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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
"Alexander as Pharaoh on a Relief in Luxor in the Temple of Amenhotep III."
Alexander the Great. Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.livius.org/a/egypt/luxor/alexander_luxor.jpg.
Alexander conquered Egypt and was welcomed by the local leaders.
The sanctuary at Luxor was changed to show Alexander as Pharaoh
worshipping the god Min.
"Alexander Mosaic Found in Pompeii National Archaeological Museum,
Naples." History of Macedonia. Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/Alexand
er_mosaic.jpg.
The scene in the mosaic is shown often in sources as depicting
Alexander riding his horse, Bucephalus, which he had first acquired
when he was 12 years old and which he rode into every battle up to its
death at the river Hydaspes.
"Archaeological Museum Artifacts." Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.istanbularkeoloji.gov.tr/web/27-106-1-1/muze__en/collections/archaeological_museum_artifacts/alexander_sarcophag
us.

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Although it is called the Alexander Sarcophagus, it does not actually

hold the body of Alexander the Great. It has this name because of the
depiction on the front of the sarcophagus with Alexander on his horse.
"Aristotle." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/76426/Aristotle-marbleportrait-bust-Roman-copy-of-a-Greek-original.
Alexander was sent to study with Aristotle for a number of years.
Aristotle had hoped to help create a philosophizing king rather than
one who looked to conquer. Alexander was forced to leave his training
at 16 when his father was sent to war at Byzantium. Later, he would
send specimens he found in Asia to Aristotle who was teaching at
Athens.
Arrian of Nicodemia. The Anabasis of Alexander; Or, the History of the Wars
and Conquests of Alexander the Great. Translated by E. J. Chinook.
London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1884.
Arrian is one of the most important sources of information on
Alexander, even though he wrote his book much later. He ignored the
works of Cleitarchus when writing, (thereby avoiding many
exaggerated military exploits) and instead focused on Ptolemy and
Aristobulus amongst other authors who were eye witnesses. He gives
the following as his reason for this, It seems to me
that Ptolemy and Aristobulus are the most trustworthy writers on

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Alexander's conquests, because the latter shared Alexander's

campaigns, and the former -Ptolemy- in addition to this advantage,
was himself a king, and it is more disgraceful for a king to tell lies than
for anybody else. The primary and secondary sources for Alexander
have been lost and never found. The tertiary sources are the ones that
are now referred to in all documentation on Alexander.
"Busts and Sculptures." World of Alexander the Great. Accessed December 8,
2014. http://theworldofalexanderthegreat.com/category/busts-andsculptures/.
This web page is a compilation of images of the busts of Alexander
which are in existence today. They exist in places such as the Louvre
in France, the British Museum, and Istanbul.
"Coin with the Head of Alexander." British Museum. Accessed December 8,
2014.
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/
s/coin_with_head_of_alexander.aspx.
Lysimachus had these coins minted in the likeness of Alexander.
"Dedication by Alexander the Great to Athena Polias." British Museum.
Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/d
/dedication_by_alexander.aspx.

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When Alexander came to Priene he made a dedication to Athena by

offering funds to finish the temple. The inscription on this marble
records his gift.
"Italica, Museum Pieces." Livius, Italica Museum Pieces. March 28, 2014.
Accessed December 8, 2014. http://www.livius.org/place/italica/italicamuseum-pieces/.
Bust of Alexander currently in Seville, Spain.

"Macedonian Gold Stater of Alexander the Great." History of Macedonia.

Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/Alex_sta
ter2.jpg.
Macedonian coin with the image of Alexander on it.
"Macedonian Silver Tetradrachm of Alexander the Great." History of
Macedonia. Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/Alex_tetr
a1.jpg.
Macedonian coin with the image of Alexander on it.
"Medallion with Olympias." Artwork of the Day RSS. Accessed January 5,
2015. http://art.thewalters.org/detail/35838/medallion-with-olympias/.

