Anthropology, Culture and Society Series Esitore DeRichard A. Wilson, University of Sussex Professor Thomas Hyland Feksen, University of Oslo Women ofa Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development ‘SYA CHANT AND CATHY MELA ticity and Nationalism: Anthoopological Perspectives “Tuonas HYLLAND ERASES Small Places, Large lesues ‘An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology “Thouas HvLLaN Eanes Anthropology, Development and the Post moder Challenge ‘Kary Garon ant Dab Les Power and its Disguises Anthropological Perspectives on Power Tor Guipa. Anthropological Perspectives on Kinship Laomtav Hot Anthropology ofthe Self ‘The Individual in Cultural Perspective Brian Mons HUMAN RIGHTS, CULTURE AND CONTEXT Anthropological Perspectives [EDITED BY RICHARD A. WILSON Pluto ah Press LONDON + CHICAGO, LLNSFis published 1997 by Paty Press ‘5 Away Row Landon NESRA rd 108 Went Randolph heap, no tn OBA, Copyright © Rha A Wilson 197 Te igh of end contr tobe en ‘te autos wor hon ne ye nes ith the Copy Oe and acts At Dish Library Catling in Pableaton Data Acatalogucrecrd fo thi books alle etn the Bash Library 'S8N07H55 1431 (oN) Ln vopnspersieee ca maui i ne baste i den anions aaa ee rang egecenaiie 2 |. Wilson, Richard, 1964. I Series. 3 areas sree in Publication Data log perspectives? Ceoeecultial aloes 95-2830 cy Design and Pred for Pato Pres ‘rae rin ern, Cig Nn OX SOR, “Typeset rom auters dk Sanierd OTP Senco Mion Keyes Pre inthe EC by LW Aros 0, Bristol CONTENTS Acnoledgements Contributors 1, Human Rights, Culture and Contest: Aa Introduction Ricard A. Wilson 2 Legal Pluralism and Transnational Culture: The Ka Fo bolton Kanata Mao Tribunal, Hawa, 1999, Sally Engle Merry 3, Multiculturalism Individualism and Human Rights ‘Romantica, the Enlightenment and Lessons een Maurits Thomas land Eriksen +4. Liberalism, Socio-economic Rights and the Polis of ‘eaty: From Moral Economy to Indigenous Rights +8, Gn Torture, or Cree, nhuman and Degraing Trestment » 6 ReprtingHaman Rghs Vin: Social Contents aa Saji chow A toe 1. Calera se Stale Hamas Rg? Spec ‘rbrasantea omseeSomer 4. Talo Shosid We List? Human Rg Activin a ‘To Custenslan and Dupes Basia Index 28 ” n ford we 187 26ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ‘The formulation of ths volume has benefited from ongoing convertion wit Stew aary stan oben Pack Cone ans Bentatete Dembour Saul Dubow, Caray flan, Sey Sone Heath, Hua van Huystee, Hone Kea, Joanne Moores Hone Row, Cli Samson and Tock Svat Thank epealy Schad Freeman "bean Tuner an Tony Wendin for te couragement ety on intro woul a ie to hank he Bartcpuniso sora tthe Haman ge Central he Unive ‘of Essex the socal antivopology department atthe Unser of Suse the Cente or ES, Urversiyof War ane lepatinents of socal antwopology and sacl tte Univers afte Witwatersrand Sey ansoccagy a Urner, [AC Pluto Press thanks are due to Anne Beech and Roger van 2ovanenbers for tee support and encouragement 8 CONTRIBUTORS “Talal Aun is Profesrin Anthopology ajo Hopkins Univer, Inving been tthe Crate Feu ofthe New Sal er Soca Research forthe previous seven year He assis laut Beta, ‘where he ese is university education and inthe Mile Est ‘therehewasbom Hels interest inpost Eaghtennet conceptions ‘teigion and seculartsm, and thee appiatons to non Western Soe He etd Annoy nd he Col Enon (tan Pree, 1579) and hs most reves book i ened Genel of Religion: Die and Reno Pow Christo en iam Gone Hope Unvery Presy 199) “Thomas Hylland Eriksen Profesor ofthe Departmentand Museum ot Anthropology Oslo University. He has undertaken fd research In Maurits (1986 and 1991-52) and Trinidad (1985) in the areas of socalidentity, eins, aatonaliam,clston eaituralchange srt cal theory. Fs publications include numerous books and articles [Norwegian and English, inctung Ethnicity and Naronalisn (1983), Smal Plas, Large lsves (1985), Det nye edb! (The New Image oft Ene, 1955) and Kapono (The Sg Over he Past 196) Hes coeitor ofthe Mato Pres Anthropology, Culture and Society sere. John Gledhill ie rofessor in Anthropology tthe University of Marcesier Helstheator of womanapanison Meso Cr Nae 2 Sudo Agraria orm he alo Crdenoma (rivers Texas 1991) and Neve, Tarot ond atl Prey A Cas Stud of icc, esis Westie Drs, 198) He ‘ilo bled mere ener bok on pba anwopelgy Poa ins gue AntioiaPegecis on Pues Pre, 95) Sine Managing Edn femal Crtqu Antheply Sally Engle Mery i Profesor of Anthropology athe Cl of 9 Prfeso in Ethie at lesley Caliege She the ator a rovi ‘Hunan Rights, Culture and Content Danger: Lift in a Neighborhood of Strangers (Tenmple, 1983), Getting Iastice and Getting Eten: Legal Consciousness among Working oe, “Americas (University of Cheago Press, 1990) and cored oy he Pessilty of Popular asic: A Case Study of American Com esti (Gniversity of Michigan Press, 195) with Neal Milner, She has Published numerous articles on legal ideology, medion aren ‘thn relations egal pluralism and nw and\eionalism. She nee Fresidentof the Law and Society Assorntion fom 19956 1958 oh Js writing a book on law and the caltral transformations of fanly Sexuality and violence against women during the Amerie ‘colonisation of Hawal Jennifer Schrmeris Flow ofthe Pac Basin Research Centr of Soka Univety of Amerca curently engaged tn marche ie Progra on Human Rigs Polies a he Center ft ae Gotemment ol the |F Kenney Schon of Goverment at ae Univers She salto 199637 Pence elow at Beating ens stRasclfe Coleg avid Sto isan anthropologist studying the peace proces in Guatemala Hs rescarh as bon supporedby the Rane Projet the Hary Frank GuggenhesFoundatonand le Westies Wilbon International Cente Yor Scholrs His boos incede reso ‘Aeris Turning Pobstant? G99), Btwn Too trou eet Toxnsf Guten (1958) ana Rethinking Protestant Lah Aen (0993 co-edited with VriniaBurnty chad A Wilsons Lectern Socal Arvoploy athe Univers ofSussevandcoediri teu rac ahonlon ee Sosity sis He she author of Maye Ranson a Gana eat Espns Univerty of Odom, 199 sha et Loney Demat Posen New Nerv onder haa Pres 1983) wth Bry Gils and Jol Roane, Hc no pce merous ates on patil viene ecty tna aed ea Ganteaan more ent onan ghost reir eer Economic and Soul Reeasch Counc (URS funded ok ead ‘ital nes and Normative Grd: Hanan gad ee South Attica pes ( 1 HUMAN RIGHTS, CULTURE AND CONTEXT: AN INTRODUCTION / \, Richard A, Wilson ‘Te pat few decades have wits the ners se ofthe ‘polation gh awe tna fa wider publedsourse on Rutan right, othe pnt whee Shuman nts could be seen a one ofthe not globe pltcl ‘ales our mes. The language of iberal human right as moved fino fl he vacuum let by be of grand poles narratives paucenen ge aecmaetcras Se eee etetncien oeiceeueestedratone td ieee teananatal egal discourse In 198, she ced ome Hag ornbaaien Sicrace ee Hie tenet eae Sint eace Uaepge trae Schirmer 1 ponder he easy between spoglie! tate Leen Munpered by io Sled atts fe meso silk pean ease ee {atarvaros ptr sndvoplogtchave poston hemes Soc aoeetes 12 Hua Rights, Caltre and Conte statment shaping heresponse ofa generation vas made Melle Herskovits the ator ofthe AAA exceative Doan’ statement or ‘man pis ine The relate of Herkovits ad ote the asst shoe ought etue ef wha hey perce theetincec ovesonfsberutat Westar estan ‘Shore theenerer werd order espe cula aiden ‘sed clr’ tothe of uprerne ea vl Int psiton (rac call oat as] Boa (905 18)comerenty ‘Clute le sole sure ofthe vay of amoral ge or rade’ Fara ature sly coi lows hea under no condos te supplanted by rivera moral ates for example coneptions of human rhs In» key pareprany he AAA sstcmen ord tio 3 Evenyhee pial systensexst hal deny clzes the rg partpstion Inthe goverment, or sok congue weer peoples undoing cua ‘ues be caled ono bing the peoples