xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

enriko gabiZaSvili

Sromebi
I
monografiuli narkvevebi

Tbilisi
2010

redaqtorebi: eTer beruaSvili

xaTuna gafrindaSvili

ISBN 978-9941-0-2706-2 (samive tomis)

ISBN 978-9941-0-2707-9 (pirveli tomis)

avtorisagan
Cemi cxovrebis xangrZlivi drois manZilze (80 weli) vcdilobdi Zveli
qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis kvlevis saqmeSi mciredi wvlili mec Semetana.
Cemi kvlevis sagani ZiriTadad filologiur-teqstologiuri sakiTxebi iyo,
rac gamoqveynda calkeuli wignebis (14 wignidan ramdenime TanaavtorobiT aris
gamocemuli), narkvevebis, samecniero werilebisa da saenciklopedio statiebis
saxiT.
winamdebare Sromebis sam wignSi Sevecade Tavi momeyara mxolod kvleviTi
xasiaTis naSromebisaTvis, romlebic gabneulia sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi,
warmodgenilia zogierTi Cemi wignis Sesavali narkvevis saxiT, agreTve nawili
saenciklopedio statiebisa, ZiriTadad rusuli ,,
(moskovi) da italiuri ,,Enciclopedia dei Santi le chiese orieentali (romi)
enciklopediebidan, Tumca ar Segvitania Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT da monawileobiT
Sedgenili
,,saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis
enciklopediuri
leqsikonidan daaxl. 2 aTasamde mokle da saSualo sididis statia. ,,Sromebis
I da II tomebSi Sevida vrceli gamokvlevebi, romlebic adrec iyo dabeWdili,
Tumca maT daemata ramdenime narkvevi, romlebic pirvelad am wignebSi ibeWdeba:
1. ,,kanonikuri samarTlis wyaroebi, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ,,didi
sjuliskanonis Sesavali narkvevis nawilad, magram ar daibeWda misi didi
moculobis gamo. 2. `Zveli qarTuli kanonikuri mwerloba~ da 3. ,,originaluri
hagiografia, orive narkvevi daiwera bibliografiuli wignis ,,originaluri
sasuliero mwerlobis dargobrivi bibliografiis~ Sesavali narkvevebis
daniSnulebiT, magram am wignis sastambod momzadeba dabrkolda sxvadasxva
mizeziT. 4. maqsime aRmsarebelis astrologiuri traqtati ,,paseqisaTs;
es vrceli narkvevi unda darTvoda maqsimes naSromis teqstis publikacias,
magram teqstis gamosacemad momzadeba Seferxda. 5. ,,sabines wameba (gamokvleva
da teqsti). Cvens mier gamovlenili am naTargmni Txzulebis Sesaxeb cnobebi,
marTalia, adrec davbeWdeT, magram Txzulebis teqsti ibeWdeba pirvelad. 6.
statia ,,didi sjuliskanonis kvali ruis-urbnisis ,,ZeglisweraSi daiwera
qarTvelologiuri krebulisaTvis, romelic a.S.S.-Si unda dabeWdiliyo, magram
krebulis gamocema CaiSala. 7. sul bolos davumateT vrceli gamokvleva,
romelic uZRvis Tebervlis Tvis hagiografiul-homiletikuri teqstebis
krebuls, romelTa gamocema gaurkveveli droiT aris gadadebuli, amitom am
wignis Sesavali narkvevi aq gadmovitaneT. Sinaarsobrivad narkvevebi, werilebi
da saenciklopedio statiebi exeba Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mravalferovan
dargebs: hagiografias, hagiologias, asketikas, kanonikas, bibliologias,
egzegetikas, apokrifebs, homiletikas da a. S.

,,naSromebi-s samtomeulis gamosacemad momzadebisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna

TiToeuli narkvevisa da statiis eleqtronuli versiis momzadeba, amitom
saSualeba mogveca gagvesworebina adrindeli gamocemebis SemCneuli
koreqturuli Secdomebi, zogierTi saxelis dawerilobis orTografia da
teqstologiuri uzustobani.
minda gansakuTrebiT aRvniSno am gamocemis redaqtorebis eTer beruaSvilisa
da xaTuna gafrindaSvilis mier gaweuli Sroma, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris
TanamSromlebis daxmareba (koreqtura, kompiuteruli Casworebebi), romelSic
monawileobdnen: x. bainduraSvili, e. gogiCaiSvili, n. TargamaZe, n. meurmiSvili,
n. nacvliSvili, e. qavTaraZe, d. Sengelia, d. CitunaSvili, T. ceraZe, i.
xositaSvili, n. janaSia. yvela maTgans uRrmes madlobas movaxseneb.

qristianuli RvTismsaxureba da
svinaqsaruli hagiografia*
qristianuli sarwmunoebis uZvelesi periodidanve eklesiis moRvaweTa
xsenebis dResaswauli RvTismsaxurebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda.
RvTismsaxurebaSi hagiografiuli elementis damkvidrebasa da misi formebis
ganviTarebas Tavisi istoria aqvs, romlis Seswavla RvTismsaxurebis Casaxvisa
da misi evoluciis gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
axali sarwmunoebis warmoSobam ganapiroba ritualis Sesrulebis axali
formebis Zieba. qristianuli RvTismsaxureba misi Tavdapirveli Sesrulebis
elementaruli formebiT TviT am religiis warmoSobis droindelia. ar iqneba
gadaWarbebuli, Tu vityviT, rom RvTismsaxurebis wesisa da `gangebis~ (romelic
mogvianod tipikonis saxeliT damkvidrda) pirveli striqonebi swored maSinaa
dawerili da Semdeg xangrZlivi Ziebisa da srulyofis Sedegad mxolod XVI
saukuneSi miiRo Tavisi Camoyalibebuli saxe1.
kargad aris cnobili is faqti, rom uZvelesi qristianuli RvTismsaxureba
didad aris davalebuli Zveli ebrauli sarwmunoebisagan. TviT e.w. mociqulebi,
romelTac qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis pirveli dauwereli kanonebis SemoReba
miewerebaT, ebraelebi iyvnen. marTalia, maTi sarwmunoeba ukve aRar iyo ebrauli,
magram is ar SeiZleba Sors wasuliyo imdroindeli ebrauli RvTismsaxurebis
formebisagan. qristes aRdgomis saswaulma aRafrTovana misi mowafeebi da
mociqulebi, rac gamoixata imaSi, rom isini `iyvnes maradis taZarsa mas Sina
da akurTxevdes RmerTsa~ (luka, 24, 53). yovelive es SesaZlebeli iqneboda
ebrauli RvTismsaxurebis formebiT da ritualiT, ramac didi gavlena iqonia
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze2.
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis rituali ganviTarebis uadres
etapze, romelsac `mociqulTa periodsac~ (I saukune) uwodeben3, uaRresad
martivi iyo. ZiriTad elements Seadgenda mociqulTa Txroba qristes cxovrebisa
da Rvawlis Sesaxeb, rac Semdeg werilobiT saxiT saxarebasa da TviT mociqulTa
epistoleebSi Camoyalibda kidec4. umniSvnelovanesi adgili daiWires agreTve
locvebma. Zneli gasarkvevia, Tu ra formisa da Sinaarsis iqnebodnen isini,
daibeWda wignSi: Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, IV,
Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 7-45 (saTauriT `Sesavali~).
1
., , ,
, 1885, . 1.
2 ., , , 1910, . I, . 3.
3 iqve, gv. 1.
4 iqve, gv. 18.
*

magram daaxloebiT mainc SeiZleba gairkves, rom maT umTavres nawils fsalmuni
da ebraelTa RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoyenebuli locvebi Seadgenda1. eWvgareSea,
rom qristianuli himnografiis ganviTarebamde fsalmunis xvedriTi wona Zalze
didi iyo da TiTqmis mTlianad avsebda uZveles RvTismsaxurebas2.
am periodSi (e.i. I s.) RvTismsaxureba oTxi ZiriTadi elementisagan Sedgeboda:
locva, galoba, saRmrTo werilis kiTxva da qadagebani, romelTa arseboba
kargad Cans pavle mociqulis mixedviT (timoTes mimarT I. 1,2; efeselTa mimarT
5,19; kolaselTa mimarT 3,16; TesalonikelTa mimarT I. 5, 27; kolaselTa mimarT
4, 16; ebraelTa mimarT 13, 7; agreTve luka 1, 1 da sxv.)
`mociqulTa saukunem~ safuZveli Cauyara ara marto yoveldRiuri
RvTismsaxurebis Camoyalibebas, aramed qristianul saeklesio welsac.
Tavdapirvelad erTi dRis RvTismsaxureba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda meore
dRisagan, magram Semdegi wlis zogierTma dRem, gansakuTrebiT ki kviram,
is prioriteti moipova, rom masTan dakavSirebuli iqna qristes cxovrebis
zogierTi momenti, upirveles yovlisa ki aRdgoma. aman xeli Seuwyo kvira dRis
gamoyofas sxva ubralo dReebisagan. am garemoebam ki gamoiwvia kvira dRis
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvna, ramac safuZveli Cauyara qristianul saeklesio wels.
droTa ganmavlobaSi saeklesio-istoriul movlenebTan dakavSirebuli
dReebi TandaTanobiT momravlda. saxarebasTan dakavSirebul dReebs Semdeg
(II s.) Seemata mowameTa `dabadebis~ dReebi (dabadebis dRed iwodeboda maTi
mowamebrivi aRsasrulis dRe), romlis Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
II saukunis pirveli naxevari axlos dgas mociqulTa periodis
RvTismsaxurebasTan, Tumca TandaTanobiT SeiniSneba mtkice normebis dadgena,
rac ZiriTadad III s. kanonikur ZeglebSi Camoyalibda3. II saukune Cven ufro
imitom gvainteresebs, rom aqedan gvaqvs mowameTa xsenebis dReebis aRniSvnis
utyuari cnobebi.
qristianeTa devnis periodSi mravalma morwmunem Tavisi cxovrebis bolo
mowamebriv aRsasrulSi pova, ramac maTi wmindanad aRiareba gamoiwvia. mowameTa
cxovrebasa da SemaZrwunebeli aRsasrulis irgvliv mravalferovani saeklesio
literatura Seiqmna da hagiografiuli mwerlobis saxeliT damkvidrda.
hagiografiuli literaturis sawyisebi im `mowameTa aqtebSi~ unda veZioT,
qristianeTa gasamarTlebisa da dasjis procesSi rom dgeboda sasamarTlos
mdivnebis mier. aseTi `aqtebis~ garda cnobilia ama Tu im mowamis aRsasrulis
aRwera TviTmxilvelis mier. msgavsi aRwerebi Semdeg am mowamis xsenebis dRes
ikiTxeboda kidec.
1 Meyer H., Kritisch exegetisches Handbuch ber die Apostelgeschichte, 7 Aufl. Gtt, 1888, s.92.
2 ., - , , 1911, . 5.
3 ., dasaxel. naSromi, gv. 45-46.

uZvelesi cnobebi gvafiqrebineben, rom mowameTa Sesaxeb aseTi Canawerebis,

anu `wamebis~ Sedgenas Tavidanve liturgikuli daniSnuleba hqonda da misi
Sedgenis umTavresi saWiroeba RvTismsaxurebaze wakiTxvis moTxovnilebiT unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli.
mowameTa dRis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb ueWveli cnobebi ukve II saukunidan mogvepoveba,
magram maTi Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba kidev ufro adre, I saukuneSiac aris
savaraudebeli. jer kidev pavle mociqulma uanderZa palestinel qristianebs:
`moiseneniT winamZRuarni igi Tquenni, romelni getyodes Tquen sityuaTa
maT RmrTisaTa da hxedevdiT gamoslvasa mas cxovrebisasa maTsa, da hbaZevdiT
sarwmunoebasa maTsa~ (ebr. XIII. 7). am epistolis daweramde aseTebi iyvnen
arqidiakoni stefane pirvelmowame, wm. mociquli iakob zebedesi da iakobi, Zma
uflisa.
pirveli cnoba, sadac eWvmiutanlad aris laparaki mowameTa dResaswaulis
Sesaxeb, Semogvinaxa wm. egnatis (gard. 107, an 115 w). mowamebrivma aqtebma, sadac
naTqvamia: `gavatareT ra ramdenime dRe mis kubosTan (saflavTan) himnebis
galobiT, qristianebma daaweses, Semdegac galobiT qeba SevasxaT mis vnebas da
cxovrebas da misi mogonebis dros vadidoT qriste RmerTi~1.
evsebi kesariels moaqvs smirnelTa eklesiis epistole filomenelTa eklesiis
(mc. azia) mimarT wm. polikarpes (gardaicvala 167 w.) mowamebrivi aRsasrulis
gamo. masSi naTqvamia, rom ebraelTa rCeviT prokonsulma dawva polikarpes
gvami, raTa is qristianeTa Tayvaniscemis sagani ar gamxdariyo, magram `Cven
SevkribeT misi Zvlebi da davkrZaleT isini saTanado adgilas... rogorc ki
SesaZlebeli iqneba, Cven iq SevikribebiT sixaruliTa da mxiarulebiT da
RmerTi nebas dagvrTavs, raTa vidResaswauloT dRe misi mowamebrivi dabadebisa
(geneqlion)2. Semdegi saukuneebi (III-IV) ufro met masalas iZlevian aseTi dReebis
aRniSvnis Sesaxeb. tertuliani (gard. 211 w.) aRniSnavs: `Cven vzeimobT wmindanTa
pativsacemad~3. karTagenis episkoposi kvipriane (gard. 258 w.) wers Tavis
samwyesos aRmsareblebis Sesaxeb: `aRniSneT maTi gardacvalebis dReebi, raTa
Cven gvqondes SesaZlebloba vidResaswauloT maTi xsovna mowameTa xsenebebTan
erTad~4. es cnoba ormxrivaa saintereso: jer erTi, Cans, rom karTagenis
eklesias am dros ukve hqonia mowameTa saxelebis Semcveli kalendrebi, romelTa
1 Ruinarti Th. Acta martyrum sincera et selecta, I, 1802, 47; 48.
2 , , IV, 13. sainteresoa Sexeduleba mowamis
aRsasrulis dabadebis dRed gamocxadebaze. aseTi Sexeduleba iyo mizezi imisa, rom
saeklesio weli Semdegac ar Seicavda wmindanTa dabadebis dReebs, garda qristesa,
RvTismSoblisa da iovane naTlismcemlisa da es dabadebis dReebic, TviT qristesic ki,
dResaswaulis dReebad mogvianebiT iqna aRiarebuli ( ., dasaxel. naSromi,
gv. 68, Luft, Liturgik, I, mainz, 1884, 115).
3 , , I, , 1901, . 9.
4 iqve.

mixedviT, albaT, sruldeboda kidec maTi xsovnis dResaswaulebi. meore mxriv,

am droisaTvis dResaswaulebis rigs emateba eklesiis zogierT im moRvaweTa
xsenebis dRe, romelTa cxovreba bunebrivi sikvdiliT dasrulda. maTi xsenebis
dRis daweseba gacilebiT gvian moxda, vidre mowameebisa. unda iTqvas, rom
mowameTa xsenebis dRe sauflo dReebis Semdeg yvelaze uZvelesia eklesiis
sadResaswaulo dReTa Soris. isini win uswreben TviT mociqulTa dReebsac ki.
eklesiis winamZRvarTa da mamaTa xsenebis dRis daweseba SedarebiT gviandelia;
swored am xsenebaTa SemoRebis TadarigTanaa dakavSirebuli zemoT moyvanili
cnobac, e.i. III saukuneSi am ukanasknelTa xsenebis dRis damkvidrebac faqtia.
mowameTa dRis aRniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT Semonaxulia III-IV saukuneebis
mravali cnoba, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iseTi oficialuri
dokumenti, rogoricaa Rangris saeklesio krebis (340 wl. axlo) dadgenileba:
`ukueTu vinme ganlaRebuli cnobad mizezad iumios da krebani mowameTani
sZagden, anu maT Sina qmnilni Jamis-wirvani da sasenebelni maTni, SeCuenebul
iyvnen~ (Rangris krebis me-20 kanoni _ didi sjuliskanoni, 295) da sxva. motanili
cnobebi saeWvos ar xdis mowameTa xsenebis dRis arsebobas II saukunidan,
rasac momdevno saukuneebSi, ra Tqma unda, ufro meti intensiobiTa da
mravalferovnebiT dResaswaulobdnen. naTlad ar Cans, Tu rogor sruldeboda es
dResaswaulebi uadres periodSi, xolo mogvianebiT, ara ugvianes IV saukunisa,
ukve mogvepoveba cnobebi mowameTa xsenebis dReebSi maTi `wamebis~ wakiTxvisa
eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis dros. wmindanTa wamebis `aqtebis~ RvTismsaxurebis
dros kiTxvis tradicia, romelic, safiqrebelia, II-III saukuneebidan daiwyo, IV
da momdevno saukuneebSi ukve gavrcelebul, dakanonebul saxes iRebs. avgustiane
mravalgzis aRniSnavs RvTismsaxurebaSi aseTi sakiTxavebis Sesaxeb: `wameba,
romelic dRes Cven wagvikiTxes...~ da a.S1. an kidev: `rodesac kiTxuloben vrcel
wamebas, an romelime grZel sakiTxavs, visac ar SeuZlia fexze mdgarma gaZlos,
SeuZlia dajdes wynarad da mSvidad da yuradRebiT moisminos, rac ikiTxeba~2.
karTagenis saeklesio krebam 397 w. daadgina: `...xolo jer-ars aRmokiTxva
RuawlTa da vnebaTa mowameTasa, raJams wliTi-wlad sasenebelni maTni
aResrulebodin~3.
amrigad, mowameTa cxovrebebis wakiTxva qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis
Sesrulebis dros Tu II saukunidan, SesaZlebelia, ufro kerZo xasiaTs
atarebda, IV s. ukve miiRo dakanonebuli saxe da maSindeli arc Tu mdidari
RvTismsaxurebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda. im periodSi aseTi dReebis
aRniSvna mowameTa mxolod `martvilobebis~ wakiTxviT amoiwureboda, radgan
jer kidev ar iyo ganviTarebuli himnografiuli elementi da `wamebebs~ ar
1 ., dasaxel. naSromi, gv. 191.
2 Bingham I., Originum sive antiquitatum ecclesiasticarum, liber XIV, 1754, p.86.
3

karTagenis krebis 46-e kanoni _ didi sjuliskanoni gv. 307.

axlda miTiTebebi troparebis, kondakebisa da sxvaTa wakiTxvaze. saeWvo ar

unda iyos, rom mowameTa xsenebis dResaswaulebs Tavidan viwro adgilobrivi
saeklesio xasiaTi eqneboda. Semdeg, rodesac zogierTma mowamem gansacvifrebeli
aRsasruliT didi popularoba moipova ara marto mezobel eklesiebSi,
aramed mis farglebs gareTac, safuZveli Caeyara gamoCenili mowameebis
xsenebis saerTo qristianuli dResaswaulebis SemoRebas. aseTia mag. stefane
pirvelmowame, egnati RmrTismetyveli, polikarpe smirneli da sxva. maTi
xsenebis dReebis ukve II saukuneSi axlos iyo imasTan, rom saerTo qristianul
dResaswaulebad qceuliyo. rogorc ukve vTqviT, mowameTa xsenebis dReebi
saeklesio wlis uZvelesi saxsenebeli dReebia sauflo dResaswaulebis Semdeg
da win uswreben mociqulTa xsenebis dReebsac, magram msoflio qristianuli
eklesiis dResaswaulebad mowameTa dReebze adre mainc mowame mociqulTa
dReebi gaxdnen. axali sarwmunoebis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam da
qristianeTa devnis Sewyvetam kidev ufro gaaZliera mowameTa dResaswaulebis
aRniSvna. amas Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda is garemoeba, rom qristianebs daculi
hqondaT mravali mowamis `wmida nawilebi~ da saflavi1, icodnen maTi wamebis
droc. yvela qristianul eklesias hqonda Sedgenili am mowameTa grZeli siebi,
sadac naCvenebi iyo ama Tu im mowamis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis dRe. mowameTa
`aRsrulebis~ droisa da adgilis Sesaxeb cnobebis ZiriTadi nawili Semonaxuli
iyo im `aqtebSi~2, romlebic dgeboda qristianebis sikvdiliT dasjis dros.
adgilobrivma eklesiebma swored am cnobaTa da TviTmxilveli qristianebis
mier Canawerebis safuZvelze Seadgines kalendari, sadac wlis Tveebis mixedviT
iyo aRniSnuli mowameTa wamebis dReebi da adgilebi.
aseTi kalendrebi Tavdapirvelad dgeboda warmarTul kalendrebTan erTad.
ufro sworad, warmarTuli kalendrebi Seicavda qristianul dResaswaulebsac.
aseTia, magaliTad, e.w. filokolus kalendari~3. es tipiuri warmarTuli
kalendaria 354 wlisa, magram masTan SeerTebulia 12 romaeli papis sia maTi
dasaflavebis dRis miTiTebiT. aqvea sia 22 romaeli (304 wlamde) da ramdenime
araromaeli mowamisa (kvipreli da sxv.) mowameTa garda aris ori xseneba
mociqulTa, qristes dabadebis dRe da a.S.
aseve naxevrad warmarTulia silvius ptolomeusis kalendari, romelic
Seicavs rogorc warmarTul (monebis dResaswauli, keisrebis dabadebis dReebi,
senatis sxdomebi da sxv.), ise qristianul dResaswaulebsac (gamocxadeba
qristesi, jvarcma, aRdgoma, Soba da mowameTa xsenebis dReebi)4.
1 qristianuli devnis periodSi romaelTa kanoniT sikvdiliT dasjilis gvami eZleoda
msurvels (Kellner H., Heortalogie oder das Kirchenjahr und die Heiligenfaste in ihrer geschichtlichen
Entwicklung, 1901, 131).
2 am `aqtebis~ aslebis miReba msurvels SeeZlo garkveuli safasuriT (Ruinarti Th., Acta
martirum, II, 1803, 46;47).
3 , dasax. naSromi, I, gv. 40.
4 Kellner H., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 196; ., dasaxel. naSromi, gv. 308.

wminda qristianuli kalendrebidan uZvelesia siriuli kalendari, Sedgenili

370-400 ww. es kalendari Seicavs TiTqmis mxolod aRmosavleTis mowameebis
xsenebebs, romelTa umetesi nawili aRar gvxvdeba Semdegdroindel aRmosavlur
kalendrebSi. 180 mowameTa xsenebis dRidan gviandelebSi mxolod 45 xsenebaRa
aris SemorCenili. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom gviandelma kalendrebma Semoinaxes
im mowameTa xsenebani, romlebic siriuli kalendris periods ekuTvnian, magram
siriul kalendarSi maTi xseneba ar aris. es garemoeba adasturebs, rom IV
saukuneSi ukve arsebobda mowameTa ara erTi da ori kalendari, romlebic
zogjer ise vrceli iyo, rom Seicavda mraval xsenebas weliwadis yvela dReze1.
aseTivea karTagenis kalendari Semdegi saTauriT: `aq Tavmoyrilia wmindanTa
wamebani, romelTa xsenebas yovelwliurad dResaswaulobs karTagenis eklesia~2.
yvelaze gviandeli xsenebis dRe VI s. dasawyiss ekuTvnis. sul miTiTebulia 80
dRe, romelic mowameTa xsenebas Seicavs, Tumca es kalendari iwyeba 13 apriliT
da wydeba 16 Tebervalze. wmindanTa saxelebs axlavs titulic: `mowame~, `wmida
mowame~, `mociquli~ da a.S.
saeklesio kalendari TandaTanobiT gamdidrda axali dResaswaulebiT,
upirveles yovlisa, mowameTa dResaswaulebze adre masSi is sauflo
dResaswaulebi gaCnda, rogoricaa jvarcma, aRdgoma, gamocxadeba, xolo ufro
gvian qristesTan, RvTismSobelTan da ioane naTlismcemelTan dakavSirebuli
sxva dResaswaulebi. erT-erT upirveles dResaswaulTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba
mociqulTa, rogorc qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis wamebulTa dResaswaulebi.
male kalendarSi aRiniSna eklesiis `mamaTa~ gardacvalebis xsenebebic, rac
kargad Cans karTagenis episkoposis kviprianes (gard. 258 w.) zemoaRniSnuli
epistolidan, magram maTi dResaswaulebi iwodeba sxva terminiT _ `xseneba~ an
`micvaleba~ winaaRmdeg mowameTa xsenebis dReebisa `wameba~. sozomenis cnobiT,
TiToeuli damoukidebeli eklesia aRniSnavda Tavis mowameTa dResaswaulebs da
eklesiis mamaTa xsenebebs3. ufro mogvianebiT qristianeTa devnis Sewyvetasa da
mowameTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan erTad gamoCndnen axali moRvaweebi meudabnoe
ber-monazonTa saxiT, romelTa gansacvifrebelma saqmeebma bevri maTganis
sikvdilisTanave gamoiwvia maTi wmindanTa rigebSi Caricxva. amasTanave Zveli
aRTqmis wmindanTa `nawilebis~ mikvlevam da maT mier Cadenilma `saswaulebma~
gamoiwvia mogoneba maTi Rvawlisa. amrigad, kalendrebi TandaTan ivseboda da
mravalferovan masalas iZenda4. kalendarze didi gavlena iqonia agreTve wminda
1 IV s. moRvawe amasieli episkoposi asteriosi ambobs: `ar aris weliwadis arc erTi dRe
mowameTa xsenebis gareSe darCenili. da Tu romelime mowameTa moyvaruli moindomebs maTi
wamebis yvela dRe idResaswaulos, misTvis arc erTi dRe ar iqneba ara sadResaswaulo~
(, I, 10).
2 gamocemulia bolandistebis mier: Acta Sanctorum, Novemb., II, LXX.
3 , , I, 3.
4 , . . , I, , 1901, . 12. unda aRiniSnos, rom
pirvelad kalendarSi damkvidrda `makabelTa~ da `CClTa~ dResaswaulebi, agreTve
winaswarmetyvelebisa.

10

adgilobrivma qristianulma dResaswaulebma da istoriulma movlenebma (mag.

konstantinepoluri kalendrebi da sxv.)
kalendrebi ivseba angelozTa dResaswaulebiTac. aRsaniSnavia, rom
konstantine didma konstantinepolis maxloblad aaSena miqel mTavarangelozis
saxelobis taZari. angelozTa Tayvaniscemam zogierT adgilas (frigia, pisidia
da sxv.) iseTi farTo da gadaWarbebuli xasiaTi miiRo, rom gamoiwvia laodikiis
krebis dadgenilebis 35-e muxli: `viTarmed ara ums qristeaneTa dateveba
RmrTisa eklesiisa da warslva da angelozTa saxelis deba da Sesakrebelisa
qmna, romel-ese gangdebul ars~1.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi kalendrebi (IV-VI ss.),
romelTagan zogi warmarTul kalendrebTanaa SeerTebuli (filokolus, sil.
ptolomeusis), xolo zogi ki mxolod qristianuli dResaswaulebis Semcvelia
(karTagenis, goTuri, romauli martirologebi da sxva), dasavleTis tipisaa.
amdroindeli wminda berZnuli kalendrebi ar Senaxula (aRmosavluri tipis
uZvelesi kalendaria siriuli _ 411-412 w. siriul enaze), Tumca am periodSi maTi
arseboba savaraudebelia. Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi berZnuli kalendrebi
RvTismsaxurebaSi sakiTxavad gamoyenebul saxarebasa da samociquloebzea
darTuli. arqimandriti sergi kalendrebis Sesaxeb Tavis specialur SromaSi
aRniSnavs, rom saxarebasa da samociquloebze darTuli kalendrebi hagiologiis
sxva ZeglebTan SedarebiT uZvelesia. aseTi kalendrebi wminda aRmosavluri
_ konstantinepoluri _ warmoSobisa arian, romlebic zogjer ierusalimur
gavlenasac gviCveneben. sergis dakvirvebiT saxareba-samociquloebze darTuli
kalendrebi gansxvavdebian ara marto erTmaneTisagan, aramed yvela im
kalendrisagan, romelsac Seicavs svinaqsrebi, Tvenebi da tipikonebi. ase rom,
Znelia moiZebnos ori iseTi kalendaric ki, savsebiT rom emTxveodes erTmaneTs.
TviT mokle kalendrebic ki, romlebic Seicaven umTavres dResaswaulebs,
igiveobas ar gviCveneben. amave avtoris SeniSvniT, momavali kvleva-Zieba kidev
gamoavlens iseT kalendrebs, romlebic mogvcemen cnobebs ucnobi mowameebisa
da wmindanebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, svinaqsarTa Semdgenlebs, romelTac mdidari
masala aqvT amokrebili Zveli kalendrebidan, mainc mTlianad ver gamouyenebiaT
samociquloebsa da saxarebebze darTuli uZveles kalendrebSi Sesuli yvela
mowamis Sesaxebi cnobebi2.
aseTi tipis berZnuli kalendrebidan uZvelesia Sulcis mier gamocemuli XI
s. xelnaweriT moRweuli kalendari, romelic praRis biblioTekaSia daculi.
masSi cota raodenobiTaa warmodgenili wmindanebis xsenebis dReebi, sul 93
dRe, da yvelaze gviandelia melitineli episkoposis dometianes xseneba (gard.
601 w.) sergi ganixilavs 20-ze met uZveles kalendars, romlebic saxarebasamociqulozea darTuli. ram gamoiwvia kalendrebis SeerTeba axali aRTqmis
1 laodekiis krebis 35-e kanoni, didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 257.
2 , dasax. naSromi, gv. 80-90.

11

wignebTan? qristianuli eklesiis pirvelma dResaswaulebma, romlebic

dakavSirebuli iyvnen umTavresad qristes, agreTve RvTismSoblisa da iovane
naTlismcemlis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan momentebTan, gamoiwvia saRmrTo
werilidan (saxareba, mociqulTa epistoleebi) am dResaswaulebze wasakiTxavad
Sesaferisi adgilebis SerCeva. aseTi sakiTxavebi gauCnda RvTismsaxurebaSi
Semosul mowameTa xsenebis dReebsac. aseTi sakiTxavebis SerCevis sistemam
gamoiwvia e.w. `sarCevebis~ Sedgena, romlebic uCvenebdnen, saRmrTo werilis esa
Tu is adgili romel dRes da ra dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT unda wakiTxuliyo.
es sarCevebi, romelTac kalendaruli forma hqondaT, erTvoda RvTismsaxurebaSi
sakiTxavad gamoyenebul saxarebasa da mociqulTa epistoleebs1. sainteresoa,
rom aseTi sarCevebi atarebdnen `menelogiis~, `snaqsris~ an kidev `kanonaris~
saxels. Sinaarsoblivad isini erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebodnen da udridnen
im kalendrebs, romlebic dasavleTSi `martirologiebis~ saxelwodebiT iyo
cnobili. aqedan cxadia, rom svinaqsris saxelwodebiT yovelTvis ar iwodeboda
is, rasac dRes `snaqsars~ (mokle cxovrebis Semcveli krebuli) vuwodebT.
`snaqsrad~ Tavdapirvelad iwodeboda RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoyenebuli
saxareba-samociquloebze darTuli kalendrebi, romlebic mxolod wmindanTa
saxelebs Seicavda da ganawilebuli iyo Tvis dReebSi maTi xsenebis mixedviT.
gacilebiT gvian, rodesac Camoyalibda da SedarebiT dasrulebuli saxe mieca
saeklesio tipikonebs, masSi Sevida `snaqsris~ saxeliT cnobili kalendaric,
romelic wmindanTa kalendruli dReebis garda, Seicavda sxva liturgikul
miTiTebebs da ganagebda RvTismsaxurebis rituals mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
am kalendarma SeinarCuna Tavisi saxelwodeba `snaqsari~ da tipikonis erTerT mniSvnelovan nawilad gadaiqca, xolo tipikonis ganviTarebasTan erTad
da istoriul-hagiografiuli masalis SeTvisebis Sedegad axali forma miiRo.
sityva `snaqsari~ niSnavs krebuls, Sekrebas da miuTiTebs, rom qristianebi did
dResaswaulebze, da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mowameebis xsenebis dReebSi maT
sadideblad ikribebodnen taZarSi (eklesiaSi). swored es dReebi iyo aRniSnuli
saxareba-samociqulos e.w. `maCveneblebSi~ (an `sarCevebSi~) xolo Semdeg ki,
rogorc vTqviT, `snaqsris~ saxelwodebis qveS igulisxmeboda tipikonis
is nawili, sadac mocemulia wmindanTa da mowameTa da saerTod qristianuli
dResaswaulebis kalendari, gavrcobili maTi biografiuli, Tu istoriuli
cnobebiT da liturgikuli miTiTebebiT (miTiTebani troparebze, kondakebze,
litaniaze da sxv.)
saxareba-samociquloebze darTuli uZvelesi kalendrebidan yvelaze
adrindelia: moriCelis mier 1788 wlis xelnaweris mixedviT gamocemuli
1 ., . (IX ), , 1892, . 18.

