rmr{ frsrqr frElq, efr,<rrn Efbr
tr
sTtB$ Tq-q:rr{-{ E q.o{
tc-<Tn fr-*rt

Ty

er
8

?FN

q{ft{tuff eH

'(i6+qq,

@ t<rq

,iffi.ft

X:Sy1<i
<THII

*#

trvrcqy

epEE

fin

nD-{I

s"rf{?

@ t<r+.nag

@ t<"r <pst

@ t{rq crsn

@ Ysu

r 1ffiu (suicide) ercerfr so-{r iF.GFI m?

6l Fra\

9l

c,'t{EIn

qTfq rfr${6fr{

w.{ft.

@ ots

rr6c

srqrFfq

rq

csn

)o

)b.(b-qffq

O Erftr

(Verstehen} {RIcrR Eqa

Tffi
gl vrqa srr-+ra O ;*,s

@ )1)ts.

wrc qft

c.nac"r< qgrv

64_{

EE-ft c+

fit{

Trsctrr

qflqfr@Brs fr$-+,r{n frerq

{ffi

ffiyrq-<
:

ff6q

CI[{

m?

rdc

)bots

<p eenxm

(s)

)ts)ts

O {ffi*'

@ qlq6ffrr66

6l Etrrrtr

O Fd't{

q&fu lprrrqi m?

r {E5 eFt-{ rfi$rfiqq${q$.rtrdi

wEi<s BEi-fr

)b'{UE

6l crt-dcrr gl Tr6fr

<Rr elTH s6r

@ qTs@wrm @ xtTq<tfrTfiGT
Oft ctffi

crrq sTeRq Trs{?

@':rou

c+lq

The Communist Irdanifesto iFE II-FI

$-otFts EBz

@ )bdotsqm O )bst'qEdt
8 r o,lfilE (Capiral) ef,qB m KE{t e.rr{?
q} Trr<FT sr.{<ri
@ eul frr
c

**

FGr-Er {irsrr rn<r.ua

vn*
Tfr-v& qTnft qmru"fi o.n
'nrro ftfs rn r
* qB* rfr-yr qc<l frnrn
qrqlu-{r
Eqrq:rq
<'t
"Mtp,
srx-<rca-r'1ft I&trt- Qft, qdrn e
TIsr.{ eecu *cn ortrq T{rq <t .r{sti

O F{xT

frSfira

uI*

@ slgra