of such ae toast ok the conzeguanees fhe cs fthergovernenty ed has sds bre upon dstninaton and congo empha) 2 tani retrnco ‘undying utr ales estos hope © soplayantuepcagy’stanpetidinordr incase te cone 8) Uthewelthe Spine se dong hetcheelsescectanies felogis as advocate of indigenous peoples who would defend {Rem irom atempis by international egencies such ae the UN to afals set of Wester’ moral values Heo ugh iene ‘Reanigascoputy oF te ataroptopist to construct» holistic version feachooceysiner cultural Herkovi's poston hat ‘een subjected ta number ofeilgus (arnt 1988 Sera 198, ‘Weshur 967 buts ost serious esate: pete Inthe seni moral recite contained wit caltre e sassy hat even he ola systemsabusve caEN alee {Sropporedosay, polis values?) could be nvoked to retore a Slane ier Suk seins! optinisn was parca Inappropriate so son fete Second World Wat ad jhe Naat lect ard anand hy “alia a | Germany dusing thé Third Reich Cant tater wig wane they ey regard to the constellation of ‘cultur ‘cetain values might active ‘move speatically wih regard tothe co ‘value’ around andesemsn Furgpe, mass gneeide iamoder, > ‘Because of antvopologistsexlling of culture, andl rduring { Yascnation withthe more narsliar and seerngly barre chara terse of he no Western other (encountered in symbols, ital Ye ‘pblogge | Introduction 3 nd forms of representation gener) sone human ihr ive tuaced rtp arte ts feal sso, {nl anteopaopit te pureyor of exten Torte, Roads ai laa) etal tes thang Ene toth act aulmancéf clita values an Sot be ‘Rgete undangng nate elt Sse a Ho Hg quistonsble das tat chet both the rgance ad the ‘onal of Western oDtrers" Thin ll pure Howards ejector i Fete franc commana ed Ep rogue’ ply of sntvopologis, commis and es) 1h retort & inode conception of hana ste. Howard over-hemogenses the eat cf perspectives wihun nopology and she apres withan status ion of hw Sntpologes el wth tion Yetsome sopecroer aioe [Sram nha mre than ary oer iepne, srsroplgy AS. Sonmbuned to cultura consnciat and commana ‘Sheaplonof nce ghey mary moreso tan Howards ‘Sem ela tole Solo Th preset dcussonf tceeecaliralappaiy ofhuman sghtaievelve ord heuer debe EEpostance of caltre (ee Panikar 1982: Renin 198,99, Wnbumn 1987) Tmo a oes hea furan onlogy i OBS ae rl tbatview ofan provobentmc! —_ Erde andvo whl depiee dows al dowry mneysemo oh ee nny ba a tty human se nun ang these seeing nego the vaya aa fermatie ceden and epmaalythowe which appear tone Intron Farhan eh nw, wo cently summed pn ‘er Bah newspepe healnemhihrend Caporale? “swansea go bond he Sasa of ness avy codeine erected Inaivg sone empire ctseratons regerding the ongoing otalnion strange thane alm are Something to recommend themselves fo the csnoqspes ‘sellin mle cept ean eet gs rcodnce Wim comers anc genes» sn To ery: Yet ws wilh tn sboluist duane, he sve ‘Pavia polar is to tang int conceptaninton. The Intellect efforts of those seeking to develop ‘rameveork for tindertunding the sol eo right won bee diced nt Towards foenng ac niga saa btn by pln‘ Human Rights, Cattre and Context ‘heir meaning anu use. What i needed aze more detailed studies of human rights according tothe achons ad intentions of social ctor within wider historical constraint of instutlonalised power ‘The Cultural Relatvint Critique of Human Rights ‘The inability of philosophers and social an legal theorists agree on the mgraToundations of human sights perhaps the mont ‘mame factor inthe reat favour. This fact rey ster the hand of moral pluralist such as Steven Lukes (1991) who has haleged elo of wes such bees Ragland as — {oestabsh an ‘Archimedean poin’ which would provide universe ‘ational foundations for penertlable evmsandcaegores of asic, has brought us a1 situation where an open contempt for conceptions of humaa sights abounds within politcal and legal ‘heory om Bentham’ famous ajernent Ua tea ofnatalights 's"nonsense upon sts to Macatye's (1981-67) comment tha the ‘ruth spin: there ate no such hte and belle in them sone with ble i witches and unicora. In this introduction, T caine! do Justice to thecomplenty ofthese debates within politcal philosophy, ‘nly examine the implications of some of them for an antopoigh- \ cl or sociological inulry ino human nights, ‘Allapproachesbrosdly within thecultiral elatvst action point Intadton 5 ‘A more recent and influential coneepsion of human natze/rights Isfound nthe work of th sociologist Bryan, Turner (199), wich Inconportes elements of ats RR am feng amore Alexie and globally applicable conception of human sghts: Tuer ‘ejects the ratonalistand individualist ements in Kant sphlosophy, since they do not allow for a moral rommusity fo be Bult pon deputy aod ene era Tare argues th acorn ‘human ontology precotan a any notion of human rights Fe trvakes the :hlcsphal anthropolgy" a And Conant Helmut Plesne. According tos new, humans are characterised bytheir word-opennes and lative lackof natin In contrast 0 the Hobbesian vecion of history, social institutions are needed becausehumans sre physealy and ofeogially al annie’ not because they ate aggresive and Denton domination. Socal institutions and socal arrangements are precious So socal relations characterised by nak and instability. Whereas human appines: ishoted forts variety human misery relatively uniormy leading tora notion of human Sraity as the universal feature af human For most anthropologists, the category of human nature i one of the more offensive ways of inporing the prejudices OME ‘lune Ia the AAR statement mui oF REAR aTgOTEr ‘ated onthe principle thatthe individual's perenaiy is shaped by his/her culture. The fir! propsition which Herskovits (ANA 1907 etree eg pea itn fF _Stiermath of the Second World WaF. The Untoesat DeSurdtsN of / TEER ees tans 54) deemed essential in any ‘Bil of Human Rights” stated, The individual realizes his personality through his callie, hence espe {or individual differences ental expect orcltural etferenees [Ss ‘culture’ and cultural dilference are deployedto deconstruct ‘he universal rational nvidal of Assia plllcal economy upon | auarrnumas fights discourses depend. “cuNs part ofa general ant-essntallsm,relavits eet the notion fora uid subject witha knowable exsence, whether ite all \ PalaeDh ec dhincering® tei can bet seal characteristics of Maman Many Jorma pf ents been with actus of univers’ || [Gory Reman iia wih et oue f decor, Nstry, nature’. Within therationalstadiion, human — | 4 | Sontextox agency. Avelativistertique ol Bryan Turner's oration (| * Soteait Rutan naire would ty that Tuners advancing ar inherently paradoxical lam = that is our ack of exsence whith ‘universal nua. The concept of Fralty maybe open to 3 certain queef eiativsation sce tonsteucs man nate the weakest possible terms without abandoning he idea ldgethar butt lina Eoesnoteseape tom problems which re rom aiompfsto cat : setangsments The constuction of “numan ature was put aire poltesl usage by thoes ch asfohn seiecitieeeracven | {| Sowmcamenay fetter eres coat ee er ene ecu ioe tire ee Aaa tl6 ‘Human Rights, Culture ae Context sence mt precede ensenctfor relative tobe possible, and the ape of exstence which mort calengesanyunveraetence {s‘cllres Ihsan nate. presupposes conception of aman teing hen here ean immediate dificaly ofwansionia that sme Caluco maynothavesuchacanceptatall American indian languages Such ss thse ofthe Nava and Hopi construct humannest st Belonging sll to those win the boundaries ofthe communi whoo colectve name ean Te peoples Outer sre preted ‘eberanuantoa certain degre pricing Even {Phere 3 conception of “human Being” eithin language and ‘oltre, univer noone of igh or see may ntbe necessary sive rom Dgty may ol be wrvery Huan tall tay Seclibuted unevenly by