12

kalendari1, zemoaRniSnuli Sulcis gamocemuli kalendari, anu svinaqsari2 da

sinas biblioTekis kanonari, romelic gamosca antonim 1874 w.3 mag. moriCelis
mier gamocemuli `menologia~ Seicvas sul 143 xsenebis dRes mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi da yovel xsenebasTan miTiTebulia sakiTxavebis dasawyisi da
dasasruli saxarebidan da mociqulTa epistoleebidan, xolo zogierTi
mniSvnelovani dResaswaulis dRes (xareba, gamocxadeba, RvTismSoblis miZineba,
Soba, oqropiris xseneba) damatebiT mocemulia liturgikuli miTiTebanic4.
SedarebiT gviandeli periodisaa marTlmadidebluri eklesiis is wigni
_ tipikoni, romelic Seicavs RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis wesebsa da
Tanamimdevrobas; maTgan zogierTma Semoinaxa amasTanave `snaqsris~ gavrcobili
krebulebi, rogorc misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili. saeklesio
tipikoni dasrulebuli saxiT, rogorc yoveldRiuri, Svideulisa da mTeli wlis
RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis wesebis regulatori, im periodSi Camoyalibda,
roca RvTismsaxurebis zemoaRniSnulma ZiriTadma nawilebma gamokveTili, myari
saxe miiRes5.
tipikonma dRidan Casaxvisa dasrulebuli saxis miRebamde ganviTarebis
grZeli da rTuli gza ganvlo. mis damuSavebasa da CamoyalibebaSi wvlili
miuZRvis sxvadasxva epoqisa da Taobis mraval cnobilsa da kidev ufro met
ucnob saeklesio Tu saero moRvawes.
tipikonis istoriis Seswavlam prof. n. krasnoselcevi miiyvana im daskvnamde,
rom misi warmoSobis safuZveli iyo RvTismsaxurebaSi sakiTxavad gamoyenebuli
axali aRTqmis wignebze darTuli zemoaRniSnuli `sarCevebi~, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva garemoSi rTuldeboda kidev ufro meti liturgikuli
miTiTebebiT ama Tu im saeklesio wirvisa, Tu ritualis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. ase
unda Cahyroda safuZveli pirveldawyebiT tipikons, romelic Semdeg samrevlo da
samonastro eklesiebis RvTismsaxurebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT TandaTan
ikrebda masalas. amas daemata qtitorTa mier daarsebuli monastrebisaTvis
micemuli wesebic, romlebic ZiriTadad disciplinarul miTiTebebs Seicavdnen.
am wesebma tipikonebSi adgili poves misi ganviTarebis adreul etapzeve.
aqve unda aRiniSnos is Sevsebac, romelic tipikonma miiRo evqologionidan,
Tvenebidan da RvTismsaxurebis sxva wignebidan6. am masalis gamoyenebis Sedegad
gamoikveTa tipikonis adrindeli tipi, romelic ukve axlos iyo zogad saeklesio
1 ., dasax. naSr., gv. 20.
2 Aug. Schulz, De menologii duobus codicum graecorum bibliothecae reginae Parisiensis, Bonnae,
1823.
3 , . . ., V, VI, 1874.
4 ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20.
5 ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 1.
6 ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 21.

13

daniSnulebis tipikonis im tipTan, romelic ufro gvian Camoyalibda (XI-XII

ss.).
saeWvo ar aris da arc sakvirveli, rom RvTismsaxurebis pirveli nabijebi
ierusalimSi gadaidga, radgan swored ierusalimi iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebis
aRmocenebis adgili.
ierusalimSi, qristes saflavis taZarSi SemuSavebuli RvTismsaxurebis
praqtika didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
RvTismsaxurebas (sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ierusalimis es `ganCineba~ anu
`kanoni~ qarTulma wyaroebmac Semogvinaxa IX s. xelnawerSi. magram, rogorc
akad. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, is naTargmni unda iyos VIII s. pirvel naxevarSi,
xolo misi ZiriTadi fena VII saukunes ganekuTvneba)1.
ierusalimis eklesiuri hegemonis mze male Caesvena. amis ZiriTadi mizezi
mahmadianTa gamudmebuli Semosevebis Sedegad ierusalimis daqceva iyo. 614 w.
ivnisSi ierusalimi sparsTa mefem xosrom daipyro da morwmuneTa mTeli armia
_ 90000 kacze mati _ mospo. sparselebma miwasTan gaaswores ierusalimisa da
misi midamoebis eklesiebi da taZrebi, gaZarculi da darbeuli iqna aRdgomisa da
qristes saflavis simdidriT ganTqmuli eklesiebi. amas daemata xalifa omaris
mier 637 wels ierusalimis xelmeored damxoba. mis mierve 639-640 wlebSi darbeul
iqna aRmosavleTis sxva sapatriarqoebic. mxolod konstantinopolis patriarqma
SeinarCuna damoukidebloba da amaRlda aRmosavleTis sxva patriarqebze. Tuki
konstantinopolis patriarqi VII saukunemde TiTqmis mTlianad damokidebuli
iyo ierusalimis `qristes saflavze~ SemuSavebul `ierusalimis kanonze~2, VII
saukunidan swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqo gaxda marTlmadidebluri
samyaros uZlieresi centri, romelmac TandaTanobiT gaavrcela Tavisi gavlena
aRmosavleTis sxva eklesiebze. wm. sofiis didi eklesiis (532-538 w.). da mis
axlomaxlo sxva mniSvnelovani taZrebisa da eklesiebis aSenebam, patriarqis
siaxlovem imperatoris karTan da RvTismsaxurebis mdidrulad Sesrulebam
xeli Seuwyo didi eklesiis (e.i. wm. sofiis) tipikonis ganviTarebas da misi
moqmedebis sferos sul ufro da ufro gavrcelebas. Semdgomma istoriulma
movlenebma kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli konstantinopolis didi eklesiis wesdebis
gavlenis gaZlierebas. 1009 w. xalifa al-hakimma mTlianad daangria qristes
saflavisa da aRdgomis taZrebi, sadac jer kidev tradiciiT Semonaxuli iyo
ierusalimis RvTismsaxurebis mdidruli praqtika. amdenma ngrevam, bunebrivia,
gamoiwvia ierusalimis mdidruli RvTismsaxurebis gaqroba, xolo VII
1 . , ..., 1911; misive etiudebi, V, gv. 246-47.
2 es gavlena RvTismsaxurebis wesis Sesrulebis garda Zlierad igrZnoboda `wmida~
adgilTa saxelwodebaSic, romlebic konstantinepolSi aRmocenda ierusalimis `wmida~
adgilTa saxelwodebebis mibaZviT. aseTive mdgomareoba gvqonda ierusalimis `kanonis~
mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZarSi gamoyenebisas (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, V, gv. 246-247).

14

saukunidan dawyebuli konstantinopolis wesdebis ganviTarebas kidev ufro

meti gasaqani mieca. aRniSnuli droidan didi eklesiis tipikonis ganviTareba
sakuTriv konstantinopolis niadagze xdeba. aq is sxvadasxva garemoebaTa
gavleniT gamdidrda axali masaliT (rogoricaa adgilobrivi istoriuli
movlenebi da dResaswaulebi: barbarosTa Semoseva, axali taZrebis kurTxeva,
imperatorTa da patriarqTa xsenebani, miwisZvrebi da a.S.1). aRsaniSnavia,
rom konstantinopolis didi eklesiis tipikonma gavlena iqonia samonastro
tipikonebzedac. RvTismsaxurebis gangeba da wmindanTa xsenebis dResaswaulebi
ZiriTadad konstantinopolis sapatriarqo tipikonis zegavleniT dgeboda
konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval eklesia-monastrebis tipikonebSic,
romlebsac samonastro cxovrebis pirobebis Sesabamisad damatebiT monazonTa
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis disciplinaruli nawilic hqonda. es gavlena kargad
Cans IX-X saukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli studielTa monastris tipikonis Cvenamde
moRweul nusxebSi (e.w. `mokle monaxazebi~ _ potupwsi...) da mis wmindanTa
xsenebis kalendarSic. Tumca studielTa monastris tipikonma adgilobriv
pirobebTan SefardebiT axali masalac daumata tipikonis rogorc kalendarul,
ise liturgikul nawilsac2.
qristes saflavisa da konstantinopolis didi eklesiis tipikonebi
sapatriarqo, e.i. samrevlo eklesiaTa tipikonebis tipebs ganekuTvnebian.
garda aseTi tipikonebisa, RvTismsaxurebaSi cnobilia samonastro tipikonebi.
samonastro
tipikonebis
Camoyalibeba
dakavSirebulia
ber-monazvnobis
warmoSobasTan. samonastro cxovrebis specifikam Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia
iseTi wesebisa da kanonebis SemoReba, romelTa gaTvaliswineba samrevlo
eklesiebisaTvis saWiro ar iyo. umTavresad es Seexeboda samonastro cxovrebis
disciplinarul mxares, romelsac unda ganesazRvra ber-monazonTa moRvaweobis,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis yovelgvari wvrilmanic ki, agreTve RvTismsaxurebis
Sesrulebis samonastro cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, specifikuri rituali.
aseTi tipikonebidan cnobilia zemoaRniSnuli Teodore studielis monastris
tipikoni konstantinopolSi da saba ganwmedilisa _ palestinaSi.
studielTa monastris tipikoni, romlis warmoSoba am monastris winamZRvris
Teodore studielis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, sinamdvileSi ki misi anderZisa
da studielTa monastris praqtikis safuZvelze gacilebiT gvian Seiqmna,
gavrcelda konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi, aTonis mTaze, sadac man aTanases
lavraSi damkvidrebul RvTismsaxurebis praqtikasTan SerwymiT axali saxe
miiRo, Seivso axali, adgilobrivi pirobebiT gasaTvaliswinebeli masaliT,
rac upirveles yovlisa, disciplinarul nawils exeboda3. aTanases lavridan
1
2
3
gv.

., dasax. naSromi, gv. 3-8.

, dasax. naSromi, gv. 204-205.
. , , . III, , 1877, . 151; ., dasax. naSromi,
223.

15

studielTa monastris tipikoni gavrcelda aTonis sxva monastrebSic1. rogorc

aRvniSneT, studielTa monastris RvTismsaxurebis praqtikaze didi gavlena
moaxdina konstantinopolis wm. sofiis eklesiis tipikonmac, iseve rogorc
palestinaSi saba ganwmedilis tipikonze qristes saflavis taZarSi daculma
RvTismsaxurebis praqtikam. es gavlena RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis ritualTan
erTad vrceldeboda wmindanTa xsenebis dReebzedac, Tumca studielTa
monastris wmindanebis xsenebanic Tavis mxriv Sevida didi eklesiis `snaqsarSi~,
gacilebiT mcire raodenobiT, vidre SesaZlebelia yofiliyo studielTa
monastris kalendarSi, an mosaxsenebel aRapebSi2.
hagiologiuri masalis mxriv mniSvnelovania mxolod didi eklesiis, e.i.
konstantinopolis wm. sofiis tipikonebi, radgan wmindanTa mokle biografiuli
da istoriuli cnobebis Semcveli yvela sruli svinaqsaruli krebuli
konstantinopoluria. aseTi tipikonebis nusxebi jerjerobiT ramdenimea
cnobili. amaTgan uZvelesia patmosis biblioTekis IX-X saukuneebis # 266
xelnaweri. es tipikoni sxvadasxva wyaroebidan Sedgenili Cans. sxvaTa Soris,
xSirad erTi da igive wmindani ganmeorebulia erTsa da imave dRes; Semdgenels
igi sxva wmindanad miuCnevia, radgan wyaroSi es saxeli damaxinjebuli yofila3.
aseTi SemTxvevebi mravlad SeiZleba moiZebnos giorgi mTawmidlis `did
snaqsarSic~, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs varauds, rom `didi snaqsris~
hagiologiuri nawilis wyaro patmosis xelnaweris tipis erT-erTi nusxa unda
iyos. am tipikonSi yvelaze gviandelad konstantinopoleli patriarqis egnatis
xseneba (garda. 877-878 w. 23 IX) da vulis eklesiis kurTxeva (20 V 894 w. axlo
xanebSi) miaCniaT4.
patmosis biblioTekis tipikoni gamoirCeva wmindanTa xsenebebis siuxviT,
saSualod 5-7 xseneba erT dRes; Tumca svinaqsaruli cxovreba axlavs mxolod
erTi an ori wmindanis saxels, danarCenebisa mxolod sadauroba da zogjer
wamebis adgilia miTiTebuli. am svinaqsars sxva cnobil srul svinaqsarebsa da
gavrcobil kalendrebs Soris saSualo adgili uWiravs.
konstantinopolis patmosis biblioTekis tipikons drois erTi monakveTis
produqtad ar miiCneven. rogorc sergi fiqrobs, masSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos
fenebi, rac adasturebs, rom es tipikoni saukuneebis manZilze ivseboda. mag: am
tipikonSi 16/XII dadebulia mowame vakxas xseneba, romelsac aqvs aseTi SeniSvna:
`iwama Cven dros palestinaSi, irine da konstantine mefeebis dros~-o5 (780-797).
safiqrebelia, rom aseTi formiT saxsenebeli meqanikurad unda iyos gadmotanili
1 giorgi mTawmidelis `did snaqsris~ disciplinaruli nawilis umetesi statiebi,
gadamuSavebuli saxiT, swored aTanases `tipikonidan~ unda iyos aRebuli (. ,
..., 1907; . 483).
2 , dasax. naSromi, I, gv. 204.
3 iqve, gv. 28.
4 iqve, gv. 140-141.
5 , dasax. naSromi, I, gv. 140.

16

gadamweris mier. TavisTavad es adgili amtkicebs, rom aseTi gavrcobili

svinaqsaruli krebuli, rogorc tipikonis Semadgeneli nawili, ukve VIII s.
meore naxevrisaTvis Camoyalibebul saxes atarebda.
aRniSnuli svinaqsris safuZveli mowameTa xsenebebis Semcveli uZvelesi
svinaqsar-kalendaria, romelic TandaTanobiT gavrcelda da Seivso momdevno
drois dResaswaulebiT1.
aseTive tipis sruli svinaqsaria sapatriarqo biblioTekis # 40 xelnaweri,
romelic Seicavs konstantinopolis wm. sofiis tipikonis xelnawerTan SedarebiT
ufro srulyofil da ganviTarebis ufro maRal doneze mdgar axal nusxas.
es tipikoni da masSi Semavali gavrcobili svinaqsari Sedgenilia bizantiis
imperator konstantine VII porfirogenetis davalebiT X saukunis Sua wlebSi2.
am tipikonis Sedgenas umTavresad hagiografiuli mizani hqonda, rogorc es
Semdgenelis anderZidan Cans; imperators misTvis dauvalebia yvela im wmindanis
cxovrebis mokle mimoxilvis Sedgena, romelTa xsovnas eklesia aRniSnavs. man
xeli mohkida am Znel saqmes da arsebuli Sromebis safuZvelze Seadgina mokle
cxovrebani, sadac naCvenebia _ vin iyvnen isini, rodis cxovrobdnen, vis dros da
rogor ewamnen. Semdgeneli aRniSnavs, rom igi ar cdila enawylianoba gamoeCina,
aramed undoda simarTle moeTxro3.
svinaqsaruli nawilis mixedviT, konstantine imperatoris davalebiT
Sedgenili tipikoni konstantinopolis tipikonis ganviTarebis axal safexurs
warmoadgens. tipikonis es nawili patmosis nusxasTan SedarebiT ierusalimis
nusxaSi safuZvlianadaa gadamuSavebuli da gavrcobili. aq moTavsebulia im
wmindanebis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani, romelTa Sesaxeb patmosis xelnawerSi
da sxva svinaqsarebSi xsenebac ar aris, an kidev mxolod xsenebania biografiis
gareSe (mag. 23/X, 9/I, 14/I, 12/III da a.S.). patmosTan SedarebiT ierusalimuri
nusxa xSirad gavrcobilia axali faqtebiT. igi zogjer srulad iyenebs
patmosis nusxis masalas (13/VIII), xSirad ki Tavidan bolomde sarwmuno faqtebze
dayrdnobiT axleburad gadmogvcems ama Tu im wmindanis cxovrebis epizods4.
konstantinopolis didi eklesiis tipikonis am ori nusxis dawvrilebiTi
ganxilva imitom dagvWirda, rom warmogvedgina svinaqsaruli nawilis
ganviTareba-Sevsebis is gza, romliTac svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa evolucia
warimarTa, kerZod, konstantinopolis tipikonze sagangebod SeCereba unda
1 iqve, gv. 140-141.
2 papandopulo-keramevsiT 945-50 w. (. , 1896 .,III, . 3, . 89 435);
beliaeviT 950-956 w. (. ., III-IV, 1896 ., . 437);
3 . . - , (. ., III-IV, 1896 .,
. 438-439);
4 ., -, .
. ., 1902, 12, . 519.

17

gavamarTloT imiT, rom qarTulma eklesiam swored am tipikoniT warmarTa Tavisi

RvTismsaxureba X-XII-Si. qarTul RvTismsaxurebaSi svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa
danergva konstantinopolis svinaqsarSi moTavsebul mokle cxovrebaTa yalibze
mimdinareobda TiTqmis XVIII saukunemdec ki. marTalia, giorgi mTawmidlis
`didi snaqsris~ wyaroebis migneba momavali Ziebis saqmea, magram, safiqrebelia,
rom misi hagiologiuri nawili konstantinopolis tipikonis im nusxidan
unda iyos gadmoRebuli, romelic patmosis xelnawerze gviandelia, magram
ierusalimur nusxaze adrindeli da maT Soris saSualo adgili uWiravs. am
varaudis safuZveli aRniSnuli sami nusxis (patmosis, ierusalimurisa da `didi
snaqris~) zogierTi dRis xsenebaSi Cans, rac calke kvlevis sagania.
garda ganxiluli svinaqsarebisa, cnobilia svinaqsarTa sxva nusxebic,
magram qarTuli svinaqsaruli masalis maTTan siaxlove ar aris mosalodneli1,
amitom maTze aRar SevCerdebiT (basilis menologia X s., petres tipikoni XI
s., galeqsili svinaqsari XI s. da mxolod slavurSi SemorCenili basilis
menologiis saxesxvaoba XI s. bolo da XII s. dasawyisi da sxva).
mokled rom gaviTvaliswinoT is, rac zemoT iTqva, berZnuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis RvTismsaxurebaSi hagiografiuli nawilis Casaxvisa da gadmocemis
formebis ganviTarebis suraTi SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:
1. qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmocenebis periodSi RvTismsaxureba imdenad
primitiuli iyo, rom mxolod fsalmunis, locvebis, qadagebisa da saRmrTo
werilis kiTxviT amoiwureboda. igi jer kidev ar Seicavda hagiografiuli
masalas, ramdenadac es masala jer kidev Camoyalibebuli ar iyo.
2. meore saukunidan iwyeba mowameTa xsenebis dRis damkvidreba da
savaraudebelia maTi cxovrebis kiTxva am dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis dros.
3. III-IV saukuneebSi mowameTa cxovrebebis wakiTxva eklesiebSi
RvTismsaxurebis aucilebeli da savaldebulo nawilia (karT. kreb. kanoni 48).
4. sauflo da mowameTa dReebis dResaswaulebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT
Seiqmna e.w. svinaqsar-kalendrebi, romlebic uCvenebdnen saRmrTo werilidan da
mowameTa aqtebidan ra masala rodis unda wakiTxuliyo.
5. momdevno saukuneebSi (V-VIII) axali da Zveli aRTqmis wignebTan
dakavSirebuli saeklesio dResaswaulebisa da agreTve axal mowameTa da
wmindanTa dResaswaulebis ricxvis zrdam aseTi kalendrebis TandaTanobiT
Sevseba da gavrcoba gamoiwvia. xsenebanic wmindanTa mxolod saxelis aRniSvnidan
gafarTovda maTi cxovrebis umTavresi faqtebis mokled gadmocemamde (wamebis
dro, adgili da sxva). am drois kalendrebis umravlesoba mraval liturgikul
miTiTebasac Seicavs.
1 hagiografiuli masalis mxriv zogjer Cans igiveoba basilis menologiasa da `did
snaqsars~ Soris, rac maT mier saerTo wyaros gamoyenebas unda mieweros.

18

6. saeklesio tipikonebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis garkveul etapze

aseTi svinaqsar-kalendari, `snaqsris~ saxelwodebiT tipikonis SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida, rogorc RvTismsaxurebis maregulirebeli mTeli wlis manZilze.
7. VIII saukunidan tipikonis svinaqsaruli nawili axal formas iRebs.
ramdenime tipikonis `snaqsari~ (ZiriTadad konstantinopolis didi eklesiisa)
Seicavs zogierTi mowamis, Tu wmindanis mokle, zogjer mozrdil cxovrebas,
e.w. svinaqsarul cxovrebas, romelic wmindanis umTavres biografiul cnobebs
gadmogvcems da hagiografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT aris Sedgenili (aseTebia
patmosis biblioTekis # 266, ierusalimis sapatr. biblioTekis # 40, drezdenis
bibl. xelnaweri # 104, basilis menologia da sxva.) am mokle cxovrebebma,
vfiqrobT, nawilobriv Secvales RvTismsaxurebaSi zogierTi vrceli
`cxovrebis~ wakiTxvis saWiroeba.
8. svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa Semdgomi damuSavebisa da srulyofis tendencia
kargad igrZnoba IX-X saukuneebis tipikonebis mixedviT (ierusal. # 40, basilis
menologia), romlebSic Cans imis cda, rom `snaqsarSi~ Sesul yvela wmindans
hqondes aseTi svinaqsaruli cxovreba da Tanac is, rac SeiZleba vrceli da
adrindel msgavs krebulebTan SedarebiT meti cnobebis Semcveli iyos.

***
qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis Casaxva da Semdgomi ganviTareba sul sxva pirobebSi
mimdinareobda, vidre berZnulisa. IV saukuneSi, rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli
RvTismsaxureba ZiriTadad Camoyalibebulia, amdenad qarTul sinamdvileSi
saWiro aRar iyo RvTismsaxurebis ganviTarebis im elementaruli safexurebis
gavla, rasac berZnulSi vxedavT; qarTulma eklesiam RvTismsaxurebis
mzamzareuli formebi miiRo da misi upirvelesi sazrunavi am formebis
gadmoqarTuleba gaxda.
qarTuli liturgikuli mwerloba Caisaxa palestinis IV-V saukuneebis
im monastrebSi (xaritonisa da saba ganwmedilis lavrebi), romlebSic am
droisaTvis qarTvelTa moRvaweobis faqti eWvs ar iwvevs. amdenad, bunebrivia,
vifiqroT, rom qarTulad RvTismsaxurebis pirveli wignebi iTargmna im enidan,
romelzedac Seiqmna qristianuli mwerlobis pirveli Zeglebi, e.i. berZnuli
enidan, Tumca siriulidan Targmnis SesaZleblobac ar aris gamoricxuli1.
akad. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom qarTulad RvTismsaxureba qristianobis
SemoRebisTanave ver Sesruldeboda, radgan manamde saWiro iqneboda
liturgikuli wesebis gadmoqarTuleba da saeklesio pirebis momzadeba.
amitom qristianobis SemoRebidan erTi saukune mosamzadebel periodad unda
vivaraudoT. ase rom qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis dasawyisi V s. naxevridan unda
1

. , ..., 1908; . XI-XII.

19

viangariSoT1. Tavdapirveladve qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis dros

berZnulis msgavsad ikiTxeboda saRmrTo werili, fsalmuni, locvebi, qadagebani
da mowameTa aqtebi. marTlac, `SuSanikis wameba~ gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT,
rom V s. meore naxevarSi qarTulad arsebobda saxareba, saqme mociqulTa da
mowameTa wignebi2. saba ganwmendilis anderZi (532 w.) gvamcnobs, rom mis lavraSi
moRvawe qarTvelebs ufleba hqondaT qarTulad SeesrulebinaT Jamnoba,
samxroba da waekiTxaT saxareba da samociqulo3. VI saukunis gasuls, kirion
kaTalikosis dros, rogorc es qarTvel-somexTa eklesiis meTaurTa mimoweridan
Cans, saqarTvelos eklesiis 35 eparqiaSi RvTismsaxureba qarTulad sruldeboda,
curtavSi _ somxuradac4.
qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi nacionalur moRvaweTa `martvilobebis~
warmoSoba-Seqmnas, unda vifiqroT, Tavidanve liturgikuli daniSnulebac
hqonda. marTalia, aseTi Txzulebebi mowameTa ukvdavsayofad da dampyrobelTa
Zalmomreobis uZneles periodSi erovnuli ideebisa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis
ganmtkicebis saagitaciod iwereboda, magram maTi wakiTxva morwmuneTaTvis
mxolod qristianeTa Sekrebebze, e.i. RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis dros
iyo SesaZlebeli, rac TavisTavad miuTiTebs hagiografiis am nawilis
Tavdapirveladve liturgikul daniSnulebaze. marTlac, `wameba-cxovrebis~
Cvenamde moRweul Zvel qarTul Zeglebs, rom araferi vTqvaT mogviano xanis
Txzulebebze, saTaurSive miTiTebuli aqvT dRe, romelic dadebulia am wmindanis
saxseneblad da gulisxmobs RvTismsaxurebaze aRniSnuli Txzulebis wakiTxvas.
qarTvel moRvaweTa da sxva nacionaluri qristianuli uZvelesi
dResaswaulebis dawesebis Sesaxeb qarTulma wyaroebma bevri mniSvnelovani
cnoba Semogvinaxa. am cnobaTa mixedviT Cans, rom aseTi xsenebebi V-VI ss.
moZravi qristianuli dResaswaulebis dReebSi ideboda. magaliTad, SuSanikis
xseneba misi gardacvalebisTanave daido xuTSabaTs: `da dRe xuTSabaTi iyo,
romelsa ganvaweseT sasenebeli wmidisa SuSanikisi`5; mirianis dros `daaweses
dResaswauli ZleviT Semosvlisa juarisa aRvsebisa zatikisa zatiksa, dResa
kriakesa~6; `martliisa ukuana _ dResa oTxSabaTsa~7; `pirvelsa xuTSabaTsa
1 k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, 1941, gv. 527.
2 iakob curtaveli, wameba SuSanikisi, il. abulaZis gamocema, 1938, gv. 17.
3 Tumca dimitrievski fiqrobs, rom `iberebis~ nacvlad Tavdapirvelad teqstSi unda
yofiliyo, Amenou rac Semdeg Segnebulad unda gadaesworebiaT berZnebis somxebisadmi
antipatiuri damokidebulebis gamo ( , 1890,
. 18). saerTod ki avtori ar uaryofs samecniero literaturaSi miRebul azrs, rom
ukve V s. paleqstinaSi qarTvelebs hqondaT damoukidebeli monastrebi.
4 . , ..., 1907, . X.
5 `wameba SuSanikisi~, il. abulaZis gamocema, 1938, gv. 46.
6 . , ...II, . 795; agreTve iovane-zosimes kalendari, gv. 25.
7 iqve.

20

Semdgomad amaRlebisa _ daviT garejelisa~1; `pirvelsa oTxSabaTsa Semdgomad

amaRlebisa _ dodo garejelisa~2; `kriakesa mesamesa zatikTa _ mcxeTis
juarisa~3; `orcielisa paraskevsa~4 da g zatiksa, dResa SabaTsa _ wmidisa
ninosi~5; `yvelierisa xuTSabaTsa _ Siosi~6 da sxva.
zemoT CamoTvlil wmindanTagan, rogorc vxedavT, arc erTi ar aris VI
saukuneze gviandeli moRvawe; dResaswaulebic VI s. adre dawesebuli Cans.
es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom V-VI saukuneebSi wmindanTa xseneba ideboda
mxolod Svideulis dReebSi, moZrav dResaswaulebze, rac TavisTavad miuTiTebs,
rom am droisaTvis nacionalur wmindanTa dResaswaulebis dawesebis kalendaruli
sistema jer kidev Camoyalibebuli ar aris, radgan samarxvo dResaswaulTa
sistema ufro adre Camoyalibda, vidre saeklesio wlis dResaswaulTa kalendris
mixedviT aRniSvna7, Svideulis dReebSi dawesebuli wmindanTa dResaswaulebi
ufro arqaulia, vidre kalendaruli xsenebis dReebi. amas adasturebs Tundac is
faqti, rom mogviano xanis liturgikul ZeglebSi yvela dasaxelebul moRvawes
kalendaruli xsenebis dRe moepoveba, mag. SuSaniks _ 17 oqtomberi8, daviT
garejels _ 28 maisi (iSviaTad), dodo garejels _ 28 maisi (iSviaTad), ninos
_ 14 ianvari, Sio mRvimels _ 9 maisi. xsenebis dReTa uZvelesi saxiT aRniSvna
mxolod siriel mamebs _ daviT garejels, Sio mRvimels da dodo garejels
SemorCaT, isic paralelurad, xolo SuSanikis, ninos da abibos dResaswaulebi
mxolod xsenebis kalendaruli sistemiT damkvidrda. qarTuli eklesiis uZveles
wmindanTa _ raJden pirvelmowamis, evstaTi mcxeTelisa da cxra kolaelTa
xsenebis dReebi Tavdapirvelad moZrav dResaswaulebze daideboda, Tumca maTi
cxovrebani da uZvelesi liturgikuli Zeglebi amis Sesaxeb aras gvamcnoben,
xolo mogviano xanis ZeglebSi (mag, A _ 97/ XI s.) maTi xseneba ukve weliwadis
kalendrul dReebSia dadebuli.
VIII-IX saukuneebis ZeglebSi wmindanTa dResaswaulebi ukve Tavis dReebSia
warmodgenili. mag. abos xseneba dawesda naTlisRebis meore dRes, 7 ianvars; IX-X
saukuneebSi Seqmnili Zegli `cxovreba serapion zarzmelisa~ wmindanis xsenebis
dRed ukve wlis kalendrul dRes _ 29 oqtombers miuTiTebs: `xolo ganvaweseT
1 saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 265.
2 iqve, gv. 292.
3 iovane zosimes kalendari, iv. javaxiSvilis gamocema, sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, gv. 225.
4 Sin. 5, 28v (minaweri teqstis xeliT); Jer. 42, 78v; Sin. 9; Sin. 17.
5 parizis leqcionari, Rt.VIII #3 (III), 301v. (k. kekeliZe am xsenebas uCvenebs iovanezosimes kalendarSi, rac Secdomaa. qarTuli literaturis istoria, 1951, gv. 109).
6 H-1349, 1r.
7 . , , , 1885, . 45, 58.
8 ZiriTadad, Torem gvxvdeba misi xseneba sxva dReebSic: 2 oqtombers-A-111, 48z, 170315w.w, A-152, 46z, 1742w., Q-627, 356z, XVIII s.; centr.arq.#488, XVIII s. 21 agvistos A-97300v, XI s. arSiaze teqst. xeliT; A-1486, 197v, 1765 w. 1 noembers _ Q-662, XVII s.

