2

slides A. Silberschatz, H. Korth, S. Sudarshan , Database System Concepts, 5 th edition

 (1)

D = {d1, d2 ,..., dh}
.

12/6/2013

di dj
di dj di
dj.
D
,
.

-
.
, .

.
Ti
.
, Q
Ti
Q Ti.

.

Ti ,
Ti

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, .

 (2)

.


.

12/6/2013

.

.

, .

 (3)

,
.

J

B, D

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, .

12/6/2013

, .

 Timestamp (1)

12/6/2013

Read: ,
Validation: commit. To

Write:

, .

 Timestamp (2)

timestamp
. Ti time-stamp TS(Ti),
Tj time-stamp TS(Tj)
TS(Ti) <TS(Tj).

Ti Tj

i Tj Ti

Tj

Ti Tj
Ti
j

12/6/2013

, .

 Timestamp (3)

time-stamps
.

,
Q
timestamp:

W-timestamp(Q) time-stamp
write(Q).

R-timestamp(Q) time-stamp
read(Q).

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, .

 Timestamp (4)

timestamp
read write
timestamps.

Ti read(Q)

1. TS(Ti) W-timestamp(Q), Ti Q.
, read Ti .

2. TS(Ti) W-timestamp(Q), read

R-timestamp(Q) R-timestamp(Q)
TS(Ti).

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, .

10

 Timestamp (5)

Ti write(Q).

TS(Ti) < R-timestamp(Q), Ti

Q. Q Ti
. ,
write Ti .

TS(Ti) < W-timestamp(Q), Ti

Q. , write
Ti .

, write W-timestamp(Q)
TS(Ti).

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, .

11

timestamp-ordering :
Ti , Tj
Ti
Tj

Tj commit ,
.

,
Tj
--- .
rollbacks

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timestamp

, .

13

Thomas Write Rule

timestamp
write
.

Ti Q,
TS(Ti) < W-timestamp(Q), Ti
{Q}.

Ti timestamp ordering protocol,

{write} .

timestamp ordering protocol.

Thomas' Write Rule .

,

.

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, .

14

 (1)
Validation based Protocol

Ti .

1. : Ti

2. : Ti

.

3. : Ti ,
. A, Ti .

K
.

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, .

15

 (2)

i 3 timestamps

Start(Ti) : Ti

Validation(Ti): Ti

Finish(Ti) : Ti

timestamp
, . TS(Ti)
Validation(Ti).

.

.

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, .

16

 Tj

Ti TS (Ti) < TS (Tj)

:

finish(Ti) < start(Tj)

start(Tj) < finish(Ti) < validation(Tj)

Ti
Tj.

Tj commit. ,
Tj .

1. Tj Ti
Ti .
2. Ti Tj
Tj Ti.

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, .

17

start(T15) < finish(T14) < validation(T15)

T15 T14
T14 .
T14 T15
T15 T14.

T14

T15

read(B)

read(A)
(validate)
display (A+B)

read(B)
B:- B-50
read(A)
A:- A+50

(validate)
write (B)
write (A)

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, .

18

Timestamp

read(Q),
Q timestamp

.

read
.

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, .

19

write

: ,
copy
Version pool

timestamp TS

MAIN
SEGMENT
(
versions
DB)

O
O

VERSION POOL
(


).

Q <Q1, Q2,...., Qm>.

Qk :

Content Qk.

W-timestamp(Qk) -- timestamp ()
Qk

R-timestamp(Qk) timestamp
Qk

Ti Qk Q, o
W-timestamp R-timestamp Qk TS(Ti).

R-timestamp Qk
Tj Qk, TS(Tj) > R-timestamp(Qk).

versions pointers .


timestamps:
WTS timeline old

new

version W-timestamp < TS(T) (

version )

version (
) .

 timestamps:
(1)

version V W-timestamp < TS(T).

R-timestamp(V) < TS(T), T copy CV V,
W-timestamp(CV) = R-timestamp(CV) = TS(T) (
commit -
version CV)
,

abort &
restart TS.
WTS old

RTS(V)

new
CV

 (2)

R-Timestamp(V) < TS(T),

[ overwrite
]
R-Timestamp(V) > TS(T)

abort &

WTS old

new
CV

RTS(V)


(1)

read-only update

(Update transactions)
read write,
update (rigorous two-phase locking)

write
.

timestamp
ts-counter
commit.

Read-only timestamp
ts-counter ;
multiversion timestamp-ordering
reads.

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, .

25


(2)

update

, S_lock ,
.

, X_lock .

timestamp
.

Ti ,
commit :

Ti timestamp ts-counter + 1

Ti ts-counter = ts-counter +1

Read-only transactions ts-counter

Ti = Ti.