system of socal satiation sin he Hindu caste sytem ‘Anheopeogialeriiqus of ( scaly aad ‘ae tthe ciegory individual hich earnest at “thw? eats point out that oy i presently constituted, Internationa hasta rights law i fundamentally grounded in Individual righ and therefore remain une to etsy respond toa global diversity oflegl system. The UN's sl uncomfortable ‘with es individualist concepuons of igs in aplication of ‘human nights procedures operates with what Rha Fale (292 438) calle 2 normative bindomt owasds indigenous peoples who spall zt may claim communal rights te land ovnerehip on eelgur frghas an enon of Wester nviuals and tera has sng pig’ Max (197) rote ong ago tat tiger cea Euan sions of ighare pedi sarge gree on bourgoi categories of posses india end the {remorietActorcng tosome eas, mor stausbelengs more toealecve ents uch aba“ sy) than fo tndisiduals Inthe concepbon and applistion, hen man hs fieanelinocenc eterson of European concept of indvidualiy Serightstosoceses with more communal pall adison. The Stpleaon here parle hate te AAA acne on human sighs {ht outsders sould notntserein moral sues which arena tovanolher culture since ths would usual led tothe a0ary Slenig of collect azativs by ‘Wester duals ones ‘nrg fo anpspucaltlefOoMURTN, Alison Dundes eet 0585, ot 19), accep cat as econ of {bev asmade up offen soc with diverge moral vase poly, wntrel otatas A pnith iva Hann (Socket hy ow 7 gard cies wipe we eore See eration chs 28 RR Vattcon FCT ef a ystems tet plein ftserance which omental REE foray fstconingyeosey seg tents devant TG 608) eps Reltivsm compat wth coher aves Se he hay elated a appon hich Sh elim enpincalyenteln 980) once the era tltophere enerng ine ths dete, her here satal tne aniveaon fate toe combines wh ‘vedas Se new nanay ht See Se ee enapatedie ie or ance ea of in eae a ae pace sen portly een Ee pecan pel eonclin diferent cokes fron enormous saan teeeredles onsale) twtr anh. Fe ets ater none welts moral pence Sedat tution deo proparoraly athe pense rere sete be panel ie ine Ove expesion ois rere dnsor nha Old Testes eye frm ee ry cma cbpcuvelstobuld aman igh sundae Svan eglnscy ess the pobe These vas would be TORRISY oP Weddin tevin ot noturt sight, but on te Fendt proven uve of mora Flee eproea vempene Te ptoves thatthe pipe of nese repo nis vient dengan yet ole esas eeetea ef trenge liye Note ean cee tion cn ce late td perpen aenge sate ect Puce ny pea merece reales SEDs vl etna an Renelnraes ave ‘ele common dnd wat arly tise ere Haar cnn bt heronn dy nln eee repli sng spree See tages ver nih i hey ge pret he fiSafeue fr Sipe lt gprs andere cea santas Renin elee diese of nega aa er mpeg Reh sephora as SFE sna snc tain sets areas ners ego nse ofany vl judgements yetse wane ob ‘era concepbon of nunan highs ough an empineal ur ‘eens ol anioe Pula we oa say tat threo Tach, in Hewes Of ale cna Mshih® dy terres, tee ke yi [Bettevidenee 6 Buda univeralisuc foundation for human rights, {hen there mus ugh evidence tcassesubidenceincaimspi ‘mera incommersurability. sonyil uncries ts ownteth cat 8 Human Rights, Culture and Contest ‘The timi Relavisr oes have mets when thinking about the possiblemethods | ofa socalingiry intorghts Forethnogrephers ol human rights the ‘most vahubl citque of universalist perspectives ithat they provide Et ono famewerk lor studying rights onthe ground’ In defening oneeplons of humas ature and arguing that universal hts mist De designated tough sn overarching super perspective, rationalist social philosophy and natural aw Lit he dscusion of igh out of ‘and tale i tothe lvel ofthe categorical fons of Cultueal Relatviem pe on sept away BY formals alysis oft poy pcp at furan acon ae cently related to absolut ms ra Taw In particular, the influence othe inf ight theory hashed toto great an emphasis on suring peor foundaors nd corinoes to obstruct empirical attempts to understand rs, Despite ts methodologca insights, cultura seativism suflers ‘rom # number of delusions and imitations. As many have noted morals ( ri 0 Treats eae ae heen lnc auc rahe nt ec Rete ey 5) i pnd oy ee in become erat any ei er nigral Vetere paket sei enc: te gg ser acy naptime elena ae pense eae he ee = renee I nan isbepetenem mit ob ate te srinegl poe eure of ne pret we Se le acne en ee Mes ly Intrduction ° inegalitarian and repressive political systems. An undeniable truth is that many governments around the world continue to carry out | [= ible acts against thei. popuistions, and relativism is the mast useful available idéology which facilitates international, esc in state repression ‘Calta telatvis provides an inaccurate st of descriptions of spl lon cel ws ring cpa re elatilat ght theoristich a Ronals Dworkin 1977s ute awa ofthe esent dscssons of culture the socal scenes ‘Sh humanies which have sought o deve ths concept and piveltof is ontalogal secutyIsten,he various ess folie and rey ‘cular, consrartingitas internally form and Nenetaly oud. Calareieen as sare se aotalve;not as eros-ut by socal diferences (age, cst, perder, es), or chorale ws ents, ramen esdexuaibe and emerge Clg is efered to as an emiy, rot process a noun, nota eh Fo th Goce tbe cere, cultura lists sem to Gat nnetentvcenury notion of culture as discrete and Tomogeneous asthe prac of satin, and as the bass of ll differen and smarty between aman begs Theta is predicated upon bounded conceptions of linguistic and cultural Systems bt fale apart in contents of hybidity, ceoisation, ‘Rreamnture and the overapping of polital waditons. 31) scraper ba eis cha Seas: crt at undeining human sights reference 0 GE fave gnoed arnalioaljuidea! process Despite he Gharges of te govetunents of clued impedalism in the Splition of ternational lw, human igh dotine hasbeen Eoptedby many people whom twas ee orign Fr tance, Mayurrndman’Aghte srganteatons W Guatemala reproduce ser ee atpna br may meni mee en to reinforce universal conceptions of needs." Groups who now referl Ree eecerenten ep aerate ere sence) a eet eerie gence Se esha onet craer ar CT aiecEh sian AGORA SERS ie tagicc ed staan paca ee aenetne ne oeneemeaciacamenre eee ee nse era bine yor Jalae ay rs te worben ys be att ae eden | Iovart ee Bite amen ih Ct nt ont whet lee yeas wan arr ca ip 1 iv status pesition in national society Sow as indie of genous sets as twas peasant va We Wot Hee ‘She 1956 Ths irparbey an awareess onthe prt of many Indigenous peopleset international insti and of hes gener Pes pespten ten npr orcs Incteoingly, indigenous people sctvey seek representation at ‘Rremai! fora and ten sich bce with eal ave no. ‘iced eho concept indigenous peopled snow inseparable FOSS gn ter wicrnepeent hem a Eins of sua pveipent Ws fo coidence at the ache around EEN Gear of Tnigenows Peoples sn 19 came under the UN's fRuman rights budge Tine, just as itis no coneidence that they epreneate les than escent ofthat budget “The Globalisation of Huanan Rights Despite the more elfensve demonstations of elhnocetsn in the ska sights fl cera ape of he universalist case need to ‘pctenied by anthropologist at es autre possibilities, As Wes angoed ne eatonsty beac he 905 an 97 (oe Sg 1982) altura sgumentaeinceasingly underminedey theltbsaton fc wena pate rcs ly ‘itu eidThese Such rede Bar (199) propose that the olst mode cfsedey warabrafsanilisionofnineteenth-ethiry ‘sor and Bui wey Teyana, {Bivided into ntonsates with let ones of langage an ule seems fnally tbe giving way, f0 notions of disorder sat maniaton and mei, or, Aan eptl connumer images, anspor echasegies, gration and woo, the sro’ sot ae inresingly inlegisted nto aba neon [fe Festhrsone 1990; Hannere 1982), ua aghsOnganisions (eepecne such etwork and Web (988 1) erly uly gully ‘thypetole whe he wes