21

sasenebeli wmidisa amis galobiTa da SesxmiTa sulieriTa da Ramis TeviTa

dResaswaulobiTa okdonbersa ocdacxras...~1. xsenebaTa kalendarze gadasvla
qarTul sinamdvileSi VII-VIII saukuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo. Tumca, Zveli
sistema, albaT, pirvel xanebSi mainc, paralelurad ganagrZobda arsebobas,
xolo Semdeg TandaTan gamoidevna. zogierTma dResaswaulma ki paralelurad
bolomde SeinarCuna aRniSvnis Tavdapirveli saxe (daviT garejeli, dodo
garejeli, Sio mRvimeli da sxva qristianuli dResaswaulebi).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTvel moRvaweTa xsenebis dRes RvTismsaxurebaze
Tavidanve maT `wamebebs~ da `cxovrebebs~ kiTxulobdnen. amis Sesaxeb zogierTi
`cxovrebis~ teqstic metyvelebs, romelSic xSiria msmenel-morwmuneebisadmi
aseTi mimarTvebi: `momipyreniT saCinoni ege sasmenelni Tquenni...~ (wameba abosi,
Zv. qarT. lit. qrest. I gv. 56), `sayuarelno, nu gewyinebin smenad sityuaTa
amaT...~ (iqve, gv. 57), `miiReT Cemgan sanatreli ese smena wmidisa mowamisa~ (iqve,
gv. 63), `aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa
SuSanikisi~ (iqve, 1,34), `sayuarelno...~ mimarTva msmenelebisadmi (kostanti kaxis
wameba _ qrest. I, gv. 74), `ixileT, rasa vity, morwmuneno, anu ra ars dRes
mizezi sitysa Cemisa da Tquenisa aqa Semokrebisa~ (raJdenis wameba, qrest. I, gv.
241), `ese netarisa ninos cxovreba Seuwyobelad da ganbneulad... aRreulad
ewera... amisTvs saeklesio mkiTxvelTaTvs friad sawyino iyo da msmenelTaTs
umar da ver sacnaur...~ (arsen beri, cxovreba wm. ninosi, saekl. muz. gamocema,
#10, gv. 51-52) da sxva mravali. motanili magaliTebi naTlad metyveleben ama Tu
im moRvawis sruli cxovrebis RvTismsaxurebis dros wakiTxvis saWiroebaze.
marTalia, nacionaluri wmindanebis `wameba~ _ `cxovrebani~ qarTul eklesias
arc Tu ise didi raodenobiT hqonda, magram vrceli cxovrebis RvTismsaxurebaze
wakiTxvis praqtikam, rogorc Cans, mainc gadasinjva moiTxova, radgan is
dReebi, romlebSic wmindanis `cxovreba~ ikiTxeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi
gadaitvirTa nacionaluri, zogadqristianuli da msoflio eklesiis wmindanTa
dResaswaulebiT. amas unda gamoewvia wmindanTa xsenebis dReebSi wasakiTxi
masalis Semoklebis praqtikuli saWiroeba. marTlac, aris sakmao safuZveli
vifiqroT, rom RvTismsaxurebaSi zogierTi didi zomis cxovreba amave moRvawis
Semoklebulma cxovrebam Secvala. aseT Semoklebul cxovrebebs SeiZleba
svinaqsaruli tipis cxovrebani vuwodoT2, radgan Cveulebriv svinaqsarul
cxovrebebTan SedarebiT Semoklebuli cxovrebani gacilebiT vrcelia da arc
erT liturgikuli xasiaTis krebulSi (e.i. svinaqsarSi, an sadResaswauloSi)
ar aris Sesuli. aseTi svinaqsaruli tipis cxovrebebs SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT:
1 Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I, s. yubaneiSvilis gamocema, 1946, gv. 97.
2 akad. s. janaSia (Sromebi, t. II, gv. 288, sqolio) asurel mamaTa mokle cxovrebebs
svinaqsaruli midrekilebis cxovrebebs uwodebs, xolo prof. il. abulaZe _ erTgvar
svinaqsarul redaqcias (asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis Zveli wignebi, gv. XVI).

22

SuSanikis wamebis 940 w. somxuridan naTargmni Semoklebuli cxovreba1, ioane

zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis, daviT garejelisa da abibos nekreselis cxovrebaTa
mokle redaqciebi; ilarion qarTvelis, arCil mefis2, ninos, petre iberis
cxovrebaTa mokle variantebi. aRniSnul cxovrebebs safuZvlad vrceli
redaqciis teqstebi udevs. ufro dawvrilebiT am sakiTxze TiToeuli moRvawis
cxovrebis svinaqsaruli redaqciis ganxilvisas SevCerdebiT. magram sainteresoa
is garemoeba, rom CamoTvlil `cxovrebaTa~ mokle redaqciebis umetesoba
ar scildeba X-XI saukuneebis farglebs, e.i. win uswrebs qarTul eklesiaSi
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Janris damkvidrebas, aqedan gamomdinare giorgi
mTawmidlis mier `didi snaqsris~ Targmnas. mxolod ninosa (XIII s.) da petre
iberielis cxovrebaTa mokle variantebia Seqmnili cota mogvianebiT, albaT,
tradiciis gavleniT.
VI-IX
saukuneebis
danarCen
moRvaweebs
`snaqsris~
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebamde ar gaaCniaT cxovrebis mokle redaqciebi da TviT maTi
svinaqsaruli cxovrebanic, garda umciresi gamonaklisisa (abos _ XIV s. daviT
da konstantinesi _ XIII-XIV ss.), Cven mxolod XVIII saukunidan mogvepoveba
(evstaTi mcxeTelis, gobronis, kostanti kaxisa), an kidev srulebiT ar
Senaxula Cvenamde (grigol xanZTelis, serapion zarzmelis, cxra Zma kolealTa).
rogorRa avxsnaT es faqti? nuTu maTi xsenebis dReebSi ar iyo saWiroeba iseTive
tipis Semoklebuli cxovrebani wakiTxuliyo, rogorc es ilarion qarTvelis,
asurel moRvaweTa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb aRvniSneT? gadaWriT raimes Tqma Znelia,
mxolod SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kostanti kaxis, gobronisa da cxra Zma
kolaelTa wamebani ar moiTxovdnen Semoklebuli cxovrebebis Sedgenas, radgan
maTi cxovrebis teqstebi arafriT ar aRemateba mokle tipis cxovrebebs, ufro
metic, zogierTTan SedarebiT isini mcirenic ki arian. rac Seexeba evstaTi
mcxeTelis, daviT da konstantines, grigol xanZTelisa da serapion zarzmelis
cxovrebebs, isini Cvenamde Tavdapirveli saxiT ar Semonaxulan. maT, rogorc
cnobilia, gadamkeTebel-metafrastis xelSi gauvliaT da, amdenad, Znelia
maT kimenur redaqciebze msjeloba. magaliTad, daviT da konstantines XII s.
Seqmnili cxovrebis arc Tu vrceli zomis metafrastuli redaqcia, rogorc
samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli3, Seqmnilia am mowameTa Rvawlis Semcveli
Zveladve arsebuli Txzulebis safuZvelze, da, safiqrebelia, gacilebiT mokle
iyo metafrastulTan SedarebiT. amitom misi liturgikuli daniSnulebiT
1 romlis dedans akad. k. kekeliZe svinaqsaruls uwodebs (qarT. lit. ist., I. gv. 110,
sqolio).
2 arCil mefis dResaswaulis uZvelesi dRe (ioane-zosimes kalendriT 15 ianvars) eWvs
badebs, rom arsebobda misi cxovrebac, romlis Semoklebuli saxe unda iyos arCilis
`qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ mokle nusxa.
3 k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, 1951, gv. 503.

23

gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda. msgavsi SemTxvevebi mosalodnelia im

cxovrebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebmac Cvenamde mxolod mogviano metafrastuli
redaqciebiT moaRwies.
Cven SevecadeT Zvel nacionalur moRvaweTa Semoklebuli cxovrebis
arsebobis, Tu ar arsebobis faqtebisaTvis Taviseburi gamarTleba gvepova,
magram rogorRa avxsnaT, rom X-XII ss-Si abo Tbilelisa da ninos cxovrebaTa
vrceli redaqciebis gverdiT ara gvaqvs maTi mokle cxovrebani, miT umetes,
rom vrceli redaqciebi sakmaod didi moculobisani arian. vfiqrobT, rom ninos
xsenebis dRes mis vrcel cxovrebas kiTxulobdnen, mas Semdegac ki, rodesac
`didi snaqsris~ gavleniT Sedga qarTveli wmindanebis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani
da maT Soris, wm. ninosic. Cveni azriT, amas adasturebs Sin. 4 (XI s.) xelnaweris
wm. ninos dRis `gangeba~, romelSic mokle svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Semdeg 14/I
miTiTebulia: `ikiTx~n orjer cxovreba wmidisa ninosi~1. Cveni azriT, aq
ninos vrceli cxovreba igulisxmeba da ara svinaqsaruli. aqedan gamomdinare,
ninos Semoklebuli cxovrebis Sedgenis saWiroebis sakiTxi Tavdapirvelad X-XI
saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesiisaTvis ar mdgara, xolo XII-XIII ss. Seiqmna kidec
misi cxovrebis mokle redaqcia2, romelsac mxolod liturgikuli daniSnuleba
unda hqonoda.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas abos Sesaxebac. am Txzulebis kompozicia kargad
upasuxebs RvTismsaxurebaze wasakiTxi cxovrebis yvela moTxovnas. Txzulebis
Sesavals, romelic qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebasa da erovnuli
TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas isaxavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom homiletikuri forma aqvs;
meore da mesame Tavi abos cxovrebisa da wamebis faqtebs gadmogvcems, meoTxe
Tavi ki ~Sesxmis~ brwyinvale nimuSia. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom X saukunisaTvis,
rodesac Cven mier aRniSnuli svinaqsaruli tipis liturgikuli cxovrebani
warmoiSva, abos wameba mainc vrceli formiT ikiTxeboda; misgan Semoklebuli
cxovreba ar SeudgeniaT. Semoklebuli cxovrebis nacvlad, albaT, gamoyenebuli
iyo `abos wamebis~ mesame Tavi, romelsac calke saTauri aqvs: `wameba wmidisa
habosi~. am eWvis sasargeblod laparakobs cnobili X s. sinas xelnaweri (Sin.
_ 11), romelSic es Zegli zandukisa da pirveli Tavis gareSea warmodgenili3,
da agreTve SedarebiT mogviano drois ramdenime hagiografiuli krebuli,
romlebSic sxva qarTvel da msoflio eklesiis moRvaweTa vrcel cxovrebebTan
erTad Sesula abos wamebis mxolod mesame Tavi4. marTalia, XIII-XVIII ss.
xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT aseTi varaudis daSveba gaumarTlebelic SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, magram, safiqrebelia, rom am krebulebSi Sesuli cxovrebani
gacilebiT Zveli dednebidanaa aRebuli. `abos wamebis~ mxolod mesame Tavis
1 Sin. 4, gv. 100.
2 Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, gv. 216-231. q. cxadaZe, ucnobi avtoris
`ninos cxovreba~, saiubileo krebuli korneli kekeliZes _ 1959, gv. 401.
3 G. Garitte, Gatalogue des manuscrits gorgiens littraire du mont Sinai, Louvain, 1956, 41.
4 A-70. XIII s.; S-3269, 1720-iani wl., A-643, XVIII s.

24

Setana am krebulebis SemdgenelTa iniciativa ar unda iyos _ igi iseTi Zveli

krebulidan unda iyos gadmoRebuli, romelic `abos wamebis~ mxolod am nawils
Seicavda. am varaudis sasargeblod laparakobs igive sinas xelnaweri da A _ 10.
`abos wamebis~ es Tavi sruliad dasrulebuli Txzulebis saxes atarebs: mas aqvs
calke saTauri da Sesavali, romelSic avtori mimarTavs msmenel qristianebs:
`romelni xarT qristes moyuareni da martlT-moyvareni, miiReT Cemgan
sanatreli ese smena wmidisa mowamisa da qrists moRuawisa, romeli simniTa
da didebiTa grgnosan iqmna qristes mier!~1. Txroba abos wamebis Sesaxeb
wina Tavebisagan damoukidebladac dasrulebul iers atarebs. zemoaRniSnuli
monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom RvTismsaxurebaze am nawils SeeZlo abos
Semoklebuli cxovrebis magivroba gaewia, Tuki abos dResaswaulis dRes misi
Semoklebuli tipis cxovrebis wakiTxva aucilebeli iyo.
amrigad, qarTul RvTismsaxurebaze wmindanTa sruli cxovrebis wakiTxvis
praqtika, romelic, safiqrebelia, IX-X saukuneebamde grZeldeboda, Secvala
amave srul cxovrebaTa safuZvelze Sedgenilma Semoklebulma, svinaqsaruli
tipis cxovrebebma, rac eklesiis praqtikuli saWiroebis, drois ekonomiis
mizniT unda gakeTebuliyo. aseTi tipis cxovrebebis Seqmnis qronologiuri
sazRvrebi X-XI saukuneebiT unda Semoifarglos, xolo maTi gamoyeneba `didi
snaqsris~ Targmnisa da amasTan dakavSirebiT RvTismsaxurebaSi kidev ufro
mokle svinaqsaruli cxovrebebis damkvidrebis Semdegac, maT paralelurad, ar
aris moulodneli (mag. ninosa da petre iberis mokle cxovrebebi).
giorgi mTawmidlis mier `didi snaqsris~ TargmniT, Cveni azriT, iwyeba
qarTuli eklesiis RvTismsaxurebaSi hagiografiuli masalis axali formiT
warmodgenis morigi etapi. im mizeziT, rom efTvimes mier konstantinopoluri
tipikonis Semoklebuli Targmani imdroindel liturgikul saWiroebas veRar
akmayofilebda, giorgi mTawmidelma dekanozobis dros Targmna amave tipikonis
SedarebiT sruli redaqcia, romelsac efTvimes naSromTan SepirispirebiT `didi
snaqsari~ uwoda. giorgi mTawmidlis Sroma, rogorc es ukve aRniSnulia,
ar warmoadgens erTi romelime garkveuli Zeglis Targmnas: mis sxvadasxva
nawilebs sxvadasxva wyaro unda moepovebodes. savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, rom
giorgi mTawmidelma Tavis naTargmn ZeglSi disciplinarul nawilzedac izruna,
radgan yoveli monastrisaTvis aucilebeli es nawili mis ZiriTad wyaros _
konstantinopolis wm. sofiis didi eklesiis tipikonis nusxebs, rogorc
sapatriarqo-samrevlo eklesiis wesdebis wigns, ar gaaCnda. `didi snaqsris~
disciplinaruli nawili aTanase aTonelis lavrisaTvis SemuSavebuli tipikonis
_ Diatpwsi... gadmokveTeba unda iyos2. Tavis mxriv, aTanase aTonels es tipikoni
1 Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I, gv. 63.
2 . , . ..., . 487-497.

25

studielTa monastris tipikonidan _ Upotpwsi.. (`mokle monaxazebi~)

gadmoukeTebia1. `didi snaqsris~ samarxvo nawilic studielTa monastris
tipikonidan Cans aRebuli, xolo svinaqsaruli nawili ki _ konstantinopolis
didi eklesiis tipikonis erT-erTi nusxidan, rogorc amas akad. k. kekeliZe
fiqrobs2. amrigad, giorgi mTawmidlis `didi snaqsari~ Seqmnili Cans studielTa
monastrisa da konstantinopolis didi eklesiis tipikonebis safuZvelze.
sakiTxavia, ratom studielTa monastris tipikonebidan ar aiRo man svinaqsaruli
nawilic? es mxolod im garemoebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom studielTa monastris
tipikonebi svinaqsarul nawilSi kalendris moculobas ar gascilebian3, xolo
didi eklesiis tipikonebis svinaqsaruli nawili wmidanTa biografiul masalas
_ svinaqsarul cxovrebebsac Seicavdnen. amJamad `didi snaqsris~ swored
es hagiologiuri nawili gvainteresebs, radgan Targmnis procesSi da ufro
mogvianebiTac masSi qarTuli hagiografiuli masala Sevida.
berZnulidan naTargmn `did snaqsarSi~, marTalia, Tavidanve Sevida
nacionaluri hagiografiuli masala, magram mcire raodenobiT (13 maiss efTvimes
svinaq. cxovreba, 14/VI ioane aTonelis xseneba). saerTod unda iTqvas, rom am
Zeglis Semdeg droindeli nusxebic XVII-XVIIII s-mde ar gamoirCevian qarTuli
masalis siuxviT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, giorgi mTawmidelma `did snaqsarSi~ TargmnisTanave
Seitana efTvime mTawmidlis svinaqsaruli cxovreba, romelic masSi Sesul yvela
moRvawis svinaqsarul cxovrebaze gacilebiT vrcelia. qvemoT Cven davwrilebiT
gveqneba laparaki am Txzulebis Sesaxeb da amitom aq aRar SevCerdebiT.
`didi snaqsris~ sxvadasxva samwerlos kerebSi gadaweram mis sxvadasxva
nusxebSi adgilobrivi qarTuli elementis gaCena gamoiwvia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mTargmnelis miTiTebebis miuxedavad (mag. A _ 97, 312 f.) ukve XI saukunidanve
Cndeba gadamwerlebis da adgilobrivi eklesiebis `mamaTa~ sanqciiT qarTvel
moRvaweTa ara marto xsenebani, aramed svinaqsaruli cxovrebanic. am mxriv
jvaris monastris # 24-25 `snaqsari~, romelic specialurad aris gadawerili
jvaris monastris pirveli mSeneblis, proxores (12/II) svinaqsaruli cxovrebisa
da aRapis (17/I) Sesatanad. `didi snaqsris meore nusxa, romelic ninos sul
mokle svinaqsarul cxovrebas (14/I) Seicavs, gadawerilia sina mTaze XI sauk. II
naxevarSi (Sin.-4).
XI saukuneSive aris savaraudebeli ilarion qarTvelis jer xsenebisa da
Semdeg svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Setana `did snaqsarSi~, Tumca jerjerobiT misi
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Semcveli Cvenamde moRweuli `didi snaqsris~ nusxebidan
1 . , . ..., 223.
2 . , dasax. naSromi, gv. 497-502.
3 . , dasax. naSromi, gv. 63.

26

uZvelesi XII saukunisaa (A-222, A-626). Cveni azriT, am varaudis sasargeblod

laparakobs is garemoeba, rom ilarionis xseneba da sagalobeli jer kidev
giorgi mTawmidelma Seitana `TuenSi~. `Tuenis~ qarTuli masala, garda ilarion
qarTvelisa da efTvime mTawmidlis sagaloblebisa, iadgarebidan aris aRebuli.
ilarionisa da efTvimes sagaloblebis `TuenSi~ sakuTari iniciativiT Setana
gviCvenebs, rom giorgi mTawmideli gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda am ori
moRvawis rols qarTuli eklesiis cxovrebaSi. `didi snaqsris~ XI saukunis
nusxebSi swored `TuenSi~ xsenebisa da sagaloblis Setanis safuZvelze unda
gaCeniliyo ilarionis xseneba. XI saukunis miwurulisaTvis misi svinaqsaruli
cxovrebis gaCena amave Zeglis nusxebSi SesaZleblad migvaCnia, miT umetes, rom
ukve unda arsebuliyo ilarionis svinaqsaruli tipis Semoklebuli cxovreba,
romlis kidev ufro Semoklebas warmoadgens `did snaqsarSi~ Sesuli cxovreba.
ilarionis xsenebisa da cxovrebis svinaqsarSi Setanas mtkice safuZveli hqonda
im mxrivac, rom igi msoflio marTlmadidebluri eklesiis wmindanad iTvleboda.
ai, is qarTuli hagiografiuli masala, romelic `did snaqsarSi~ Sevida misi
Targmnis momentidan XI saukunis bolomde. rogorc vnaxeT, qarTuli masalis
`did snaqsarSi~ SetanaSi wvlili miuZRvis sazRvargareTis ramdenime qarTul
samwerlo keras (aToni, jvaris monasteri, sinas mTa). Semdeg, `snaqsris~
nusxebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi gadawerasTan dakavSirebiT, masSi qarTvel
moRvaweTa xsenebebis ricxvi TandaTan izrdeboda. am mxriv sainteresoa XI
s-is A-97 `snaqsari~, romlis aSiebze teqstis xeliTve miwerilia qarTvel
wmindanTa xsenebani svinaqsaruli cxovrebis gareSe, radgan, rogorc Cans, am
Zeglis gadamwers ver gaubedavs xsenebaTa ZiriTad teqstSi Setana (saerTod.
giorgi mTawmidlis anderZi krZalavda aseTi damatebebis Setanas). p. ingoroyva
fiqrobs, rom es xsenebebi amoRebuli unda iyos e.w. `klarjuli snaqsridan~.
gaurkvevelia, ra igulisxmeba `klarjul snaqsarSi~: klarjeTSi gadawerili
`snaqsari~ Tu klarjeTSi Sedgenili qarTuli liturgikuli wigni? Cven
vfiqrobT, rom es faqti ufro martivad SeiZleba aixsnas. XI saukuneSi saeWvo
ar unda iyos qarTuli eklesiis wmindanTa xsenebaTa kalendris arseboba, ufro
sworad kalendrisa, romelic msoflio eklesiis wmindanTa da dResaswaulTa
gverdiT Seicavda qarTvel moRvaweTa xsenebebs. swored aseTi kalendris
mixedviT unda iyos Setanili zemoaRniSnuli xsenebebic A-97 `snaqsris~ aSiebze.
sainteresoa, aRiniSnos is faqti, rom `snaqsris~ aSiebze miwerili xsenebani
xSirad am xelnaweridan gadawerili Zeglebis ZiriTad teqstSi Sedioda da am
gziT Rebulobda sanqcias. magaliTisaTvis isev A-97 xelnaweri gamogvadgeba;
A-97 `snaqsris aSiaze, rogorc aRvniSneT, miwerilia zogierTi qarTveli
moRvawis xseneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es xsenebani mogviano liturgikul
krebulebSi (sadResaswauloebi svinaqarebi, gulanebi da a.S.), sityvasityviT

27

aris gadatanili ZiriTad teqstSi. mag: `amasve dResa (12/XI) wmidisa mRdelmowamisa abibos nekresel episkoposisa, romeli iwama cecxlis msaxurTa
mier qarTls~ (56r), zustad aseTi formulirebiT aris es xseneba Sesuli A-111
gulanSi (1703-15 w.), oRond 13/XI dRes (107, I wigni). sxvaTa Soris abibos
nekreselis es xseneba yvelaze adrindelia A-97 svinaqsris xsenebis Semdeg.
`amasve dResa (18/V) wm. mowameTa orTa ZmaTa daviT da tiriWanisi, romelni
iyvnes somxiTiT da ewamnes taos~ (221) _ sityva-sityviT meordeba XVII-XVIII
saukunis ZeglebSi (ufro adrindeli ar Semonaxula): A-111 gulani (1703-15 w.w_
23v, IV wigni), H-970 (401); zogierTi Zegli ki umatebs: `...orTa ZmaTa qarTvelTa
(centr. arq. 488, A-515, S-67 da sxv). `amasve dResa wmidisa mowamisa kostanti
kaxisa. ese iyo qarTveli aznauri didebuli da iwama sarkinozTa mier sparseTs~
(54v). zustad asea ganmeorebuli A-111-Si (100 , I w.) ar unda iyos saeWvo,
rom mogviano xanis liturgikul krebulebSi kostanti kaxis xsenebis teqsti
A-97-dan, an misgan momdinare xelnaweridan unda iyos gadmoRebuli, oRond
mcireodeni gansxvavebiT: `amasve dResa wmidisa mowamisa didebulisa kostanti
kaxisa, romeli iyo naTesaviT qarTveli da iwama sarkinozTa mier sparseTs~ (A569, XII-XIII ss. 56 ; S-43 XVII-XVIII ss. 48 ; S-2569, 1755 w. 94 ;), oRond ara
10/XI, rogorc es A-97-Si da A-111-Sia, aramed 12/XI. SuSanikis xseneba A-97-Si 21
agvistos dResaa Setanili: `amasve dResa wmidisa mowamisa SuSanikisi, romeli
iwama qarTls qmrisa misisa varsqenisgan~ (300v ). asevea ganmeorebuli es xseneba,
imave dRes A-1486 svinaqsarSi (1765 w. 197v). sxva ZeglebSi misi xseneba an 17/X,
an 2/X gvxvdeba. evstaTi mcxeTelis A-97-seuli xseneba (29/VII-208v) zustad
meordeba quTaisis eTnograf. muzeumis -42 (XVII-XVIII ss.) sadResaswaulos
ZiriTad teqstSi: `amasve dResa wm. mowamisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa, romeli iyo
naTesaviT sparsi da iwama tfiliss cecxlis msaxurTa mier~ (29/VII, 308 v).
msgavsi magaliTebis motana mravlad SeiZleba rogorc A-97 xelweridan, aseve
sxva Zeglebidanac; ufro metic: aRapebi Cveulebriv svinaqsris aSiebze iwereba
Sesabamis dReebSi da ZiriTad teqstSi maTi Setana yovlad moulodnelia.
miuxedavad amisa, msgavsi, magaliTi mainc mogvepoveba: proxore qarTvelis aRapi
17 ianvris dRes Cawerilia Jer. 24-25 svinaqsarSi. am xelnaweridan gadaweril H
_ 1661-Si es aRapi aseve aSiazea gadmotanili, xolo Q-75 gviandel svinaqsarSi,
romelic H-1661-dan unda iyos gadmowerili, proxores aRapi 17 ianvris dRis
ZiriTad teqstSia Sesuli.
amrigad, qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebisa da svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa
`snaqsris~ nusxebSi TandaTanobiTi momravleba umTavresad gamowveulia
zemoaRniSnuli mizezebiT.
garda XI saukunis `didi snaqsrebis~ nusxebisa ramdenime qarTveli
moRvawis svinaqsaruli cxovreba Semogvinaxa mogviano periodis xelnawerebmac.

28

ierusalimis XII-XIII ss. #80 `didi snaqsris~ aSiaze sxva mravalricxovan

minawerebs Soris aris XIV saukunis xeliT miwerili abo Tbilelis
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis mcire teqstic. abos es svinaqsaruli cxovreba
uZvelesia Cvenamde moRweul mis svinaqsarul cxovrebebs Soris, aRsaniSnavia,
rom es svinaqsaruli cxovreba jerjerobiT erTaderTi nusxiTaa cnobili. abo
Tbilelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis gansxvavebuli, aseve patara moculobis,
danarCeni redaqciebi gviandelia da ar scildeba XVII-XVIII ss. farglebs.
XIV saukuneSi calkeul furclebze gadauweriaT da XI saukunis ierusalimis
# 24-25 `didi snaqsris~ saTanado adgilebze xsenebis dReebis mixedviT
CaukerebiaT ierusalimis jvaris monastris mowameebis _ luka ierusalimelisa
da nikoloz dvalis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani. maT sxva xelnawerebSi veRar
vxvdebiT. XIII-XIV saukunis erT-erTi xelnaweri1 Seicavs daviT da konstantines
mozrdil svinaqsarul cxovrebas. igi ori sxva nusxiTac gvxvdeba (XVI s. quT.
- 161 da XVIII s. Q-105a gulani). am mowameTa svinaqsaruli cxovrebis danarCeni
redaqciebidan erTi XVI saukunisaa (A-508), xolo danarCeni sami XVII-XVIII
saukuneebis xelnawerebSia moTavsebuli.
Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina `didi snaqsris~ nusxebis qarTuli hagiografiuli
masaliT TandaTanobiT Sevsebis suraTi am Zeglis Targmnis momentidan XVI
saukunemde, rac am periodSi arc Tu ise intensiurad mimdinareobda.
garda giorgi mTawmidlis `didi snaqsrisa~ qarTvel wmindanTa ramdenime
SedarebiT adrindeli svinaqsaruli cxovreba qarTuli mwerlobis sxva
Zeglebmac Semogvinaxes.
Sio mRvimelis erTaderTi, XIII saukunis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis teqsti
moTavsebulia ara `didi snaqsris~ romelime nusxaSi, aramed specialurad
Sio mRvimis monastrisaTvis gadaweril palestinis saba ganwmedilis lavris
tipikonis qarTuli nusxis pirvelsave furcelze. ufro moulodnelia wm.
ninos svinaqsaruli cxovrebis SedarebiT vrceli redaqciis erTaderTi nusxis
moTavseba ninos sruli cxovrebis WeliSuri redaqciis teqtis bolos (H-600).
gacilebiT meti raodenobiTaa warmodgenili qarTvel moRvaweTa xsenebis
dReebi da svinaqsaruli cxovrebani XVII saukunis miwurulisa da gansakuTrebiT
XVIII saukunis dasawyisis qarTul liturgikul krebulebSi (svinaqsrebi,
gulanebi, sadResaswauloebi da sxva). swored am periodis RvTismsaxurebis
Zeglebma Semoinaxes im wmindanTa xsenebani da svinaqsaruli cxovrebani, romelTa
dResaswaulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb adre periodSi mxolod maT srul cxovrebaTa
safuZvelze SeiZleba msjeloba, radgan maTi svinaqsaruli cxovrebani XIXVI saukunis `didi snaqsris~ nusxebSi da sadResaswauloebSi ar moipoveba.
1 parizis nacionaluri biblioTekis #4 xelnaweri, romelic warmoadgens Tislis
eklesiis (samxreT saqarTveloSi) svinaqsars.

29

amasTanave, ZiriTadad XVIII saukuneebSi Seiqmna im wmindanTa svinaqsaruli

cxovrebebis axali redaqciebi, romelTa uZvelesi variantebis didi nawili jer
kidv XI-XIII saukuneebis liturgikuli Zeglebidan aris cnobili.
im liturgikuli krebulebidan, romlebSiac mocemulia cda, Tavi mouyaron
rac SeiZleba meti nacionaluri wmindanebis dResaswaulebs, upirveles
yovlisa aRsaniSnavia yof. saekl. muzeumis A-111, 1703-1715 ww. gulani. am Zeglis
svinaqsaruli nawilSi, romelic giorgi mTawmidlis `didi snaqsris~ nusxas
warmoadgens, moTavsebulia qarTvel moRvaweTa 17 xsenebis dRe svinaqsaruli
cxovrebebis gareSe da eqvsi moRvawis svinaqsaruli cxovreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qarTvel wmindanTa uZvelesi xsenebani am Zeglis ZiriTad teqstSi gadmosulia
A - 97 (XI s.) svinaqsris aSiebze teqstis xeliT miwerili xsenebebidan, an A
- 97-dan momdinare sxva nusxidan. aseTia 11 xseneba, romelTa umravlesoba A
- 97-is Semdeg pirvelad - A-111-Si gvxvdeba da meordeba ufro mogviano xanis
liturgikul ZeglebSi (abibos nekreseli, SuSaniki, evstaTe mcxeTeli, daviT
da tiriWani). wmindanTa zogierTi xseneba am ZeglSi saerTod pirvelad gvxvdeba
(sahaki da iosebi, anton martomyofeli, daviT aRmaSenebeli). svinaqsarul
cxovrebaTagan cnobilia mxolod efTvime mTawmidlis cxovreba. danarCenebidan
_ petre iberis, gobronis da qeTevanis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani pirvelad
am ZeglSia moTavsebuli. aqvea Sesuli ilarionisa da daviT da kostantines
mogviano. manamde CvenTvis ucnobi, svinaqsaruli cxovrebebis axali redaqciebi.
ufro sistematur xasiaTs atarebs domenti kaTalikosis brZanebiT
Sedgenili sadResaswaulo - A-425 (1718 w.) romelSic qarTuli himnografiulhagiografiuli elementi kidev ufro gazrdilia. rogorc cnobilia, domenti
kaTalikosi iyo pirveli, SedarebiT sruli qarTuli hagiografiuli krebulis
(A-130, 1703-1713 ww.) Sedgenis iniciatori1. swored qarTuli hagiografiis dargSi
dawyebul intensiur muSaobas unda Seeqmna idea da praqtikuli safuZveli iseTi
sadResaswaulos Sedgenisa, romelSic msoflio eklesiis wmindanTa gverdiT
SeZlebisdagvari sisruliT Sevidoda nacionaluri wmindanebis sadResaswauloebi
da maTi xsenebis dReebis `gangeba~. sadResaswaulo (A-425), romelic Seicavs
wmindanTa svinaqsarul cxovrebebsa da sagaloblebs, Tavidan bolomde ar
gviCvenebs erTnair suraTs. rogorc Cans, Tavidan ganzraxuli yofila, SeedginaT
sruli sadResaswaulo weliwadis yvela dRis dResaswaulis aRniSvniT, rac,
marTlac, gatarebulia seqtember-aprilis Tveebis nawilSi (23 aprilamde).
aqedan srul masalas Seicavs mxolod seqtember-ianvris Tveebi, xolo Tebervalaprilis Tveebis masala, e.i. svinaqsaruli cxovrebani da sagaloblebi, Zalze
Semoklebulia. bolo oTxi Tve _ mais-agvisto gamokrebilia da Seicavs mxolod
1 el. metreveli, qarTuli hagiografiis krebuli da misi Semdgeneli, puSkinis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo institutis Sromebi, t. VIII, 1950, gv. 417.

