WorldHistoryMidtermExam

20142015ReviewSheet

MEDIEVALPERIOD

Characteristicsofthemiddleages

Religion
CausesofsplitbetweenEasternandWesternchurches(ChristianChurches)
Differences

Feudalism
Structureofmedievalsociety
Characteristics
Reasonswhyitdeveloped
Warfare

ByzantineEmpire

TheFranks
Dynasties
BattleofTours
Charlemagnepolicies
TreatyofVerdun

ISLAM

FormationofIslam

Muhammad
Orphanedatanearlyage
MemberofpowerfulKurahtribe(Bedouin)inMecca
Managedcaravansbeforemarryingwealthywidow:Khadija
Illiterate,askedquestionsatage40
Howtoliveproperly?
Beganmeditatinginacaveandfinallyreceivedrevelationsfromthe
archangelGabrielasthewordofGodthenbeganpreachingittoothers
Themessage:
Only1,indivisible,absoluteGod
1people,andtherewouldnolongerbeanytribalfactions
Hedeliveredapowerful,socialjusticemessageinMecca
Heretherewasanobviousprejudicebetweenthe
havesandhavenots
Thereshouldbeasharingofwealthandcharitywasvitally
important

Everyoneisequal
PeoplewereskepticalofMuhammadforhewasaprophet,yethehadno
miracle
MosesandJesushadmiracles
Muhammadpreachedofanafterlife,whichmostpeopledidnt
believein
Muhammadspokeofeternaldamnationanapocalypticfuryforthose
whodidntbelieve
AngerednonMuslimswhoclaimedMuhammadwas
destroyingtheircultureandcustoms
Thiswasathreattotheirtraditions,socialorder,andeconomy
PeoplewouldnolongermakethepilgrimagetoMecca
toworshiptheKaaba(atthetime,itwasapagan
shrine)
Hegainedmoreandmorefollowersandthesocialfabricbegantounravel
Businessesbegantolosemoneybecausepilgrimsandmerchants
lefttowntopreservetheirsafety

ThetribalcommunitiesdecidedthatMuhammadandIslammustbe
eradicatedfromMecca,orhewouldinfringeontheircontrolofthe
city
Theyplannedtoassassinatehimkeephimawayfromthe
KaabaandrunhimoutofMecca
Muhammadsuncleprotectedhimandpreventedhis
assassination
Muhammadwasscorned,persecutedandattackedforhisbeliefs
Muhammadlosthiswifeandunclein619
Theywerehisonlysourcesofprotection:nowhewasvulnerable
HimandhispeoplesoughtrefugeinYathrib(Medina)
Hegira
WhereIslamtrulybegan
Christianyear622orMuslimyear1

EarlyLeaders

First4Caliphs
1) AbuBakr
a) ElectedKhalifaassuccessor(bestfriend,brotherinlaw)
b) EnforcedQuraniclaw
c) Dutiesemerge
d) Linkedreligionandgovernment(notaPope)
e) MakesIslamsafetopractice
i)
Protectedfollowers
f) Controlledmilitaryandeconomy
g) PublishedQuran
h) Diedin534
2) Uman(634644)
a) ExpandedempireoutofArabiaintoMesopotamia,Egypt,mostof
Iran

b) Afterdeath,expansioncontinuestoNorthAfricaandtherestofIran
by650
3) Uthman
a) Accusedofadvancingfamily
b) Assassinated
c) Dispute:shouldleaderberelatedtoMuhammadornot?
4) Ali
a) Elected
b) Muawiyarefusedtoaccepthim
c) CousinofUthman
d) GrandsonofMuhammad
e) KilledduringcivilwarwhenUmayyadfamilyrisestopower(661750)
i)
LeadstoasplitinIslamicsects(SunniandShiites)
ii)
MuawiyabecomesCaliph

BasicbeliefsofIslam(Pillarsandnorms)

FivePillarsofIslam:
1) ProfessionofFaith
a) AllahistheonetruegodandMuhammadishislast/finalprophet
2) HajjtoMecca
a) Ifpossible,everyMuslimshouldmakethepilgrimagetoMeccaat
leastonceintheirlifetime
b) WealthyMuslimsoftendonatemoneysootherscanmakethetrip,or
villagessaveuptosendproxy
3) Zakat
a) Charity,givealmstothepoor,tithe
4) Ramadan
a) Onceamonth(Muslimcalendar)
b) Fast(dawntodusk,eatinmoderation)
c) Atonementforsins
5) Prayer
a) 5timesadayfacingMecca
b) Atfirstitwas3timestowardsJerusalem,thenitwaschangedto5
timestowardsMecca