that nlenaonal human rights he SONGS fawn ieaogy Some of the seiglyutopan RES of elghmenth centy human he theorts ace now {ESibe in he vales ae pretn of human eightsinttatons. For {ssance n 185 hor before hebacame berg se) Inert Fant 8615) wrote "To Perpeonl Peace A Posophical Sheth {Stubs he segunda: Introduction 1 Deceased a> poole argesano gs ene pe wo ep Egy den omopaian Sota ene ‘rnin tne ea “is, ecm tp gue omen gee Oy as ‘errs ata ives age at ea Tysalaticpe wd ptconn neSi “Traces of Kansan of ues al colour he dotins human rights inston® the aiference Depth with Gevelopmens in conmonicatons technology, ita praia fey lors anapenen none place beeen everywhere Emmet Fr mfencn te deveopment ote Weil eb smart that th netvorted diseminaton of hams is Inocmaton anda oer ype) ep eb een ‘Shore Gaon emotion aan ahs pene! eer Meio since january 1998 nfoatonon each stage ofthe EZLN. ‘thelion hasbeen eay avaible ver he nteretDurng a one. trcck period in ery 1985, Latin American lee sts eesved ‘Mealy dozens of eases pe day enouncing human righ bes aga Mayacommuniterty the Mestan iltay The connor of reese Sub-Commandante Marco ~reportely wit on ‘stplop PC nesto the lernet~-were regula ponte on Wort ‘Wide Web bulltinboardsotinessme tes toey sppesed in other ‘eda forma. Inthe same way tha iam was te et von, ree Chapa shel fbeopoce sre The nace of “Each confrontation has been altered according to theie mode of ‘epzcsemabon ot bal sen tote sce reat and human ihn in thelte wen cetry ney she wos peoples ives, SthchClilora ear has dese aa opis eg iar Fa siteaeierarecuregesned oy si ing fet 6 ovenappng cnt PEeeitaep ni ice ngmaenarar a eccin | By Sly Eng Merty (250300; say cose aed rretsedonting shin power nealin Teg pone Of Thelegagy ers : ria : cBlonaloontet } “Sete Pobalinton dons rotmeanthe sess weston, | mmadenzngerundarasoson scones hod cao pa dvceiy b we a2 ura Rights, Culture ad Conte seshuldet adopts vif bionic sar hatlnny free ef homageiaon and intgration. bat ‘avers rodatonot sven swell Aves of mrmatve res ma il evan may even be cxocebted y lob seer Oe tty reo lonper posite spon ation Ste, "Sura dlemcpanaed otf opposer sees ell Nore moral ferent flant on SESE tes bel bt seman gered ad suscep te ‘Shannen Swe fraser net (ig fect ccateo gogo TBhcns rete tot in ie same ways inerpetaion depends iy Shiccal and incidual valu dtnctons. ‘ \ “huey human ig reer) thus Becomes 4 en clang stunonal ena pesble ERR Bmw lan sce one cn ep \spentnepssbly ann the Synge cl he wert etry, Nr Eee are ern ough wry of &\ flceses om movement of finan epitope pital Scans oc ero aman pts ownage eco auth antenatal ia nrconecios of meaning eck elias whch epanhupe dares nl genera ng Mitte idence and inrabjectiites Gor example nda tyr firsts Us ng rtp omioe Angels paye nan aldo Treat neers of aman night doce dea on persona suogrphies community histone and on epession of powet redtobebatveen etre ope the earch oa eal Senonhavote vet gto on enon Ar ‘Sidanhumansightnpnason saetheimpungect Ramee Bee e irene chal notte sured at haan As Beg Rvoted nah orthodox and petit ep manner Ts "Gutpln gore the depreco wth human rigs dct dows PeCEoseand natn leet cone, whee that event shor Wey oer Arn Mets (99-23) state “Gey we comparative says may le est nthe para sae eet he val eg ch re nde eT thle peceons, Gaba iverprelgion sone ‘atnagoliaion ae a” "Toe fealistio that ethnography must give up its pretensions toa ‘bounded hols, and instead embrace partalty and transnational Felatonships sil eves open the question of how to conceptualise the relationship betwee local and global discourses, Ul Manners (6) haw offered some insight though his notion of a ‘global Intratuton 8 seaman’ ot non fmt mos rami al econ ptm of conesuting or ovrapping crneclons ‘which are plualsed and wuatable. Far Hansnere,¢ network consis Sisesafecatnshps wih degesofteh cnc des Searing doer not merge fram cultwrally Gounded se et valve, ‘but instead flows through global interconnections. The ethnography ee nehwert oul ioe Ske way pneu eens ae Elbaisel essence andbecomecanhetin wanton ioe thin sechs pepe ctl uniuepelapes testy shelnerangetaes an inacies foe procs open tn dlerent eve Sumit intads ata of ow hua igh lai frames and shapes localised normative ord@teand how they. fs sara stds ccrept Tow Sol ce dcop dstne aja cng tarsal a IRnnlonalcourstocmsbucseaveey humantighsece’ i ‘ents ofindigens pore Amer deployigman piso pe el and cane ancl cou ty eu supa af the powes by inenatoal courte Ths of ‘dyof humanism an eprom oe igh aad none vegies sue aed safes = ASGEE ay of interacting egal and normative odes have ‘come orale inion of wher oot harman git [ESti tenga eso Sadovl ser Retin Gon) Sus tur Bo dese wher ere aconceptct hun sighs ‘Bhan orl cots il broly eae etch dingo mt oly pl ta sn lel Satria sack sehen lal neon concen of aan favs tas came be gig shot equi ie wrong ey eS an fbanng Eres iin rd tedieritmigh beber waka how cance are implied inmost ty id rtnecay oa Te pponch lite and Pua tenowae slam afore could fase tsps gl ean tough compote Iter ofc rai may ex Bt we ah vero how th wilted wl eorspsstebmuph inact relationship in a particular s0cio-historical context. Stain ponent whack Doel s 0) equ thone who ek in poral toanan gt tens nese rise nd para Mans arand Chine ‘aoa nw ee /L_ pai These are rt gs in he tt sence ince hey ae obligations tym tun diet whe " | - I ifagon the 2S, Be hosery ‘uma Rights, Culture and Content | Intructon 18 constituted between ulersand vine authority not betwen rulers | scaled dicourc of lw Geers hermeneutics hss shaped Schumann ieeentetbeng | postmodemnist conceptions ofa, such as that of Santos (1967) who Heres oprotecion whichdesvelrom emereloctet | Sees law ara system signs which distorts reality nthe same way eng human ‘Sinap dots hrough mechanisms of le projection symbolaton Instead of projecting the conceptions ofinemationa human rights “The empirical focus on specific socal process futshed by an Jaw ontoall other formulations of egal categories itmightbe more | stecpretaliveapproachserysgasa palliative othe heady heights of {rfl to examine how ths plasty sree how ferencesin | Ofmplan macro-tworsing Kanan ego menionbutere inwitona pracices become syteatsn’ and how moral values | ratoalst intelectual trent obscures the ness of every Save conto Since he were or commana and shaadi by accepting the compromise of categorical einen, An Atcbutes tend to essentials both international and locl codes, | exten ethnography of ight, on theater hand, shows humans then all we can sty are the conjuncturalrlaonshipe between | sePfete with elngs engaged in thes brte rater existence, and ‘arousjriel eategories and provers “esiedia de complete of thar socal worl givens bas, ‘example, to document ow sen of poi lene” se tansitetinto human igi asotives I human ght eports Power and Agency in the Study of Human Rights vents re of actors’ conslousresses and socal contexts, then ‘Thus far my argument has only served to locate the space of anthro- partof anthropologists briefs to restore the richness of subjectvitis, pologcal sacs of hum tights but itis Yel fo formulate | and chart the complex fils of sora lator, contactor vlacs Theoretical ramework for understanding the variegated expressions nd the emotional accompaniment to macro-tricturs that humag, #E ‘of man rights themesves. The diffi of sestrng ny seal raccoon reel ‘oundations fr ether human ontology or human rights means that ‘of the locals. and Inléfpretivism of traditional brands of secaatteed tobe sgacebe sooutsecataohemecings sndseck | hemeneutics since it ls aces local connections 0 macros Toad obuldsuongineiesolUeoperstonotspsts Bequesson | nebworka) This taker et beyond the polseed aporoaches ff