30

sauflo da msoflio eklesiis wmindanTa dResaswaulebs, gamonaklisia mxolod

anton martomyofelis svinaqsaruli cxovreba 16 agvistos, ufro sworad,
martyofis xatis sakiTxavi.
es sadResaswaulo sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi pirveladaa Setanili im
qarTvel wmindanTa svinaqsaruli cxovrebani, romelTa mxolod xsenebani iyo
cnobili adreuli litergikuli krebulebidan. aseTebia: abibos nekreselis,
anton martomyofelis, kostanti kaxis da SuSanikis patara zomis svinaqsaruli
cxovrebani; agreTve ninos, abos, gobronis, daviT da kostantines, petre iberis,
qeTevanis svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa axali, manamde CvenTvis ucnobi redaqciebi.
kidev ufro met hagiografiul masalas Seicavs A-220 svinaqsaruli krebuli,
romelSic Sesulia TiTqmis yvela qarTveli wmindanis cnobili da ucnobi
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis nusxebi. unda aRinoSnos, rom krebulis ZiriTadi wyaro
unda iyos A-425 sadResaswaulos erT-erTi nusxa, radgan am sadResaswaulos
yvela svinaqsaruli cxovreba zedmiwevniTi sizustiTaa gadawerili A-220Si. gamonakliss Seadgens mxolod ilarion qarTvelis svinaqsaruli cxovreba:
A-425-Si moTavsebulia ilarionis cxovrebis is uZvelesi svinaqsaruli redaqcia,
romelic `did snaqsarSi~ Cvenis azriT, ukve XI saukunis bolos gaCnda, magram
A-425 sadResaswaulos Semdgenels Tu gadamwers aq svinaqsaruli cxovreba
ise Seumoklebia adgil-adgil mTliani frazebisa da winadadebebis usistemo
amoRebiT, rom teqsti TiTqmis daumaxinjebia. rogorc Cans, _ A-220-is, Tu misi
dednis Semdgenels es svinaqsaruli cxovreba Tavis krebulSi aRar gadautania
da sxva wyarodan ilarionis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis gansxvavebuli, ufro
gviandeli redaqcia gamouyenebia. A-200 svinaqsaruli krebulis Semdgenels
ganuzraxavs A-425 sadResaswaulos xarvezis Sevseba da CvenTvis jerjerobiT
ucnobi wyaroebidan Tavis krebulSi Seutania im qarTvel wmindanTa svinaqsaruli
cxovrebani, romlebic domentiseul sadResaswauloSi raRac mizezebis gamo
ar Sesula; aseTebia: evstaTe mcxeTelis, iovane zedaznelis, daviT garejelis,
dodo garejelis, Sio mRvimelis, giorgi mTawmidelisa da efTvime mTawmidelis
svinaqsaruli cxovrebani. aqedan iovane zedaznelis, daviT garejelis, evstaTi
mcxeTelis, dodo garejelisa da giorgi mTawmidlis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani
mxolod am krebulis mixedviTaa cnobili da arc erT, arc adrindel da arc
gviandel litergikul krebulSi ar moiZebneba. Sio mRvimelisa da efTvime
mTawmidelis am krebulSi (A-220) moTavsebuli svinaqsaruli cxovrebani ki
axali redaqciisani arian da maTi nusxebi arc erT sxva liturgikul Zegls ar
Semounaxavs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom A-220-Si Sesula es axali hagiografiuli
masala dabali mxatvruli gemovnebiTaa Sesrulebuli da xSirad daudevari
naxelavis STabeWdilebasac ki qmnis. es svinaqsaruli cxovrebani, anu rogorc

31

Semdgeneli maT uwodebs: `mokled aRwerili~1, `sityua mokled naTqomi~2,

`mokled naTqomi~3, warmoadgenen Sesabamisi vrceli cxovrebis TiTqmis meqanikur
gamonakrebs, rasac xSirad gaugebroba da azris damaxinjebac mosdevs. am
krebulSi moTavsebuli zogierTi aqamde ucnobi svinaqsaruli cxovrebis teqstis
mixedviT Cans, rom A-220 svinaqsarul krebuls es teqstebi romeliRac wyarodan
gadmouweria, radgan iseTi meqanikuri xasiaTis Secdomebi, rac gadaweris dros
xSiria, ar iZleva saSualebas A-220-is es axali hagiografiuli masala am
krebulis Semdgenlis Semoqmedebad miviCnioT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvel wmindanTa svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa Seqmnis
ZiriTadi cikli ganxiluli krebulebiT damTavrda, Tumca am krebulebze gvian,
marTalia, ara aseTi koncentrirebuli saxiT, magram calkeul xelnawerebSi, mainc
gvxvdeba axali svinaqsaruli cxovrebani _ ise wilknelis, ioseb alaverdelisa,
Salva, elizbar da biZinasi. isini pirvelad Cndebian qarTvel moRvaweTa sruli
cxovrebebis Semcvel krebulebSi, romlebic paralelurad zogierT svinaqsarul
cxovrebasac Seicaven (S-3269, 1720-iani wl. da H-2077, 1736 w.) xolo Semdeg,
sadResaswauloebSiac gadadian (leningr. sajaro bibl. _ 222 _ XVIII s.4 iovane
batoniSvilis koleqcia). calke, damoukidebeli xelnawerebis TiTo nusxiT
Semoinaxa ori gviandeli svinaqsaruli cxovreba daviT aRmaSeneblisa (H-274XVIII s.) da Sio garejelisa (A-1367, 1686-1700 ww). calke unda aRiniSnos
luarsab mefis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb; pirvelad is gvxvdeba domenti
kaTalikozis iniciativiT Sedgenili qarTuli hagiografiis im krebulSi (A-130,
1704-13 ww). romelSic qarTvel moRvaweTa sruli cxovrebebia Sesuli. aqedan
cxadia, rom luarsabis am cxovrebas vrceli cxovrebis Seqmnamde, liturgikul
daniSnulebasTan erTad, erTaderTi cxovrebis pretenziac hqonda. amrigad
luarsabis is mokle cxovreba, romelsac Cven male liturgikul krebulebSic
vpoulobT5, 1713 welze adre unda iyos dawerili.
aseTia Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT is hagiografiuli masala, romelic
liturgikul krebulebSi Sevida XI-XVIII saukuneebis manZilze.
qarTvel wmindanTa mikvleuli svinaqsaruli cxovrebani da xsenebani ara
marto `didi snaqsris~ nusxebsa da sadResaswauloebSia Sesuli. zogierTi
moRvawis svinaqsarul cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT Cven gakvriT aRvniSneT,
rom xandaxan aseTi masala gvxvdeba wminda hagiografiul krebulebSic. mag,
nino mociqulis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis erT-erTi redaqciis erTaderTi
nusxa moTavsebulia vrceli cxovrebis bolos. es xelnaweri (H-600)
1
2
3
4
5

32

A-220, 374v.
iqve, 414v.
iqve, 524r.
es xelnaweri katalogSi SecdomiT XVII s. aris daTariRebuli.
A-379 (1714-16 ww.), 139r.

svinaqsarul cxovrebasTan erTad Seicavs ninos xsenebis dRis mTlian `gangebas~

sagaloblebiTurT. hagiografiul krebulebSi xSiria qeTevan dedoflis,
luarsab mefis, ioseb alaverdelis, ise wilknelis, biZina, Salva da elizbaris
svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa moTavseba. es garemoeba advilad asaxsnelia: laursabis,
ise wilknelisa da biZina, Salva da elizbaris sruli cxovrebani daiwera
besarion kaTalikosis mier XVIII s. I naxevarSi, xolo manamde maTi svinaqsaruli
cxovrebani, romlebic SedarebiT adre arian Seqmnili (ara ugvianes XVIII s.
dasawyisisa), sruli cxovrebis magivrobas asrulebdnen; amitom SehqondaT isini
hagiografiul krebulebSi, liturgikuli krebulebis paralelurad. ioseb
alaverdelis vrceli cxovreba ki saerTod ar dawerila da amdenad, misma mokle
cxovrebam ikisra svinaqsaruli da sruli cxovrebis roli. ufro sxvagvarad
dgas qeTevanis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis sakiTxi; ar aris eWvi, rom misi vrceli
cxovreba win uswrebs svinaqsarulis Seqmnas, radgan svinaqsaruli imowmebs mas.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom grigol dodorqelma dawera ara marto qeTevanis vrceli
cxovreba, aramed qeTevanis dRis `gangebis~ mTeli cikli, romelSic Sedioda
qeTevanis svinaqsaruli cxovreba da sagaloblebi. es masala Tavmoyrili iyo
erTi Txzulebis farglebSi. grigol xuces-monazonma rom qeTevanis sagaloblebi
Seqmna, amas adasturebs antoni kaTalikosis wyobilsityvaoba (787-788 gv);
meore mxriT, qeTevanis dodorqeliseuli vrceli cxovreba da svinaqsaruli
cxovreba hagiografiul krebulebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis erTadaa moTavsebuli
da svinaqsaruli uTiTebs vrcelze. rodesac svinaqsaruli vrceli cxovrebis
gareSea moTavsebuli, gaugebaria misi sityvebi: `viTarca zemore sakiTxavman
cxadyos~, an `viTarca sruli cxovreba mogviTxrobs~ da a.S.
antoni martomyofelis cxovrebis vrceli redaqcia, rogorc cnobilia, ar
arsebobs. misi cxovreba mxolod svinaqsaruli saxiTaa Semonaxuli da isic
gviandeli, ara uadres XVII s. miwurulisa da XVIII s. dasawyisis nusxebiT.
akad. k. kekeliZem gamoTqva mosazreba, rom es cxovreba vaxtang mefis `mecnier
kacTa~ komisiam Seqmna specialurad `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Sesatanad1. Tu es
marTlac asea, maSin es cxovreba Semdeg svinaqsarul krebulebSi gadautaniaT da
liturgikuli rolic daukisrebiaT.
`didi svinaqsris~ nusxebis gareSea cnobili, rogorc aRvniSneT, Sio mRvimelis
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis Zveli redaqciac, Tumca es mainc liturgikul ZeglSi
_ saba ganwmedilis lavris tipikonSia moTavsebuli.
amrigad, marTalia, qarTveli wmindanebis svinaqsarul cxovrebaTa
umravlesoba `didi snaqsris~ adrindelma Tu gviandelma nusxebma Semogvinaxa,
1 akad. k. kekeliZis varaudi eWvs badebs. qvemT Cven SevecdebiT davadasturoT, rom
antoni martomyofelis cxovreba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gadatanilia hagiografiuli
krebulidan.

33

magram paralelurad sakmao odenobiT arian isini Setanili sadResaswauloebSi,

gulanebSi, hagiografiul krebulebsa da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogierT
nusxaSic ki.

34

romanoz erisTavi da misi ucnobi Txzuleba*

VI saukunis Sua wlebi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis istoriaSi
mniSvnelovani TariRia. swored aqedan iTvlis Tavis dReebs samonastro
organizacia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. es TariRi ukavSirdeba e.w. `aTsammet
asurel mamaTa qarTlsa da kaxeTSi damkvidrebasa da moRvaweobas.
ioane zedaznelis Tormet mowafeTagan, romlebsac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mravali eklesiis da monastris mSenebloba miewerebaT,
erT-erTi popularuli pirovneba gamxdara daviT garejeli. mis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli iseTi unikaluri da uZvelesi Zeglis daarseba, rogoric garejis
monasteria; mis saxels atarebs Tbilisis mTawminda. daviT garejelis pirovneba
da saqmianoba farTod aisaxa literaturul sferoSic. Cvenamde ar moaRwia mis
Sesaxeb dawerilma uZvelesma Txzulebam, romelic, safiqrebelia, Seiqmneboda
daviT garejelis samonastro moRvaweobis axlo periodSi, Cvenamde Semoinaxa
misi cxovrebis amsaxveli ori Zveli Zegli, romelTa Seqmnis drod X-XII
saukuneebs miiCneven. daviT garejelis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli literaturuli
memkvidreoba sakmao sisruliTaa Seswavlili da damuSavebuli.
centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis fondebSi mivakvlieT XVIII
s. (#252) xelnawers, romelic daviT garejelis cxovrebis ucnob redaqcias
Seicavs. xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi1, rogorc Cans, es Txzuleba samecniero
literaturaSi kargad cnobil metafrasul redaqciadaa miCneuli, xolo avtori
gadamweradaa gamocxadebuli. xelnaweri dedania, amdenad am Txzulebis Seqmnac
XVIII saukuniT ganisazRvreba. xelnaweris anderZi gvamcnobs, rom es Txzuleba
dauweria mTavarepiskoposs romanozs: `me friad codvilman mTavarepiskoposman
Romano... locvaTa Sina TqvenTa xsenebasa Cemsa nu daiviwyebT mimTxveulni amis
wignisa. ufro zemoT avtori gvamcnobs, Tu ra mizezebis gamo moiwadina man
xelmeored aRwera ukve adre aRwerili daviTis cxovreba2.
daviT garejelis gviandeli metafrasuli cxovrebis avtori, romelic
romanoz mTavarepiskoposs uwodebs Tavis Tavs, romanoz giorgis Ze erisTavia,
XVIIIs. qarTul mwerlobaSi sakmaod cnobili romanoz mitropoliti. am
pirovnebis cxovreba-moRvaweobis momentebis gaTvaliswineba SesaZlebelio xdeba
mxolod nawilobriv, saarqivo sabuTebsa da xelnawerTa minawerebSi gabneuli
cnobebis mixedviT.
romanozi aragvis erisTavTa cnobil gvars ekuTvnis. is iyo Svili giorgi
aragvis erisTavisa3 da Zma baqar batoniSvilis meuRlis anasi, rogorc es Cans

* dabeWdilia: mravalTavi (x.i.), II, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 75-93.

1
Tssc arqivis qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciis aRweriloba, I, Sedgenili prof. s.
kakabaZis da k. gagoSiZis mier akad. k. kekeliZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1949, gv. 218.
2
am Txzulebis teqsti daibeWda: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, wigni III, damatebaSi, gv. 291-311.
3
k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, 1960, gv. 349.

35

leningradis centraluri istoriuli arqivis erTi sabuTidan, romelSic ana

Suamdgomlobs Tavis Zmaze mitropolit romanze, rom mas moskovSi dabrunebis
neba darTon1.
romanozs saeklesio kariera dauwyia garejis udabnoSi, sadac pirvelad
Caucvams monazvnis Coxa; is iq 12 weli darCenila. es naTlad Cans imerTa da
afxazTa kaTalikozis, grigolis sarekomendacio werilidan, romelic romanozis
ruseTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebis erT-erT mizezad asaxelebs garejis
udabnoSi mosvlis survils: `erTi ganSorebuli udabno ars, Coxa iq Caucvams da
Tormeti weliwadi iq yofila. iq misvla sdomebia da damarxva2.
romanozi saqarTvelodan ruseTSi wasula da iq mTlianad gaZarculs 1722w.
CauRwevia, rogorc es Cans darejan arCilis asulis 1722w. 9 ivlisis Txovnidan,
romelic mas sinodSi warudgenia3. am cnobidan irkveva, rom romanozi am dros
arqimandritia. daejanis cnobas adasturebs zemoxsenebuli grigol kaTalikozis
werilic: `...aTas Svidas ocda ors mand moskovs xelmwifes xleboda da xuTi
weliwadi daeyo mand. aqedan Cans, rom romanozs 1727 wlamde ucxovria moskovSi.
romanozi moskovSi donis monasterSi daubinavebiaT da wliurad 100 man. jamagiri
dauniSnavT.
ruseTSi Casvlidan cota xnis Semdeg romanozs saqarTveloSi dabruneba
ganuzraxavs da specialuri Txovnac warudgenia sinodSi, magram misTvis uari
uTqvamT, rogorc es sinodis arqivis sabuTebidan Cans. simonoveli arqimandritis
petres cnobiT igi moskovSi dautovebiaT da Tviurad 30 man. jamagiri dauniSnavT4.
1725 wels batoniSvili baqaris warmomadgeneli generali vaxtang amilaxvari
kvlav Suamdgomlobs sinodSi, raTa romanozs samSobloSi dabrunebis neba miscen.
amjerad romanozisaTvis neba daurTavT da astraxanamde 100 maneTi miuciaT5.
rogorc zemoT motanili grigol kaTalikosis werilidan Cans, romanozs
moskovi 1727 wels dautovebia da garejis udabnoSi samudamod damkvidrebis
mizniT saqarTvelosaken gamomgzavrebula (Sd - 2962). romanozs Tavisi survili
ver Seusrulebia garejis udabnomde ver miuRwevia im didi tragediis gamo,
romelic mis ojaxsa da garejis monasters ganucdia lekebis Semosevebis Sedergad,
rac dasturdeba domenti kaTalikosis sarekomendacio werilidan: `mouxda am
mitropolitis mamis adgils, cixesa da mamulsa oci aTasi leki, sruliad amisi
Zmani da deda da famili ase daxoces, aravin darCa didiT wvrilamdis. amis saydrisa
da eparqiis mamuli sruliad moaores. sadaca aRTqma hqonda, im monastris gzas
veRar miudga, misi krebulica daxoces (Sd - 2962). amasve aRniSnavs grigoli
1
vsargeblobT m. qavTarias naSromSi (`daviT garejis literaturuli skola,
Tbilisi, 1965) gamoyenebuli lening. centr. arqivis sabuTebiT.
2
Sd 2962. xelnawerTa institutis fondebSi dacul sabuTebze, romlebic
Seicaven cnobebs romanozis Sesaxeb, migviTiTa m. qavTariam (es sabuTebi d. baqraZis mier
gadmowerilia sinodaluri arqividan).
3
, 796, 3, 769.
4
iqve.
5
iqve.

36

imerTa da afxazTa kaTalikosis werilic: `aTas Svidas ocda rvas movida. didi
areuloba Seiqmna. im monastris (garejis _ e.g.) mamani da krebulni amowyvites,
soflebi da mamuli gauoxres. iq (garejaSi _ e.g.) veRar mivida _ ar SeiZleboda
dgoma. da amis mamuls da cixes Semoadga mZlavri jari lekisa, deda, Zmebi da
sruliad famili ase amowyvites, amis meti arRara gadarCa ZuZus-mwovarTagan.
ocda xuTi suli daiWires, awames. (Sd - 2962).
igivea naTqvami TviT romanozis mier sinodisadmi gagzavnil werilSi:
`urjulom Zmebi, naTesavi, deda da sxva aTasi suli Tavis qonebiT erT dRes
sruliad daxoces. dawves da tyved waasxes. mec meZebdnen sasikvdilod, wavel,
gavecale... (Sd - 2974).
rogorc Cans, romanozis Camosvlis axlo xanebSi garejis udabnos didi darbeva
ganucdia, rasac xeli SeuSlia romanozisaTvis rom iq damkvidrebuliyo. Cans is
Tavis mamulSi misula, magram, lekebis Semosevis gamo, aqac ver upivia simSvide.
gamoqceula da, rogorc es grigolis werilidan Cans, TbilisSi mosula, sadac
mas sakmao xani unda daeyo. `...Tavis samitropolito saxlSi mivida tfilisis
qalaqSi. rac madedam elmwifis wyaloba moyoloda, saydari aaSena patiosani da
sasaxle, monasteri gaakeTa, sofeli Seswira (Sd - 2962). arc TbilisSi mousvenebiaT
romanozi. aq mis kar-midamosa da eklesias yizilbaSebi Semosevian: `...movida
sxva yizilbaSis jari, sasaxleca waarTves da saydarSiac Sig dadgen, eparqia
sruliad gaoxrda agrZelebs Tavis werils grigoli. yizilbaSTa Zaladobas
mxolod 1735 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba hqonoda adgili, radgan mxolod am wlidan
Seicvala qarTlSi `osmaloba `yizilbaSobiT1. romanozi Tavisi Txzulebis,
daviT garejelis metafrasuli cxovrebis, anderZSic laparakobs samefo qalaqis
dawvaze da Tavisi qonebis ganadgurebaze: `aTas Svidas ocdaCvidmet wels qristes
aqeT iqmna friadi da saSine[li] wva, rom sruliad mospo sameufo qalaqi, daiwua
romelime mcired ubnebi darCa; arasodes ar naxula egeviTari, arca-Ra anderZad, aRuricxveli saqoneli, sruliad monasterSi da yovelni eklesiani. maSin damewo
yoveli sacxovrebeli Cemi. me friad codvilman mTavarepiskoposman romanoz2...
`sameufo qalaqSi Tbilisi unda igulisxmebodes. magram 1737w. misi gadawvis
Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. Tanac ar Cans, es stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegia, Tu
yizilbaSTa saqmianoba.
SesaZlebelia, grigol kaTalikosis zemoaRniSnuli werilis mowmoba
yizilbaSTa Semosevis Sesaxeb parallels poulobdes romanozis anderZSi
aRniSnul faqtebTan, rac 1737w. momxdara. etyoba, romanozs didi Seviwroeba
da devna ganucdia, ris gamoc is imereTSi gaxiznula. es aRniSnulia romanozis
werilSi: `...mec meZebdnen sasikvdilod, wavel da rva Tve meletinis (?!) imereTis
carTan viyav (Sd - 2974). amas grigolic adasturebs: `am Cvens samefos mtrisagan
ltolvili movida. Cvenma mefem pativi aZliva, magram mandav irCia wamosvla da
mefem gamoistumra (Sd - 2962). imereTSi romanozi 8 Tves darCenila. aqve mas
1
2

saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1956, gv. 317.

cent. arq. #254, 23 (f. 1446).

37

ganuzraxavs ruseTSi dabruneba da Sesdgomia kidec samzadiss; sarekomendacio

werilebi gamourTmevia aleqsandre imerTa mefisaTvis, agreTve domenti qarTlis
kaTalikozisa da grigol imerTa da afxazTa kaTalikozisaTvis da `agvistos
didis WiriTa yizlarSi Casula, raTa aqedan moskovs gamgzavrebuliyo, magram
iq romanozi SeuCerebiaT: `aq damiWires. aRar gamomiSves, moskovSi movsuliyavi
da risi Rirsi viyavi, im alagas daveyenebie dids xelmwifesa da wmindasa sinodsa,
Cemi ambavica SeetyoT. sami wigni maqvs: erTi mefisa, ori Cvenis patriarxisa (Sd
- 2974). yizlarSi misi dakavebis Semdeg romanozs sinodisaTvis miumarTavs zemoT
motanili weriliT, romlis mixedviTac mas gadawyvetili aqvs samudamod ruseTSi
darCes: `gamomiSon da sikvdilamde xelmwifis mlocveli viyo da aRarsad ar
wavide maTis didebulobis sadRegrZeloTa. Tu aqedan sadme wavel an gamyidian, an
damatyveveben. usjulosa movrCi da qristianobaSi movel, aqadam rom davikargo,
CemTvis wawymeda iqmnebis.
romanozs miuRwevia sawadelisaTvis: misTvis moskovSi Casvlis neba miuciaT.
romanozi moskovSia 1743 wels, rac Cans iqidan, rom mis mier sinodSi wardgenili
mimarTva baqaris bibliis calebis saqarTveloSi gagzavnis Txovnis Sesaxeb am
wliTaa daTariRebuli. rodisRa wavida igi sqarTvelodan? 1737 wels, rodesac
igi Tavisi qonebis dawvis ambebs mogviTxrobs, igi jer TbilisSia. am wlis
Semdeg igi male unda wasuliyo imereTSi, sadac rva Tve darCenila da Semdeg
yizlarSi Casula, ramdenime xnis SeCerebis Semdeg ki aqedan moskovSi. ase rom,
am mgzavrobas adgili 1737-43w. hqonda. amas Tu gamovaklebT im dros, rac
dasWirdeboda Tbilisidan gasvlis samzadiss, quTaisSi Casvlas. iq TiTqmis
erTi wliT gaCerebas, yizlarSi CasvlisaTvis dros, SegviZlia es CarCoebi
davaviwrovoT: misi imereTidan gasvla 1739-40w. adre ar aris mosalodneli,
radgan domenti kaTalikozs imereTidan misTvis sarekomendacio werili mxolod
1739 wlis noembris Semdeg SeeZlo gaetanebina: vaxuStis cnobiT, man am dros
gamoiara TurqeTidan imereTSi. ase rom, romanozis Casvla moskovs 1741-42w. aris
savaraudebeli. romanozs Tavisi aRTqma, rom samudamod darCeboda ruseTSi, ar
Seusrulebia. ruseTidan igi mainc daviT garejis udabnoSi dabrunebula da iq
dausrulebia Tavisi cxovreba, ris Sesaxebac cnobas gvawvdis A 150 xelmaweris
erTi minaweri: `romanoz qarTveli mitropoliti asaflavia daviT garejis
udabnosa Sina, wminda nikolozis eklesiasa Sina, sadaca cxadad ixilvebis misi
saflavis qva. gaurkvevelia, rodis wamovida romanozi ruseTidan, radgan 1745
wlis Semdeg, rodesac mas ruseTSi Seudgenia `winwila RaRadebisa, misi saxeli
aRar Cans.
amrigad, im mcire cnobebis safuZvelze, romlebic saarqivo masalebsa da
xelnawerTa minawerebSia daculi, romanozis cxovreba-moRvaweobis umTavresi
momentebi ase warmogvidgeba:
romanozi garejis udabnoSi berad Semdgara 1710 wels da 12 weli (1722
wlamde) iq dauyvia. Tu romanozi, rogorc amas saeklesio kanonebi moiTxovda,
berad aRkvecisas 25 wlisa iyo, maSin igi dabadebula 1685 wlis axlo xanebSi.

38

1722-1727 wlebSi romanozi moRvaweobs moskovis donis monasterSi. 1728w.

dabrunebula saqarTveloSi da male damkvidrebula TbilisSi, sadac igi Cans 173537 wlebSi. 1739 wels unda wasuliyo imereTSi da iqedan moskovSi gamgzavrebuliyo.
1740 wlis agvistoSi Casula yizlarSi. moskovSi misi Casvla 1741-1742 wlebisTvisaa
savaraudebeli. is moskovSi Cans 1743-1745 wlebSi. moskovidan garejSi wasvlis
dro ucnobia, aseve ucnobia misi garejaSi moRvaweobis xangrZlivobis dro da
gardacvalebis TariRi.
ramdenime sityva misi literaturuli memkvidreobisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi romanoz mitropoliti cnobilia rogorc
mxolod `winwala RaRadebisa-s avtori. es Txzuleba, romelic `Seicavs saxarebasamociqulosa da daviTn-sawinaswarmetyvelodan amokrebil adgilebs ama Tu im
dogmaturi Tu moraluri xasiaTis debulebaTa Sesaxeb1, mas dauweria 1745 w.
`mwirobasa da ruseTsa Sina stumrobasa saqarTvelosa mefis Svilis baqarissa2.
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi misi sxva literaturuli naSomebis
Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. akad. k. kekeliZe mis literaturul moRvaweobis
adgilad mxolod ruseTs Tvlis: `misma literaturulma moRvaweobam ganvlo
ruseTSi, moskovs3, aRniSnavs mkvlevari. rogorc Cvenma Txzulebam cxadyo,
igi saqarTveloSic eweoda literaturul Semoqmedebas. daviT garejelis
metafrasuli cxovrebis axali varianti romanozs TbilisSi unda daewera.
ar SeiZleba mas manamdec ar ecada Tavisi kalami literaturul saqmianobaSi.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, mis kalams unda ekuTvnodes dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli
cxovrebis redaqciac, romelic Setanilia domenti jandieriSvilis mier 1726w.
moskovSi gadaweril A-220 svinaqsarul krebulSi. CvenTvis mTlad naTeli ar
aris es mcire moculobis Txzuleba romanozma saxeldaxelod Seadgina ruseTSive
am xelnaweris gadaweris momentSi (igi iq imyofeboda swored 1722-27ww.), Tu
mas es Txzuleba dawerili hqonda jer kidev garejaSi moRvaweobis dros, e.i.
1722 wlamde. Cven swored es meore SesaZlebloba migvaCnia ufro sarwmunod4.
maSin romanozis literaturuli moRvaweobis teritoriuli sfero gacilebiT
gafarTovdeba: garda moskovisa, mas literaturuli muSaoba uwarmoebia garejis
udabnosa da TbilisSi, xolo mis literaturul Sromebs, `winwila RaRadebisa-s
garda, miemateba dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis 1726 wlamde dawerili
nusxa da daviT garejelis cxovrebis 1737-40ww. dawerili vrceli Txzuleba.
rogorc vxedavT, orive es Txzuleba `winwila RaRadebisa-ze adrea dawerili.
ar SeiZleba am Txzulebis dawera mwerlis mxolod literaturuli
varjiSis Sedego iyos. romanozis samoRvaweo asparezze gamoCenamde garejis
1
k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 349.
2
iqve. A - 150, gv. 22-35.
3
iqve.
4
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni IV, svinaqsaruli
redaqciebi (XI-XVIIIss.), gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo enriko gabiZaSvilma,
Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 245-249; 415-418.

39

literaturulma skolam safuZveli Cauyara erT mniSvnelovan erovnul saqmes:

iqmneba mravali qarTveli moRvawis cxovrebis amsaxveli hagiografiuli
Txzuleba, dgeba nacionalur moRvaweTa cxovrebis krebulebi, sadResaswauloebi
da svinaqsaruli krebulebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia nacionaluri masalis umetesi
nawili. am saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebuli Rvawli domenti qarTlis kaTalikozsa da
besarion orbeliSvils miuZRviT: romanozis moRvaweobis periodSi es saqmianoba
grZeldeboda da amitom, vfiqrobT, romanozis es literaturuli Txzuleba
zemoaRniSnul garemoebaTa gamoZaxili unda iyos. A 220 krebulSi Sesuli
dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis SesaZlebel avtorad romanozis
gamocxadebisas ar gamovricxavT im azrsac, rom 1726w. jandieraSvilis mier
gadaweril krebuls SesaZlebelia, romanozis redaqtoruli xeli aCndes, rom am
krebulis SedgenaSi SesaZlebeli iyos misi iniciativa da monawileoba.

***
romanozis Txzulebis ZiriTadi wyaros migneba siZneles ar warmoadgens:
am Zegls safuZvlad daviT garejelis cxovrebis Zveli metafrasuli redaqcia
dadebia. es faqti xazgasmulia am gviandeli Zeglis avtoriseul anderZ-minawerSi:
`wmidao RmerT-Semosilo daviT garejelo, Seni cxovrebis metafrasi mqonda
da survilica viyav cxovrebisa Senisa smenad da mravaljel aRmomekiTxa, viTarmed
zepiriTca vicodi. aramed ara xolo Tu wigni, aramed mraval wels viyofebodi
udabnosa da TT saflavsa Sensa monastersa, zogica mu[n] damkdrebulTa
ZmaTa mamaTagan mesma da adgilnica TvaliTa vixile. amisTvis viTarca pirveli
cxovreba, WeSmaritebiT aRvwere cxovreba Seni mTlad da unaklulod (23).
avtoriseuli anderZi kidevac rom arafers ambobdes wyarod gamoyenebuli
Txzulebis Sesaxeb, es naTlad Cans am ori Zeglis teqstologiuri analizidanac.
marTalia, gviandeli redaqciis metafrasul cxovrebas mTlad zustad ar
gadmoaqvs wyaros saTanado adgili, magram mcire frazeologiuri da Sinaarsobrivi
gansxvaveba xels ar gviSlis, rom maTi urTierTmimarTeba naTlad davinaxoT.
movitanT ramdenime sailustracio paralels, sadac, sxva adgilebTan SedarebiT,
ufro naTlad Cans maTi frazeologiuri igiveoba, an naTesaoba:
daviT garejelis gviandeli cxovreba
`...romeli zrdis yovelTa d a m a r T v e T a c a y o r n i s a T a , r o m e l n i
x a d i a n m a s (294, 10)1.
`...aramed S e n miiqec adgilsa Sensa, rameTu Zma Seni da m o w a f e
l u k i a n e qve-mdebare a r s p i r s a z e d a [Tssa]. mived da a R a d g i n e
d a n u g e S i n i s e c m a s, raTa ara sulmokle iqmnas (296,9).
`ixila v e S a p i d i d i, romlisa Tvalni iyvnes sazarel da vrcel da qedsa
1
gverdebi miTiTebulia: metafrasuli cxovrebisaTvis il. abulaZis mier 1955w.
gamocemuli Sromis (`asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi) mixedviT
gviandelisaTvis Zv. qarTuli agiogr. lit. Zeglebis IIIw. mixedviT.