Muslimdietarylaws(asstatedbyQuran)
Nopork,alcohol,blood,animalmeatnotinthenameofAllah

Hadith
ReportsofMuhammadswordsandactions
Chiefsourceoflegalandreligiousnorms
AsayingoractionascribedtoMuhammad

MessageoftheQuran
Humansmustbehavemorally
Usereasonasatooltofindyourway
Socialjusticeandobedientworship

Rejectidolatrousworshipoffalsegods
SubmitoneselfcompletelytoGodswill

Vocabularyterms

PeopleoftheBook(dhimmis)
Christians,Jews
Peoplewhoworshipped1godbutwerejustbelievedtobemisguided
WerentpersecutedbytheMuslimsbecausetheyallbelievedinthesame
God
Paidtaxtocontinuetopracticefaith

Headtax
ThetaxnonMuslimshadtopaytocontinuetopracticetheirfatih

Emirs
Regional/provincialgovernorswhocollectedtaxes
InUmayyadDynasty

Amirs
Army/militaryleadersandgenerals
InUmayyadDynasty

BuyidDynasty(Shiites)
SeizecontrolfromtheAbbasids(945)
KeepAbbasidsasfigureheads

Umma
CommunityofIslamfollowers

Diwan
Bookorpoetry
StatesArabtribesaresuperior
NonArabs:2ndclassmustbecomeclientsoftheArabtribes
Arabicsurvives:Qurannottranslated
ConstantArabPersiantension
DecideIslamisuniversalandanyonecanconvert

Ulama
Personswithcorrectknowledge
Educatedscholarelite(notclergy)
SeparatereligiousleaderswhopreserveandinterpretQuran
Developlegalconcept,grammarrules,phoneticalphabetandscript
9thc
Legaladvisors,theologians,interpretcriminallaw
Runschoolsineverycityandtravelsolawcodeisuniform

Sharia

Islamiclaw(theocratic)
Legal,social,commercial,political,ritual,morallaws

Clientsystem(Umayyadperiod)
Arabtribesaresuperior
NonArabsare2ndclassandmustbecomeclientsoftheArabtribes

TheMahdi
TheGuidedOne
WillonedayariseandcreateaMessianicageendinginJudgmentDay
(holyIslamicstate)
AccordingtoShiites:12thImamsreemergence

Hegira(622)
TheexodusofMuhammadand30followersfromMeccatoMedina
MarksbeginningofIslamiccalendar

Islam
TosubmittoAllah
AllwhosubmittoAllaharebrothers
ReligionfoundedbyMuhammad

Ka'baa
BlackmeteoriteinMeccathatbecameIslamsholiestshrine
PilgrimagetotheKabaamustbemadeatleastonceinalifetime(oneof
thefivepillars)

Sufi

Spiritual/mysticalIslam
Simplicity,humility,liveagoodlifeoverpractice(i.e.monks)
Someascetics,somedevotedtoGod
Createbrotherhoodstospreadfaith
Smallminoritytoday
ConvertedmanylowcasteHindusintheNorth

Jihad

StruggleinthepathofGod
ReligiousdutyoftheMuslims
Ledtothespreadoffaith
Notnecessarilyviolent
OfteninterpretedasaholywarinthenameofIslam

TheMadrasa
Moreliketutorsthanuniversity
1teachercertifiesstudent
Oncestudentfinisheshis/hereducation,he/shecangoonto
becomeateacherthemselves
Stipends,money,andfacilities,provided

Islamiccollegeofhigherlearning
TheschoolsineverycitythattheUlamarun

Janissaries
Slaveboys:youngestChristianboyinfamilytakenandconvertedtoIslam
toserveinarmyandbureaucracy
HiredbyOttomanstofight,buteventuallybecametooexpensiveandthe
empirefell

Imams
ReligiousleadersinIslam
Islamicprayerleader
TheShiitebelieveheisdescendedfromMuhammad,issinless,andisonly
inspiredbyGod
SomedebateoverwhotheImamsare
Seveners(Ismailiis)
Believesonof6thImamis7thImam
IncludeSafavids
concentratedinIran,Iraq,andlowerIndusvalley
Twelvers(Dominantgroup)
Believe12Imamsaredescendedthroughadifferentsonof
the6thImam
Believe12thImamwastakentoheavenandwillreemergeas
theMahdiandbringJudgmentDayandaholyIslamicstate,
rewardingthegoodinParadiseandpunishingthebad
Sikhs
Late1500s
Distinctmovement(neitherHinduorMuslim)thatincorporatedelementsof
bothreligions
PersecutedbyAkbar
Createdmilitaristictraditions
PersecutedbyMughals
Manyuprisings