Si'hunanvatre wameophysea ene wash apnotbearowerea waived or fav and wanscne fic and Saist capheromenogial younds sndthereweshoudbncertand | 4 can inte urn Fights Held Te * reed with out contingent nd bso vestigations. repatve Teninge GD ato Ur WaReTgNs not ust at ‘Thasenphassonempurcomand syrintcenplanatons doesnot J istumental mechanisms Guta expressive of enone around result fom an anti thereical slang nce te motivated hy an | tise aoa ond relysous lentes, Humanighsareinvolved neljtical premise that human tights are not ¢ product of seca in doting these inappesiion the aed Ws sespcaly _ frente bu anette, era ieee eae ei «fer very exprenon, Tey aces parca form ofpowerand | empe te fn Sat of AuanSiate, ian ay x erm regimes, many of them practising the Tslannic aa cose ig ae SN ¥ ‘Shi, eRe Miime asa Bese we deal wh es ‘aay Faloans aw GPU has provided recent examples of iy emphasis on seston Fidzalwrangingovernatenaistinecigouriteatesoruitance Jed ieee ower iS Clifont Chere (083) oh portaysavets Inthe death pevaltyjudgementon the 11-year-old boy Slama Mas Sato crue toro seal inagrotert for Cort nd Rs tuncy Mandooe Te eee wat tr epeaisdby Pakistan Fenoning sadistic manner ofmaginingabe rel and isone of fe High Court but by then Mansoor sa already dead having bes most significant ways in which people try to make sense of their ‘ced by othe fuslims, Those prosecuted under the or Ea agit conse gol etre an | Sper Jy bughtin by Gena Za hve pany en | merely Yetectve of them, and it is trough relating genéral ‘Chaistians, Hindus, and members of smaller islamic sects such as S's, GuguTspeclccas mecaianagrareappronaeha | Semonsrang the particular convergence between lame and Gea Eeaciy Te pean no lclleatenpeceionswarcite [atonal dere whch as carctsied Patan pois since fnto legal actions, and how local knowledge interacts withthe the execution of President Bhuto6 Hur Rights, Culture and Context The nln wenkesof Gers euuralhermeneu oes at its insight are conned ie nar opel apenas brcnnltey lamp charlene ars, Ed the Malayan not f ae Goat 190) maa of he atscae of Leu stashed to legal possess intrptton cles tral uageand he susesScal oo Cores isons that eal ttgir hae ben eae ner Colonials but he dss ne ierughlynvesigue Se prt, iat now for instance, te Iss nvion thant trarlomed y desolation Suprsingy cat hactlcage te prosent in tr acout mich sells mtcnegenc ose, Fite an Indic aw' Tas neof escan of ecoaneneg ‘Soman one And if8) Ir dou fet apply WaT eat ‘SretevantNepctnyatfisw wus hese kes anoreraytenataedvovofeureand beige ajo fl) RES IRer een Genes orkan meena a al a ow of thought ater han form of ower ‘Thefocus wae a form of powers ncesary as plato relativism, which, looking fr explanations of gs by ference fo pute allege wo waht cnnon bewcon a system of signer andthe ppliaton of etn age Inve analgn codimeepoltaby ar teeter way and to paraphrase Fre Wolf (930 by looking at how pone inhab meaning aman sighs re above the eof oil paca { Srigabs berweer Inaiduale and ints poops Human rights | decline ise pola principe which orders and selec fecen Surplus of signers hs isnot to ay thal representations and Iennings dot marin strugges over igh sine testy Suceessulconry outa stopgle depends upon te esto appt ‘hich shapes thon econ ina ipnyof raj Taw is more than a form of thought or asstem of signs. asin he formulations fl rnin termes po ode itso 'afom of vlenee endowed whe legsnacy formally onsttuted authority (ory 1998 36) An ekaggersted concer ‘with ideal catego and ymbols can obscure he soy inh Serves as move of soca control and of enforting power elation, pticulaly those linked to property right Seer testa coptve profuckof Senet RIS WH a fvolence, coercion and srvellangé furan eights are the product of the Hiv moder nation-states and a chequered history of nationalism, colonialism and posto Imodtucton w rials, Agravian states did not have ‘human right’ asthe power ‘ofthe ruler wae constrained in a diferent manner and violence was notexercised through the indo nstitions which constitute moler cs Bg enrtinoappartne antelope of moe? era cr petty oe in which Ni eg Set cere al Sone aed ‘Sortie tose Ths ouringury mst oan Srireacona cio botaes ttt ere teaaay Daun ies otpcon cra tame secon rohtiunecrans ontemencear apne ‘agains exnponcrsicocsopel rennet on igh ote ae anche Pee se ireinnoreeconroneeetisceecmonangte ee Sy al hand eae ans Se era eee Fencitetpie nel perie es faa Saree ate ann ae eoctont eae Thee tor ear St are hee ir thelonta Garten lane, Mie Gor oredr ea are creer iy etch ecdsoanes titra teen sens ‘dim Suh tend hey ae he alien of ple Supe ete ee ete Le ae tie Shared ew egies at Ronco ati aca eee tad eer sat Ne {Slateiy acidedohodocnine spec reese ed Ieee Lacerta ° maintaining the possibility. that ri te Cae eae Sates ‘REBAR aed eve ele aoe celeveabgves ne “Finally, researchers should be careful not to grant too much emphasis songial sch butte nan apne ne recactteaens iomntoere fossa ioe erat ensht orarearen to be alienated or transfered Enligitenment ration of | rotten gis omsisn Se oepee Bessy by fring power as fixed, coninable ans naamative, but power leaks out, and lows around Fights, Applying this to our ‘subject Werca say that uaa righ therefore depend on power relations in «given context for her implantation, and accordingly “ter forms of governance andthe exercise of power All this brings Usback tothe argument for an ethnography o human rights which tittes them within mpi of oct relaony and explores 4 # 58 Huma Rights, Culture and Context ot jast how ight are founded ox postesed, bt how they transform ieach complex statepic sltuaon, Contextulising Human Rights Say En Mery ses tha although han its was oignaly 1 nla op eine edn agen gel Weer inyracine Santora ebay med ipan Bigewus tgs oveen in Hwa ean le Oat ope te alts Sanlancny tal humans poe > adloal Kanaka Maol anys the proceso feta 2 tet opoyen ea reg ing of Wester ‘Emo poral ere ft hal snd cl Sul wat ‘oppure are andanentally cee and sepreset fom of ieee gical homoge, Lng vemcharbaton spat Sia proces ce energece of oe aonal nit ey stay cea te appropiate renepreaton feral tte by the Hawtlng Soveragnty Moonen the Peoples Intends ul othe Hawn 9, ba was ‘sued i cial wi the US govern nde os the urges dew ug ays oer oe toro the return of Kanaka Maoli land and water rights, and politcal ‘Shas for ih Karas Ms pope. The tal proved ipl fates whch th clams ome Tato, nts dew ogether ims based pon notions ot Stace tre and aie, Bi lo wd We legge of ‘ove, snip and cotton ry cy fo ic sho ons, where te ) fandom by he passe ke a ete te Sh ld Eisen documents multclarl dba nd pout in sins crac cope ane of sconces eer mulucltrallt eas and individ aman igh He argue thatthe dual org of atonal n ghtenaent and ‘titan tought cst te comraion betwee te sight ‘sland hei tobe diene ben eared Sy the inweasngly plyete character sae Een ers otal madam Se ese‘ meer Foie enteric int operation, and hat ane eine TPmsliclrnare spe mana igs wheres ohes ‘tenot Scanlan inte intat itencsteoren people are the reslt of closer relationships which engender Somparablity and sumalrity that thatthe sssertion of "altura Introduction 8 uniqueness’ implies a shared subscription to a global political discourse. Those points are illustrated in Mauris by reference | Conflicts around discrimination on the basis of religion in private Schools and the application of sate and cartomary aw to Sore fmong Muslims, With egard tothe place of customary Muslim family law in divorce, it became apparent that the disparity in perspective between younge: and female and older male Muslims Bated any multculuralist claim that ‘cultures’ (as bounded and ‘ified have angle set of dacrete "values Another mtculse ea “ly one mustalso ve the inva ight ot tofaven ste ‘enuty” Etaen ste the example o Marian socialist plane ‘who sefsed to reiter ther ste identity (hich entrenches psamentry representation slong eth ines) with he esl ht ‘hte Maurisan of fregn bith vas epistered 3 ind onthe ‘Stctonrols For maltiulftrabamtocoest wth nda human Fights Ensen aset ht it rut ined aloe principe in plletalcommanietion ss wel as bing ntl A and ‘Conon commonalies and shared mesnings jr Gledil arguee that socoveconomic rights must be contextusled wit Wlerenceto eons regulon and cptalt rope latons in which pict intone are embeded.” “Tafough an examination ofthe lbera writings of Use, Mal ad Hayely Ceahil chats the rte of discourses of possessive {ndlidlalism andthe emergence ofaturlaw prcplesane ght sed stnes keen gts anscend dl predate) sey {Cs moves on fo consider the aceon of fo Rawls tat pla eralsn must embrace the ‘ifferene prince’ for "ithntc puralom fo emerge iedllseiiqu of Rawls pertes Sn many level clang the degree to whchliberalsm epecally inthe postweliare US) cn crbnte sconbenus among asecbon athe ‘ody politic for the withdrawal ofthestte'sresponatlityo protect ‘ae Hehts and how daputsoverrghts may involve elective as trol as idisdual atone. Clea contxtales this icasion i ‘Renepotiatons between he Mexican goverment an the Zapatista ‘Anny f National Livration(EZLN) He ndlgenous ght police (rich afore B20N dct calor theceston ofa mula “ety the recognition cf colscve gh eldingthe management ‘fmineral and forest resources) and politi aatonomy. nage Sights movernents present dfrent vision of concepone af he ‘ton goo’ andrestins cash Beer veal and non2» ‘Human Rights, Cetera Contest Individuals premises fright, society and ber. Gledhill {gains the attobution of distinctive rights on the aie ef an indigenous idensiy’ by indicating ha oth vctnhood status and ‘cute ace fixed when grated gal sass nd onthe grounds that neoliberal states grant space 16 \denty polise in Ser rezulnteand normale vet AU same me genous poses InMewco and eewhre dos sign conte no bean ‘disciplinary bureaucratic regimey By faking honindivideninoe Algcourses of enidoment pressed Upor'a meal sano Tell A ices mvtern conception fry a ature in foxder to interogate the ways it whch the Uns Desloralio f sen Rights encompasses avaiety of diferent forms of betaviout ‘such as the: deployment-of pam in religious practic. and sdamasochisn. The history of the concept of torture isnot oly 2 [story f the prohibition oncertincruel paces butalso cones “ananativeabout modem sacularised formations ofhumaness The Feference to ere inhursan or degrading tgtnent ox punictcene Jn AttleS ofthe Dedaratioa presen set tomabe universal marl sea eal udgomene soot at const pa and sullen. ‘tempts fo eliminate pain and suleing Stand ins contador ‘elationship to other chershed valves sucha indvidual atenoery Sand the duties ofthe state Since it used fo measure qualatvely shiterent paces, the category of torture ihn Western modernist Siscourc emerges an unstable category. Arad nis fo pant Out thathsscepicam inet omardstheeatence sleet outta the universalist discourses wthn whit couched Ast chats the historical rise cross ses ite pove spre ily theres RBTRNE tal aoa Faecal prema ere nguage of ust’ and enemas founded on Wester liberal premises-even W many comtemporary forms of "Feastanc’ to Westem values may, on coer amination be seen ast oa Werteneenony wich stucurs hem n profound important ways a. ‘omanticaton ofthe pre-capitalist words cersinly best oid Disgraced inthe Valley of Mecounder tee ‘ule the yrs 1430-5, the alr leased the pens ram he {rbute gations, but thousands stil ded from starvation and ‘Tousundaotherssl themseveso hi chdreninfosavery Oct 1572 181) Sahagansecordetntevenomenobiessld hs eee, itecngthsrwrth aginst he merchants who purchased men oe themes. The merchants were those who bad’ plenty, who onperey ie grad the weed man, the covtous the mea, ‘Beatingy the sis (ted in Cleinnen 9913). tiers orante sot ae cst not aking in socio politcal conic and pre Hispanic Mesoamertamemptes generally78 tun Rights, Caltre and Context ndedin pescant demonisation ofr cfrulaglasswhichbud anid ‘Cais tpdaofhenven wibite ualned dmember Tei ecm a Recmenacarena ices tetaeen ieapatan oad eof the Mateinte Vay {iMedo which nt provoke srebelion and at whichocoared Stinecnd of theeghoenth entry inte Boo region which Became ifetpeenveot popu nugecy a bese movement oe Mestan independence in 100 ‘the met diversified and economically dynamic region inthe colony ol 1985, the Bajo Rad ofeed exate worker, tenant fern artisans ar miner compartvly enviable condone teresting deograpi deny and Bourbon mercartsm created these conten whic uncely the death of 19% of he al Fopuation when the ra fall foro scond year in succession {pe Cttine 1988). Thiscaasrope wars productos development ef mart elaton? queue ayn known the Aztec woe Unable compete vt peasant fey far inthe alee market lateswrers fae sitet growing when and vegetables othe Sian upper come markt thing advantage of thelr monopay ‘crrllzigaton tte tld cat solange cofsined aie soe dst ss even See en ee teyueced ne gad Mech ot ‘Noguding neal pepuaton vaso cxpendablerorteandors prt of view ching xt an eistence oh fe margin of subsistence Tofval as Woetu tenants and squats on ett and. Taal Tepondent on landlord power unl the communal essa of lta tena Guru andres may shave recived much Spay trom ebshad tents siden exo workers {NUliy Ba tense exree ofthe gt of property wa soon {Since ne secu of Hing then 4antag growing demographipresire tote ents owes woes ot acento cety {Rclandlds began fo eve even mote prosper tenants whose sp fomles ha ved fr gonerotona on te cates easing the ad | Dade with capt merchants, owners of fextle workshops ‘Si and tn coletore. We ae tack onthe tera of egal cong the psu beloved Ut fepany ranges ad 8 ‘morally binding fore custom and svenof contract the evictions eed ecling f mon euttage ank lde who were ~fondemning people tare coat sendy weal speculators ‘Shel aem aed at had given aivelnood in els pst STsurplu wealth he Bao tid poten 17860 even in 10) and antec te cae more fly wo be cea fo cone & Likerlion, Socioeconomic Rights an the Pali ofidentity 79 counterfactual: what would have happened had the coloial politcal: ‘Sistem not entered what appeared othe peasans abe acs fines lite conflict which turned 4 erlolet politeal rebellion int a popular socal revaltion in hich the target of the slogan Kil he Spaniards!” was the ene agrarian ruling class without distinction between cls and pennsules? Yt thecase docs point somewhere Fistonealy it fits into gota patter of transformation wee assymptomaticofthe arth of order a postescWe individualism ‘Asittuppens oth pasints and elites made serious judgements about the Hekis of social force implicate in ‘modernising’ Mesdco it ‘helong term, butit sno aeident that ata time when dispessesion Jsagainon the agenda in the Mexican countryside, Heras agin being invoked to provide lt with an etbical basi Liberalism, Individ fm and Socal Justice Liberalism afar rom uniform doctrine sar as conceptions of socal Justice are concerned, Some ‘ibertarian'eo liberal theorists whose fame are fequently snvoked by the New Right notably Fredrch Fiayek, have regarded any redistributive principle of justice as ‘compatible with iberty and deny meaning tothe very term sol Justice tslfin'asocetyof ree men whose members are allowed to tse their ow knowlege forthe oem rps te in Les 19. 