40

missa viTarca Zagari rame xeneSi da Sublsa missa m o a q v n d a r q a d i d i.

xolo kudi misi iyo viTarca Zeli rame sizrqiTa da sigrZiTa (295, 13).
`...eha gangebulebasa Sensa, RmerTo! m e y s e u l a d w a m o d g e s s a m n i
i r e m n i n u k r T a T a n a TisTa savsenisZiTa (294, 21).
`x o l o m a n , g a m o m s a x v e l m a n j u a r i s a m a n , a x a l y v e l a d
g a r d a a q c i a i g i (294, 29).
`...romlisa d a m w v e l o b i s a misisa saswauli aqamomde ixilvebis,
r a m e T u a r a a R m o e c e n e b i s m u n m w v a n v i l i a d g i l s a m a s
(296, 3).
daviT garejelis metafrasuli cxovreba
`...romelman moscis sazrdeli p i r u t y u T a
da
marTueTa
y o r n i s a T a , r o m e l n i x a d i a n m a s (155, 1).
`xolo Sen warved quabad Senda, rameTu mowafe Seni lukiane dacemuli
mdebare ars pirsa zeda Tssa SiSisaTs veSapisa da aRadgine igi da ganamtkice da
nugeSinis-ec (162, 5).
`...mas Sina mkdr iyo v e S a p i d i d i da sazrdeli, ramTu aqundes T u a l n i
didni da msgavsni brwyinvalebisa cecxlisasa da r q a d i d i m o a q u n d a
T a v s a zeda missa da Tna, friadi msgavsi Z a g r i s a saSual qedisa misisa
da yoveliTurT sazarel da gansakrvebel iyo meci igi (158, 34).
`e h a g a n g e b u l e b a T a S e n T a, qriste! m e y u s e u l a d s a m n i
i r e m n i n u k r T a T a n a maTTa warmodges winaSe maTsa da viTarca cxovarni
dadges damSdebulni (156, 31).
`xolo man, sauflosa j u a r i s a g a m o m s a x v e l m a n mis zeda,
meyuseulad axlad yuelad gardaiqca(!) igi (157, 8).
`...vidre aqamomde ixilvebis n i S s a d a m w u r o b i s a s a mqonebeli,
rameTu yovliTurT arRara aRmoecenebis mwuanvili
m a s a d g i l s a (161, 20).
Cvens mier naCvenebi adgilebi eWvsa ar iwvevs, rom gviandeli metafrasuli
cxovreba Sedgenilia daviT garejelis Zveli metafrasuli redaqciis cxovrebis
safuZvelze. es udavoa, miuxedavad imisa, rom motanili adgilebis sruli,
zedmiwevniTi damTxvevis magaliTebi ar gvqonia da amasTanave naCvenebi paraleluri
adgilebis msgavisi SemTxvevebi arc Tu xSirad Segvxvda am TxzulebaTa
teqstobrivad Sedarebis dros. ZiriTadad, gviandeli redaqciis cxovreba
aramcTu ar iCens srul frazeologiur igiveobas wyarosTan, aramed yovelTvis
cdilobs wyaros Sinaarsi sakuTari sityvebiTa da winadadebaTa gansxvavebuli
wyobiT gadmogvces, riTac miRweulia avtoris mizani: Seqmnas formalurad mainc,
wyarosgan gansxvavebuli, damoukidebeli Txzuleba.
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom gviandeli cxovrebis avtori xSirad
tovebs, an sagrZnoblad amoklebs wyaroSi aRwerili locvebisa da vrceli
dialogebis teqsts. ufro xSirad es Semokleba parafrazulia, zogjer ki zogadi,
Semajamebeli winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli.

41

meores mxriv, gansaxilveli Txzulebis avtori amatebs iseT adgilebs,

romelic wyaroSi ara gvaqvs, an avrcobs wyaros zogierT epizods. amrigad,
gviandel TxzulebaSi dasturdeba avtoris mier wyaros literaturuli
gadamuSavebis ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego xerxi: wyaros zogierTi adgilis
gamotoveba an Semokleba da piruku, zogierTi detalis damateba da gavrcoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelis SemTxvevebi metia, vidre meoris. ZiriTadad yuradRebas
SevaCerebT Cveni Zeglis im adgilebze, romlebic wyarosagan gansxvavebuli,
zedmeti, an gavrcobili Cans.
arsebiTad gansxvavebulia am ori Txzulebis dasawyisi. am nawilSi maT
Sinaarsobrivadac araferi aqvT saerTo. gansaxilveli Txzulebis metafrasuli
cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganyenebuli xasiaTis vrceli Sesavali
avtoris originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofia da ara wyaros Sesabamisi Sesavlis
gadmokeaTeba. orive Txzulebidan maTi vrceli Sesavlis mxolod dasawyiss
movitanT:

gviandeli cxovreba
`vinaTgan yovlisa dasawyisi da dasabami da yovlisa myofisa arsisa da
uarsosa, xilulisa [da] ara xilulisa mizezi da Semoqmedi RmerTi ars, mivsceT
mas dideba, pativi da Tayuaniscema mamasa, Zesa da sulsa wmidasa. eha gamouTqmelsa
mas da ganuzomelsa saxierebasa da mowyalebasa RmrTisasa! Cuen, kacTaTs bunebiT
mokvdavTa da miwisaganTa SeuracxTa monaTa [misTa], mis mierve elTa amRebelman
miwiT Sezelilisa kacisa, romelsa mterman samoTxe mihpara, raTamca aRiyvana
pirvelsave pativsa... (291).

metafrasuli cxovreba
`sasenebelsa marTlisasa momTxrobelTa da moqalaqobasa wmidaTasa
aRmwerelTa gonebisa sadame TualTa ganwmedilad jeriyo qoneba, xolo
enasa metyuelsa keTil morTulad da Sesworebulad moTxrobisa aRwerad
micemulisasa, raTa didTa qebaTa da SesxmaTa mimTxuevad Rirsi ara daikninebodis
biwianad mqonebelTa mier bageTa sulisaTa da rameTu mravlad gswavies
werilTa saRmrToTagan, viTarmed uwmidesad miaxlebad mnebebelni vieTnime Sors
daidginebodes viTar uwmidoni miaxlebad wmidaTa... (144, 5).
wyarosagan gansxvavebiT, axal metafrasul cxovrebas Sesavlis Semdeg, sadac
laparakia daviTisa da sxva asureli mamebis qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, CarTuli
aqvs iovane zedazenlisa da misi mowafeebis saxelebi. SesaZlebelia, avtorma maTi
saxelebi zepirad Seitana TxzulebaSi, radgan Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi es
saxelebi saerTod araa naxsenebi. mas es sia ar SeeZlo aeRo arc iovane zedaznelis
vrceli cxovrebis redaqciebidan da arc Sios metafrasuli cxovrebidan. iovane
zedaznelis metafrasul cxovrebaTa win wamZRvarebuli asurel moRvaweTa sia

42

gansxvavebulia Cveni Txzulebis siisagan. 1. gviandel metafrasul cxovrebaSi

iovane zedaznelis CaTvliT 12 moRvawea CamoTvlili: iovane zedazneli, Sio
mRvimeli, daviT garejeli, ise wilkneli, TaTa mamebeli, piros breTeli, miqel
ulumbeli, amba alaverdeli, isidore samTavneli, abibos nekreseli, arsen
iyalToeli, stefane xirseli; aklia anton martyofeli da elia diakoni. 2. zenon
iyalToelis nacvlad SecdomiT aris arsen iyalToeli. 3. stefane qisielis
nacvlad stefane xirseli. 4. TaTa stefanwmindelis nacvlad TaTa mamebeli.
ar emTxveva igi arc Sio mRvimelis metafrasuli cxovrebis sias, radgan a) iq
mxolod saxelebia CamoTvlili. b) Sios metafrasul cxovrebaSi warmodgenili
pirebidan Cven ZeglSi ar aris antoni, Teodosios, elia, pimen, naTan.
asurel moRvaweTa sia mocemulia kidev erT gviandel TxzulebaSi. es aris
A 220 krebulSi Sesuli iovane zedazenlis svinaqsaruli cxovreba1, romelTanac
Cven TxzulebaSi CamoTvlili asurel moRvaweTa sia garkveul siaxloves iCens.
msgavsebas gvafiqrebinebs orive nusxaSi stefane xirselis xseneba, rac sxvagan
arsad ar gvxvdeba, magram sxvaobac TvalsaCinoa: gansxvavebiT Cveni nusxisagan,
aq ixseniebian anton martyofeli, elia diakoni da zenon iyalToeli, romlis
magivradac SecdomiT daviT garejelis gviandel metafrasul cxovrebaSi arsen
iyalToeli sweria.
amrigad, Cans, asurel mamaTa saxelebi Cvens ZeglSi avtors zepirad Seutania
romelime wyaros gamoyenebis gareSe.
siriel moRvaweTa asureTidan qarTlSi Camosvla da mcxeTas misvla ZeglSi
oriode winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli. aRniSnulia, rom: `warmoemarTnes da moiwines
qarTlad, dedaqalaqad mcxeTad, wmidasa kaTolike samociqulosa eklesiasa, sadaigi ars kvarTi uflisa da sveti cxoveli, romelsa zeda mjdomare ars patriarqi.
rameTu maSin iyo evlaios Rirsi da Tana-Sesworebuli angelozTa. mxilvelTa
urTierTas ganixares sixaruliTa sulieriTa (292, 27).
es momenti daviT garejelis Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi ufro mokledaa
gadmocemuli: `warmovida (iovane e.g.) winaZRomiTa saRmrToTa mowafeTa TsTa
Tana da moiwia dedaqalaqsa mcxeTisasa da mun Tayuanis-mcemelni patiosnisa
suetisa, mier aRvida mTasa zeda, romel ars CrdiloT kerZo qalaqsa mcxeTisasa
(150, 14).
saidan gaCnda evlaiosis saxeli Cvens TxzulebaSi?
evlaiosis saxeli ar ixsenieba ara marto daviT garejelis cxovrebis arc
erT redaqciaSi, aramed arc iovane zedaznelis cxovrebaTa redaqciebSic.
dasaxelebul cxovrebaSi ar aris naxsenebi a r c q r i s t e s k v a r T i.
cxadia, Tuki aq romelime wyaros gamoyenebaze SeiZleba saubari, avtors
SeeZlo gamoeyenebina mxolod Sio mRvimelis metafrasuli cxovrebis
redaqcia, radgan es erTaderTi adrindeli Txzulebaa, sadac Zalian vrcladaa
moTxrobili evlavios patriarqis Sexvedra iovanesTan da mis mowafeebTan.
1
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni IV, svinaqsaruli
redaqciebi (XI-XVIIIss.), Tb., 1968, gv. 388.

43

aqvea aRniSnuli: `waremarTnes ukue da miiwivnes wmidad eklesiad da davardes

winaSe ganmacxovebelisa mis adgilisa, sada-igi RmrTisa jer-CinebiTa aRemarTa
sakrvelebiT sueti igi didebuli, romeli mdgomare ars haerTa Sina Tnier
elTa kacobrivTa zeda kerZo k u a r T i s a mis zegardmo qsovilisa q r i s t e s
msnelisa Cuenisa (gv. 83, 15).
rogorc Cans, romanozma erTi winadadebiT gadmoiRo Sios cxovrebaSi
ramdenime gverdze moTxrobili epizodi. SesaZlebelia, man es adgili zepirad
Seitana Tavis TxzulebaSi, ra Tqma unda, Sios metafrasuli cxovrebis codnis
safuZvelze. sxvagvarad am faqtis axsna ar SeiZleba, radgan garda Sios
metafrasuli cxovrebisa `evlavios saxels da `kuarT sityvas asurel mamaTa
cxovrebis arc erT nusxaSi ar vxvdebiT.
amrigad, axali metafrasuli cxovrebis dasawyisi nawili, romelic Seicavs
zogad Sesavalsa da asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlisa da damkvidrebis mokle
aRweras, Tavis ZiriTadi wyarosagan, daviT garejelis Zveli metafrasuli
cxovrebisagan damoukidebeli da gansxvavebulia. am nawilSi maTi Sexebis
wertilebi mxolod zogad Sinaarsobrivi SeiZleba iyos. axali metafrasuli
cxovrebisaTvis Zveli metafrasuli cxovreba am SemTxvevaSi wyaro ar aris. am
ori Zeglis frazeologiur-Sinaarsobrivi TvalsaCino msgavseba iwyeba daviT
garejelis moRvaweobis uSualo aRweriT, romlis damadasturebeli magaliTebi
Cven zemoT vaCveneT.
miuxedavad TxzulebaTa ZiriTad nawilSi aRniSnulis msgavsebisa, arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac am ori Zeglis Sesabamisi adgilebi erTmaneTisagan
sruliad gansxvavdebian ara marto frazeologiurad, aramed zogjer faqtobrivi
niuansebiTac. ra Tqma unda, axali metafrasuli cxovrebis gansxvaveba wyarosagan
ZiriTadad frazeologiuria da ar SeiZleba principul faqtobriv gansxvavebebs
Seicavdes. mxolod erTaderTi SemTxveva gvaqvs, rodesac gviandeli Txzuleba
wyarosTan SedarebiT sawinaaRmdego suraTs iZleva. es aris ierusalimis im
patriarqis saxeli, romlis zeobis drosac daviTi ierusalims ewvia qristes
saflavis mosalocad da romelsac ZilSi angelozis gamocxadebiT euwya daviTis
Casvla. Zveli redaqciiT es aris e l i a patriarqi, xolo gviandeli TxzulebiT
ki m a k a r i:
`mouvlina mas Ramesa Sina CuenebiT angelozi patriaqsa ierusalimisasa
e l i a s esreT metyueli...(179, 35).
`xolo Ramesa mas daadgra angelozi uflisa wmidasa patriaqsa m a k a r i s
da hrqua (306, 18).
CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, ratom Sescvala gviandeli Txzulebis avtorma daviT
garejelis Zveli cxovrebaTa Cveneba, vfiqrobT, rom es Secvla mainc safuZvels
moklebulia.
Cveni Txzuleba, rogorc vTqviT, sakmao raodenobiT gviCvenebs wyarosagan
frazeologiurad gansxvavebulsa da zedmet adgilebs ara marto Sesaval, aramed
Txzulebis ZiriTad nawilSi. aseTi magaliTebis simravlis miuxedavad, Cven

44

mxolod ramdenime ufro damaxasiaTebel nimuSs vaCvenebT.

im epizodTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac lukianem udabnos saSineli simkacre
ixila da SeSinda, misdami daviTis nugeSi Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi ase
gadmocemuli: `anu ara gasmiesa wmidaTa werilTagan, viTar sauflosa misa mier
metyuelebdnen ra viTarmed: `moTminebiTa TqueniTa moipovneT sulni Tquenni?
(gv. 156). gviandel metafrasul cxovrebas wyaros es Cveneba Seucvlia TviT
saxarebidan gacilebiT vrceli amonaweriT, romelSic zustadaa gadmotanili maTes
saxarebis meeqvse Tavis 25, 26 da 32 muxlebi ramdenime winadadebis gamotovebiT:
`ismine wmidaTa werilTa Tqmuli maxarebelisa wmidisa saxarebisa brZaneba: `nu
zrunavT sulisa TquenisaTs ra vWamoT, anu ra vsvaT, nuca orcTa TquenisaTs,
ra SevimosoT, r a m e T u i c i s m a m a m a n T q u e n m a n z e c a T a m a n r a
g i m s T q u e n , r a m e T u a m a s y o v e l s a w a r m a v a l n i e Z i e b e n.
kvalad mixedeniT mfrinvelTa caTasa, rameTu ara sTesven, arca mkian da mama
Tqueni zecaTa zrdis maT (294, 14).
avtors gamoyenebuli muxlebis Tanamimdevroba daurRevvia da 32 muxli,
rac zemoT xazgasmiT aRvniSneT, 25-sa da 26-s Sua Seutania da amiT saxarebidan
amoRebuli nawilisaTvis ufro Camoyalibebuli saxe miucia. es gaadgileba
avtors efeqturad aqvs gakeTebuli.
am ori Zeglis gansxvavebuli adgilebidan sakmao nawili modis dodo
garejelis cxovrebis momentebTan dakavSirebiT.
dodos Sesaxeb Txrobas Cvens TxzulebaSi gacilebiT meti adgili aqvs
daTmobili, vidre Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi. Cveni Txzuleba parafrazulad
imeorebs TiTqmis igives, rac aris wyaroSi, magram damatebiT Seicavs cnobebs
dodos locva-moRvaweobis, gardacvalebisa da misi saflavis Sesaxeb. radganac
dodos Sesaxeb Cvens TxzulebaSi CarTuli damatebiTi adgilebi arakonkretul
masalas Seicavs da warmodgenilia saeklesio mwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
zogadi Txrobis formiT, romelic wmindanis RvTisnierebas, gankrZalul
marxvas, locvisa da msgavs detalebis aRweras Seexeba, amdenad es avtors
SeeZlo wyaros gamoyenebis gareSe zepirad Seetana Tavis TxzulebaSi, magram
zogierTi garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom mas unda gamoeyenebina dodo garejelis
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis masala. ZiriTadad, dodos svinaqsarul cxovrebasa da
daviT garejelis gviandeli metafrasuli cxovrebis im nawils, romelic dodos
cxovrebis aRweras Seicavs, frazeologiurad da Sinaarsobrivadac bevri saerTo
ara aqvT, magram ramdenime iseT detalebSi emTxvevian erTmaneTs, rac maT saerTo
wyaroSi daviT garejelis Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi saerTod ar aris.
mag., daviTi Zveli cxovrebis mixedviT eubneba dodos: `aRved rqasa imas
kldisasa, romelic aRmarTebul ars pirispir Cuensa (gv. 167). gviandeli cxovreba
ki umatebs: `aRved rqasa imas, romeli damarTebiT Cvensa ars, r o m e l s a e w o d a
v i d r e d R e i n d e l a d d R e m d e d o d o r q a (299, 30). es winadadeba
SesaZlebelia avtors dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebidan axsovdes:
`amis Semdgomad uCuena pirispir missa gaRmarT klde aRmarTuli, r o m e l s a

45

e w o d a v i d r e d R e i n d e l a m d e d o d o r q a (gv. 417).
meore magaliTi: Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi naTqvamia, rom rodesac
bubaqari Tavis ojaxiTurT garejaSi mivida da berad Sedga `daviT Tana
waratana maT mowafe Tsi lukiane da moumcno mamasa dodos, r a T a m i s c e s
m R v d e l i e r T i T a n a w a r s v l a d b u b a q a r i s a da naTlis-cemad
misa yovelTa Tana naTesavTa misTa (gv. 174). Sesabamis adgils dodo garejelis
svinaqsaruli cxovreba ase gadmogvcems: `xolo odes bubaqar, mTavari rusTavisa,
moiwia wmidisa daviTisa, wargzavna wmidisa dodosa, r a m e T u m R d e l i
i y o m s x u e r p l i s S e m w i r v e l i w m i d a d o d o (gv. 417)1. Zvel
metafrasul cxovrebaSi, rogorc vnaxeT, dodos mRvdelobaze araferia
naTqvami. swored dodos svinaqsaruli cxovrebidan unda iyos aRebuli axali
metafrasuli cxovrebis Semdegi fraza: `. . . d a r a m e T u m R d e l o b i s a ,
w e s i a q v n d a R i r s s a d o d o s... (300, 6), marTalia, es fraza Cvens
ZeglSi ara bubaqaris epizods ukavSirdeba, aramed garejaSi pirvel morwmuneTa
SemokrebasTan dakavSirebiT aris naxmari, magram am SemTxvevaSi amas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi araferia naTqvami dodos micvalebisa da
saflavis Sesaxeb, gviandeli metafrasuli cxovreba da dodos svinaqsaruli
cxovrebis redaqcia ki sakmao sisruliT mogviTxrobs amis Sesaxeb:
gviandeli metafrasuli cxovreba
kacman aman wmidaman aRasrula cxovreba Tsi mun vidre siberedmde
sanatreliTa miT cxovrebiTa angelozTa sixarulsa da cxovrebasa s u f e v a s a
z e c i s a s a miicvala Wirisagan gansvenebad, Z i l i m a r T a l T a d a i Z i n a
da aRmoecenebian saflaviT misiT surneleba... (301, 1).
munve ars eklesia Svenieri da saflavica Rirsisa
mis, romeli Semdgomad micvalebisa misisa pativad
wmidisa aRuSenes da dasxnes nawilni misni, romeli
k u r n e b i s a w y a r o s a a R m o u c e n e b s s u r v i l i T mvedrebelTa
misTa (300, 30).

dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovreba

ukanaskneli siberisa miiRo manca vali igi bunebisa Cuenisa d a i Z i n a
Z i l i igi m a r T a l T a. angelozTa mgalobelTa moicves suli misi da aRiyvanes
winaSe RmrTisa sufevasa wmidaTasa, sada-igi ars gansueneba damaSuralTa da
mopRuaweTa, romeli Tualman ara ixila da yursa ara esma da gulsa kacisasa
ara aRvida. Sekrba krebuli yovelTa mamaTa da miiRes zemosa mas kldesa senaksa
moRuawebisda misisasa da m u n S e q m n e s s e n a k i igi e k l e s i a d marcxeniT
1
gverdebi miTiTebulia e. gabiZaSvilis mier 1968w. gamocemuli Sromis (`Zveli
qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis, wigni IV, svinaqsaruli redaqciebi (XIXVIIIss.) mixedviT.

46

kerZo kldisagan gamokueTili, s a d a - i g i s x e n a n w m i d a n i n a w i l n i

sxeulTa misTani da kurnebs mtueri saflavisa misisa
y o v e l s a u Z l u r e b a s a k a c T a s a . zeda saflavsa ars daxatuli
wmida igi micvalebulis saxed, kualad kedelTa mis saflavisaTa aRyvaneba misi
angelozTagan zecad (gv. 418).
garkveviT Cans motanili adgilebis siaxlove Sinaarsobrivad da nawilobriv
frazeologiuradac. damowmebuli adgilebis bolo nawili avtoris mier sakuTari
TvaliT xilulis gadmocemaa; gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans es dodos svinaqsaruli
cxovrebis mixedviT. gviandel metafrasul cxovrebaSi ki es momenti zogadadaa
gadmoRebuli.
wyarosagan gansxvavebiT da zedmetad Cvens Txzulebas bolos erTvis
mosaxsenebeli daviTis mowafisa, albaT, igulisxmeba lukiane, radgan saxeli
ar aris naxsenebi. ramdenime zogadi winadadebiT gadmocemulia misi Rvawli da
saflavis adgilmdebareoba: `romlisa saflavi ars damarTebiT karsa sameufosa
saflavisave Tana wmidisa daviTissa (311, 5).
Cven mxolod nawili aRvniSneT iseTi umTavresi sxvaobebisa, rodesac Cveni
Txzuleba uaryofda wyaroseul teqsts da scvlida mas analogiuri, magram
gansxvavebuli teqstiT, an umatebda da avrcobda wyaroseul teqsts. ufro
metia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac axali metafrasuli cxovreba akeTebs wyaros
Sesabamisi adgilis parafrazs, magram masSi Seaqvs damatebiTi detalebi da
zogjer faqtiuri masalac. mag.:

metafrasuli cxovreba
`yovliT kerZo aRZrulni saRmrToTa surviliTa morbiodes wmidisa amis
mamisa xilvad da SemTxuevad misda da umravlesi maTganni evedrebodes mas, raTa
utevnes dadgromad mis-Tana (gv. 165, 1).
`moiwia vidre samkdrebelad Cemda ierusalemad sakuTari mona Cemi daviT
da sarwmunoebiTa misiTa wariRo madli ierusalemisa, xolo Sen waravlinen
malemsrbolni kacni, raTa ewivnen mas, rameTu mivals igi gzasa... Semosili
dabebkuliTa samosliTa, da aqus Zueli m a l a k i, romelsa Sina sxenan samni qvani
evlogiad miRebulni (180, 1).
`rqa didi moaqunda Tavsa zeda missa da Tma, friadi msgavsi Zagrisa saSual
qedsa misisa (158, 37).

gviandeli cxovreba
`maSin yovliT kerZo Semokrbebodes udabnosa mas xilvad wmidisa daviTisa
amierni da imierni, qveyanisani qarTlisani, kaxeTisani
da imerni da evedrebodes wmidasa mas, raTa mamobriviTa SewevniTa wina uZRodes
maT gzasa RmrTisasa... (298, 25).

47

`aRdeg mswrafl da iZien kacni maled mwevelni da moiZie kaci RmrTisa, romelsa
ewodebis daviT Rirsi, rameTu dabebkuliTa mosil ars undod da gu[a]draki hkidavs
meWTa misTa da w v e r n i m i s n i S T a v l e n a n v i d r e s a r t y e l a d m d e
d a k v e r T x i e l T a m i s T a d a a m l n i u n d o d f e r T a da
man wariRo sruliad madly qalaqisa wmidisa ierusalimisa (306, 20).
`qedsa missa viTarca Zagari rame xeneSi da Sublsa missa moaqvnda rqa didi,
xolo kudi misi iyo viTarca Zeli rame sizrqiTa da
s i g r Z i T a (295, 14).
aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT axali metafrasuli cxovrebis avtoris erTi
literaturuli xerxi, rac wyaros zogierTi detalis sxva konteqstSi
gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs. magaliTad, wyaroSi xazgasmulia, rom `friadi nadiri
ars amaT udabnoTa Sina, iremi da gareTxa da sxuaTa nadirTa TTo saxeTa simravle
uricx (gv. 163). es SeniSnulia kaxeTis samTavrodan wamosul monadireTa mier
daviTis masazrdoebeli irmebis xilvis epizodTan dakavSirebiT. Cvens TxzulebaSi
es fraza TiTqmis zustad aris gamoyenebuli, magram sxva situaciaSi, gacilebiT
ufro adre, vidre wyaroSi daviTisadmi RmrTis mier masazrdoeblad movlenili
irmebis pirvelad gamoCenis dros. albaT, aseTi SeniSvnis ufro adre gakeTeba,
vidre es wyaroSia, Cveni Txzulebis avtors imitom dasWirda, rom irmebis aseTi
uecari gamoCena mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro damajerebeli iyos.
aseTive gadaadgilebis meore magaliTs Cven ZeglSi gacilebiT meti efeqti
aqvs, vidre wyaros Cvenebas. Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi irmebis movlinebis
Semdeg laparakia veSapze, romelic daviTisa da lukianes sadgomis moSorebiT,
qveviT qvabSi cxovrobda; mocemulia veSapis saSineli Sesaxedaobis aRwera. Semdeg
ki iwyeba Txroba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mostaca man erTi nukri wmindanebTan
momaval irmebs da rogori SeZrwunebulni Semocvivden isini daviTis qvabSi.
daviTi midis irmebis `mavnebelTa mosaZebnad da qvabSi ixilavs veSaps.
es adgili originalurad aqvs gakeTebuli Zeglis avtors. iremTa movlinebis
epizodis damTavrebisTanave iwyeba Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rom damfrTxali
irmebi mocvivdnen berebTan da maT erTi nukri akldaT. daviTi mihyveba iremTa
nakvalevs imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra moxda. jerjerobiT mkiTxvelisaTvisac saqmis
viTareba gaurkvevelia, man ar icis veSapis arseboba. gansxvavebiT wyarosagan,
veSapis gamoCena moulodnelad xdeba: uecrad kldis napralebSi daviTma ixila
veSapi, romlis arseboba man ar icoda. aq gacilebiT efeqturia veSapis saSineli
Sesaxedaobis iseTive aRwera, rogoric wyaroSi moqmedeba situaciisagan
damoukideblad gvqonda. faqtiurad Cvens Txzulebas gamoutovebia wyaros
zemoaRniSnuli adgili ara meqanikurad, aramed Segnebulad, kompoziciuri
TvalsazrisiT, xolo gamotovebuli adgilis leqsikur-frazeologiuri masala,
rac veSapis aRweras Seexeba, mainc gamoyenebuli aqvs misi xilvis epizodSi.
aRsaniSnavia gviandeli metafrasuli cxovrebis avtoris erTi meTodi, rac
wyaros leqsikis sinonimebiT, an Sinaarsobrivad axlo mdgomi sityvebiT SecvlaSi
gamoixateba. mizani aseTi Senacvlebisa, rogorc Cans, wyaros frazeologiis

48

zusti ganmeorebis Tavidan acilebaSi mdgomareobs:

metafrasuli cxovreba
`...daeca pirsa zeda Tssa da mdebare iyo viTarca m k u d a r i (160, 31).
`meyseulad ciT STamotevebuli m e x i e c a veSapsa mas da aRanTo igi
(161,17).
`...romelsa Jamsa g a n i k u r n a Ze igi (172, 23).
`...STasxna igini evlogiad m a l a k s a Sina Tssa... (179, 26).
`...ukueTu ara s r u l h y o s i t y u a , Cemi da ara warxde amier. a m i T
k u e r T x i T a d a j u a r i T a q r i s t e s i T a g a n v x e T q o muceli
Seni (159, 35).

gviandeli Txzuleba
`...daeca pirsa zeda Tssa SeSinebuli da idva viTarca u s u l o (295, 31).
`gardamovarda zeciT STamotevebuli cecxli da meyseulad a R w b a veSapi
igi (296, 3).
`romelsa Jamsa, u m o l x i n e s iqmna esreT (303, 10).
`STaisxna igini g u r Z a k T a Sina sixaruliTa (306, 3).
`ukeTu ara m e r C d e , g a n v a p o muceli Seni j u a r i T a a m i T
k v e r T x i T u r T... (295, 22).
ar SeiZleba aRuniSvnelad davtovoT Cveni Txzulebis iseTi mxatvruli
Sedarebebi, romlebic parallels ver pouloben wyaroSi da safiqrebelia,
avtoris originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofi unda iyos.
1. daviTis mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyveteli locva aseTi mxatvruli
saxeebiTaa gadmocemuli: `odesme d a u t e v i s ( d a v i T m a e . g . ) m z e
zurgiT kerZo dasavalTa da ara midrkis zedgomisagan
da locvisa da msgavsad nilosisa gardamomdinareTa
c r e m l T a v e d r e b a s a S i n a R m e r T i s a s a yofad nebisa misisa da
mimTxvevad aRTqmulTa maT keTilTa saukunosa cxovrebisa da yovlis soflisa
mSvidobisaTs da ganZlierebisa qristes sjulisa da mcnebisa, v i d r e m d i s
aRmodis kvalad mze pirispir missa aRmosavleT da
e s r e T S e m d g o m a d m c i r e d g a n i s v e n i s (293, 21).
2. daviTis swavla-darigebani Sedarebulia cxovel wyaros, romelsac sulier
swavlas mowyurebuli wmida Zmebi xarbad ewafebian:
`moixilna yovelni, yoveli swavla sulieri da RmerT-myofeli auwya da
ganamtkicna yovliT kerZove d a s u e s w y u r i e l T a w y a r o w y l i s a
mis cxovelisa, romeli dioda viTarca pirisagan mis
Rirsisa da viTarca aRvsebulca iyo suliTa wmidisaTa
s i y r m i T g a n v e R i r s i e s e q e b i s a w m i d a d a v i T (308, 18).