Qanun
ReallegalsystemintheOttomanEmpire
ShariastillrespectedbuttheAdministrativelawisreallyabidingby
this

Devshirme
ProvincialsalvelevyofChristians
ChristianboysweretakenandconvertedtoIslam

GrandMufti
InOttomanEmpire
Ranreligion
Workedforsultan

Rajputs
WarriorclasswhoresistedIslamicexpansionintoIndia
DisorganizedandfailtokeepMuslimsout
CreateSultanateofDelhiinNorthIndia(12061290)

Sultan
Muslimroyaltitlemeaningauthority

Ghazis
WarriorswhocarriedIslambyforceofarmstopagangroups

UrduHindu
LanguagethatcombinesPersianArabicandnativeIndianelements
Urdu:Muslimlanguage
Hindi:Hindulanguage

Bhakti
Hindudevotionalmovements
OnesdutytoGodpartofDharma

Reconquista
ChristianreconquestofSpainfromtheMuslims/Moors(10001492)

HulaguKhan
GrandsonofGenghisKhan
TheMongolsreappearunderhimafterawithdrawalwhenGenghissons
fightoverinheritance
Underhim,theMongolsdestroyIran,seizeBaghdadandkilltheKhalif
(12561265)
SparesChristiansbecausewifeisChristian
EngagesinacivilwarwithisMuslimcousin,Berkeandisweakenedbythe
attack
DefeatedbyBerke,ruleroftheGoldenHordeandtheMamluksin1250

TimurtheLame
MemberofaTurkoMongoltribethatemergedfromCentralAsia
Muslimconvert,butisonlyinterestedinconquestandwar
PartofTimurids

Berke
MuslimcousinofHulaguKhan
EngagesinawarwithhiscousinandweakenstheMongolEmpire
LeaderoftheGoldenHordeandhelpstheMamluksdefeatHulagu(1250)

Akbar
Mughalruler(15561605)
UsedHinduofficials,cancelledtheheadtax,andmarriesaHindu
UnsuccessfullytriestocombineHinduismandIslam

Suleiman
MostlegendarySultan
Underhim,theOttomanEmpirereacheditspeak
Born:beginningof10thc(Muslimcalendar)
10thSultandescendedfromOsman
UniversalRulerprophesizedtorule
NamedafterSolomon
WisekingofOldTestament
WelleducatedandtrainedtoSultanatesinceyouth(wasprince)
FormedfriendshipwithIbrahim(convert)
Closeinage,intellect,personality
UponSuleimansfathersdeath,tookhimtoIstanbul
BecameSultanat26yearsold
Manysubjectsdidntobeyhim
AsSultan
Goal:conquerBelgrade,Hungary
SteppingstoneofEurope
DroppedmissionayearlaterandwentforRhodes
DefeatatRhodes
SmallislandoffthecoastofTurkey
LotsofChristiansinOttomanterritory
Lotsofpirateswholootedtradeships
50,000defendersofRhodes
Oneofthestrongestfaults
Suleimanneededanothertacticbesidesgunfire
Ottomansdug50tunnelsnearthebaseofthefort
(minefoundation)
Explosionledto6hourOttomanassault
Turksbeatenback
145daysiege:Christianssurrender(Ottomanswon)
SecuredSuleimansreputation
Created1legalsystem
Lawsbecamebasisofconstitutions
Ottomanswerebureaucrats
Keptmeticulousrecords
Extensivelegalsystem
Chiefarchitect:Sinan
Perfecteddomemosque
50yearcareer
Createdover300buildings
RefurbishedtheDomeoftheRock(Jerusalem)
Suleymaniye
MosqueinIstanbul
Symboloftheempireandfaith
Religiouscenter,hospital,library,school
Palace
Boththeseatofgovernmentandhishome

Greatpatronofthearts
FirstGoldenAgeofOttomanworld
Manygreatarchitectsbuildmagnificentthings,
everythingflourished
BelievedeverySultanneededaphysicaltalent
Hehimselfwasagoldsmith,warrior,leader,scholar,poet
Harem
Sultanallowed4wivesandmanyconcubines
1stwife
Son:Mustafa
Suleimangroomedhimforpower
Enteredmilitaryandwastalentedgeneral
Clearlyheirapparent
Mid30s
Fellinlovewithslavegirl:Hurrem
Hadheir
Suleimanstrustedconfidante
Hurremtakespower
HurremdidntlikelivinginOldPalacewithalltheotherwomen
FireinHurremsquarters
ShewasremovedtemporarilytoTopkapiPalacewhere
herspacewasrenovated
Nevermovedout
Becamecenterofpower
Putownsonasheir
VeryprotectiveofSuleiman
BelievedIbrahimwasconspiringagainsthim(hetook
titlesonlyreservedforSultan)
March16.1536
Ibrahimsbodyfound,strangled
HurremclaimstohavediscoveredMustafaplotting
againstSuleimanwithSafavids
SuleimanorderedMustafasexecution
Mournedalonghisbodyfordays
Hurremdiednextyear
Lastcampaign
Szeged,Hungary(1561)
Leditknowinghewouldntreturn
Death:1561
Diedsurroundedbygeneralsinhiswarground
pavillion
67yearsold
Renaissanceman
Apersonwithmanytalentsorareasofknowledge
Apersonwhoseexpertisespansasignificantnumberofdifferentsubject
areas
Polymath