53) Hayek's definition of freedom’ athe tate in which a man is ‘ot subjet to coercion by the arbtary wl of another or ones i {kes 199183), can lead to conclusions of te fllowing kind onthe [ss of asi soco-ecanomi hts is] pesn whocannotatiord buy ony wellhaeausablegevance Which ought tobe reid pouty, but would be seeding [a] to ‘Secerbehirgrevance sinc tess Uosehand Sump ted he ‘soi “Thepoinasfaras libertarians are concerned, sha freedom means personal autonomy or full'selLownership, 8 concept which was [ntegral to the Enlightenment view of treedomy’ whieh wil discus in more detail below; the hangry man ss nt depaived of fs own freedom where his poverty tie unintended consequence of ethers SSRN Ta pls Hayel, deed, would belay oreect even ‘ee Urs hungry man's sivation sould berected politcal, “nce the implementation of any scheme of distbution base! on & ‘concept of socal justice’ in hs view, dependent on a central Suthorty’scoerive imposition of ts own assetament of Weneeds of ‘Siferent individuals oF group. and thecby lads down the pathte ewe 60 Va bercumaticlad de ley Le De eee Lad ee Ws ABE >) aD ee ee eel aiken de tearty Strgeous quay. Arementalsnton of difeence whch Sep ob 1 ofeca loll aaley was eared by he option foes Sonaiuton nce he oto tat Inne se spl erent provided amc arang et conan exon fm te ght {oye fen eel ch These igenesoverat ich ie tespodod wo cotinng eatin by ceebralag heir own ‘ets aie rl of dees ae ltl courting the kat ‘SSectatinglaet sors sel saeco spe egies Shaconctb nen can operon. rcresre ert many pls pe woy a potalona re pul suppor te corsratn of adel opine inte van Yer so nea ert paca fev poston ft wes tiaposse “wean 20SseS8I0n aid Exploitation under contemporary global ‘onens Bcc benere means kat eee ‘nunc and dncuminaon wich ne incommensurtle wth he ‘Sime overoppng consensus to wir all who pretend Storm esl Gea ae) vats tl fal oblgn once ‘The Politics of Soca Justice in Late Capitalist Societies ‘As Thave stressed, lamenting the decline of the welfare state atthe expense of abandoning ‘rial analyses of tate patemalicn anc State management of epitaisn’s negates’ (Brovrn 19815) 8 mat able posion because the forms ofpower embodied i the iberal Statepretuce subjectsin Foucault sence, ecodiyingboundanesand txtending protection to categories of persons deined by snd in102 ‘Human Rights, Caltre and Contest, privatstion and ‘outsourcing as new and moreeffectiv techniques formanagings social body dismembered by capitalist estraciring (Groven 1995 17=18). rom this standpoint it could be argued that he ‘urent interest ofthe liberal state n giving space fo indigenous fights’ movement and other forms of went poli’ into a broader pictures the liberal tte ae eat agency ude ate Captait condons whose language of acogie ofo ro diference . becomes & vehi produce Vsiity and scceptance’ (Brown 195: 68). Tet us briefly review the problem of basic newds”. One ofthe probes wth ay theory of Baie needs ot end oibody ‘inimalst assumptions about what human beings deserve, Peasant beneficiaries of development projets, for example have long learned {tht middle-class burenurats thnk that peasants deserve orbs, butt ts become middle-class themselves. It also seems od to augue he edo promote el hel among he potas. they possessed liteintrinae itive, ven eTASedE? tno efor [eas always shen to survive Ta the lower sanks of ‘apliistsctty On ofthe things Mistry andetinograpiy sem ~ each usabout the pooris that hey also nest a considerable amount of energyin maintain ther sacaleigety not merely i he eyes ‘oftheir peers but in thet interactions with thei soperors wheter thesuperors recognise hat the exchanges that significance not Ustheretore not ene tue that one cannot ead dighed ein conditions of poverty, though # wil be certainly be few ‘Shins nomenon pe ener Salling 7 ‘Nevertheless, many of the ways in which people ‘const’ their [F tmilstion an individuation, though violent and non-violent seaas canbe seen aseffecs of sutures of domination and may be asdestuctvea thepeso atking fogs mcrae Alot Hioser stator maybe spending mort ex atime of roca Conainment in general the hil ages represivelegastion and State violence ate organised groups, not est he organisations of ‘supposedly moribund working leases” "The poor remain relatively Powel andthe putes of scl welire as spowerfllognan EF the state's protectionist role which, tr deahing poor people of Sulonomous identities and socal divert. deepens, that owls. The sete alr opie’ alo {erally ndvidoaing as the vedo any to participate the lag ad grey’ arena the economy i aurvive oth sate asics, \ inhibit polis along fundamental lines of dass cleavage This Liberalism, Soci economi Rightsand the Pits of ently 103 vuitton ttn ral toms trae a sate creer at arena settee an rein CesT, sor amos pene seamen ee Feri pemnikeipeernehe Sear ee eae er aS ae ee Sen en 2 les demain at et sens at eee Son Goat meee dota eatin See eee ere eer Belge brome ert Sammi gites ayo moral entra pl a coete seein re eh eet ee semcerracc ee negneta nite i patie oan eee eran Seep Ty aieaichariene ec sree pearance ee ore Bier motu ies aor em ily, Mb aay oe ee ee ers eee nee seniehrtelomementden pects secon caidas ei ee eras pear eae ee ete orca ee caper ay eee ee eens ete meter sphiecrenerenc teres Bec coree a an aman Pc sheet ttceramr npg ices esata ip er a Seem ee ae soesentere tee og es coca Siesta so pe SroSasteal pelo, sal ees See pre sci opener Ennis yi hence Sete ma oe aang eee ae ee crane mearorraceeneh Bonaire cores aoe108 ‘Humor Rights, Cate an Contet ‘extent that soio-sonomic marginaiionhes'aal dimensions as leary doesn tain Europe andthe United Stes) esoseaeen aadvaniages of attept to toate te nation around spony ‘ajostaran contruction of ‘national cur’ is ely © exces conflicts pounded in ethnic crus and the contacto of lviagnitc ‘comprehensive conceptions cf the food of foceds {onl ind. nthe last analysis oweres whats happening nthe ld industrial core zones of the word economy sae intlipible ‘consequence ofthe need fo manage economic ec wathg the iramework of preserving an esting is sracure and masta theincomes of teupper tra ‘The non-Western worlds bound upwith these processes global economic restrctring a diret way contin ern tooo alse cults of capialism,somaties uncer ne aegis of le ‘which proclaim thee retion of liber! value Twill ey Sitenton beret Latin Americ 9 eon in whch Weve values a, teen formally embraced fo at nat scour. Given he egies of story One mga argue that even the Latin Ameria See, where he etn vide was deepest, such as Gustemala snd Per remaking sties towards aehevng major gin plurals ele {0 the past, inthe verse tat indigenous peoples ae aehveving ¢ politcal voice on the national stage: Mexico's human rights eed ‘ascertain notimproved under te present aniistcg (nasty International 195), but ene might nsvertnles argue Wt # bo Postve developmen ththusnanightslssuesae deed pbc nd thst the dalogue on indigenous ght i ling place fave {ngued, however, that ay Sous how demands ndigenous | rahe canbe mad aro botdes pol democaaton snd {he formulation ofa popular altematve to neo bealica By j sppropriating an tdentty which sa productos colonisation, Menlo nts can make the coletive voces more power oe, ‘atoll and internationally bat there la pe toe pa \UFor the majority af Mevico' growing army of deracigeed urban oot the gana class oppesiton betwen and pees {eatestslence to ther codon of ie and iret int east {ome moments ofthe quotidian dacoure The problem statis ‘Suber toaugh degre ainterernce by othe mediate’ ‘which may be counted the discourse of ident fuel As Roses Sues satesponserd ee pluralism and te soup tat -rejalce and disenranchisement shoud be combsted Uy the Retina eanauene tel cd ea i ac a eee aS ea eis Liberation, Seio-conomic Rights andthe Polis of entity 108 dominated ruling blos inthe era of ‘exible accumulation’ (Rouse 1805365, 57). 