49

Txzulebis sxva adgilebze rom araferi vTqvaT, ilustrirebuli Sedarebebi

adastureben avtoris literaturul gemovnebasa da gawafulobas.
mokled SevexoT gansaxilvel TxzulebaSi SemCneul iseT zedmetsa da
gansxvavebul adgilebs, romelTa Semotana ZeglSi avtoris mier garejis
udabnoSi moRvaweobis dros sakuTari dakvirvebebis Sedegi unda iyos. qvemoT
motanil xazgasmul adgilebs wyaroSi paraleli ar eZebnebaT: `...gamovida da
warvida samxriT kerZo wversa mis mTisasa, s a d a a w a r s l a v r a d i d i
g a m o k v e T i l i (295, 27).
`aRved rqasa imas... r o m e l s a e w o d a v i d r e d R e i n d e l a d
d R e m d e d o d o r q a, romeli axlavs wmidasa daviTs pirispir farsax erT
(299, 30).
Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi daviTis mier ierusalimidan motanili wminda
qvis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia: `ese qva mdebare ars udabnosa amas vidre aqamomde...
(182, 25). axali metafrasuli coxvrebis avtori kritikulad udgeba wyaros
Cvenebas da, radganac mis dros es qva garejaSi aRar ipoveba, aRuniSvnelad
ar tovebs am faqts: `...qvisa mis, romeli iyo monastersa missa Jam ramodenime
da v i T a r e b a T a g a n m R e l v a r i s a a m i s s o f l i s a T a u C i n o
i q m n a (308, 2).
daviT garejelis Zvel metafrasul cxovrebaSi garejis mkvidrTa gamravlebis
faqti mokled arsi gadmocemuli: `xolo wardes ra, amas Sina Jamni raodennime
da simravle friadi Semokrbeboda ZmaTa (gv. 175, 34). amis Sesabamisi adgili
axal metafrasul cxovrebaSi erTiaTad vrcelia. Cven aq mxolod dasawyis
nawils movitanT, romelSic unda igulisxmebodes avtoris mexsierebaSi jer
kidev cocxali, garejis udabnos darbevisa da morwmune berebis amoJletis
ambebi. SesaZlebelia, avtori aq ufro Zvel ambebsac gulisxmobdes, romelic mas
sxvadasxva werilobiTi wyaroebiTa da gadmocemebiTac ecodineboda: `xolo mier
dRiTgan umetes ganda ma Rirsisa amis mamisa yovelsa qveyanasa qarTlisasa
da Semokrbebodes simravle didZali, vidreRa verRara itevdes udabnoni ese.
pirvel mecTa sadgurni aRivso RirsTa da saTnoTa kacTa mier angelozebriviTa
moqalaqeobiTa. da rameTu umravlesi maTi u k a n a s k n e l w a m e b i s a
mier srul iqmnes da orkecad grgnosan iqmnes
moRvawebisa
sarbieliTa
da
sisxlTa
daTxeviTa,
rameTu aRsavse arian udabnoTa amaT napralni nawilTa
m a T s a n a t r e l T a n i... (304, 10).

daskvnebi
Zeglze Catarebuli dakvirvebani SeiZleba ase SevajamoT:
daviT garejelis axali metafrasuli cxovreba dauweria qarTul saeklesio
mwerlobaSi cnobil moRvawes romanoz mitropolits 1737-40ww. safiqrebelia,

50

rom es Txzuleba dawerilia misi TbilisSi yofnis dros.

avtors ZiriTadad usargeblia daviT garejelis Zveli metafrasuli
cxovrebiT, rac aRniSnulia kidec avtoriseul anderZSi da rasac adasturebs am
ori Zeglis teqstobrivi Seswavla.
am ZiriTadi wyaros gadamuSavebis raime erTi garkveuli meTodi ar Cans, magram
mokled mainc SeiZleba gairkves avtoris mier gamoyenebuli literaturuli
xerxebi:
axali cxovreba ZvelTan mimarTebiT SedarebiT moklea. Semokleba gamoiwvia
wyaros grZeli locvebisa da vrceli dialogebis Sekvecam, risTvisac ZiriTadad
parafrazia gamoyenebuli, zogierTi gaWianurebuli Txroba srulebiT
amoRebulia da erT winadadebaSi Sejamebuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli. dasturdeba
sawinaaRmdego meTodic: zogierTi detalis damateba da gavrcoba.
garda aRniSnuli ZiriTadi wyarosa, axal Txzulebas usargeblia Sio
mRvimelis metafrasuli cxovrebiT, dodo garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebiT,
maTes saxarebis meeqvse Tavis sami muxliT da, SesaZlebelia, iovane zedaznelis
svinaqsaruli cxovrebiTac. TxzulebaSi Setanilia avtoriseuli uSualo
dakvirvebani misi daviT garejis monasterSi moRvaweobis dros.
Txzuleba (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi XVIII s. Zeglia) iCens aSkara
midrekilebas enis arqaulobisaken. miuxedavad avtoris cdisa, daicvas arqauli
enobrivi normebi da stili, ZeglSi sakmao raodenobiT iCens Tavs ara marto axali
qarTuli enis elementebi, aramed sasaubro enis formebic. orTogfrafiulad
Zegli Wrelia, Tumca ufro axali orTografiis mxarezea.
Txzulebis Seqmnis mizezi saZiebelia XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan dawyebuli
im literaturul saqmianobaSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT sagrZnoblad Seexo
hagiografiasa da liturgikas da romelic miznad isaxavda nacionaluri masalis
Sekrebas sxvadasxva krebulebSi da am dargebSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sevsebas. Cveni
Txzulebac domenti kaTalikozisa da besarion orbeliSvilis literaturuli
moRvaweobis gamoZaxili unda iyos.

51


()
252 (.
1446), 1- XVIII , ,

. , .
, , ,
XVIII .
. ,
,
:
.
, . 1710.
12 . 1722-1727
, . 1728 ;
- ;
. ,
- ( 1737 ), ,
8 , . 1741-42
, 1745.
`winwila RaRadebisa.
. ,
, .
.
`winwila RaRadebisa.
,
, 1726 (-220),
, , , 1737-40
.
, , (XII.)
, .
.
( ) .

; , .
, ,
. ,
: , . ,
, ,

52

 , VI
, , .
, , ,
, , -
, . .
,
XVIII , ,
;
, ,
.
,
.

53

14-titlovani nomokanonis qarTuli Targmani

,,didi sjuliskanoni~ *
Sua saukuneebis bizantiuri kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
monapovari saeklesio samarTlis ZiriTadi kodeqsi, romelic 14-titlovani
nomokanonis 883w. redaqciiTaa cnobili, saukuneebis manZilze kanonistiuristTa da istorikos-filologTa Seunelebeli interesis obieqti iyo.
mravali aTeuli tomi mieZRvna am Zeglis publikaciebs da Teoriuli sakiTxebis
kvlevas sxvadasxva civilizebuli qveynebis samecniero wreebSi. es interesi
gasagebia, radgan am ZeglTanaa dakavSirebuli bizantiuri kanonikuri mwerlobis
formirebis ZiriTadi etapebi da qristianuli eklesiis praqtikuli kanonikuri
saqmianoba.
14-titlovan
nomokanonSi
Tavmoyrili
saeklesio
da
samoqalaqo
iurisprudenciis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi romaul-berZnuli saxelmwifosa
da qristianuli eklesiis urTierTTanamSromlobis naTeli gamoxatulebaa.
zogadqristianuli savaldebulo saeklesio kanonebi, miRebuli an damtkicebuli
msoflio saeklesio krebebze, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT scildebodnen eklesiis
farglebs da saxelmwifo-samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis Zalas iZendnen. iustiniane
didis sakanonmdeblo wignebSi naTladaa aRniSnuli, rom aseT saeklesio kanonebs
garkveuli upiratesoba aqvT imave sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamotanil samoqalaqo
kanonebTan SedarebiT: yovelgvari saxelmwifo-samoqalaqo kanoni kargavs Zalas,
Tuki is winaaRmdegobaSia Sesabamis saeklesio kanonTan (aTenis sintagma 1,36).
ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis qarTuli Targmani - ,,didi sjuliskanoni
naTargmni literaturis erT-erTi im ubrwyinvales ZeglTagania, romlebic
ramdenadme gansazRvravdnen qarTveli eris maRal kulturul donesa da sulier
potencies. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom ,,didi sjuliskanonis
wyalobiT kanonikuri mwerloba Zveli qarTuli literaturis srulfasovani
dargi gaxda. gansakuTrebiT didia am Zeglis roli originaluri saeklesio
samarTlis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.1
marTalia, ,,didi sjuliskanoni Zveli qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebda, magram misi Seswavlis saqme zogad
msjelobaTa da xelnawerTa aRweraze Sors ar wasula. iv. javaxiSvilis,
k.kekeliZisa da sxva gamoCenil mecnierTa SromebSi xSirad SexvdebiT sinanulis
sityvebs am Zeglis gamoucemlobis gamo.
* daibeWda: didis juliskanoni, Tbilisi, 1975, Sesavali narkvevis saxiT, gv. 7-96.
1 ,,didi sjuliskanonis gavlena qarTuli samarTlis Zeglze sagangebo Seswavlis
sagania da amitom es sakiTxi aq aRar ganvixileT.

54

,,didi sjuliskanonis pirveli mecnierul-kritikuli gamocema Tavis

daniSnulebas gaamarTlebs, Tuki saeklesio samarTlis mkvlevarni, qarTuli
enis istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli pirni da saerTod humanitarul
mecnierebaTa moyvarulni am gamocemaSi maTTvis sasargeblo sakiTxebze pasuxs
ipovnian. am Zeglis gamocema imiTacaa gamarTlebuli, rom mas SeuZlia berZnul
dedanTan dakavSirebul zogierT bundovan sakiTxSi garkveuli sinaTle Seitanos.
,,didi sjuliskanonis gamocema Tavisi moRvaweobis ukanasknel wlebSi
ganzraxuli hqonda akad. k. kekeliZes. 1961 w. man sTxova prof. il. abulaZes,
rom xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromlebs gadmoeweraT ,,didi sjuliskanonis
teqsti mis mier SerCeuli nusxidan (A-76). imave wlis bolos e. gabiZaSvils,
l. jRamaias da l. kiknaZes teqstis gadmowera damTavrebuli hqondaT. k.
kekeliZis gardacvalebam dasawyisSive SeaCera Zeglis gamocemisaTvis dawyebuli
muSaoba. mxolod 1966 w. il abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da e. gabiZaSvilis, e.
giunaSvilis, m. dolaqiZisa da g.ninuas monawileobiT ganaxlda teqstze muSaoba.
prof. il. abulaZis uecarma gardacvalebam erTxel kidev daabrkola Zeglis
gamocemis saqme. Zeglis gamocemis xelmZRvaneloba doc. al. gamyreliZes daevala
da muSaobac ganaxlda, magram es periodic xanmokle aRmoCnda aleqsandre
gamyreliZis tragikulad daRupvis gamo.
gamosacemad teqstis momzadebis simZime mTlianad am saqmeSi Cabmul zemoT
dasaxelebul pirebs daawvaT.
,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTul nusxaTa monacemebi da maTi 14-titlovani
nomokanonis berZnuli xelnawerebis aRwerilobebTan da am Zeglis berZnul
publikaciebTan SepirispirebiT miRebuli Sedegebi aRniSvnis Rirsad miviCnieT,
rac winamdebare gamocemis Sesaval werilSia mocemuli. gamokvleva mxolod
filologiur-teqstologiur sakiTxTa garkveul wres iTvaliswinebs. Zeglis
iuridiuli sakiTxebis kvleva specialistTa kompetencias Seadgens, Tumca
iuridiul terminTa komentirebul saZiebelSi, romelic m. dolaqiZem Seadgina
da erTvis teqsts, dainteresebuli piri am dargis bevr mniSvnelovan masalas
ipovis.
,,didi sjuliskanonis leqsikoni, romelic g. ninuam Seadgina, aRnusxavs
qarTuli enis mraval saintereso leqsikur erTeuls, romelTagan zogi
unikalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
,,didi sjuliskanonis teqsti gamoirCeva sakuTari da geografiul saxelTa
simdidriT, rac fiqsirebulia e. giunaSvilis mier Sedgenil saZieblebSi.
winamdebare gamocema, ra Tqma unda, dazRveuli ar iqneba naklisagan, magram
pirvel gamocemasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebam iqneb odnav
lmobieri gaxados mkacri mkiTxveli.

55

dasasrul, gamomcemelTa koleqtivi madlobas uxdis yvelas, vinc ki saqmiT

Tu TanagrZnobiT daxmareba gauwia am Zeglis gamoqveynebas.

1. zogadi cnobebi 14-titlovani nomokanonis Sesaxeb

marTlmadidebluri qristianuli eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsi
sabolood mxolod IXs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi Camoyalibda. 14-titlovani
nomokanonis e.w. 883 wlis redaqciis saxiT, romelmac zogadqristianuli
saxelmZRvanelo
normis
uflebebi
kanonikis
dargSi
oficialurad
1
konstantinopolis 920w. saeklesio krebaze miiRo. bizantiuri saeklesio
mwerlobis istoriaSi pirveli cxra saukune ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis
wyaroTa Camoyalibebisa da maT safuZvelze sxvadasxva formisa da Sinaarsis
kanonikuri krebulebis Sedgenis periodi iyo. saeklesio samarTlis wyaroTa
umdidresi da mravalferovani masalidan ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi mxolod
umniSvnelovanesi Sevida. es kodeqsi sxvadasxva enaze iTargmna da maTeli
msoflios marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saxelmZRvanelo programa gaxda.
kanonikur kodeqss Seadgens im saeklesio kanonebis erToblioba, romlebic
savaldebuloa mTeli msoflios marTlmadidebluri eklesiisaTvis. saeklesio
kanonTa am krebulSi Sevida saeklesio kanonmdeblobis is iuridiuli normebi,
romlebic miRebuli iyo adreqristianuli periodidan IX saukunemde da,
romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda qristianuli eklesiis marTvisa
da organizaciis saqmeSi. kanonikuri kodeqsis konkretuli wyaroebi oTx ZiriTad
jgufad iyofa:
1. ,,mociqulTa saxeliT cnobili 85 saeklesio kanoni saeklesio
kanonmdeblobis pirvel werilobiT Zeglad iTvleba. Sinaarsis mixedviT
mociqulTa kanonebSi gamoiyofa sxvadasxva drois fenebi,2 magram am kanonebis
saboloo gaerTianeba da erT krebulad Camoyalibeba III s. miwurulisaTvis
unda damTavrebuliyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi ara ugvianes nikiis I msoflio
krebisa (325 w.). samecniero literaturaSi sapirispiro mosazrebaTagan ufro
miRebuli varaudiT mociqulTa kanonebi SemuSavebulia qristianul eklesiaSi
ganmtkicebul CveulebaTa da gadmocemaTa safuZvelze II III ss. adgilobriv
saeklesio krebaTa mier miRebuli kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.3 mociqulTa
kanonebis saeklesio krebaTa kanonebTan gaerTianeba erT krebulSi pirvelad
Vs. miwurulisTvisaa savaraudebeli (dionise mciris berZnulidan laTinurad

1
2
3

56

, , , 1897, . 200.
., . , , 1893, . 171-174.
Beveregius G., Codex canonum Ecclesiae primitivae vindicatus ac illustratus, Londini, 1678.

500w. Targmnili krebuli).1 berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT es kanonebi pirvelad

aw dakarguli 60 titlovani kanonikuri krebulis (VI s.) SedgenilobaSi aris
moxseniebuli. ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovan krebulSi (VI s.) da yvela
Semdegdroindel kanonikur krebulSi mociqulTa kanonebi pirvel adgilzea
Setanili.
2. msoflio saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi. ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi Sesulia
yvela saeklesio kanoni, romelic ki 325-787 ww. ganmavlobaSi mowveul Svid
msoflio krebas gamoutania, radganac msoflio kreba yovelTvis iTvleboda
umaRles saeklesio sakanonmdeblo organod: nikiis I msoflio krebis 20
kanoni (325w.), konstantinopolis II krebis 7 kan. (381 w.), efesos III krebis 8
kan. (432 w.), qalkedonis IV-30 kan. (451 w.). konstantinopolis V (553 w.) da VI
(681 w.) msoflio krebebs saeklesio kanonebi ar gamoutaniaT. es xarvezi Seavso
konstantinopolis e.w. trulis 691w. krebam 102 kanoniT. nikiis VII krebis 22 kan.
(787w.).
3. adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi. I-IX saukuneebis ricxvmraval
adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTagan mxolod ramdenimem daimkvidra adgili
ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi. es is 10 adgilobrivi krebaa, romelTa saeklesio
kanonebis zogadqristianuli mniSvnelobis aRiareba msoflio krebaTa sanqciiT
moxda: ankviriis krebis 25 kanoni (314w.), neokesariis 15 kan. (314-325ww.),
Rangris 21 kan. (340w.), antioqiis 25 kan. (341w.), laodikiis 59 kan. (343w.),
sardikiis 21 kan. (343w.), konstantinopolis 394w. krebis 1 kan., karTagenis 138
kan. (419w.), konstantinopolis 861w. krebis 17 kan. da konstantinopolis 879w.
krebis 3 kanoni.2
4. avtoritetul sakelesio moRvaweTa epistolaruli kanonmdebloba.
marTlmadidebluri eklesia erTaderT kompetentur sakanonmdeblo organod
sakelesio krebas aRiarebda, xolo e.w. ,,wmida mamaTa kanoniani espistoleebi
erTpirovnuli kanonmdeblobis nimuSia, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom wmida
mamaTa espistoleebSi Camoyalibebulma saeklesio kanonebma zogadqristianuli
savaldebulo normis mniSvneloba mxolod VI (trulis 691w.) msoflio krebis
sanqciis Semdeg moipoves. ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi Setanilia: dionise
1 Bibliotheca Juris canonici, Opera et studio Gulielmi Voelli et Henrici Justelli, I, Paris, 1661, 103180.
2
msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa istoriis Sesaxeb saukeTesoa: Hefele C.I.,
Conciliengeschichte, t. I-XII, meore germanuli gamocema Freiburg, 1873-1887, da franguli
Targmani Paris, 1869-1878. msoflio krebebTan dakavSirebiT ix. ,
. I-VII, , 1869-1888. msoflio krebaTa dogmatikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb ix. ,
.., , . I-II., , 1904. xolo specialurad nikiis krebis Sesaxeb
., , ,
1888. qalkedonis krebis Sesaxeb: Das Konzil von Chalkedon, herausgegeben von Grillimer A. und
Bacht H., I, II, III, 1951-1954.

57

aleqsandrielis (+265w.) 4 kanoni; grigol neokesarielis (+270w.) 10 kan.; petre

aleqsandrielis (+311w.) 15 kan.; aTanase didis (+373w.) 3 kan.; basili didis (328379ww.) sul 91 kan.; grigoli noselis (+395w.) 8 kan.; grigoli RmrTismetyvelis
(nazianzelis +389w.) 1 kan.; amfiloqe ikonielis (+395w.) 1 kan.; timoTe
aleqsandrielis (+385w.) 15 kan.; Teofile aleqsandrielis (+412w.) 14 kan.; kirile
aleqsandrielis (+444w.) 5 kan.; genadi konstantinopolelis (+571w.) epistole.
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom tarasi konstantinopolelis (gard. 809w.)
epistole Zvel berZnul xelnawerebSi da ,,did sjuliskanonSi Setanilia nikiis
VII msoflio krebis gagrZelebad, xolo berZnul gamocemebSi gadmotanilia wm.
mamaTa espitoleebis rigSi.1
ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi Sesuli zemoT CamoTvlili konkretuli wyaroebis
kodifikacia TandaTanobiT mimdinareobda, amitom kanonikur krebulebSi
maT adgili sxvadasxva dros daimkvidres. qristianuli eklesiis samyaroSi
Sedgenil pirvel kanonikur krebulsa da IX sauk. bolos Camoyalibebul ZiriTad
kanonikur kodeqss erTmaneTs saukuneebi aSorebs, xolo am drois ganmavlobaSi
epoqis saWiroebisamebr miRebuli saeklesio kanonebis gamomzeureba da maTi
krebulebSi fiqsireba TavisTavad cvlida kanonikuri krebulis Sinaarsobriv
Sedgenilobas. amasTanave kanonikuri krebulis praqtikuli moxmarebisaTvis
gasaadvileblad cdilobdnen krebulSi Sesuli masalisaTvis sistematizaciis
efeqturi meTodebi moenaxaT, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevda kanonikuri krebulebis
erTmaneTisagan formaluri niSnebiT gansxvavebas.
marTalia, pirveli kanonikuri krebulebis Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebi
Zalze Zunwia, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nikiis I msoflio krebis kanonebi aris
is ZiriTadi birTvi, romelic safuZvlad daedo saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis
Semcvel yvela krebulis Camoyalibebas (rogorc aRvniSneT, mociqulTa kanonebis,
rogorc gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis saeklesio kanonebis Semcveli krebuli
nikiis krebaze adre unda arsebuliyo). pirveli aseTi krebuli samecniero
literaturaSi `pontos krebulis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romelic nikiis
krebis kanonebTan ankviriis, neokesariisa da Rangris adgilobriv krebaTa
kanonebis SeerTebiT unda warmoSobiliyo jer kidev IVs. `pontos krebuli mas
ewoda imis gamo, rom oTxive kreba bizantiis aRmosavleTis prefeqturis pontos
diocezSi iyo mowveuli.2
1 ,,wm. mamaTa Sesaxeb ix. . ,, . , ., 1863,
XXII, 1-59. .., . (. ), ,
1891. , , . I,II,III, , 1882. I. Bickell, Geshichte
des Kirchenrechts, I, 1843, 30 da sxv.
2 Maassen F., Geschicte der Quellen und der Literatur des canon. Rechts, I, Gratz, 1870, s. 100; 939.
., , , 1882,
I, 597.

58

qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio krebis (451w.) aqtebidan aSkaraa, rom kreba

xelmZRvanelobda specialuri wigniT (), saidanac xdeboda adrindel
krebaTa kanonebis citacia.1 Cans, rom am kanonikur krebulSi kanonTa uwyveteli
saTvalaviT Setanili iyo `pontos krebuli da amasTanave antioqiis (341w.),
laodikiis (343w.) da konstantinopolis meore msoflio krebaTa kanonebi (es
krebuli Vs. dionise mciris mier laTinur enaze Seqmnili krebulis erT-erTi
wyaro unda iyos).
ar Semonaxula Cvenamde arc 60-titlovani kanonikuri krebuli, romlis
arseboba CvenTvis cnobilia ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovani kanonikuri
krebulis winasityvaobidan, da romelic warmoadgenda sqolastikosis Sromis
erT-erT ZiriTad wyaros. materialuri Sedgeniloba 60-titlovani krebulisa
qalkedonis krebaze dasaxelebul `kanonTa wignTan SedarebiT gamdidrebuli
yofila mociqulTa, sardikiis, efesos III da qalkedonis IV msoflio krebaTa
kanonebiT. fiqroben, rom saeklesio kanonebis Semdeg krebuls erTvoda iustiniane
imperatoris samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis kodeqsidan gamorCeviT gamokrebili
samoqalaqo kanonebi saeklesio sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, Collectio XXV
capitulorum2 da am faqtze dayrdnobiT 60-titlovani krebulis Sedgenis TariRad
535w. axlo xanebs miiCneven.3 dasaxelebuli krebuli pirveli sistematuri
kanonikuri krebulia, romelSic sxvadasxva krebis kanonebi dajgufebuli iyo
im 60 saeklesio sakiTxis mixedviT, ramac gamoiwvia krebulis 60 titlosad anu
nawilad dayofa.
ioane sqolastikosis saeklesio kanonebis 50-titlovani krebuli pirveli
sistematuri krebulia, romelic sruli saxiT aris Semonaxuli. Sedgenilia
is 566 wlamde, radgan ioane aq antioqiis eklesiis xucesad da apokrisiarad
ixsenieba, xolo 566w. is ukve konstantinopolis patriarqia. 60-titlovan
krebulTan SedarebiT man damatebiT Seitana basili didis 68 kanoni
(amfiloqesadmi gagzavnili meore da mesame epistoleebi), xolo krebuli 50
nawilad dayo (SesaZlebelia, iustinianes digestonebis mibaZviT) da TiToeuli
nawilisaTvis Sesabamisi kanonebis ricxvi gaizarda.4
sqolastikosis dasaxelebuli krebulis TiTqmis yvela berZnul xelnawers
boloSi, damatebis saxiT, erTvis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis wignebidan,
saxeldobr, iustiniane imperatoris novelebidan gamokrebili samoqalaqo
kanonebis krebuli saeklesio sakiTxebis irgvliv. es krebuli Seudgenia imave
1 , . IV, 76-77; 258-259.
2 Zachari von Lingenthal, Die griechischen Nomokanones, , 1877, 2-3.
3 iqve, gv.6.
4 Juris ecclesiastici graecorum historia et monumenta, curante J. B. Pitra, II, Romae, 1868, 375-385.
qveviT am gamocemas mokled `Pitra movixseniebT.

59

ioane sqolastikoss 565-678ww. SemoklebiT am krebuls Collectio 87 capitulorum

ewodeba.1
ioane sqolastikosis mier Sedgenili ori dasaxelebuli krebulis
gaerTianebiT ucnobi avtoris mier Sedgenil iqna formiTa da SinaarsiT
sruliad axali kanonikuri krebuli, romelic dRes `50-titlovani nomokanonis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. krebuli, romlis Seqmnas 582-602ww. varaudoben,2 aseTi
principiTaa Sedgenili: TiToeuli titlosis qveS mocemulia jer saeklesio
kanonze miTiTeba (teqstis gareSe), xolo Semdeg am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
samoqalaqo kanonis sruli teqsti. krebulis boloSi Setani;lia damatebis
saxiT Collectio 87 capitulorum idan is 22 Tavi, romelic avtors titlosebSi ver
gaunawilebia.3
saeklesio samarTlis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda ZiriTadi
kanonikuri kodeqsis prototipis 14-titlovani krebulis Camoyalibebas.
marTalia, dRes ukve aRar moipoveba am krebulis Semcveli berZnuli
xelnawerebi, romlebic Tavdapirveli saxiT warmogvidgenen dasaxelebuli
krebulis Sedgenilobas, magram am krebulis winasityvaoba, Semonaxuli sruli
saxiT, saSualebas gvaZlevs SedarebiT srulad aRvadginoT misi Sinaarsobrivi da
formaluri saxe: Sinaarsobrivad 14-titlovani krebuli, romelsac samecniero
literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebiT zogjer 14-titlovan kanonikur sintagmas
uwodeben, xolo zogjer 14-titlovan nomokanons (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT), imeorebs
ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis Sedgenilobas da
damatebiT Seicavs metad mniSvnelovan kanonikur masalas: karTagenis 419w. krebis
kanonebs, romelic laTinuridan berZnulad specialurad am krebulisaTvis
unda yofiliyo Targmnili, basili didis 68 kanons, romelic sqolastikosis
krebulSic iyo Setanili, aq kidev mimatebuli aqvs amave avtoris sxva
epistoleebidan Sedgenili 23 kanoni da, rac mTavaria, am krebulSi pirveladaa
Setanili sxva saeklesio moRvaweTa kanonikuri epistoleebi, romlebmac
sabolood daimkvidres adgili kanonikur kodeqsSi. 14-titlovani krebulis
Semdgenlis udides damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos dasaxelebuli masalisaTvis
analitikuri saZieblebis sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic ucvleli darCa
saukuneebis manZilze aRniSnuli krebulis Sinaarsobrivad gamdidrebis
Semdegac. 14-titlovani krebulis winasityvalobis is adgili, sadac avtori
samoqalaqo kanonebis Sesaxeb laparakobs, mecnierTa didi kamaTis sagania.
mkvlevarTa erTi nawili fiqrobs, rom samoqalaqo kanonebi krebulSi Tavidanve
titlosebis Tavebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli saeklesio kanonebze miTiTebis
1 F. A. Biener, Geschichte der Novellen Justinians, Berlin, 1824, 117-584.
2 E. Zachari, dasax. naSromi, gv. 9.
3 gamocemulia G. Voellus et H. Justellus, Bibliotheca Juris canonici, II, Paris, 1661, 603-660.

60

Semdeg,1 xolo mkvlevaTa nawili amtkicebs, rom samoaqalaqo kanonebis krebuli

14-titlovan kanonikur krebuls bobloSi erTvoda damatebis saxiT.2 meore
varaudis mixedviT 14-titlovani krebulis ZiriTadi nawili Tavdapirvelad
mxolod saeklesio kanonebis Semcvel Zegls warmoadgenda da Sedgenili unda
yofiliyo VIs. bolos (daax. 580w.), xolo dasaxelebuli krebulis 14-titlovan
nomokanonad gadakeTeba moxda mogvianebiT 629-640ww., mas Semdeg, rac krebulze
damatebis saxiT darTuli samoqalaqo kanonebi titlosebs Soris gaanawiles.3
mkvlevarTa pirveli nawilis varaudiT 14-titlovani krebuli, romelic
Tavidanve nomokanonad Camoyalibda, VIIs. I naxevarSia Sedgenili. 14-titlovani
krebulis garegani forma, sistematuri nawilis 14 titlosad dayofa, rogorc
fiqroben, iustinianes samoqalaqo kanonebis kodeqsis mibaZviT unda iyos
gakeTebuli.4
14-titlovani nomokanonis VIIs. redaqciis Sinaarsobrivi Sevsebis gziT
883w. Camoyalibda 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloos redaqcia, rogorc es
aRniSnulia am krebulis winasityvaobaSi. 883w. redaqciaSi damatebiT Sesulia:
VI (trulis) msoflio krebis 102 kanoni, nikiis VII msoflio krebis 22 kanoni,
konstantinopolis 861w. adgilobrivi krebis 17 kanoni, konst. 879w. adgil. krebis
3 kanoni, agreTve aTanase aleqsndrielis, grigol nazianzelisa da amfiloqe
ikonielis kanonikuri epistoleebi. aRsaniSnabia, rom 14-titlovani nomokanonis
883w. Semdgenels ekuTvnis dasaxelebul saeklesio krebaTa kanonebze miTTebebis
Setana sistematuri nawilis titlosebis TavebSi. 883w. redaqciis winasityvaobis
mixedviT Cans, rom am krebulis redaqtors gadausinjavs 14-titlovani
nomokanonis VIIs. redaqciaSi Setanili samoqalaqo kanonebi, moZvelebuli da
Zaladakarguli amouRia, xolo maT nacvlad axali kanonebi
Seutania. es swored samoqalaqo-saxelmwifo kanonebis kodeqsTa reviziisa da
gadasinjvis periodia.
samecniero literaturaSi 14-titlovani nomokanonis 883w. redaqcias xSirad
`fotis nomokanons uwodeben. IXs. II naxevris konstantinopolis am cnobili
patriarqis 883w. redaqciis nomokanois avtorad gamocxadebis tradicia emyareba
X-XIss. berZnul xelnawerTa Cvenebas, rac kidev ufro ganamtkica 14-titlovani
nomokanonis XIIs. cnobili komentatorebis balzamonisa da zonaras mowmobam.
fotis avtorobis problema samecniero literaturaSi gauTavebeli kamaTis

1 Biener, Beitrge zur Revision des Justinianischen Codex, Berlin, 1833, s. 37. es azri gaiziares:
C. W. Heimbach-ma, J.A.B. Mortreuil-ma, J.B. Pitra-m, . -m da sxv.
2 E. Zachari, dasax. naSromi, gv. 6; ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 283-285 da sxv.
3 E. Zachari, dasax. naSromi, gv. 10
4 ., XIV , . . . . , , 1883,
. 337-338.

61

sagania da sabolood gadaWrili ar aris.1 swored 14-titlovani nomokanonis

883w. redaqcia gaxda dedani `didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli Targmanisa.
winamdebare mokle mimoxilvaSi SevecadeT iseT kanonikur krebulebs
SevxebodiT, romelTac pirdapiri kavSiri hqondaT ZiriTadi kanonikuri
kodeqsis - 14-titlovani nomokanonis 883w. redaqciis formirebasTan, xolo
gverdi avuareT uZveles laTinur kanonikur krebulebs, romelTa safuZveli
berZnuli kanonikuri kiodeqsebia, agreTve sinopsisur uZveles krebulebs
(sadac saeklesio kanonTa Semoklebuli teqstebia Sesuli) da agreTve im
mravalricxovan kanonikur krebulebs, romlebic bizantiur samyaroSi IXs.
Semdeg Camoyalibdnen: aq maTi mimoxilvis saSualeba ar gvqonda. da bolos,
ubralod CamovTvliT ZiriTad gamocemebs, romlebic 14-titlovani nomokanonis
883w. redaqciis berZnul teqstebs Seicaven:
1. Bibliotheca Juris canonici Opera et studio Guilielmi Voelli et Henrici Justelli, I-II,
Paris, 1661.
2. Sinodicon sive Pandectae canonum SS. Apostolorum et conciliorum ab ecclesia graeca
receptorum, nec non canonicarum SS. Patrum epistolarum divisium Gulielmus Beveregius,
.. I-II, Oxonii, 1672.
3.
... . .
. ... -IV, ., 1852-1859. (Semokl. vixmarT `aTenis sintagma-s).
14-titlovani nomokanonis teqsti, balzamonisa da zonaras komentarebiT,
Sesulia I-IV tomebSi.
4. Juris ecclesiastici graecorum historia curante J. B. Pitra Romae . I, 1864, t. II.
1668.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve aTenis sintagmis mxolod saeklesio kanonTa teqstis
rusuli Targmani balzamonis, zonaras da aristines komentarebiTurT:
, ,
, I, II, III, ., 1876... aseve, , .
. I, I, , 1911, serbiulidan rusulad naTargmni naSromi,
romelic Seicavs aTenis sintagmis saeklesio kanonebis teqstebs TviT avtoris
komentarebiT.
ZiriTadi cnobebi 14-titlovani nomokanonis sxvadasxva redaqciebis Semcveli
berZnuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb ix. . ., XIV
, , 1905. da Pitra-s dasaxelebuli gamocemis sqolioebSi. sainteresoa
agreTve . ., XIV , . I,
1 vrclad ix. .., XIV
VII. 883 ., , 1905. ., . , , 1899. Hergenrther I.,
Photius, I-II, 1867; III, 1869 da sxv.

