-

.



) (Spatial Data .(Geographic Information System) .
"
.
) (Data Base
.

.

) (Query ) (Data Base



. :

.

) (
.

).(

-



:
- .
(

) (
.

" " .

- .

-
:
- ).(Hardware

- ). (Software

-). (Graphical & attribute Data

- ). (People

- ). (Procedure
-- ). (Hardware

.
) (Main Frame
)(Personal Computer


) (GPS
.

) ( .

-- ). (Software

.

) (GUI .
:
q

). (Relational Database

) (GUI .

) (Topological Relationships
.

) (
.

). (Multi- User Management

-- ). (Graphical & attribute Data

. -:
) : (Tabular Data .
) : (Spatial Data
. (Arial Photos, Satellite Images, Digital Maps).
" .
-- ). (People

.
.
-- ). (Procedure

.
) (Quality Control (Network
) Analysis .
- :
) (Thematic Maps "
"
.
--

) (Census trada name -postal cod .
-- Raster & Vector
) (Vector & Raster ) (Vector
). (x,y
) . (x,y
. ) ( .


) (Vector
.
) (Raster . ) (Raster
.

) ( ) (Raster ) (Vector .

" ) (Raster ) (Vector .

. ) (Raster
) (Vector .
) (Vector ) (
) (Vector ".


)(Vector

)(Raster
.

) (

) (

.
..... .
) ( ) (Raster )(Vector

- :
)(Real World Objects

) (Behaviors
-:

-- )(Data Collection



. .

-- )(Data Input
.
). (Digitizing

"
) . (Scanning ) (Digitizer
) (CAD ) (GIS ) (Data Conversion Tools
" "
.

-- )(Data Manipulation
. :

.
" ) (Raster )(Vector
.

-- )(Data integration



.

-- )(Data Projection and scaling completeness

" .

.


.



.
"
. "

.

) (

-- )(Data Collection Sources

.

) (


) (x,y,z

.
.


.

) ....... (GPS, Total Station .

-- )(Data Modeling
) (Model

) (


.


.
) (Topology

A+B

) (

"
) . . ( ) " :
. ( :
- :
) : B
(A ) .(
- : ) " :
C AB ( ) . (

) (


- :
) "

( ) . (
) (

-- )(Data Management

) (DBMS .

" "

.
) (DBMS

)
(Keys

.
"
.

) (

-- )(Data Analysis and Querying

:
. .
. .
. .
:
.

) (


.
"

.

-:
What If? (Modeling) What is at? , Where is it? , Where Specific patterns? , What has changed? .
-:
- )(Proximity Analysis
-:

) (Buffering

) (

.
Overlay Analysis -


.
.

. :
... . ..
- Visualization

) ( ) (Overlay

.
.


.

) (


- )(Network Analysis
..
. ) (Edges , Joints
..
.. .


.. .

- :

" :


.



" .


"
:

.

.

) ( , : " .

".
. .

-:
- ): (Base Maps

. .
- ): (Environmental Maps

.
- ): (Information Maps

.

" :




.. .



.



.

.

" : :
" " .
. "

.
"
.

" :

.
-
" " "
:
-- )(Remote Sensing



.
-- )GIObaI Positioning Systems (GPS
)(GPS

) ( GPS



). (Tracking system

-- )(Geodesy & Photogrammetry

:
)
......( . .
: )
( .
-- )(Cartography

"
..

) (
GIS

.
-- )Data Base Management Systems (DBMS


.
-- )Computer Aided Drawings (CAD



.

) (

- :

:
: :


."

.

) (Spatial Commands
.
): (Impedance
)(Impedance
: ) (
.

.
. ) (Cost
. :
-

.
) (
.
- )(Allocation


.
"

) (

"

. .
- )(Tracing

."

: :
) - - - - ... ( .
" " .
.

.
:
.
. "
.
.
:


) .... (


.

:
.....

. .

) ( .
:
"
.
:
)
(
:
" "

)(
.

) (DEM


.

) ( )(DEM
.

:
"

) (







.
:
" "
.
) (best site selection" :
....

.
:


"
:
.