Read-only Ti ts-counter
Ti.

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26

 (1)

:
T1: write (X)
T2: write(Y)
write(Y)
write(X)

T1
lock-X on X
write (X)

T2

lock-X on Y
write (X)
wait for lock-X on X

wait for lock-X on Y

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, .

27

 (2)

(Deadlock
prevention)
.
:

12/6/2013

(predeclaration).



( ).

, .

28

 (2)

timestamps
.
wait-die scheme non-preemptive

.
;
.
die

wound-wait scheme preemptive

.
.
wait-die.

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, .

29

 (3)

wait-die wound-wait :

timestamp.

starvation .

Timeout-Based :

. ,
.

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; starvation

, .

30

 (1)

wait-for,
G = (V,E),
V
E ;
Ti Tj.

Ti
Tj, Ti Tj wait-for . \

wait-for .

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Tj
Ti.

deadlockdetection .

, .

31

Wait-for graph without a cycle

Wait-for graph with a cycle

Ti
Tj, Ti Tj wait-for

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, .

32

(victim)
. victim
.

Rollback

: roll back
.

Starvation
.

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rollback: .

rollbacks
starvation

, .

33

, :

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write = UPDATE INSERT

.., B+ tree

, .

34

: Sailors
SID

SNAME

RATING

AGE

Popay1

71

Popay2

43

Popay3

80

Popay4

63

T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

T2: INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)

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, .

1

Sailor rating=1


sailor T1

35


SID

SNAME

RATING

AGE

Popay1

71

Popay2

43

Popay3

80

Popay4

63

T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

1
1

T2: INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)
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, .

RATING

AGE

71

,
RATING=1
36

T2:

SID

SNAME

RATING

AGE

Popay1

71

Popay2

43

Popay3

80

Popay4

63

96

INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)
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, .

T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

RATING

AGE

71

INS
Xlock
37


SID SNAME

RATING

AGE

1
2

Popay1
Popay2

1
1

71
43

Popay3

80

63

4
5

Popay4
X

2
1

96

T2: INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)
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T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

, .

RATING

AGE

71

DEL
Xlock

38


SID SNAME

RATING

AGE

1
2

Popay1
Popay2

1
1

71
43

Popay4

63

5
T2:

T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

1
1

96

INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)
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, .

RATING

AGE

71

2
COMMITS!!
39

T2:

SID SNAME

RATING

AGE

Popay1

71

Popay2

43

Popay4

63

96

T1:
SELECT RATING,
MAX(AGE)
FROM SAILORS
GROUP BY RATING

INSERT INTO SAILORS (5,X,1,96);

DELETE FROM SAILORS WHERE
RATING = 2 AND
AGE IN (SELECT MAX(AGE) FROM
SAILORS WHERE RATING =2)
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, .

RATING

AGE

71

63

,
RATING=2
40

 ...
SID SNAME

RATING

AGE

1
2

Popay1
Popay2

1
1

71
43

Popay3

Popay4

12/6/2013

1 || 2
RATING

AGE

71

63

1 ; 2
RATING

AGE

80

71

63

80

96

, .

2 ; 1
RATING

AGE

96

63
41

,
,
.

!

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, .

42

( .., RATING = 1, age > 2*salary)

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, .

43

Rating

1
rating =1

Rating =1, 1
,
!

1
file/table ,
rating =1

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, .

44

RATING=1 1

+
, Xlock [ ]

:
,. .
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, .

45


+ ,

S-lock
X-lock
?

Bug: ?

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, .

46

SELECT:

S-lock .
, .

INS/DEL:

X-locks
.
:

, .

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INS: .
DEL: .

, .

47

1
X-locks

2

X-locks
S-lock -lock

S-locks

Elmasri & Navathe,

Ramakrishnan & Gehrke
12/6/2013

, .

48

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...

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ROOT

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20*
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ROOT

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23

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20*
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22*

23*

24*

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36*

, .

44

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INS 45*

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23

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20*
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36*

, .

...

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41*

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23

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20*
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24*

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36*

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. , .

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36*

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38*

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. , .

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20*
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44

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35*

36*

, .

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41*

44*
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. , .

ROOT

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20*
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36*

, .

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41*

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45*
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23

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20*
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24*

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44

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36*

, .

...

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23

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20*
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23*

24*

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44

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35*

36*

, .

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. , .

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20*
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22*

23*

24*

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35*

36*

, .

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41*

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44*
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. , .

ROOT

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20*
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36*

, .

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Upgrade S

G
20*
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22*

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24*

35*

, .

36*
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H
24*

25
25*

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