Chemistry GT Mid-Term Review

Format:100multiplechoicequestions.Thequestionswillnotappearinorder.
The%nexttoeachheadingindicatesthepercentofthemidtermdevotedtothat
topic.Foractualpracticeproblems,Irecommendlookingoveroldpracticesheets.
Bringapencilandacalculatortothemidtermexam
YouwillbeprovidedwithaPeriodicTableandEquationsSheet

IntroductiontoChemistry(14%)

1.Distinguishbetweenqualitativeandquantitativeobservations
Qualitativedataisdatathatcanbeobserved,notmeasured,whereasquantitativedataisthecoldhard
(measurable)factsyoucandetermine(ofteninvolvesnumbers).QUALITYvQUANTITY.
Ex.)Dataofapainting:
Qualitative:thereareblueandgreencolorsandtheframeisgolden.Italsosmellsoldandmusty.
Quantitative:thepaintingsdimensionsare6inchesby9inches.Itweighs8poundsandcosts300dollars.

2.TheMetricSystemisbasedonunitsofwhatnumber?Whatdoesthismeanfor
convertingbetweendifferentunits?
Itisbasedonunitsoftensothedifferencebetweendifferentunitsisinincrementsoften.deci,centi,milli,
etc.
Forconverting,youcanbasicallyjustmovethedecimalplacearound.
Andrememberthis:KidsHaveDroppedDeadConvertingMetrics.

3.Howdoyoudeterminethenumberofsignificantfiguresingivennumber?
Iftheresadecimal:startcountingfromthefirstnonzeronumberfromtheleft.
Ex.)0.0013548has5sigfigs
Ifthereisntadecimal:countfromtherightfromthefirstnonzeronumber.
Ex.)12351560000has7sigfigs

5.Whenmultiplyingordividingmeasurements,howdoyoudeterminethenumberof
significantfiguresinyouranswer?
Youroundtothesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasyouhadoriginally(thesmallest#ofsigfigs)
Ex.)3.202389812301x2.0=6.4

6.Whenaddingorsubtractingmeasurements,howdoyoudeterminethenumberof
significantfiguresinyouranswer?
Youkeepthesamenumberofdecimalplacesasthenumberwiththeleastamountintheoriginalequation.

Matter(8%)

1.Definematter
Anythingthathasmassandtakesupspacesolid,liquid,gasorplasma

2.Distinguishbetweenphysicalandchemicalchangesandproperties.

Physicalchangeissomethingthatisstillthesamesubstance,justinadifferentstateorwithdifferent
physicalproperties.Forexample,changingfromasolidtoaliquidortearingupapieceofpaper.
Achemicalchangeiswhenanewsubstanceismade.Usuallyhappenswhenthecolorchanges,solidis
formed,ortherearefumes.

3.StatetheLawofConservationofMatter.
Mattercanneitherbecreatednordestroyed,onlytransferred.

4.StatetheLawofConservationofEnergy
Energycannotbecreatednordestroyed,onlytransferred.

5.Distinguishbetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousmixtures
heterogenousnotthesamethroughout:trailmix
homogenoussamethroughout,smallparticles,onesubstancedissolvedinanother.ex:saltwater,
lemonade,goldjewelry.

AtomicTheory(23%)

1.Nameanddescribethethreesubatomicparticles
Protons,neutrons,andelectrons,Protonshaveapositivecharge,neutronshaveaneutralcharge,and
electronshaveanegativecharge.Protonsandneutronsareaboutthesamesize,andtheyarebothWAY
largerthananelectron.

2.Whatholdsthenucleusofanatomtogether?
Strongnuclearforceastrongforcethatholdsthenucleustogether
Protonsfeeltwoforces,astrongnuclearforceandanelectricalforceelectrostaticrepellingthemfromother
protons,theneutronsonlyhaveanuclearforce.

3.Whatmakesanatomelectricallyneutral?
Havingthesamenumberofprotonsandelectrons.

4.Defineisotope
Whenanatomhasthesamenumberofprotonsbutadifferentnumberofneutrons.Soanisotopeis
versionofanelement.