62

. I, II, III, , 1906-1907., romelSic warmodgenilia 14-titl. nomokanonis

Zv. slavuri Targmani berZnuli dednis paraleluri teqstiT.

2. qarTuli kanonikuri mwerloba XIs. bolomde

14-titlovani nomokanonis XIs. miwurulis erTaderTi qartuli Targmani,
romelic qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi `didi sjuliskanonis saxeliT
damkvidrda, berZnulidan sxva enebze naTargmn ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsebs oris
erT-erT uZveles Targmanas unda CaiTvalos.
sainteresoa zogadad mainc gadavavloT Tvali Zvel qarTul saeklesio
mwerlobas da vnaxoT, kanonikuri mwerlobis ra tradiciebi uZRvoda win am
Zeglis Targmnas saqarTveloSi, ra rezonansi pova saeklesio krebaTa kanonebma
da avtoritetul saeklesio pirTa kanonikuri xasiaTis epistolarulma
memkvidreobam Cvens qveyanaSi dasaxelebuli kanonikuri kodeqsis qarTul enaze
gadmoRebamde.
qarTuli kanonikuri mwerlobis CamoyalibebaSi TavianTi wvlili unda
SeetanaT rogorc originalur kanonikur Zeglebs, aseve sxvadasxva enebidan,
gansakuTrebiT berZnulidan naTargmn mniSvnelovan kanonikur Txzulebebs.
magram, samwuxarod, IV-Xss. periodis qarTul kanonikur mwerlobas rogorc
pirvelis, aseve meoris mxolod nakvaleviRa Semounaxavs.
qarTuli
eklesiis
istoria
misi
uZvelesi
periodidanve
Zneli
warmosadgenia adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebis gareSe, xolo adgilobrivi
krebebi, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra rangisa iqnebodnen isini kanonmdelobis
gareSe. marTalia, yvela adgilobrivi kreba saeklesio kanonmdeblobas
ar iTvaliswinebda da mxolod eklesiis mimdinare wvrilmani sakiTxebis
gadawyvetiT kmayofildeboda, magram ar SeiZleba, rom qarTul saistoria
wyaroebSi moxseniebuli gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis adgilobriv krebebs
e.w. Zeglisweris, anu kanonikuri dadgenilebebis saxiT kvali ar daetovebinaT.
Zneli dasajerebelia, rom saqarTveloSi qristianuli eklesiis aRmocenebasa
da ganmtkicebas romelime saeklesio krebaze miRebuli eklesiis struqturisa
da marTvis programis Camoyalibeba ar mohyoloda, eklesiasa dam is wevrebs
Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis normaTa formirebis saWiroeba ar moeTxova.
SeuZlebelia, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom `607 wels, rodesac
qarTvelTa da somexTa eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqileba moxda da somexTa eklesiis
mesveurebma qarTvelebi, viTarca mwvaleblebi, SeaCvenes kidec, rom qarTvelTa
samRvdeloebas amis sapasuxod saeklesio krebaze Sesaferisi dadgenileba ar
ganeCina da STamomavlobisaTvis es werilobiT ar Seenaxa1
1 qarTuli samarTlis istoria III tf., 1928, gv. 38

63

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi dadasturebulia cnoba, rom IXs. Sua wlebSi

javaxeTSi Sedga saeklesio kreba, romelmac kaTalikosis kandidaturis sakiTxi
ganixila da am sakiTxSi saeklesio kanonebis darRvevis faqtebs Seexo.1 aseve
bagrat IV-is mefobaSi gamarTuli Rrtilis krebis Sesaxeb mxolod zogadi
cnobebiRa Semonaxula,2 xolo am krebaTa aqtebi anu `Zegliswera, iseve rogorc
sxva saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebani, romleTa Sesaxeb ubralo cnobebic ki ar
gvaqvs, dReisaTvis dakargulad unda miviCnioT.
erTi sityviT, originaluri kanonikuri mwerlobis arcerT Zegls XIIs.
dasawyisamde Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. bednier gamonaklisad ruis-urbnisis 1105w.
saeklesio krebis Zegliswera unda CaiTvalos, romelic ramdenime nusxiTaa
Semonaxuli. am Zeglis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
rac Seexeba saeklesio kanonmdeblobis naTargmn Zeglebs, arc amiTaa mdidari
Zveli qarTuli mwerloba.
meaTe saukunamde qarTul enaze ar SemogvrCenia aramcTu raime Targmnili
kanonikuri krebuli, aramed kanonikuri xasiaTis statiac ki.
iv. javaxiSvilma ,,epistoleTa wignis erTi adgilis Cvenebis safuZvelze
gamoTqva rwmena, rom VII saukunis dasawyisSi, kirion qarTvelTa kaTalikosis
abraam somexTa kaTalikosis mimarT gagzavnil mesame epistoleSi aSkaradaa
laparaki imis Sesaxeb, rom kirions specialurad uTargmninebia da somex
mRdelmTavrisaTvis gaugzavnia ,,oTxTa krebaTa wignebi da ,,am sityvebTagan
sruli ueWvelobiT Cans, rom VI-VIIss. saqarTvelos eklesias msoflio
krebebis ZeglisweraTa wigni hqonia da amgvarad qarTuli kanonikuri mwerloba,
am SemTxvevaSi msoflio eklesiis kanonebis saxiT mainc, ukve arsebobda.
rasakvirvelia, adgilobiTi krebebis ZeglisweraTa wignebic iqneboda3. amis
Taobaze k. kekeliZem marTebulad SeniSna, rom aq igulisxmeba oTx msoflio
krebaTa ,,sarwmunoebriv-aRsarebiTi formulrebi, an simbolo sarwmunoebisa...
dogmaturi formulebi. aseTi formulebi ki, rasakvirvelia, imTaviTve iqneboda
qarTulad naTargmni, magram es ufro dogmaturi mwerlobis Zeglia, vidre
kanonikurisa4.
iv. jvaxiSvili da k. kekeliZe dasaxelebuli epistolis mxolod naklul
nusxas icnobdnen, xolo ,,epistoleTa wignis axal gamocemaSi5. es epistole
Sevsebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili da naTlad Cans, rom saubari pirveli oTxi
msoflio krebis sarwmunoebis simbolos exeba, rogorc es k. kekeliZem ivarauda.
rogorc Cans, kirions igi specialurad uTargmninebia dasaxelebuli krebaTa
masalebidan da aqtebidan da misTvis krebaTa mokle istoriebic waumZRvarebia
1
2
3
4
5

64

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv. 287-289.

`saqarTvelos samoTxe~, m. sabininis gamocema, tfilisi, 1883, gv. 615-621.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, I, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 26-28.
k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, Tb., 1951, gv. 532-533.
epistoleTa wigni, somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT,gamokvleviTa da
komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 100-111

win. dasaxelebul krebaTa sruli aqtebis qarTul enaze am droisaTvis arseboba

Zalze saeWvod migvaCnia, miT umetes, rom nikiis I da konstantinopolis II
msoflio krebaTa aqtebi krebis sxdomaTa zustad Cawerili oqmebi, rogorc III,
IV, V, VI da VII msoflio krebebis Sesxeb gvaqvs, saerTod ar unda arsebuliyo.1
faqtiurad kanonikur mwerlobas saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara efvTime
mTawmidlis mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobiT. marTalia, efTvimemde grigol
oSkels (Xs. dasawy.) uTargmnia somxuridan grigol nazianzelis erTi Txzuleba:
,,sakiTxavi samxilebeli arianosTa da evnomianosTa borotad uwesoebisa...2,
romelsac, rogorc saTauridan Cans, garkveuli kavSiri aqvs I da II msoflio
krebebze am sakiTxTa irgvliv gamarTul kamaTTan, magram Txzuleba mainc
dogmatikur-polemikuri xasiaTisaa da kanonikuri literaturis Zeglad ver
miiCneva.
pirveli kanonikuri krebuli qarTul enaze ,,mcire rCuliskanonis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. krebuli efTvime mTawmidels Seudgenia mis mier
berZnulidan Targmnili sxvadasxva kanonikuri statiebis safuZvelze. statiebi,
rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva periodisaa da sxvadasxva kanonikuri krebulebidan
aris SerCeuli qarTuli eklesiis praqtikul saWiroebaTa Sesabamisad. krebulSi
Sesulia: 1. ,,wesi da gangeba da rCuliskanoni meequsisa krebisa, warmoadgens
trulis 691w. krebis kanonebis saxecvlil krebuls. 2. ,,kanonni SecodebulTani,
romlis avtorad ioane mmarxveli (konstantinopolis Vs. mTavarepiskoposi) aris
dasaxelebuli, rac simarTles ar Seefereba, vinaidna Zegli VIII-IX saukuneebSi
Seqmnilad aris miCneuli. 3. ,,kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cTomaTani, romlis avtorad
basilica dasaxelebuli, kidev ufro gviandeli unda iyos. 4. ,,Zegliswera
sarwmunoebisa, romeli aRweres wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinepoles SekrebulTa,
wmidaTa xatTa dayuaniscemisaTs3.
efTvimeseuli VI krebis kanonebis Sedareba did sjuliskanonSi Sesul
analogiur kanonebTan TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom efTvimes am krebis kanonebis
axali redaqcia moucia. mas Taviseburad aqvs dalagebuli kanonebi, sakmao
odenobiTaa Setanili iq qarTuli masala, Setanilia iseTi kanonebic, rac
berZnul originalSi da misgan naTargmn ,,did sjuliskanonSi ar gvxvdeba.
efTvimes VI krebis kanonebSi basili didis kanonebis sakmao odenobac
Seutania. erTi sityviT, ,,wesi da gangeba da rCuliskanoni meequsisa krebisa
warmoadgens Tavisebur kanonikur krebuls, Sedgenils trulis 691 wlis krebis
kanonebisa da basili didis kanonebis safuZvelze, romelsac damatebuli aqvs
TviT mTargmnelis mier sxvadasxva wyaroebis mixedviT Sedgenili kanonebic (maT
Soris qarTuli da soxmuri eklesiebis Sesaxebac), amitom naTelia, rom efTvimes
naSroms berZnul mwerlobaSi zusti dedani ar moepoveba. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia
1 ., ,
, 1888, . 4, 28-29. .., , . , 1904, . 16,19-22.
2 A:87, 771-784 gv. agr. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zv. qarT. literaturis istoriidan, V, Tb.,
1957, gv. 29.
3 am krebulis Sesaxeb ix. `mcire skuliskanoni~, gamosacemad moamzada elguja
giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1973

65

isic, rom saeklesio kanonebi am krebulSi Sevsebulia istoriuli cnobebiT, rac

efTvimes, rogorc Cans, 681 wlis VI msoflio krebis aqtebidan auRia1.
efTvime mTawmidelis dasaxelebul naSroms SedarebiT vrclad imitom
SevexeT, rom es erTaderTi Zeglia XI saukunis damlevamde naTargmn kanonikur
TxzulebaTagan, romelic parallels poulobs ,,didi sjuliskanonis statiebs
Soris, e.i. ,,didi sjuliskanonis Targmnamde masSi Sesuli arc erTi statia ar
iyo qarTulad Targmnili, aRniSnulis garda.
efTvime mTawmidels uTargmnia agreTve ,,mcneba da gangeba msoflioTa
xucesTa berZnuli ,romeli gardamosca qarTulad didma efTmi2 da dauweria
originaluri kanonikur-liturgikuli Sroma, romelSic ganmartebulia
disciplinaruli xasiaTis sxvadasxva sakiTxi. Txzuleba warmoadgens pasuxs
giorgi beris SekiTxvebze, romelic mas Wyondididan efTvimesaTvis gaugzavnia3.
Zvel qarTul xelnawerebs Semounaxavs giorgi mTawmidelis ramdenime
naTargmni statia kanonikuri xasiaTisa, saxeldobr, ,,mcneba mRdelTa mimarT4,
,,mcneba wmidisa Jamiswirvisa mRdelTa mimarT, raTa ara wirviden dResa
Sina orgzis, aramed erTgzis5. giorgi mTawmidlis biografiaSi aRniSnulia,
rom man Targmna ,,epistoleni wmidisa krilesni da sxuaTa wmidaTa mamaTani
gankueTisaTs nistor usjulosa6. rogorc Cans, aq igulisxmeba mesame
msoflio krebis irgvliv Seqmnili epistolaruli memkvidreobis nawili,
romlis giorgiseul Targmans Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi mis naTargmn SromaTa Soris dasaxelebulia
agreTve ,,wigni meequsisa krebisa7. SesaZlebelia, rogorc k.kekeliZe fiqrobs,
,,giorgis biografs Secdoma mouvida da efTvimes Sroma giorgis miawera,
Tu ara da saqme ase und warmovadginoT: biografis sityviT, giorgim Targmna
,,wigni meequsisa krebisa, epistoleni wmidida krilesni da sxuaTa wmidaTa
mamaTa gankueTisTvis nistor usjulosa. SesaZlebelia, aq igulisxmebodes
erTi Txzuleba, saxeldobr, im krebis wigni, romelSic aRniSnuli epistoleni
iyo moTavsebuli, e.i. mesamisa. iqneb xelnawerSi mesamis aRsaniSnavad iyo
asomTavruli g, romelic gadamwers asomTavrulsave v-sTan aeria da aqedan
warmodga mesamis magier meeqvse8. Tu k. kekeliZis varaudi axlosaa simarTlesTan,
maSin giorgis uTargmnia mesame msoflio krebis aqtebi, mTlianad Tu ara, nawili
1 .. , ,
. . . ., 1974.
2 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad
dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, wigni meore, tf., 1897, gv. 82-83.
3 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi daurTo prof. i.
doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 5-18.
4 A 584, f. 247-248.
5 iqve, f. 248.
6 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1967, gv. 147, 21.
7 iqve.
8 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarT. lit-is istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1980, gv 239

66

mainc im masalisa, romelic Sesulia ,,msoflio krebaTa aqtebis pirvelsa da

meore tomebSi, rac efesos samzadissa da mimdinareobas exeba1.
qarTul naTargmn literaturaSi arcTu mcirea iseTi Txzulebani, romlebic
zogierTi msoflio saeklesio krebis istoriasa da dogmatikur sakiTxebs exeba,
magram maTze ar SevCerdebiT, ramdenadac kanonikur mwerlobasTan maT mxolod
zogi Sexebis wertili aqvT (nawili aseTi literaturisa Tavmoyrilia arsen
iyalToelis ,,dogmatikonSi S: 1463 da agreTve XVIIIs. somxuridan naTargmn
dogmatikur krebulebSi A-266 da A-618, xolo calkeuli Txzulebani gabneuli
sxvadasxva qarTul xelnawerebSi).

3. ,,didi sjuliskanonis Targmnis dro da mTargmnelis vinaoba

qristianuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis
qarTul enaze gadmoTargmniT Seivso is didi xarvezi, romelic qarTul
originalur da Targmnil kanonikur mwerlobas hqonda. am Zeglis TargmniT
kanonikuri mwerloba, romelsac meaTe saukunis gasuls efTvime mTawmidelis
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT Caeyara safuZveli, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
srulfasovani dargi gaxda.
saeklesio samarTlis gamoCenilma mkvlevarma v. beneSeviCma, romelmac ,,didi
sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi qarTuli xelnwerebi Seiswavla da aRwera2, pirvelma
gamoTqva varaudi, rom es Zegli berZnulidan qarTulad ukve Xs. unda yofiliyo
gadmoTargmnili. misi ZiriTadi argumentebi Semdegia: 1) sinas mTis qarTul
xelnawerTa Xs. katalogSi dasaxelebulia ,,erTi didi kanoni3. 2) XIs. dasawyisSi
efTvime mTawmidelma Targmna meeqvse msoflio krebis kanonebi, romelsac uwoda
,,mcire sjuliskanoni, riTac albaT, xazi gausva, rom ukve arsebobda ,,didi
sjuliskanonis qarTuli Targmani. 3) melqisedek qarTlis kaTalikosis mier
mcxeTis taZrisaTvis Sewirul wignTa XIs. I naxevris katalogSi dasaxelebulia
,,sjuliskanoni axali erTi4.
iv. javaxiSvili aviTarebs v.n. beneSeviCis varauds da SesaZleblad
Tvlis ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTul enaze ukve IXs. arsebobas5. es varaudi
1 ix. am aqtebis laTinuridan rusuli Targmani: , . I,
, . 323-912; . II, . 5-495.
2 ,
, .II, . III, , 1914, . 349-377; . , . II, 1917, . 112-127.
3 ., . , . 92, . 267-268.
4 dokumentis sxvadasxvagvarad aTariReben. dawvr. ix. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zv.
qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1956, gv. 238-249. teqstis gamocema ekuTvnis n.
berZeniSvils: mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunis, saq. muzeumis moambe, VI.
5 iv. javaxiSvils mxedvelobaSi qvs ,,didi sjuliskanonis Cvenamde moRweulisagan
gansxvavebuli redaqcia, Torem msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebis Semcveli
kanonikuri krebulis arsebobas qarTulad iv. javaxiSvili SesaZleblad Tvlis jer kidev
VII saukuneSi, rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT. dawvrilebiT: qarT. samarTlis istoria, I, gv. 24.

67

emyareba grigol xancTelis cxovrebis im epizods, sadac sagangebod mowveul

krebaze gvaram mamfals sityva wrmouTqvams: ,,wmidano mamano, episkoposno da
meudabnoeno, iciT yovelTa kanoni Sjulisa, rameTu ara brZanebs episkoposisa
da kaTalikozisa mZlavrebiT dajdomasa, da grigol xancTelis pasuxs: ,,
elmwifeo... ese uwyodi, rameTu... wmidaTa mociqulTa da RirsTa maT mRdelTmoZRuarTagan gansazRvrebulsa kanonsa Sina arave brZanebul ars eriskacisa,
viTarca episkoposTa da wesisa winamZRuarTa mamaTa gansagebelisa moZRurebisa
ikadrebda1. am sityvebSi iv. javaxiSvili mokamaTe mxareTa mier saeklesio
kanonebis ara marto saerTo codnas xedavs, aramed sando sabuTad miaCnia, rom
am dros mociqulTa, msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa saeklesio kanonebi
qarTulad Targmnili iyo.
v.n. beneSeviCisaTvis cnobili ar iyo ,,didi sjuliskanonis erT-erTi
uZvelesi gelaTuri nusxis (quT. 25, XIIs.) gadamweris anderZis arseboba, sadac
Zeglis mTargmnelad arsen iyalToeli aris dasaxelebuli da amdenad misi
varaudi, rom CvenTvis cnobili ,,didi sjuliskanoni X saukuneSia Targmnili,
ar marTldeba. iv. javaxiSvili kargad icnobs am anderZs da amitom ar uaryofs
,,didi sjuliskanonis Cvenamde moRweul redaqciis arsen iyalToelis mier
Targmnis faqts, magram miaCnia, rom dasaxelebuli Zegli berZnuli nomokanonis
araTu pirveli Targmania, aramed meramdeneme Tu ara, meore mainc2. qarTuli
sjuliskanonis ramdenime redaqciiT arsebobis SesZleblobas iv. javaxiSvili
zemoT aRniSnul ,,epistoleTa wignisa da grigol xancTelis cxovrebis
miTiTebul adgilebze dayrdnobiT uSvebs. agreTve melqisedek kaTalikosis
katalogSi dasaxelebuli ,,axali sjliskanoni erTi mas gagebuli aqvs rogorc
sjuliskanonis axali redaqcia, arsebuli Zveli redaqciis sapirispirod3. iv.
javaxiSvili, eyrdnoba ra k. kekeliZis dakvirvebas ruis-urbnisis ,,ZeglisweraSi
CamoTvlil saeklesio krebaTa da mmaTa kanonebsa da ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Sedgenilobas Soris gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb, varaudobs qarTul enaze ,,didi
sjuliskanonis arseniseuli Targmanisagan gansxvavebuli redaqciis arsebobas4.
k. kekeliZem safuZvlianad uaryo v.n. beneSeviCisa da iv. javaxiSvilis
argumentebi da TvalsaCinod daamtkica, rom dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli ,,didi
sjuliskanoni berZnuli 14-titlovani nomokanonis erTaderTi qarTuli
Targmania adre es Zegli qarTulad naTargmni ar yofila.
v.n. beneSeviCis mier sinas mTis xelnawerTa katalogSi dasaxelebuli ,,didi
kanoni, k. kekeliZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, liturgikul kanons gulisxmobs
1
2
3
4

68

Zveli qarT. agiogr. literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv. 288-289.

iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 24.
iqve, gv. 25.
iqve, gv. 29-30

da ,,ierusalimis ganCinebis da ganwesebis saxeliT aris moRweuli, romelic,

,,marTalac, ori redaqciiT aris cnobili: didiT, mTlianiT an sruliT, da
SemoklebuliT, SerCeuliT an mciriT1.
meore argumentis sawinaaRmdegod k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom ,,meeqvse msoflio
krebis sjuliskanoni nawilia didi sjuliskanonisa, maSasadame, sruliad
bunebrivia, rom wigns, romelic Seicavs mxolod nawils mTelisas, man (efTvimem
e.g.) mcire uwoda. efTvime am SemTxvevaSi iseve moiqca, rogorc svinaqsaris
gadmoTargmnisas: man gadmoiRo Semoklebuli, gamokrebili svinaqsari, romelsac
man uwoda ,,mcire svinaqsari gansxvavebulad sruli svinaqsarisagan, romelic
iTargmna Semdeg giorgi mTawmidelis mier2.
aseve, melqisedekis sigelSi dasaxelebuli ,,sjuliskanoni axali k. kekeliZes
efTvimes mier naTargmn ,,mcire sjuliskanonad miaCnia, romelic am dros,
marTlac, axali Targmnili iyo3.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom k. kekeliZem ,,epistoleTa wignSi dasaxelebul
,,oTxTa krebaTa wignSi, iv. javaxiSvilis varaudis sawinaaRmdegod, samarTlianad
igulisxma ,,oTxi msoflio krebis dogmaturi mrwamsi da ara saeklesio kanonebi.
,,sjuliskanonis qarTulad IX sauk. arsebobis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvilis varaudi
grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis erT-erTi epizodis mixedviT k. kekeliZisaTvis
damajerebeli ar aris, radgan ,,aseTi miTiTeba kidev ar niSnavs, rom es ,,kanoni
maT dros qarTulad arsebobda. maSindel qarTlSi, rasakvirvelia, saeklesio
kanonebs icnobdnen da iyenebdnen kidec maT, Tumca isini jer kidev Targmnili
ar iyo, ise rogorc, magaliTisaTvis, saxarebas icnobdnen da misi moZRvrebiT
xelmZRvanelobdnen jer kidev maSin, rodesac is gadmoTargmnili ar iyo4.
rac Seexeba ruis-urbnisis ,,ZeglisweraSi CamoTvlili saeklesio kanonebis
sxvaobas ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgenilobisagan (rac iv.javaxiSvilisaTvis
safuZveli gaxda qarTulad sjuliskanonis ufro adrindeli redaqciis
arsebobis aRiarebisaTvis, xolo k. kekeliZisaTvis, albaT, Zeglisweris
Semdgenelis mier ,,didi sjuliskanonis berZnuli dednisagan gansxvavebuli
nomokanoniT sargeblobis daSvebisaTvis), amas sruliad sxva safuZveli aqvs
da arc berZnulad da arc qarTulad gansxvavebuli redaqciis arsebobaze ar
miuTiTebs. am sakiTxs qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT.
amrigad, unda virwmunoT, rom arsen iyalToelis mier Targmnili ,,didi
sjuliskanoni berZnuli 14-titlovani nomokanonis ZiriTadi kanonikuri
kodeqsis erTaderTi Targmania qarTulad da es Zegli arc manmade da arc Semdeg
ar yofila gadmoRebuli.
1
2
3
4

k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, 1951, Tb., gv. 533-534.

iqve.
iqve.
iqve.

69

ramdenad sarwmunoa cnoba, rom ,,didi sjuliskanoni arsen iyalToelma

Targmna? sxvaTa Soris, unda SevniSnoT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi mxolod
erTaderTi pirdapiri miTiTebaa mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti
rom ara, dRes ,,didi sjuliskanonis mTargmnelis vinaobis sakiTxi, SeiZleba,
gaurkvevelic yofiliyo. quTaisis #25 xelnawerSi, romelic ,,didi
sjuliskanonis erT-erTi uZvelesi nusxaa Cvenamde moRweul nusxaTa Soris
(XIIs.), ZiriTadi kanonebis Semcveli teqstis bolos moTavsebulia xelnaweris
gadamweris anderZi, romelsac pirvelad k. kekeliZem miakvlia. ,,...glaxaki
friad codvili grigoli CaxrexasZe momiseneT wmidaTa Sina locvaTa TquenT,
romelman didiTa gulismodginebiTa gardavwere TsiTa eliTa qristianeTa
winamZRuari didi ese da samoqalaqo sjuliskanoni saukunos mosenebulisa da
Cuen qarTvelTaTs friad WirTa Tavsmdeblisa arsenic iyalToelisa Targmnili.
saukuno yos RmerTman seneba misi1.
marTalia, CaxrexasZis cnoba mTargmneliseuli anderZi ar aris, romelic
sruli ueWvelobiT daadasturebda am faqts, magram anderZis erTi adgili
gvarwmunebs, rom grigolma ,,didi sjuliskanonis dasaxelebuli usxa am
Zeglis qarTulad Targmanis drosTan axlos mdgomi dednidan gadmoiwera:
,,wignisa simarTlisaTs iWvi nu vis gaqus. pirvel deda marTali da kargisa
mwerlisa dawerili mqonda da TT rad ara warmogidgineb kacsa mas mosenebiTa
saxelisaTa: ioane diakonisa, Rirsisa dedoflisa borenas gazrdilisaTa,
romel me esre masmia, romel giorgi brolasa kaTalikosyofilsa aqaT misebri
dam is umarTlesi mwerali ar gamosrula Cuen qarTvelTa naTesavsa Sina, da merme
didad moWirvebiTa Semimowmebia. RmerTman garwmunos, vinca ikiTxvideT da vinca
swerdeT amisgan, viTa hpooT. egreT dawereT.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom anderZSi dasaxelebuli dedofali borena bagrat IVis meore meuRlea, marTlac, naTeli gaxdeba, rom CaxrexasZes Tavisi Sroma
,,didi sjuliskanonis uZvelesi nusxidan gadmouweria. ioane diakonis mier
gadmowerili ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqsti mTargmneliseuli dednidan Tu
ara, misgan gadmoRebuli pirisagan mainc unda momdinareobdes. swored aseT
xelnawerSi dacul cnobas unda emyarebodes grigol CaxrexasZis anderZis
mowmoba arsen iyalToelis mier dasaxelebuli Zeglis Targmnis Sesaxeb.
anderZis motanili nawyvetidan Cans, Tu rogor uzrunavs grigols Tavisi
1 quT. 25, 296 r. ix. agreT. gamocemuli anderZis teqsti . , V, . 120-122; iv.
lolaSvili, grigol CaxrexasZis vinaobisaTvis, literaturuli gazeTi, 1964, 30/X.
marTalia, v.n. beneSeviCi grigol CaxrexasZis cnobas srul ndobas ar ucxadebs da
eWvs gamoTqvams, rom es cnoba SeiZleba ufro yurmokrul ambavze iyos aSenebuli, vidre
Zeglis mTargmneliseul anderZze damyarebuli (. , V, . 126), magram es ufro
,,SurisZiebas hgavs, radgan am anderZis aRmoCenamde v. beneSeviCma ,,didi sjuliskanoni
X saukuneSi Targmnilad miiCnia, xolo CaxrexasZis cnobam xazi gadausva mis varauds.

70

nusxis srulyofisaTvis da rogor afrTxilebs am nusxis momaval gadamwerebs,

Zegli ar daamaxinjon. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom aseT adamians Tavis anderZSi
yurmokruli ambavi Seetana. vimeorebT, grigol CaxrexasZis anderZis Cveneba
arsen iyalToelis Sesaxeb ,,didi sjuliskanonis ioane diakonis nusxis
analogiur cnobas unda emyarebodes.
dRes samecniero literaturaSi ukve sakamaTo aRar aris, rom ,,didi
sjuliskanoni arsen iyalToelma Targmna.
SesaZlebelia, daaxloebiT mainc dadgindes ,,didi sjuliskanonis Targmnis
qronologiuri sazRvrebi.
k. kekeliZe fiqrobs, rom arsen iyalToels ,,didi sjuliskanoni saqarTveloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg unda eTargmna, xolo ,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi erT gviandel
Camatebul cnobaze dayrdnobiT arsen iyalToelis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis
TariRad miaCnia 1114 weli. amrigad, k. kekeliZem ,,didi sjuliskanoni XIIs. I
meoTxedSi naTargmn Zeglad miiCnia1.
ruis-urbnisis krebis ,,Zegliswerisa da didi sjuliskanonis teqstTa
CvenebaTa safuZvelze sarwmunod gveCveneba, rom ,,didi sjuliskanoni
dasaxelebuli krebis mowvevamde, e.i. 1105 wlamde aris Targmnili, radgan
,,Zeglisweras ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli TargmniT sargeblobis kvali
atyvia. am sakiTxs qvemoT, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris ganxilvis
dros, sagangebod SevexebiT da SevecdebiT es debuleba davasabuToT. aq
mxolod zogadad aRvniSnavT, rom ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTulad Targmna
dasaxelebuli krebis mowvevis TadarigTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli da arsen
iyalToels igi daviT aRmaSeneblis SekveTiT unda eTargmna. amitom, Cveni azriT,
,,didi sjuliskanonis Targmna XIs. miwurulSi, an XIIs. pirvel wlebSi aris
savaraudebeli.
cnobilia, rom VIIs. Camoyalibebulma 14-titlovanma sintagmam Tu nomokanonma
ganviTarebis garkveuli safexurebi gaiara axali wyaroebiT Sevsebisa da
krebulSi Sesuli masalis meTodologiuri sistematizaciis safuZvelze, sanam
sabolood ar miiRo Camoyalibebuli saxe 14-titlovani nomokanonis 883 wlis
redaqciis saxiT.
Cven saSualeba ar gvqonda safuZvlianad gavcnobodiT 14-titlovani
nomokanonis sxvadasxva redaqciis Semcvel berZnul xelnawerebs da maT Sesaxeb
ZiriTadad 14-titlovani nomokanonis gamomcemelTa mier gamoyenebuli nusxebis

1 k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit-is istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 284. Tumca araoficialur
gancxadebaSi, v. buneSeviCisadmi gagzavnil pirad werilSi, romlis nawyvetic
gamoqveynebuli . , V, gv. 125, aRiarebs, rom `ruis-urbnisis `Zegliswera~
gulisxmobs `didi sjuliskanonis~ qarTulad arsebobas, e.i. Zegli Targmnilia 1105
wlamde. CvenTvis ucnobia, ratom uaryo k. kekeliZes azri.