Quran
Areciting
Islamicbible,whichMuslimsbelieveGodrevealedtotheprophet
Muhammad

Mecca
BeforeIslam
Tradecrossroads
Siteofpaganshrine:Kaaba
Christians,Jews,Paganslivehere
Islam
Mostholycity
SiteofKaaba
Muhammadsbirthplace
Muslimsfacehereduringprayer

Medina
WhereMuhammadandhis30followersfledduringtheHegira

Muhammad
FirstandonlyprophetforIslam
AllahspokethroughhimandhiswordswerelaterrecordedintheQuran

Caliphate
ThetruelineofsuccessiontoMuhammad

Shia(Shiites)
Partisans
MinorityofMuslimswhotracetheirbeliefsfromtheCaliphAliwhowas
assassinatedin661
ClaimrelationtoAli
FeelfamilyofMuhammadorhisdaughter(Fatima)shouldbeCaliph
Feelpoliticalandreligiousauthorityshouldbeseparate
Caliphwouldbeheadpoliticalandmilitaryfigure
BelieveImamisdescendedfromMuhammad,sinless,onlyinspiredbyGod
In10th12thc
ConcentratedinIran,Iraq,LowerIndusValley
2Groups
Seveners
Twelvers

Sunna(Sunnis)
Tradition
DominantIslamicgroup
BelievemostqualifiedshouldbeCaliph
Caliphwouldbeabsoluteruler
Communityandunityaremostimportant
Worshipbypracticenotbelief

Discouragereligiousandsocialchange
Increasedconservatism

Kharijites
Seceders
Bedouinwarriors
StrictQuranprinciples
Totalequality
Onlymorallypurecanlead
Immoralleadersdeposed
Caliphsliveinluxuryandaresinners(notMuslim)
ConstantlysplittodeterminerealCaliph

Mamluks
Slavesoldiers
DefeatFatamidsandSaladinsempire
SuccessfullyresistMongols(1260)
Sultan:ruler
OriginallyTurk/Mongolslaveofficers
Becomethisbyassassination
Survivalofthefittest
GovernmentwasrunasasystemofmilitaryfiefswithSultanattop
Greatestleader:Baybars(ruled12601277)
DrivesoutCrusaders
RevivesAbbasidDynasty(legitimaterule)
GoldenAge:tradewithEast(13001340)
Plague(13471348)
AbsorbedbyOttomans
Becomeprovincialgovernors

FactorscontributingtothepermanenceofIslamicConquestsweakneighbors,military
conquests,widespreadtrade,appealofIslam,fairnessandstructureofgovernment,politics

Sunnivs.Shiitedivision
Shiites(Partisans)believekhalifhadtobefromthefamilyofAli/Muhammad/hisdaughter
dividedpoliticalandreligiousauthority,khalifispoliticalmilitaryleader,believesinsinless
12thImamdescendedfromMuhammad

Sunni(sunna=tradition)90%ofpopulation,includingUmayyads
community/unitywasmostimportant
Khalifwasmostqualifiedleader,absoluteruler
reliedonQuran,viewsoftheProphet,andUlama

SpreadofIslamduetomanythingsincludingappeal,militarycampaigns,trade,andpolitics,

Geographicareas,SouthAsiaSpain/NorthAfricawasUmayyads,Tunisia,Morocco,Sicily,
EgyptFatimids,SouthAsiaandIndiaIslamreplacedBuddhism,couldnotconvert
Indochina


IslamicEmpiresChp22,RiseandFall
UmayyadEmpire(Arab)dynastyfrom661750AD
AfterAlisassassination,Muawiyaas5thcaliph
Byzantinearchitectureandadministration
Muawiyawas5thcaliph,modeledempireafterByzantines
chosesonYazidassuccessor(startofdynasty)
Yazidshortreign,challengedHusseinandwon
AbdalMalikgreatruler,reignedfor20years,manyreforms
Expanded(peakofempire)IndusRiverandIberianPeninsula