5.Howdoyoudeterminethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsinanatom?
Atomicnumber=#ofprotons/electrons
Same#ofprotonsaselectronsinanelectricallyneutralatom
Tofindelectrons:
ifthereisa+#abovetheelement,doatomic##aboveelement
ifthereisa#abovetheelement,doatomic#+#aboveelement
Subtractatomic#fromthemass#tofindthenumberofneutrons

Ex.) M g+2 12protons,12neutrons,10electrons

7.Distinguishbetweenalpha,beta,andgammadecay

Alphadecayformsnewelementwithtwofewerprotonsandtwofewerneutrons,Hewithoutelectronsis
made,calledalphaparticle,23892U23490Th+42He(topnumberismass#,bottomisproton#)
Betadecayformsnewelementwithonemoreprotonandonefewerneutron.Shootsoutelectronsvery
quicklyandcanpassthroughlotsastuffanddamageyourbody.Theneutronissplitintoaprotonandan
electron,whichiswheretheextraprotoncomesfrom.13153I13154Xe+01e.Basicallytheneutronturnsintoa
proton,releasinganelectron.Thatswhythemass#staysthesame.
GammadecayformsNOnewelement,butnowtheelementhaslessenergybecauseenergyisreleasedas
gammarays.
Gammaradiationhasthehighestpenetrationpower,Betadecaygoesthesecond,alphadecaythelast.
However,alphaparticlesmakethemostdamageevenifithasthelowestpenetrationpoweramongthe
three.

8.Whattwoforcesarefeltbytheprotons?
Therepulsionofotherprotonscarryingthesamecharge,andthestrongnuclearforce.Obviouslythestrong
nuclearforceisWAYstrongeritholdsthenucleusoftheatomtogether.

9.Whatisamole?Reviewthemoleconcept.
Amoleisbasically6.02x1023ofsomething.
Ex.)amoleofbunniesis6.02x1023bunnies.
Atomsarereallytinysoyoudontreallymeasurethemassofoneatom,youmeasurethemassofanentire
moleofatoms.
Ex.)1moleofchlorine(6.02x1023chlorineatoms)equalsabout35.45gramsfindnumberfrom
theperiodictable(itsthemassnumber!)
Ifyougobackwardsfromthere,ifascientistweretomeasureout35.45gramsofchlorineontoameasuring
scale,he/shewouldknowthattherewere6.02x1023atoms(oramole)ofchlorineinthatpile:D
Basically,becauseofthis,youcanusemolesasaconversionfactor.

Ex.)Since1molofironatoms=55.85g,
wouldequal1.
50.0gFe
1mol
Sosayyouhave50gofFe,tofindhowmanymoles,do 1 * 55.85Fe = 0.895molF e
totakethisevenfurthertofindhowmanyatomsofFethereare,youcando
50.0gFe
23
1mol
6.02x1023
* 55.85Fe * 1mol =5.389x 10 atoms.
1

10.WhatisAvogadrosNumber?
6.02x1023Thenumberofatomspermole.

11.WhatweretheoutcomesofRutherfordsgoldfoilexperiment?
1. Atomshaveanucleus,whichispositivelycharged
2. Largespaceinbetweennucleusandelectrons

Electrons(17%)

1.Whatisalinespectrumandwhatdoesithavetodowithelectrontransitions?
Sincetheelectronsinanatomisquantized,itwillreleaseacertainamountofenergywhenitdropsdownan
energylevel.Thisenergyisreleasedaselectromagneticradiation,withacertaincolor.Visiblelightis
emittedwhenitdropstothesecondenergylevel.Whentheydropfromdifferentenergylevels,theyemita

differentwavelengthoflight,ordifferentcolors.Droppingfromahigherenergylevelproducesahigher
wavelengthoflight.SoaLINESPECTRUMisaspectrumoftheselightsemittedfromsomeatomlight
machinethingie.

2.Describethelocationofelectronsaroundthenucleusofanatom
Theyareinorbitalsaroundthenucleus,thereisa95%accuracythatanelectronisinthatorbital.Sothere
arethes,p,d,andforbitals.Thereis1sorbital,3porbitals,5d,orbitals,and7forbitals.Thesorbitalcan
hold2electrons,theporbitalcanhold6,dcanhold10,andfcanhold14(countsupby4).