1s, nevertheless, ion, ax Brown pots out tat, ina postcolonial epoch in which ‘modern Ub sates fly realize thelr eculariny andthe maatl of abstract personhood is formally tendered toa whole panoply of those historally excluded from it Syhumasian pega ingleace, gener an organ ofseuality ‘nape jc ha human ad tf an ‘BS para a very premier Retane HE mage, To ener {veers omnes Te pac Soe ‘or petsone lke any oer, we Fave lately eormulated our Roa ‘xclnon wy mati of Hisoraly produce and pital ih ae Grown 58 3) Pile denies ar therfore both's precio and contestation ‘thepoltical tems of lberainm,Gsopinary boesucratic regimes {andl rain ore of lobslenptism Bute st nee toast how anng hime to recogrition on ident cin aid resubting cons history subjugated througe ident: ovhat kinds of Pelitictation in what Kinds of politcal conten, could sustain Tobwertion ofthe power sracusee producing such subjugation? Grown 85 545) ies poi definitions cfcoecive entity vough catego juvalente cant tas nsdn thee fouméatons ss the tevin naan felons pred ‘the opti orpesion. The posits ofthe dominant oe iMod lng eran sup or “niger asaya ‘eansof regmenting a Broader potenti coalition of free against the curent model of epitaistceveapment are apparent. Ts was fot however the way atthe EIN began ie ieurgency against the government of Carle Salinas de Corts on ths ay of the Limplementaton ofthe North American Free Trade Agreement The Massan ‘proletariat and parla prletsi fomed fom he “cdg poor sot ec an te porte exengbronder cessing popular colons eee demonstrated by the large ‘panes organ in Mao ity ele mone! by sce Esrvers and mechs from the ten SUTAUR (endiato Unicode rabadores de autoranaport Urbane Ruta yun, ‘ects doplaced fom they cnt by st police ndganous nd mont peaans Delong oral organs ned racic {aban groupe, vat of publ sete mana workers and schol teachers Innciyn ich ofthe population form an uppeclass wha continses tena is peegesin fried suburbs pavoled106 rao gh, Culture and Content by prvate acuity guards, and he 20% wo fom the middleclass ‘ego rnsns te bebeve a hen ibralmodelisno working for them, the formation of multlase coalitions demasing = resstbuve plies and pertps even a arsormaton of oat | [property retauos, might nt be an pease dream hth pols however mostol he miedleclsses are opting the ‘atonal Acton ry cheno the srngent foment toponensive individualism Teceaelet ary ba Democratic ‘Revolution le inzesingy lnted othe suppor of he poorest nd ‘hos marpinalieed ining te indigenus tral comune of {he states where the dre nvence ofthe EZLN fas been Tes Sabrent tun in Chispes, And a lage proporon of the lower ‘hinesareinplnotvongatalDeseuggetacdesnlderouncy td decency i public le doesnot eer, ran paral othe Struggle or rates vcoeconomic jst, Te letorl succes of ‘thot Gut nthe rl othe Peru of Alberto Furor Soggetsthat puch moze cone elatons xt between dese for ‘Eoromi stably ci uta and an end established focal races of socal nd poli exusion on ines of eet tan [era model oars plait sey allow the Ristori challenge in Latin Amerie Was to ull rea-and substantive ‘onnecon beeen rognition af the unversa igs ravine in Tera dere dh atrial pron cc Sutra all ‘tens, the challenge toy maybe taro eorsnaeg people at there is any pont in vechng to prtispste in he arget Palit ie a society wich oles em no plat tsconepie fhe food Notes 1. Data for this discussion of poverty inthe Unite States wee cuted fm he Weeld Wide Web pages the National Coan {or the Homeles, the Food Reseach and Action Cente and the Hunget and Poverty Web pages eompiled by Daniel Zallkof Brown Univerty. ee Oxfam Web pages were Ne source for Be ‘ine ofthat orpuiston’scurreteampalgn aren ison 2 Bevel alee hour fd eng {tno atboug the larger fares low pay aback feces o, Shear rc relive dssdvanage ‘Curent ejlative propos to deprive undocumented migrant fas Fac et woe iis te ai ‘oval te sbardonment ofa earlier sceplance of te spell rights of chitren peal 4 The ext is eprnted without revision in Thompson (1983. | teats, Sci ecoomc Rights andthe Pale of Westy 107 5, teavngasde thereof themy Chapsi ad he‘ soa tleg rege pst the east Oninton ofthe Souter SE CIOESS End elgenous communes ingeeclin these of Casrrere uterine apices of governor Ruhen Figueros, Sng of President Zo ihe govermes® appronch Sots deans nah pats of necounry didnt mor Be tof dilogu'ingan Anas A mectngof 200 genous {ickaes convenes in November antl Hidalgo, by the teen Independent de Pueblos Unuos dea uate (Gkeot ant te Fane Dost Oeertat even Emisane Sepa ((OOMEZ), was impeded by roa-locks and cases Z2brigha y nelcoptr fy demance seconded by etna anearrgh ongntong ete Jose and NoMore Murders {Esformas ts November 195) 6 Beret hone expen feo Chamula ad other highland cere opentn sabes esas ‘Rite seivetacaronaby the 98s long tcl who hed Tress of igh demograplc denay stat ew hein his recat tonne ovis decade Thebes or seprot Hiei ate tandinfunge wae the ewng any wey neler decor ine rise suger she tall unter of Lacan Indian Gn ee ch ‘Seat SPopenng up fovea resources fo state eplottion, ‘Bled by be decigation ofan eologidreserve Teo Diet {Gaol Teesedectlons were ofcourse ose in terms ofthe fig princes of see for marginalised ions and 2, Teal teconceded tha othe dacomlr some indigenas Hah acivotscoppet forewing satura Wis ot genealy ee rire tcmeigenous ovement though es demands Rhectaee Barnet Scolopia cridgues of nor-sustanable saree Thisaes the qstion of whee enone Heer. pople subse the nd of valu stems aertPe saber mua case tedecls wholes are ‘Ruste’ ate great cstance fom the poi of production ofthe Focucestat tan tneajtenof mel isto seh tone References ‘Assccan Anthropological Association. 1982. 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Watanabe, John M199 Uninapining the Mays: Anthopologats, ‘Sines thelnescapable brief Authorship Blt in ‘merc Researh 4) 25-48. iter Evi 109, Pub Discourse on Sacedness The Transfer ‘of ete Rock t Aboriginal Ownesthipe Amen Eeagt Saya Wilko. chard 1993 Anchore Communities: Ident and History ofthe MayesGeaeh Me 28) 21-38 Wal, Ee 8 1985"The Ms Bj the Eighteenth Century: An als of Clara ation New Grleana Tulane Ursveay irae Hendner Jot Eduaedo 91. Notas para intrpetadn elmovimiento fo enMichoacs in Vor Gabriel ure an Manuel Canto Chae (ede) £1 Eats dos Movtmente Sei Teva Mapp 11-29 Zamore and Coyonein DEC Ee Michoacan nd La Universidad AutSnoina Mtrpalisna 5 ON TORTURE, OR CRUEL, INHUMAN, AND DEGRADING TREATMENT Talal Asad In ths chaptes1 discus the mer conception of cra, n fcr ay opreseted in Acie So the Unters Deaton Fema Rg Noone sal subject ota eco inhuman or degensng ent or pishent nth statement Seadjenives culty vestnenter punsnen sem necae forma obeaviou that {ft que eeuvalent forte at east ive cloe fay wt ‘Morland ng depen tat drive fot hs ral ave an interesting istry inte Went o whe shall ern folie Theat svance hetess ht heuer les enced Desratn cover a nde range of guaaivey dierent ds of Sehawiour More pecs) tome rp et ‘Semodemhiorys rere sintontyarcordthe posse profibitonofenel inhuman and degrading pace lis dl part. Samove compos soy oft er sult once atte tobemuphenan Thcecons points th bs rset orca inhuman or degrading teste serves Olay at acon cuual Ssterion fr aking moral ane legal jdgements aout pain and(2), ‘tering Yeti iten mucha is operate sense story ane ctr My the pont ise ote rt tos tee fencing surg whihincadeentl re ng eter ond nf (tr tat to fs suman and even tothe nara eneranment) are nresingh teverlncopebt parca n precip coer the eal post ‘Stat themodem dedeatontocannangpainandsfterngarten @ ‘onic withthe comununentsand values esghtotinivguals ‘eon ane ayo te te ann res “Topeter then fove pom au a underscoring te utble carter facet eategoryaepayed sn medcmn Weternsecey ©