AbbasidEmpire(CentralAsians)dynastyfrom7501258AD
killedallUmayyadsatbanquet(endsArabdomination)exceptAbdalRahmanI
universalconversiontoIslam
builtmosques,minarets,markets,andtradeinBaghdad(capital)
muchPersianinfluence
introducedtopaperbyChineseafterBattleofTalas
regionalgovernorsandtaxes,nocentralauthority
goldenageofachievement(910centuries)
1055SeljukTurkstakeoverterritory/Baghdad,ledtoAbbasidfigureheadsfor
Seljuks

DeclineofIslamicpower
wars
nomoney
economiccollapse
EconomiccollapseofOttomanempire
inflationduetosilverprices
enlargedbureaucracy
toomanyimports
tooexpensivetohavejanissariesandmercenaries
populationdoublesandcreatesunemployment
ReasonsforSafaviddecline
twofrontwars
hugesplitbetweenrichandpoor
bigotryandreligiouspersecutionofShiaUlama(rigidshiitessaysonlyUlamacan
leaduntil13thImamreturnsandSunnirevolt)
DeclineofArabempire
ShiiteSafavidsseizeeast
2frontwar(AustriansandPersians)
relyonjanissariesandmercenaries(expensivearmyupkeep)
inflationanddebasingofsilver
hugesplitbetweenrichandpoor
socialinstability(bigotryandreligiouspersecutionofShiaandUlama)

HIGHMIDDLEAGES/RENAISSANCE
Towns(10001300AD)

Impact
selfgoverningpeople
peopletravelled
intellectualgrowth
localnobleslostpower
kingsgainedpower
moneyimprovestrade

Guildsassociationofmerchantsorartisanswhocontrolledthepracticeoftheircraftina
particulararea/town,oneguildforeachjob,likeaworkersunion
controlledbusinesswithintown
ensuredhighqualitygoods/setproductionstandards
allowedmonopolies
punishedbadbusinessmen

Castletownsincaseofemergency,peoplecouldgotocastlesforprotection

Peopleintowns:
themiddleclass(abrandnewclassofpeople!!)
producersmadegoods
consumersboughtgoods
middlemensoldgoods
townsmenruledtownandweremembersoftheguild
apprenticeslearnedacraftunderamasterfor510yearsandthenwentofftoget
ajob
mastertaughtapprenticesandwerethemasteroftheircraftinthetown

Serfs
lowestclass
norights,notfree
tiedtotheland
paidhighfoodtaxes
starving
couldnothunt(animalsintheforestwereforthekingandnoblestohunt)
crudelivingconditions
boringlifeonmanor
workeddawnuntildusk

Lifeintown:
Pros:
funentertainment(puppetsshows,bearbaitings,plays)
leisuretime(insteadofbeingaserf)
peoplecouldmakemoneyandhadmoneytospend
education(schoolsincathedrals)
jobopportunities(apprenticeships)
Cons:
fires(woodbuildings)
crime(darkstreets)

rampantdisease(rats,trashinthestreets,etc.)
nosanitation

Revivaloftrademerchantsandcraftsmenbeganbusinessesandlivedpermanentlyin
towns

ImpactsofincreasedtradeonWesternEuropeledtoEuropeanexposuretoother
culturessuchasIslam

Crusades
FirstCrusadetheonlysuccessfulcrusadetoreclaimtheholyland

FourthCrusadedisastrous,theysackedConstantinopleinByzantiuminsteadofIslam

ResultsinEurope
150yearsofEuropeanoccupationinthetheholycityofJerusalem
EuropeanshavecontactwithMuslims
increasedlearningsuchasmedicine
tradewithMuslimandAsia
eventuallyleadstotheRenaissance
neweconomicgrowthofItalianportcities
growthinpowerofeasterncrusaderstatesbutdeclinefromthefirstcrusadeand
on
increasinglycommonandviolentattacksonEuropeanJewsbecauseofChristians
blame

BlackPlague(Causesandresults)
BlackDeathbacteriacarriedbyrat,fleadrinksratsbloodsothefleasgutis
cloggedwithbacteriaandregurgitatesitintothehumanswound,humanisthen
infected
Symptomsbulbous/swollenlymphnode
septicemicform,100%mortalityrate,evolvestobepneumonicplague,spreadby
humans
1347reachedConstantinoplefromMongolia
neverreachedPoland

CausesoftheBlackDeathnosanitation/unhealthylivingcondition,
overpopulationofEurope,infectedfleasonrate,mutationtopneumonicplague,
etc.