3.Isitpossibletoknowtheexactlocationofanelectron?Explain.
NO,accordingtoHeisenbergsUncertaintyPrincipleitisimpossibletoknowthepositionandmomentumof
amovingobjectexactly.(cuzwhenyoushinelightonitandlookatit,itsasiftheelectronisaware(4:18)
thatitsbeingwatched,andtheyactandresponddifferently)

4.Whatarequantumnumbersusedtodescribe?
Quantumnumbersareusedtocompletelydescribeelectrons.Fourareneeded:energy(n),angular
momentum(l),magneticmoment(ml),andspin(ms).Thefirstquantumnumberdescribestheelectronshell
,orenergylevelofanatom.Thevalueofnrangesfrom1totheshellcontainingtheoutermostelectronof
theatom.
Thediagrambelowshowstheorderwiththecolorcoordination.Also,#1ispointingtotheperiods.Because
thefirstquantumnumberistheperiod.Enjoy:)

5.Howdoyouwriteanelectronconfiguration?(thatsanorbitaldiagram)

Theperiodsontheperiodictableeachrepresentanenergy
level.Thereare4energylevels:s,p,d,andf.Sothefirstenergylevelonlyhassorbitals.Thesecondone
containssandp,thethirdcontainss,p,dandthefourthcontainss,p,d,andf.Sointheperiodictable,ifthe
elementisinthe3rdperiodandnotingroup1or2,itisaporbitalelementbecausesonlyholds2
electrons.Afterthefirst3periods,the4thoneafterthefirsttwocolumnsalsocontaindblockelements.So
sayyouhavetheelementSn,itisinthe5thperiodandinthe14column,soitispastthedblockelements,
sotheelectronconfigurationwouldbe1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6.Theelectronsfillintheorbitals
intheorderlisted(besides4s2and3d10)


InorganicNomenclature(4%)

1.Statetherulesfornamingioniccompounds(metalandanonmetal)
IONICCOMPOUNDSWITHFIXEDCHARGES
IftheelementscombiningtogethercontainsAMETAL,thenthesecondNONMETALnamewillend
inIDEsuffix>ex.)NaIandCaO=SodiumiodideandCalciumOxide
Figureoutthechargesandthencrisscrossthemwhenwritingthemout.
IONICCOMPOUNDSWITHVARYINGCHARGES
Thesewouldbethetransitionmetals.
WHENWRITINGITOUT,usearomannumeral,butsincethenonmetalhasafixedchargethereis
noneedtoindicateitinwriting.otherwisethecrisscrossingchargesruleremainsthesameinthe
chemicalformula.

2.Statetherulesfornamingcovalentcompounds(twononmetals)
havethesecondelementendinIDEandsimplyputaprefix(mono,di,tri,tetra,pentaetc.)infront
oftheelementtoindicatehowmanythereare
ex.)Diphosphoruspentoxide=P2O5
NEVERincludetheprefixmonoinfrontoftheFIRSTelement,(itsirrelevant)
ifthecompoundcontainsaPOLYATOMICION.DoNothing:)
^^^^^^JustremembertoaddRomanNumeralswhenneededwithTransitionmetals.

3.WhendoyouuseRomanNumerals?
Whentherearetransitionmetalswithvaryingcharges.

4.Reviewthepolyatomicions
rememberACETATE=C2H3O2

PeriodicTable(11%)

1.WhydidMendeleevleavespacesinthePeriodicTableshedeveloped?
Becauseheknewthattherewereotherelementstobediscovered,suchasGermanium.

2.Whatcanyousayaboutelementsfoundinthesamecolumn?

Withtheexceptionofthetransitionmetals,elementsfoundinthesamecolumngenerallyhavethesame
chargeaswellasthesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.Theyalsohavesimilarproperties.

3.HowmanygroupsandperiodsarefoundinthemodernPeriodicTable?
18groupsand7periods

4.Howmanyelectronscaneachsublevelhold?
scanhold2,pcanhold6,dcanhold10,andfcanhold14

5.StatethefollowingPeriodicTrends:atomicradius,ionizationenergy,andelectronegativity
(diagramsbyDavidBaek)

atomicradiusthesizeoftheatom
left:lessprotonsholdingsameenergylevel,lesspullingoftheelectrons
down:moreenergylevels,largersize

ionizationenergyenergyrequiredtoloseoutermostelectron
right:moreprotons,moreenergypullinginelectrons,nuclearcharge
up:lessshielding

electronegativityAtomsabilitytoattractelectrons.
right:moreprotons,moreenergytopullinmoreelectrons
up:lessshielding,smalleratomicradius
notnoblegases:fullvalence!