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"Philip II of Macedon." Philip II of Macedon. Accessed January 5, 2015.

http://www.greece.com/info/people/Philip_II_of_Macedon/.
Plutarch. The Life of Alexander the Great. Translated by John Dryden. Modern
Library Pbk. ed. New York: Modern Library, 2004.
The Life of Alexander is like a compilation of short stories using moral
points. Because his works are often more moral than historical, there
are errors in his writings.
Raddato, Carole. "Roman Bust of Alexander the Great, Excavated from the
Ruins of Herculaneum, Blenheim Palace Oxfordshire, UK." Flickr. May
11, 2014. Accessed December 8, 2014.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/13977468218/in/set72157629774388155.
Rufus, Quintus, and John Yardley. The History of Alexander. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1984.
The History of Alexander was originally ten books but the first two
books are now missing. It is a book that contains many errors because
it takes for its information from Cleitarchus writings.
Work Portrait of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). Portrait of Alexander
the Great (356-323 BC). Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/portrait-alexander-great-356323-bc.

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For a time, this bust was believed to be the only known portrait of
Alexander the Great.

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Secondary Sources
History.com Staff. "Alexander the Great." History.com. January 1, 2009.
Accessed January 5, 2015. http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/alexander-the-great.
History.com Staff. "Hellenistic Greece." History.com. January 1, 2010.
Accessed January 5, 2015. http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/hellenistic-greece.
Lewis, Peter. "Alexander and Bucephalus." July 12, 2013. Accessed January 5,
2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/57262408@N02/16078308202/.
"The Rise of the Macedonian Empire." Philip II of Macedon & Alexander the
Great. Accessed January 5, 2015.
http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Philipand-Alexander/Macedonian_DOOR.html.
"Silver Decadrachm of Alexander the Great." British Museum. Accessed
January 5, 2015.
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/
s/silver_decadrachm_of_alexander.aspx.
Veronese, Paola. "The Family of Darius before Alexander 1565-70." The
Family of Darius before Alexander 1565 70. Accessed January 5, 2015.
http://www.paolo-veronese.org/The-Family-of-Darius-before-Alexander1565-70.html.
Adams, Simon. Alexander: The Boy Soldier Who Conquered the World.
Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2005.
For Alexander, the sheer pleasure of battles, as other pleasures are to
other men, was irresistible (35.) Alexander became King at 20 years of
age after already serving as regent and military commander for four
years. He showed military strength and at his fathers assassination he
was ready to lead his country and continue in battle. This book,
although a juvenile biography, sets out a clear timeline that will help in
separating sections for the web page and give focus to the various
aspects of Alexanders life.
"Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography." Alexander the
Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography. Accessed December 8, 2014.

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http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGre
at.html.
This website was helpful to my research in the things it had to offer in
maps, coins, pictures, and sculptures. It also discusses the struggles
the Macedonians have had as a people since the demise of Alexander
and then later the rise of the Romans, and shows what an impact not
having Alexander alive longer has been for them.
"Alexander the Great: The 'good' Sources." The 'good' Sources on Alexander
the Great. Accessed December 7, 2014. http://www.livius.org/ajal/alexander/alexander_z1b.html.
This website is crucial in beginning to understand where the sources
for all the information we have on Alexander has come from. All the
primary sources have been lost and what we have available for every
document and story about Alexander, comes from a handful of authors
who are quoting from another handful of authors that lived with
Alexander. Because of this, there are some sources that are not
reliable for information. This website defines who the sources are and
why or why not they are beneficial to understanding the life of
Alexander.
Bose, Partha Sarathi. Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy: The Timeless
Leadership Lessons of History's Greatest Empire Builder. New York,
N.Y.: Gotham Books, 2003.
Alexander has influenced present day military, political, and business
leaders as well as ancient rulers. He was a model for military rulers
through many eras. His methods of strategy and his leadership style
are an example to us today including: trusting leadership, inspiring
others, make connections, be aggressive but not necessarily seen as
an aggressor, be humane and considerate, among others.
Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great.
Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
This book is an in-depth, well sourced writing of the life of Alexander. It
gathers the information given in various documents, treatises and
books and combines them into a historical survey. With a detailed
account of the battles and campaigns, it strengthens the thesis that
Alexander was successful because he was a great military leader. This
book will help lay the groundwork for showing that Alexanders ability