Impactoftheplaguedecreasedpopulation,peoplesuchaspeasants/serfsarein
higherdemandandbecomemorevaluabletoworktogrowfoodsowagesgoup
duetothisundersupplyoffoodandlabor,futuredescendantsareallimmuneto
theblackdeath

MagnaCarta(England)GreatCharterbyKingJohn(badking)Runnymeade,monarchs
werenotabovethelaw,kinghastoconsulthiscouncilofadvisors(Parliament)andking
losespowertotax


MedievalWomen
Rolewithinsocietycooking,cleaning,makingclothes,takingcareofthefamily,etc.,
everythingbutfarmingandfighting

MedievalChurch
Problemsassociatedwithitthatareinneedofreform

Investiturecontroversy/crisisGregoryVIIclaimsauthorityundertwoswordstheory
(10731085)agreedonbytheconcordatofwormsbyHenryVandPopeCalixtusII
ConcordatatWorms1122,bishopsappointedbythepopeorcathedralchapter
(locals)butkingcanvetoit

Renaissance
Artists/writers
BrunelleschifirstRenaissancearchitect,builtpalacesandchurcheswithGreek

columnsandRomanarches,domes

GiottofirstRenaissanceartist,paintedfrescoesondampplaster

DaVincipaintedtheMonaLisa(portrait)andTheLastSupper(Jesusandhis12
disciples),drewdesignsforahelicopterandparachuteinnotebooks,Renaissance
man

BoccacciowroteTheDecameron,acollectionof100bawdystoriesaboutpeople
fleeingtheplague

DonatellofirstRenaissancesculptor,studiedhumananatomy,createdfirstnude
sculpturesincethedaysofAncientGreece

MichelangelopaintedceilingofSistineChapel,statueofDavid

TheMedicifambiggestbankersinEurope,wealthbringspoliticalpower,patronofthe
arts(includesCatherinedeMediciandLorenzotheMagnificent)

TheHapsburgspowerfulCatholicAustrianswhobecomeholyromanemperors

CervantesSpanishnovelist,wroteDonQuixotewhohadtroubledistinguishingbetween
hisdreamsandreality

GutenbergprintingpresshelpedspreadLutheranreligiousideas

ErasmusfirstChristianhumanist,wrotePraiseofFollyandcriticizedCatholicchurchfor
forgettingandindividualsspiritualneeds
FIRSTtotranslateBiblefromGreek
NewTestamentintheoriginalGreek
CatholicPriest,reformer,wantedoneChurch

Medievalvs.Renaissance

Humanism(characteristicsof)
ItalianRenaissancehumanism
tryingtocreatepoliticalparticipation
basedonGrecoRomanclassics
HumanizedChristianityby:humanismappreciatebasicworthofindividuals,more
realismandhumanistic(notremote??)

Individualssignificanceindividualisimportant,hasworthandvalue(modernidea)
basicworthofindividualachievement
Machiavelli
rulershouldbefeared,notloved
usecunningandduplicitytomaintainpowernomatterwhat
makeanddiscardallianceswhentheybenefittheruler
nomoralprinciples,justresults(theendsjustifythemeans)
NorthernRenaissance
NorthernRenaissancevs.ItalianRenaissance(artandpolitics)
promotedHumanism
morediversethanItalianRenaissance
moredevotedtoreligiousreforms
moresocialjusticeeveryoneisequal
moreemphasisonreligion(art)

SCIENTIFICREVOLUTION
NicolasCopernicus(14731543)
ArguedEarthmovedaroundthesun
Hiscombinationofmathematicalastronomywithempiricalobservationanddata
becamethemodelofscientificthought
IsaacNewton(16421727)
Explainedtheeffectofgravitymathematicallyandestablishedatheoreticalbasis
forphysicsthatendureduntilthelatenineteenthcentury
GalileoGalilei(15641642)
Firstastronomertouseatelescope
Arguedthatmathematicallawsgovernedtheuniverse
TychoBrahe(15461601)
Compliedaccuratetablesofastronomicalobservations
JohannesKepler(15711601)
UsedBrahesdatatoarguethattheorbitsoftheplanetswereelliptical

FrancisBacon(15611626)
Arguedthatscientificthoughtmustconformtoempiricalevidence
Championedinnovationandchange
ReneDescartes(15961650)
Inventedanalyticalgeometry
Arguedtheworldwasgovernedbymathematicallawsthatcouldbededucedby
reason

REFORMATION

SaleofIndulgencesbytheCatholicChurchbecausetheyneededmoney.advertisedasa
freepasstogetpastpenanceandgetintoheaven,butnotreallythepeoplejustgoto
purgatory.Protestantsareagainstthis.