6.Defineionizationenergy
Ionizationenergyistheenergyrequiredforanatomtoloseitsoutermostelectron

ChemicalBonding(23%)

1.Distinguishbetweencovalentandionicbonds
theyarebothintramolecularforces
IONICbondsarebetweenMETAL+NONMETAL
COVALENTbondsarebetween2NONMETALS
COVALENTbondsareformedbytheSHARINGofelectronsbetweenatoms.
IONICbondsareformedbytheTRANSFERofelectronsbetweenatoms,andareheldtogetherby
electrostaticforces
Ex.)sodiumwouldDONATEanelectrontochlorine(ratherthansharetheminbetweenthetwo)
becausetheywouldbothbenefitfromit

2.Distinguishbetweenpolarcovalentandnonpolarcovalentbonds
TherearePOLARCOVALENTbondsandNONPOLARCOVALENTbonds
0.5ORLESSelectronegativitydifferenceNONPOLARCOVALENT
0.61.8electronegativitydifferencePOLARCOVALENT

 1.9orMOREIONICBOND
asbondsbetweentwoatomsINCREASE,thebondgetsSHORTERBUTSTRONGER(themore
bonds,theshorter/strongertheatomis)
BREAKINGbondsREQUIRESENERGY(endothermic)
FORMINGbondsRELEASESENERGY(exothermic)
Thinkofpolarasoffbalanced,likepuzzlepiecesabletoconnect(react)witheachother
Thinkofnonpolarasbalanced,likeasphereunabletoconnectwithanything

3.WhatisaLewisStructure?
Dashesusedtorepresentthebondsformedbetweenelements
Dotsusedtorepresentelectronsinthevalenceshell

Ex.)
ThisisH20,orwater.

4.WhatisVSEPRTheory?
Standsfor:ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion.Theelectronswilldowhateverittakestospreadapart,
sopairsofelectronswillpushotherpairsandbondsaway.Thismakesshapes.

#of #ofLone Geometry(most

Bonds
Pairs
important)

Bond
Angle

Linear

180

Bent

~120

Bent

104.5

TrigonalPlanar

120

Trigonal
Pyramidal

107.5

Tetrahedral

109.5

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenintramolecularandintermolecularforces?
INTRAmolecularforcesaretheSTRONGforcesWITHINamolecule(singular!!)
INTERmolecularforcesaretheweak(er)forcesBETWEENmolecules(plural!!!)

6.DistinguishbetweenLondonforces,dipoledipoleforces,andhydrogenbonding
LONDONforcesaretheweakesttypeofattractionbetweenNONPOLARcovalentmolecules
knowthatlargermoleculeswithalargersurfaceareahaveastrongerlondonforce
DIPOLEDIPOLEforcesarebetweentwoPOLARcovalentlybonded
Hydrogenbondsarethestrongestofthese3andformbetweenHydrogenand:(N,F,O,Cl)

7.Reviewshapesofmolecules
Youwillprobablyonlyneedtoknowtheshapes

#of #ofLone Geometry(most

Bonds
Pairs
important)

Bond
Angle

Linear

180

Bent

~120

Bent

104.5

TrigonalPlanar

120

Trigonal
Pyramidal

107.5

Tetrahedral

109.5

EnglerGTChemMidtermReview:

Garrett Passamonti
WriterBruhWeekly
1. Intro to Chem
Qualitativeobservations,color,heat
Quantitativedata,readings,millimeters
MetricSystembaseunitslength=metermass=kgtime=secondsamount=molcurrent=ampere
temp=kelvin
Levelsby10:nanomicromillicentidecidecahectokilo
Pacificsideifdecimal
Atlanticsideifnodecimal
Sigfigswhilemultiplying:least
Sigfigswhileadding:equaltofewestdecimalpoints
Precision=similarresults
Accuracy=closetoacceptedvalue
Density=mass/volume
1inch=2.54cm
1gallon=3.785liters
1kilometer=3300ft
%error=(exvalueacceptvalue)/acceptvaluex100

2. Matter
Anythingthathasmassandtakesupspace
Physicalchangeinstate
Chemicalchangeinproperties
1cal=4.185joules(specificheat1calofenergytoraise1gH2O1degree)
Mattercan'tbecreatedordestroyedonlychanged
Energycan'tbecreatedordestroyedonlychanged
K=c+273
Mixtures:notchemicallycombined
Heterogenousnotsame,notequal
Homogenoussamethroughout(solution)
Compounds:2+differentelementschemicallycombined