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to lead created the army that was successful in conquering much of

the entire known world of that time.
Bowie, Edward. "The Great Commanders Series: Alexander the Great."
Keynote Speech, Inauguration of 6 month series of the Great
Commander Series from Central Library Branch of the Kansas City
Public Library., Kansas City, January 13, 2011.
https://archive.org/details/TheGreatCommandersSeriesAlexanderTheGr
eat
Edward Bowie is a professor in the Military History Department at the
Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. In his lecture
he discusses how Alexanders military tactics in the Middle East can
provide lessons that we can learn from today in our fight within the
same area.
Briant, Pierre. Alexander the Great: Man of Action, Man of Spirit. New York:
Harry N. Abrams, 1996.
This book briefly covers all aspects of Alexanders life from a brief
glimpse into boyhood, to the rise to the throne of Macedonia and up to
his death. It touches on battles won, the peoples conquered, and the
decisions that Alexander made for good and bad. This book is an asset
to creating my web page because it has artifacts, paintings, and
depictions as well as documentation. It is short and concise in its
descriptions and details.
Cantor, Norman F., and Dee Ranieri. Alexander the Great: Journey to the End
of the Earth. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005.
This book focuses on Alexanders personal life and military conquests.
The book uses recent studies combined with ancient writings to give a
psychological interpretation of what made Alexander the leader that he
became. This book focuses on some of the personal mental attributes
and that made Alexander the military leader that he became.
Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
This book is a thorough history of Alexanders life sourced mainly
through the only writings of quotes that are left from Alexanders time.
The author has compiled them together to give a broader picture of the
entire Hellenistic world. Because it has taken writings from both those

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who were in battle as well as those who studied with Alexander, there
is a clearer picture of who Alexander is and why he was successful in
battle. This book also provides maps and a genealogical table to help
in understanding relationships. By understanding where he came
from, what his relationship to his father Philip was, we can better
understand the drive that moved him forward.
Hammond, N. G. L. The Genius of Alexander the Great. Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press, 1997.
This author helped in my research by helping me to learn more about
the sources that are available in understanding Alexander and why
some are more trustworthy than others. The book pieces together the
life of Alexander and will help to give me a strong foundation of
understanding needed to understand the influence that Alexander has
on the world today.
Lonsdale, David J. Alexander the Great: Lessons in Strategy. London:
Routledge, 2007. Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.altpere.com/trainings/downloads/GYC/books/Alexander
%20Great%20Strategy.pdf.
being able to make the right decision at the right time is often the
key to success. This is a book on the use of strategy. In the
comparisons of the use of strategy by Alexander and the necessity of
using it throughout history in the war environment, it helps in my
research on how Alexander is still such an influence so many
thousands of years after his short life.
"Macedonia after Philip's Death." History of Macedonia. Accessed December
8, 2014.
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/AFTER_P
HILIP1.jpg.
To understand just how vast the empire was that Alexander created, it
is important to get a visual perspective of what Macedonia was upon
Philips death and what it became by the time of Alexanders death.
This is the map showing what Alexander inherited from his father.
"The Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great." History of Macedonia.
Accessed December 8, 2014.
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/macedo
nianempirelarge.jpg.

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To understand just how vast the empire was that Alexander created, it
is important to get a visual perspective of what Macedonia was upon
Philips death and what it became by the time of Alexanders death.
This is the map showing all that was conquered.
Wepman, Dennis. Alexander the Great. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,
1986.
Leaders have done great harm to the world. They have also conferred
great benefits.Leaders are not demigods; they put on their trousers
one leg after another just like ordinary mortals (8.) Alexander did not
see himself as a mortal, he saw himself as a heroic descendent from
Hercules and Achilles. His belief that he was a god was one of the
things that drove him further and gave him the distinction of being
great. Alexander was a brilliant leader who shone on the battlefield,
but, he also showed humanity to his enemies which created loyalty.
Yenne, Bill. Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
This book takes many of the same data that has been written and
creates an almost novel-type story of the life of Alexander the Great.
Alexander had strategic vision from the time he was a young boy. He
was able to act on that vision with the skill and also maintain control of
the land he conquered. This work will aid me in taking facts and
helping to create a great strategist and man in the eye of the reader.