Catholicism
faithandgoodwork
7sacraments
baptism,
confirmation
communion
penance
extremeunction
holyorders
matrimony
freewilltodogoodorbad
hierarchy(definedbishopsduties)
educatedprieststhroughseminaries
indulgences
traditionalpractices
veneration/invocationofsaints
useofrelics/images
listofforbiddenbooks
feasts/fasts

MartinLutherCriticismsandbeliefs
TheNinetyFiveTheses
systematicattackonChurchcorruption
criticizeCatholiccorruption
challengedChurchauthority
simony(sellingChurchoffices)
pluralism(Bishopsownedmorelandthantheyshouldhave)
saleofindulgences
buyreleasefromearthlypenanceandpunishment
moneyforreleasefromsins
corruptsChurchOfficials
putuponWitenburgCathedral

MartinLuther
createdLutheranism
bornasapeasant
attendslawschoolandleaves,suddenlyswitchingtothePriesthood
becomesamonk,butfindsnopeace
HowcanIbeassuredsalvation?

solascripturaonlyscripture(onlytheBible)

solafideonlyfaithcangiveyousalvation(ifyoubelieve,youareguaranteedheaven)
CatholicsbelievedinfaithANDwork

Lutheransareledbyappointedbishopsandpriests,CatholicchurchledbyPopeandhis
hierarchy

AttitudetowardsPopethePopeisnotSupreme,antichrist,evil,corrupt,minionofthedevil
2Sacraments(Calvinism)BaptismandCommunion

OtherReformationsAnabaptists,Calvinism,EnglishReformation
Anabaptists
believedchurchwasavoluntaryassociation
adultbaptism
exactlyfollowedearlyChurchrituals
nomoderntechnology(cars,microwaves,etc.)
completeseparationofChurchandstate
nomilitaryserviceortaxes(theyareadirectthreat)

Calvinism
startedbyJohnCalvin(1533)
solascripturascripturealone(theBible)
solafidefaithaloneinGodcangetyouintoheaven
predestinationGoddecidesifyouaregoingtoheavenorhellbeforeyouareeven
conceived
theElectProtestantworkethic
modestbehavior,goodworks(similartoCatholicism)
Threetests
faith
modesty
hardwork
twosacramentsbaptismandcommunion
consubstantiationJesusisinthevoidinbetweenthebreadmolecules
priesthoodofbelievers
dominantinSwitzerland(theocraticstate),northEngland,andScotland
notahierarchy,haddemocraticprinciples
reorganizedsocietybasedonChristianprinciples

English(Anglicans)
late16thcentury
ChurchofEnglandledbykingorqueen
Catholicrituals
CalvinistandLutheranistbeliefs
startedbyKingHenryVIIIbecausehewantedmoney,adivorce,andason

PeaceofAugsburg

allowseachlocalrulertochoosereligionforhisregion
NOCALVINISTSALLOWED,bannedinGermany
temporarycompromisebetweenCatholicsandLutherans
RecognizedLutheranisminpartsofGermany
therulerofthelandwoulddeterminethereligionoftheland

CouncilofTrent(1545to1563)

ItreformedthepracticesoftheCatholicChurchtomeettheCRISISoftheProtestantreformation

YESbeliefswereclearlystated(thisiswhatwebelieveandwhy),revitalizedchurch
members
NOnomajorchangesinbeliefs/practices,stoppedcorruptionof$$$$
reaffirmsindulgences,mass,communion,sacraments,freewill,etc
where:Trent,Italy(borderofCatholicItalyandProtestantSwitzerland)
definedCatholicbeliefs
Bibleandtradition(otherwritingsandprecedents)
ChurchhadsolerighttointerpretBible
Beliefsfreewill,goodworks,eitherdogoodorbad
7sacramentsbaptism,confirmation,communion,penance,xtremeunction,holyorders,
matrimony
hierarchydefinedbishopsduties
priestseducatedthemthroughestablishedseminaries
practicesapprovestraditionalpractice
veneration/invocationofsaints
useofrelics/images
listofforbiddenbooks
feastsandfasts
indulgencesdefended

CatholicCounterReformation

wholedbyPope
whattohaltspreadofProtestantismandmadesureFranceremainedCatholic
whereFrance
when1534whenKingHenryVIIIchallengedpowerofthePope
whyProtestantismhadalreadysweptnorthernEurope(Germany,Scandinavia,Belgium,the
Netherlands,Switzerland,England,Scotland)
howJesuitswerechiefagentsofcounterreformation,andtheCouncilofTrentdefinedCatholic
beliefs

EdictofNantesHuguenots(1598)

IssuedbyHenriofNavarre(orHenryIV)
grantedreligiousrightstoHuguenotsbutnotforallProtestants(CalvinsandLuthers)
Protestantscanholdpublicofficeandusepublicinstitutions
HenryIVofFranceisassassinatedpavingthewayforanabsolutemonarchandrecognizing
Calvinism