3. Atomic Theory
Neutronn,0,1amu
Protonp+,+1,1amu
Electrone,1,0amu
Strongnuclearforceholdsitalltogether,neutronsexertthis
Electricalforcerepels(electrostatic)
Netattractiveholdsitalltogether
Aneutralatomisonewherealltheforcesbalanceout
Isotopeelementwithadifferent#ofneutrons

Mass#atomic#=#ofneutrons
Atomic#=protons/electrons
Alphadecaytakesoutahelium,2protons,2neutrons
Betadecayneutronbreaksandreleasesaprotonandelectron
Gammaunstablehighenergynucleusthatreleasesgammaparticlesuntilstableagain
Mol6.02x10^23(avogadros#)thenumberofatomstomakeamol
Rutherforddiscoveredthenucleusbyshootingparticlesthroughathinsheetofgold,helpedbohr
evolvethemodernatomicatom

4. Electrons
Linespectrumelectronsenergyisquantized
Eachenergylevelhasanumbern=1
Whenelectronsfallthroughenergylevelstheygiveoffspecificamountsofheatandlight
photons,eachelement,whenheated,releasesdifferentlightfrequencies,itslikeasignature
1s,2s,2p,3sregionswhereoneelectronismostlikelytobefound
Diamagneticelectronspairedandspinscancel
Paramagneticattractedtoamagneticfield,notpaired
Canneverknowexactlywhereanelectronis,onlyitsgeneralarea,heisenberguncertaintyprinciple
Quantum#sdescribeelectronplacement:
orbit,n=1
shape,s=0,p=1,d=2,f=3
orientation,2,1,0,1,2,
spin/direction,+,
ElectronConfiguration:1s,2s,2p,3s
LightSpectrum:Radio=10^6Gamma=10^16
Principles:
Aufbauelectronsadded1atatimeinlowestenergyorbital
PauliExclusionorbitmax2e,theyspinoppositewhenpaired
Hundseoccupylevelssothatthemax#ofelectronsareunpaired

5. Inorganic Nomenclature

namingioniccompoundsw/metal____idethenthemetal
mono,di,tetra,penta,hexa,hepta,octa,nona,deca,sexta
useromannumeralstodescribetransitionmetals
STUDYPOLYATOMICIONS
foracidsateousanditeic

6. Periodic Table
Mendeleevleftspacesbecausehepredictedthatsoonotherelementsthatwouldfitwouldbe
discovered
samecolumnhassimilarproperties
18groups/columns
7rows/periods
s=2electrons,p=6electrons,d=10electrons,f=14electrons
atomicradiusgetslargergoingDOWNANDTOTHELEFT,moreelectrons
ionizationenergyincreaseUPANDTOTHERIGHT,smalleratoms,strongerprotonpull
electronegativityincreasesUPANDTOTHERIGHT,smalleratoms,strongprotonpull

 cationsaresmallerand+
anionsarelargerand

7. Chemical Bonding
Bonds:
Ionicmetal+nonmetal,give/takeelectrons,electrostaticforces
highmeltingpointandboilingpoint
solidatroomtemp,crystallinelattices
Covalentsharing,2+nonmetals(polar/nonpolar)
LewisStructure:firstdeterminetotalvalenceelectrons
Borononlyhas5protons,cantattractafull8
coordinatecovalentbondbetweentheunpairedelectronsofoneelementandanotherthat
canthaveafullcloud,alittleweaker
VSEPR:electronsrepelthemselves,theyarearrangedasfarawayfromeachotheraspossible,thus
differentalignmentsandshapesarecreated
Intramolecularforces:within,electrostatic,strongnuclear
IntermolecularForces:betweenmolecules,covalent,hydrogen,etc
Londonweakest,fornonpolarmolecules,smallelectrostaticforces
DipoleDipole(vanderwaals)betweenpolarmolecules,strongerelectrostatic
HydrogenBondingstrongest,betweenhydrogenand(N,F,O,Cl)
Shapes:
linear,20,180
trigonalplanar,30,120
bent,22,104.521120
tetrahedral,4,0,109.5
trigonalpyramidal,31,107.5