KnowtheareasassociatedwithCatholicsandthoseassociatedwiththeProtestantfaithsin
Europe
AnglicanEngland
CalvinismScotland,Holland,Prussia
LutheranScandinavia(Presbyterian),NorthGermany
CatholicSouthGermany,Ireland,France,Spain,Belgium,Italy,Poland,Austria
SwitzerlandCalvinbutsplit50/50withCatholicism

EXPLORATION

Motivations/ReasonsforExplorationsgold

Mercantilismclosegovernmentcontroloftheeconomytomaximizeexportsofprecious
metalstoenablethestatetodefenditseconomicalandpoliticalinterests,important
becauseitmadealotofmoney,meaningeconomiescouldgrow

SpanishconquestofMexico
HernanCortez(14851547)landedinMexicowith500menandsomehorsesin1519.
MoctezumaIIofferedCortezgold.Cortezmadeallieswiththesubjectpeopleofthe
AztecsandmarchedTenochtitlan(MexicoCity)andwaswelcomed,butthenCortezmade
Moctezumaaprisoner,wherehedied.Cortezwasdrivenoutbutreturnedanddefeated
theAztecsin1521,declaringtheAztecempiretobeNewSpain.

(14781541)HelandedonthewestcoastofSouthAmericatotakeontheIncaempire.
Pizarro'sinvasionforceof200men,horses,guns,andswordslandedinSouthAmericain
1532.In1533,theyexecutedtheIncarulerandcapturedCuzco,theIncacapital,ending
theIncaempire.
TheconquestsofMexicoandPeruweresignificantbecausetheymarkedtheturning
pointwhenthesecivilizationswithlonghistories,social,architectural,andtechnological
achievementsweredestroyed.

ColumbianExchange(EffectinNewWorldandEurope)
Thecrosscontinentalflowthattransportedplants,animals,anddiseasestotheNew
World.Itresultedinanecologicaltransformation.

ToAmerica:pigs,cattle,horses,goats,sheep,chickens,apples,peaches,pears,
apricots,plums,oranges,mangoes,lemons,olives,melons,almonds,grapes,bananas,
cherries,sugarcane,rice,wheat,oats,barley,onions,radishes,okra,dandelions,
cabbage,greenvegetables,smallpox,flu,bubonicplague,typhoid,typhus,measles,
chickenpox,malaria,diphtheria

FromAmerica:turkeys,maize,tomatoes,sweetpepper,chilis,potatoes,sweetpotatoes,
squash,pumpkins,tapioca,beans,cocoa,peanuts,pineapples,guavas,avocados,
blueberries,tobacco

TreatyofTordesillas(1494)thepopedividedtheseaborneempiresofSpainandPortugalby
drawingalinewestoftheCapeVerdeIslands.In1500,aPortugueseexplorerlandedin
Brazil,eastofthepapalline,gainingPortugalamajorholdinSouthAmerica.

Slavetradeextendedfrom14511870,beingmostactive(60%)in17011810,totaledto
morethan11millionslaves

TransatlanticslavetradeshippedslavesfromAfricatotheNewWorld,badconditions,
slaveswerepackedtightlypackedtogetherinships(78x16inchesperperson)withno
sanitationorhygiene,theshipitselfwas25x100feetwithasmanyas609slaves

ConsequencesinAfrica13millionpeoplelosttotheAtlanticslavetrade,5millionlostto
theorientaltrade,and15millionenslavedinAfrica.Slavingtookawaythestrongest
youngmenwomen.Itchangedthepatternsoflifeanddisruptedmarketandpolitical
structures.

MAPSECTION
Befamiliarwiththeregions,countriesthatrelatetovariouschapterswehavecovered.

EssayTopicsQuestionsontwoofthesetopicswillbeonthe
exam.Preparenotesoneachtopic,perhapsoutlines.

1.Stability/instabilityofFeudalismasaformofgovernmentandsocialstructure.(think:
political,socialandeconomicfactors)

2.HumanismduringtheRenaissanceandhowitwasseeninsociety.(think:examples)

3.ScientificRevolution(think:importance,ideasetc.)

4.Reformation(think:impacts)

5.IslamandtheIslamicRenaissance(think:Islamiccultureandhowitadvanced)

6.ReasonsfortheAgeofExplorationandtheimpactofexplorationontheworld(think:
whytechnologies,impacts)

2.ChangesingovernmentsbetweenthemedievalperiodandtheAgeofAbsolutism.(think:howhas
thegovernmentchanged,factorsbehindthechanges)