71

CvenebebiT da berZnul xelnawerTa aRwerilobiT1 visargebleT. magram berZnuli

teqstis publikaciebic sakmarisia imis dasadgenad, rom ,,didi sjuliskanoni
warmoadgens 14-titlovani nomokanonis 883 wlis redaqciis Targmans. arsen
iyalToels SeurCevia nomokanonis is redaqcia, romelic qristianulma eklesiam
920 wlis konstantinopolis erT-erT udides krebaze oficialur kanonikur
kodeqsad aRiara. ,,didi sjuliskanonis SesavalSi, romelic dasaxelebuli
nomokanonia aseTive Sesavlis zedmiwevniT zust Targmans warmoadgens,
aRniSnulia ,,didi sjuliskanonis berZnuli dednis Camoyalibebis zusti TariRi:
,,xolo raTa Jamica vinme uwyodis, romelsa Sina gankargva da urTierTas TanaSetyueba ese kanonTa iqmna, ars ukue aTaseulad aRracxulTa weliwadTa equs
wilad gansrulebasa Tana samas oTxmeocdameaTerTmete (6391-5508=883) weliwadi
mzisa srbisa da moqcevisa2. ara marto motanili qronologiuri cnoba, aramed
,,didi sjuliskanonisa da 14-titlovani nomokanonis 883 wlis redaqciis
erTidaigive Sedgeniloba, rasac ZiriTadad qvemoT SevexebiT, TvalnaTliv
miuTiTebs qarTuli Targmanis dedanze.
,,didi sjuliskanonis saxelwodebisaTvis. kanonikuri krebulis qarTuli
Targmanis saxelwodeba ,,didi sjuliskanoni pirvelad gelaTis (quTaisis) #25
xelnaweris gadamweris anderZSi gvxvdeba. dasaxelebuli Zeglis xelnawerebis
arc saTaurSi da arc teqstSi es saxelwodeba motanili ar aris. sainteresoa,
aqvs Tu ara am saxelwodebas pirdapiri kavSiri berZnul ,,nomokanonTan, an ,,did
nomokanonTan3.
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi efTvime mTawmidelis mier ,,mcire sjuliskanonis
Targmnis Semdeg saxelwodeba ,,rCuliskanoni anu ,,sjuliskanoni saeklesio
kanonTa krebulis aRsaniSnavad xSirad gvxvdeba. termini qarTul mwerlobaSi
efTvime mTawmidelis Semotanili unda iyos. ,,sjuliskanonis saxeliT gviandel
qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad ,,didi sjuliskanoni igulisxmeba. amrigad, Tu
bizantiuri xanis mwerlobaSi ramdenime redaqciis saeklesio kanonebis krebulTa
aRsaniSnavad ,,nomokanoni ixmareba, rac TviT krebulebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
gvian iqna SemoRebuli4, qarTul mwerlobaSi mis Sesatyvisad yovelTvis
,,sjuliskanoni gvxvdeba. warmoadgens Tu ara qarTuli termini berZnulis zust
Targmans? saxelwodeba ,,nomokanoni () Tavdapirvelad mxolod iseT
kanonikur krebuls gulisxmobda, romelSic saeklesio kanonebTan () erTad
1 Pitra J.B., Juris ecclesiastici graecorum historia et monumenta, Romae, . I, 1868,
.., XIV , , 1905.
2 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 107, 16.
3 XI saukunis Sua wlebSi gamoTqma ixmareba 14-titl. krebulis
aRsaniSnavad. nikon SavmTeli (taqtikoni, sityva X, f. 54) laparakobs ,,nomokanonis
Sesaxeb, romelic Seicavs saeklesio krebaTa da saRmrTo kanonebs samoqalaqo kanonebTan
erTad. XXIX sityvaSi ki xmarobs gamoTqmas ,, (taqtikonis moskovuri
gamocema, 1889. cnoba motanilia v.n. beneSeviCis wignidan XIV
, . 110, sqolio).
4 .. , dasax. naSr., gv. 105-108.

72

samoqalaqo kanonebic () iyo Setanili. amitom saxelwodebac krebulSi

Sesuli orive rigis kanonTa berZnuli terminebis SeerTebiT aris miRebuli
,,nomo+,,kanoni ( + ). igi Semdeg miakuTvnes iseT kanonikur krebulebsac,
romlebSic samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan araferi ar aris Setanili da wminda
saeklesio kanonebis krebulebs warmoadgenen1. qarTuli saxelwodebis - ,,didi
sjuliskanonis an ,,sjuliskanonis axsna ufro Znelia. Tu vigulisxmebT, rom
,,sjuliskanoni ,,nomokanonis kalkia, radgan ,,didi sjuliskanonis zogierT
nusxaSi, romelSic Setanilia XIIIs. berZnulidan damatebiT naTargmni masala
(quT. 17 da H-1670), marTlac, Targmnilia rogorc ,,sjuli2, maSin unda
gvqonoda ,,sjuli da kanoni, anda zustad kalkirebuli forma ,,sjuliskanoni
da ara ,,sjuliskanoni. ,,sjul-Si veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver CavdebT berZnuli
,,nomos-is mniSvnelobas3, radgan maSin krebuli, romelsac ,,sjuliskanoni
ewodeba, aucileblad unda Seicavdes samoqalaqo samarTlis kanonebsac. amas
ewinaaRmdegeba krebulis Sedgeniloba da Sinaarsi. aqve davsZenT, rom qarTveli
mTargmnelis mier samoqalaqo kanonebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ise, rom es
krebulis saxelwodebaSi aRniSnuli yofiliyo, sruliad moulodnelia, radgan
,,didi sjuliskanonis mTargmnels, rogorc amas qvemoT davinaxavT, TiTqmis
ugulvebelyofili aqvs dednis samoqalaqo kanonebi da maTi ricxvi TargmanSi
minimumamde aqvs Sekvecili.
qarTuli Targmanis saxelwodebis pirvel nawilSi dadasturebul ,,sjuls aq
iseTi mniSvneloba rom hqondes, romelic aqvs gamoTqmaSi ,,sjuli qristesi, e.i.
sarwmunoebis sinonimi iyos, maSin ,,sjuliskanons qristianuli sarwmunoebis
kanonebis mniSvneloba eqneba. ,,sjuliskanoni aseTi gagebiT Zalze zogadi
termini gamodis da ara marto saeklesio kanonmdeblobas moicavs, aramed
zogadqristianuli cxovrebis universaluri kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelobas iZens.
amitom ,,sjuli aq sarwmunoebrivi samarTlis mniSvnelobas unda gulisxmobdes.
iv. javaxiSvilis mowmobiT: ,,imave mniSvnelobiT, rac ,,samarTalsa hqonda, Zveli
qarTul mwerlobaSi sityva ,,sjuli, anu ,,Sjuli-c ixmareboda... es sityva
zmna ,,sja-sgan aris nawarmoebi da Tavdapirvelad nabWobis, gadawyvetilebis
mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi ,,sjuls, an ,,Sjuls mainc
ufro sarwmunoebrivi, saeklesio samarTlis mniSvnelobis elferi edva da amiT
igi terminisagan ,,samarTali gansxvavdeboda4. rac Seexeba ,,sjuliskanonis
meore nawils - ,,kanoni, es igivea, rac berZnuli - ,,nomokanoni aseve
meore Semadgeneli nawili. ,,kanons Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi ramdenime
mniSvneloba aqvs, magram erT-erTi ZiriTadi misi mniSvneloba mainc kanonebis
Semcvel krebuls, kanonebis kodeqss udris.
1
2
3
4

, dasax. naSr., gv. 195, sq. I, , .. , dasax. naSr., gv. 108-109.

didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 163,23.
p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954, gv. 18.
qarTuli samarTlis istoria, I, Tb., 1928, gv. 8-9.

73

amrigad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ,,sjuliskanonis orive Semadgeneli

komponentis dasaxelebul mniSvnelobebs, maSin es saxelwodeba Tanamedrove
gagebiT saeklesio samarTlis kanonTa krebuls an saeklesio samarTlis kanonebis
kodeqss niSnavs.

4. ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgeniloba

qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciaSi ,,didi sjuliskanonis nusxebi sakmao
raodenobiT aris warmodgenili. Svidi maTgani (A-124, A-76, quT. 25, A-171, A-1102,
quT. 17 da H-1670) gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobebisaa da amitom safuZvlad daedo
winamdebare gamocemas. danarCeni nusxebi an defeqturia (A-1116) an fragmentuli
(A-1546, H-691), an kidev Zalze gviandeli (A-9, A-741, H-1373, Q-53, A-1402 da
quT. 26) da Zveli nusxebis aslebs warmoadgenen. amitom amJamad Cveni Seswavlis
sagani mxolod Zveli xelnawerebi iqneba da gviandeli nusxebi Sesabamis dedanze
msjelobisas dausaxeleblad igulisxmeba. ,,didi sjuliskanonis uZvelesi
xelnawerebi, romlebic XII-XIVss. qronologiuri CarCoebiT Semoifargleba,
Tavisi SedgenilobiT or ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba gavyoT. pirveli jgufis
xelnawerebs ,,didi sjuliskanonis mTargmneliseuli teqsti daucavs, xolo
meores Tavdapirveli Targmani mogvianebiT Seuvsia axlad Targmnili masaliT.
pirveli jgufis xelnawerebia: A-76 (XIIs.), A-124 (XIIs.), QquT. 25 (XII
s.), A-171 (XIIIs.), A-1102 (XIIIs.). meore jgufSi ori xelnaweria: quT. 17
(XIII s.), H-1670 (XIII-XIVss.). am ori jgufis xelnawerebs Soris ZiriTad
gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod sistematuri nawili, kerZod ki sistematur nawilSi
samoqalaqo kanonebis xvedriTi wona. meore jgufis xelnawerebi pirvelTan
SedarebiT gacilebiT vrcel amonawerebs Seicaven bizantiuri samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobidan.
ZiriTad xelnawerebs davaxasiaTebT im TanamimdevrobiT, rogorc isini
teqstis dadgenisas arian warmodgenilni.
TiToeul xelnawers aRvniSnavT misTvis micemuli literiT: A=A-76; B=quT.
25; C=A-124; D=A-171; E=quT. 17;. F=A-1102; G=H: 1670; H=A-1116.
xelnawerTa mokle aRwerilobaSi, romelic Sesaval werils boloSi erTvis,
Segnebulad ar viZleviT Zeglis ZiriTadi nawilis Sedgenilobas, radgan
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia misi calke gamoyofa da SedgenilobasTan dakavSirebuli
ZiriTadi niuansebis erTmaneTis paralelurad Cveneba yvela xelnaweris
mixedviT. xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi ar SevitaneT agreTve aSiebze miwerili
mravalricxovani ,,Seiswave da ,,sqolioni, romlebic gamocemaSi sqolioebSia
Catanili. aRwerilobaSi ZiriTadad motanilia xelnaweris istoriasTan
dakavSirebuli minawerebis teqstebi, romlebic teqstis dadgenisas sqolioSi ar

74

vaCveneT sqolioebis gantvirTvis mizniT. aqve viZleviT ,,didi sjuliskanonis

ZiriTad teqstze darTuli damatebiTi statiebis saxelwodebebsa da raodenobas
TiToeuli xelnaweris mixedviT.
didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli xelnawerebi ZiriTadad erTnairi Sedgenilobisa
arian. ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Zeglis Targmanis Tavdapirveli teqsti.
xelnawerTa Soris SemCneuli zogierTi sxvaoba gviandeli warmomavlobisaa,
rasac qveviT ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT, xolo Tavdapirveli Sedgenilobis
gansazRvra sruli sizustiT SeiZleba xelnawerTa Cvenebebis safuZvelze.
,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgeniloba warmovadgineT gamocemisaTvis ZiriTad
xelnawerad SerCeuli A (A-76) nusxis mixedviT, xolo sxvaobebs, romlebsac sxva
xelnawerebi iZlevian, TiToeul punqtTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT Sesabamisi
xelnaweris literis CvenebiT. qvemoT ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgenilobas calcalke nawilebad ganvixilavT.

Sesavali nawili
1. ..ganwesebani yovlad wmidisa mociqulisa pavlesni saeklesioTa kanonTaTs
A (1r-2r); gverdebi naCvenebia gviandeli paginaciis mixedviT, G (1r-2r). Pitra, I, 6467.
2. ,,ganwesebani wmidaTa mociqulTa petre da pavlesni A (2r-3v), G (2r-3v).
Pitra, I, 67-72.
dasaxelebuli statiebi A xelnaweris ZiriTadi teqstis kuTvnilebas ar
warmoadgens. am statiebis Semcveli 3 furceli gvian aris wamZRvarebuli
(dawerilia daax XVIs. xeliT). Tavdapirveli teqsti A xelnawerisa iwyeba
me-4 furcliT, vinaidan es furceli xelnaweris Tavdapirveli paginaciiT
warmoadgens pirveli rveulis pirvel furcels.
kanonebi danomrili ar aris, magram abzacebisa da singuriT dawerili sazedao
asoebis mixedviT advilia maTi raodenobis dadgena (I statiaSi gamoiyofa 16
kanoni, II - 14).
aRniSnuli statiebi ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT aris warmodgenili G
xelnawerSi. dayofa iseTivea, rogorc A xelnawerSi.
danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am statiebs ar Seicaven da arc gadaweris
dros Seicavdnen B da C nusxebi, radganac am xelnawerTa dasawyisi Tavdapirveli
saxiT aris Semonaxuli da paginacia rveulebis saTvalaviT 1 furclidan iwyeba.
Znelia mtkiceba, gvqonda Tu ara es statiebi D E F nusxebSi, radganac E
nusxis dasawyisi furclebi dakargulia, xolo D da F xelnawerebis Tavnakluli
nawili XVIII s. aris Sevsebuli, magram dasaxelebuli statiebi am or ukanasknel
nusxaSi mainc ar aris.

75

3. ,,Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa ganyofili aToTxmet nawilad. A (4r-5r),

B(1r-2r), C (1-5gv.) D (4r-5r), F (1r-r), G (3v-5r). Pitra, II, 374-378.
am statiiT iwyeba ZiriTadi teqstis xeli da rveulebrivi saTvalavi A
nusxaSi, xolo BC xelnawerebi saerTod am statiiT ixsneba. E nusxa xelnaweris
defeqtis gamo am statias ar Seicavs. am statiiT iwyeba D da F nusxebic, oRond
orive xelnaweris defeqti Sevsebulia XVIIIs. xeliT dawerili furclebiT (F
nusxa besarion orbeliSvilis xeliT). G nusxa Tavidan bolomde erTi xeliTaa
Sesrulebuli.
4. ,,Sesavali zandukisa TavTasa. A (5v-8v), B (2v-5v), C (6-13gv.). D (5r-6v), E
(-6v), (2v-5v), G (5-7). Sesabamisi berZnuli teqsti Pitra, II, 450.
A E G nusxebSi es statia gabmuli teqstis saxiT aris warmodgenili, xolo
C da F xelnawerebSi teqsti ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. nawilebi erTmaneTisagan
striqonis mTel sigrZeze ornamentirebuli singuriT aris gamoyofili (C-gv. 11,
F-4r). B da D nusxebSi es adgili naklulia.
am detals xazi imitom gavusviT, rom mas statiis analizis dros
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, dasaxelebuli statia yvela xelnawerSia warmodgenili,
magram D da F nusxebSi am xelnawerTa ZiriTadi teqstis defeqtis gamo es nawili,
wina statiis msgavsad, XVIIIs. xeliT aris warmodgenili, E nusxaSi ki dasawyisi
da Sua nawilis furclebis dakargvis gamo es statia naklulia.
5. ,,Tu romelTa krebaTagan da pirTa anu raodenni kanonni Sekrebul arian
awindelsa amas Sina wignsa. gansakuTrebuli interesis gamo teqsti mogvaqvs
mTlianad. A (8v-9v), B (5r-6v), C (14-16 gv.), D (12v-13v), E (6v-7v), F (5v-6v), G (7v8v). Pitra, II, 450-451.
a) wmidaTa mociqulTa[d] saxeldebulni klimintos mier kanonni pe
b) nikiisa krebisa samas aTrvametTa wmidaTa mamaTa CuenTa kanonni k
g) ankriisa kanonni ke
d) neokesariisa krebisa kanonni id
e) Rangrisa krebisa kanonni k
v) antioqiisa asureTisasa qmnilisa krebisa kanonni ke
z) laodikiisa frigsasa qmnilisa krebisa kanonni nT
) konstantinepolis as ormeocdaaTTa wmidaTa mamaTa krebisa kanonni z
T) efesosa wmidaTa mamaTa krebisa kanonni
misive epistole pamfilielTa episkoposTa mimarT.
i) xalkidonisa equsas ocdaaTTa wmidaTa mamaTa krebisa kanonni k
ia) sardikiisa krebisa kanonni ka
ib) karTagenisa krebisa kanonni rl

76

aqamde yvela xelnaweri erTnair suraTs gviCvenebs, aqedan ki gansxvavebuls.

ABDE nusxebSi karTagenis krebis Semdeg modis ,,dionsi mTavarepiskoposisa
aleqsandrielisa vasilidis mimarTisa epistolisagan kanoni d, xolo CF
nusxebs karTagenisa da dionises kanonebs Soris Camatebuli aqvT:
1. meorisa nikiisa krebisa kanonni iz (!)
2. foti (!) patriarqisa ebistole papa andrianes mimarT
3. pirvelad da meored kostan[tin]epolis Sekrebulisa krebisa kanonni iz
4. munve kostan[tin]epolis taZarsa Sina RmrTismetyuelisa ioanes (!)
Sekrebilisa krebisa kanonni g (C-14 gv., F-5v)
G nusxis Canamati ufro vrcelia:
1. kostantinepolisa krebisa kanoni a
2. gumbadsa Sina palatisasa qmnilisa meequsisa krebisa kanonni rb
3. meored nikias Sina meSdisa krebisa kanonni ocdaorni
4. kostantinupolisa pirvelisa da meorisa krebisa kanonni iz
5. RmrTissitysa sofiawmidisa taZarsa Sinasa krebisa kanonni g
am Camatebebze qvemoT sagangebod SevCerdebiT.
gagrZeleba yvela xelnawerSi erTi da igivea:
ig) dionsi mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa vasilidis mimarTisa
epistolisagan kanoni d
id) petre mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa da mowamisa sinanulisaTs
Tqumulisa sitysagan kanonni id
misive paseqisaTs Tqumulisa sitysagan kanoni a
ia) grigoli episkoposisa neokesarielisa sakrvelTmoqmedisa epistole
kanoniani
iv) basili episkoposisa [kesaria]-kappadukiisa amfiloqes ikonielTa
episkoposisa mimarTisa samTa kanonianTa epistoletagani kanonni pd
misive sxsa epistolisa misve amfiloqe ikonielisa mimarT miwerilisagan
kanoni a
misive epistole kanoniani diodores mimarT
misive epistole kanoniani grigolis mimarT xucisa
misive epistole kanoniani xorepiskoposTa mimarT
misive epistole kanoniani misqueSeTa episkoposTa mimarT.
C nusxis gadamwers ,,epistole xorepiskoposTa mimarT gadaweris
procesSi gamorCenia, magram Secdoma SeuniSnavs da momdevno statiis Semdeg
SemTxvevviT Tavisuflad darCenil mcire adgilze SemoklebiT Cauweria ,,misive
xorebiskoposTa mimarT.
misive amfiloqes mimarT sulisa wmidisaTs miwerilTagan.

77

iz) grigoli episkoposisa noselisa litos mimarT militenel episkoposisa

miwerili kanonianisa epistolisagan kanonni
i) timoTe mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa Zuelisa mis mier aRwerilTa
kiTxva-migebaTagan kanonni ie
iT) filoTeos mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa sityua wmidisa RmrTisa
gamoCinebisaTs
misnive mosaxsenebelisagan lkopolisaTs egptisa kanonni i
misive epistole afingionis mimarT episkoposisa
misive epistole agaTonis mimarT episkoposisa
misive epistole minas mimarT episkoposisa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela qarTuli xelnaweri aq Teofile aleqsandrielis
saxelis ,,filoTeos formas adasturebs. mxolod G nusxaSia ,,Teofile iseve,
rogorc am Zeglis yvela berZnul xelnawerSi.
k) krile mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa dumnos mimarTisa
epistolisagan kanonni g
misnive libiiT kerZoTa da xuTqalaqelTa episkoposTa mimarTisa
epistolisagan kanonni d
ka) gennadi wmidisa patriarqisa kostantinepolelisa da mis Tana wmidisa
krebisa sayoelTao epistole yovelTave yovlad RirsTa mitropolitTa mimarT.
uwyeba saTanado ars, viTarmed aRwera ese winamdebareTa ara wesisaebr
JamTa maTTasa qmnil ars, viTar-igi Semokrba TiToeuli maTi, rameTu nikiisa,
uukanasknelesi JamiTa ankriisa da neokesariisa krebisaTa, upirates maTsa
daiwesa pativisaTvis msofliobisa misisa, xolo sardikiisa da karTagenisa,
uwinaresni JamiTa sxuaTa romelTame krebTasa Semdgomad maTsa daisxnes,
vinaTgan mravlisa ras saqueyanod, ese igi ars kerZoTaTs dasavalisaTa
ganmasazRvrebel iyvnes. egreTve arkadis da onoris mefeTa ze kostantipolis
Semokrebulsa yovelTa uukanasknelesi wesi xudomier, rameTu ara saeklesiosa
Ziebisa, aramed enkeniobisaTs rofinianTa aRSenebulisa mis salocvelosa
saxlisa wmidaTa mociqulTasa Semokrba igi da Soris Semosrulnica rame
cilobani ganfxurna.
es statia ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT warmodgenilia ABCEGN nusxebSi, xolo
D da F xelnawerebSi ki wina statiebTan erTad warmoadgens XVIIIs. danamats.

78

sistematuri nawili
1. ,,nawilni kanonebrivTa ganwesebaTani da TiToeulisa nawilisa da SesatysTa
TavTani. A (6v-13v), B (6r-14v), C (17-34 gv.), D (7v-13r), E (7v-19r), F (6v-13r). Pitra, II,
453-457.
sistematuri nawili xelnawerebSi ori ganyofilebiT aris warmodgenili.
pirveli ganyofileba, romlis gverdebi Cven mivuTiTeT, dayofilia 14
titlosad (nawilad), xolo TiToeuli titlosi Seicavs Tavebis met-nakleb
raodenobas. warmodgenil ganyofilebaSi motanili titlosebisa da maTi Tavebis
mxolod dasaxeleba.
es nawili G xelnawerSi gamotovebulia, rogorc Cans, Segnebulad.
unda SevniSnoT, rom D nusxaSi, iseve, rogorc am xelnaweris wina nawili,
es statiac XVIII saukunis xeliT aris Sevsebuli, F nusxaSi ki am statiis
dasawyisis mozrdili monakveTi (8) nawilis (8) Tavis CaTvliT (6v-8v)
besarion orbeliSvilis (XVIIIs.) xeliT aris dawerili, xolo amave nawilis T
(9) Tavidan grZeldeba ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT.
2. sistematuri nawilis meore ganyofilebas damoukidebeli saTauri ara
aqvs da warmoadgens pirveli ganyofilebis uSaulo gagrZelebas: A (13v-33v), B
(14v-38v), C (35-85gv.), D (13r-37v), E (19r-116r), F (13r-29v), G (8v-62r). Pitra, II, 458636.
absoluturi sizustiT ganmeorebulia pirvel ganyofilebaSi warmodgenili
titlosebisa (nawilebisa) da Tavebis saTaurebi, oRond TiToeul titlosSi
Semavali Tavebis saxelwodebaTa Semdeg moTavsebulia Sesabamis saeklesio
kanonebze miTiTeba. saeklesio kanonebze miTiTebis Semdeg Tavebis mer nawils
axlavs amonawerebi samoqalaqo (bizantiuri) kanonmdeblobidan, zogjer ki
mxolod miTiTebani samoqalaqo kodeqsis wignebze.1
1 TvalsaCinoebisaTvis movitanT mag. XI titulis I Tavs orive ganyofilebidan (am
titlosSi sul 16 Tavia):
,,nawili i a: monasteriTa da monazonTaTs.
Tavi a: aRSenebisaTs monasterTasa, da raTa iqmnen igini ganTsebiT, da imave titlosis
pirveli Tavi meore ganyofilebidan:
,,nawili i a: monasterTa da monazonTaTs.
Tavi a: aRSenebisaTs monasterTasa, da raTa ara iqmnen igini sayofelsasoflioni, da saqonelTaTs monazonTasa:
xalkidonisa krebisa kanonni d, k d,
meequsisa krebisa kanonni m T,
meorisa nikiisa krebisa kanonni i g,
pirvelisa da meorisa kostantinopolis taZarsa Sina wmidaTa mociqulTasa
Sekrebulisa krebisa kanonni a, v.
xolo meaTcamete ganweseba pirvelisa Tavisa nearonTasa itys, viTarmed romelsa
enebos aRSeneba monastrisa, pirvelad ezraxen igi episkopossa maT adgilTasa ... da
mesame ganweseba meorisa Tavisa nearonTasa itys, viTarmed romelsa enebos aRSeneba
monastrisa, numca sxuebr iwyebs igi Senebad, aramed... da a.S.

79

samoqalaqo kanonebis xvedriTi wona ABCDF nusxebTan SedarebiT E G

xelnawerebSi gacilebiT didia (amaze qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT).
G xelnawerSi sistematuri nawilis es ganyofileba saerTo saTauris gareSea
warmodgenili (8v), radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, sistematuri nawilis pirveli
ganyofileba saTauriTurT am xelnawerSi gadamwers, vfiqrobT, ganmeorebis
Tavidan asacileblad specialurad unda gamoetovebina.
mxolod B nusxaSia sistematuri nawilis es ori ganyofileba gamijnuli
sworxazovani formis lamazi ornamentuli zoliT, danarCen xelnawerebSi ki
meore pirvelis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens. D nusxaSi sistematuri
nawilis meore ganyofilebis ori furceli (13r-14r) 1 titlosis (8) Tavis
dasawyisi isev XVIIIs. xeliT Sevsebuli nawilis bolos warmoadgens, xolo
Semdeg grZeldeba xelnaweris ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT.

ZiriTadi nawili
mociqulTa kanonebi
1. ,,kanonni wmidaTa mociqulTani (85 kanoni) A (33r-39v), B (39r-45r), C (87103gv.), D (38r-47v), E (116r-124v), F (30r-36r), G (63r-67v). Pitra, I, 13-36.
mociqulTa kanonebi dasaTaurebulia BF nusxebSi mrgvlovani singuriT,
xolo CEG nusxebSi nusxuri singuriT. saTauri ara aqvs AD nusxebs (Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT A-Si fanqriT, xolo D-Si melniT sul bolo xanebSi
daweril saTaurebs).
C nusxaSi ukanasknel kanons p e ricxvi ar uweria.

saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi

2. ,,kanonni samas aTrvametTa wmidaTa mamaTa nikias SekrebulTani patosobasa
pavlinessa da iulianessa brwyinvaleTasa welTa aleqsandresiTGan equsas
ocdaaTequsmetTa, TTusa desionsa aTcxrametsa uwinares aTcametsa kalandasa
ivlisasa. (20 kanoni) A (40r-43v), B (45r-49r), C (103-112gv.), D (47v-53r), E
(124v-128v), F (36r-39v), G (67v-70v). Pitra, I, 427-435.
3. ,,kanonni ankrias SekrebulTa netarTa mamaTani, romelni upiratesni
uku arian nikias dasxmulTa maT kanonTani, xolo daiwernes meored
warCinebulebisaTs msofliosa mis krebisa (25 kan.) A (44r-46v), B (49r-52v), C
(112-119 gv.), D (53r-57v), E (128v-132v), F (39v-42v), G (70v-72v). Pitra, I, 441-448.
4. kanonni neokesarias Sekrebulisa wmidaTa mamaTani, romelni meoreni
uku arian ankriisaTani, xolo pirvelni nikias dasxmulTa kanonTani, garna
patiosnebisaTs misisa amissaca winas dawesebul ars msoflio kreba
nikiisa (15 kanoni) A (47r-48r), B (52v-53v), C (118-112gv.), D (57v-59r), E (132v-133v),
F (42v-43v), G (72v-73v). Pitra, I, 451-454.

80

5. ,,kanonni [Rangras] SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTani, romelni Semdgomad

nikiisa krebisa daisxnes (epistole + 20 kan.) A (48r-50v), B (53v-56v), C (122138gv. paginaciis xarvezi 122-is Semdeg 133), D (59r-63r), E (133v-137r), F (43v-46r),
G (73v-75v). Pitra, I, 487-492.
ABDEF nusxebSi SecdomiT ,,Rangras nacvlad ,,ankrias gvaqvs. mxolod CG
nusxebi gvaZleven swor wakiTxvas.
6. ,,kanonni antioqias SekrebulTa mamaTani (epistole + 25 kn.) A (5v-56v), B
(56v-63r), C (138-150gv.), D (63r-70r), E (137r-143r), F (46r-51r), G (75v-79r). Pitra, I, 455466.
7. ,,kanonni laodikias frigsasa SekrebulTa netarTa mamaTani. wmidaman
krebaman
laodikias
frigisa
paktianisasa
Sekrebulman
TiToeulTa
samTavroTagan asianisaTa dasxna sazRvarni saeklesioni, viTarca aqa weril
arian. (59 kanoni + kanonikuri wignebis sia). A (56v-59v), B (63r-67r), C (150158gv.), D (70r-75v), E (143r-147v), F (51r-54r), G (79r-81v). Pitra, I, 494-504.
8. ,,kanonni wmidaTa mamaTani kostansinopolis SekrebulTani patosobasa
flabiossa evqerissa da flabiossa da(!)evagressa ufrosad brwyinvaleTasa
uwinares SdTa dReTa ivlisisaTa (epistole + 7 kanoni) A(60r-63r), B (63v-70v),
C (158-164gv.), D (74v-78v), E (147v-151v), F (54r-56v), G (82r-84r). Pitra, I, 507-512.
9. ,,kanonni orasTa wmidaTa mamaTa efesos SekrebulTani, Semdgomad
patosobasa flabiu Teodosisa meaTcxrametesa da flabiu uvalentianessa
mesamesa saukuneTa avRustosTasa uwinares meaTesa kalandasa ivlisisasa
(Sesavali + 8kan. + epistole) A (63r-66r), B (71r-75r), C (164-171gv.), D (78v-83v),
E(151v-155v), F (56r-59v), G (84r-86r). Pitra, I, 515-520.
10. ,,kanonni equsas ocdaaTTa wmidaTa mamaTa xalkedons SekrebulTa
patosobasa markiane saukunosa avRstosisa uwinares rvasa kalandasa
neombrisasa (28 kanoni + ori amonaweri aqtebidan) A (66r-71v), B (75r-82v), C (171184gv.), D (83v-91v), E(155v-164r), F (59v-64v), G (86v-91r). Pitra, I, 522-534.
11. kanonni sardikias SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTani (21 kanoni). A (71v-77v), B
(82v-90r), C (185-198gv.), D (91v-100r), E(164r-171v), F (64v-70r), G (91r-95r). Pitra, I,
468-483.
AD nusxebSi 21 kanoni daunomravia, magram iwyeba sazedao singuriT.
12. ,,kanonni karTagens SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTa[ni] (138 kanoni) A (77v-127v),
B (90r-152v), C (198-313gv.), D (100r-167v), E(171v-233v), F (70r-115r), G (95r-133v).
yvela nusxaSi kanonebis saTvalavSi Sedis xuTi epistole, romelic bolos
aris darTuli: r ld, r le, r lv, rl z (ADF nusxebSi SecdomiT r kz), r l
(ADF nusx. r le).
D nusxaSi karTagenis krebis bolo kanons (epistoles) rl-is nacvlad r le
aweria, rac A nusxidan gadasuli Secdoma unda iyos. iqve gadamweris SeniSvna:

81

,,aqa ricxusa zeda kanonni maklian, vinaTgan aman krebaman as ocdaaTrvameti

kanoni dasxna. zustad aseTi SeniSvnaa B nusxaSic, oRond iq kanonebis saTvalavi
sworia r l.
ABCDF nusxebSi karTagenis krebis kanonebi mTavrdeba sityvebiT: ,,vaSad
dasrulda, vaSad, rac ar aris EG nusxebSi. Pitra-s gamocemaSi karTagenis krebis
kanonebi ar aris; aT. sint. III, 297-624.
13. ,,kostantinopolis Sina krebisa mier qmnulTa mosasenebelTagan aRapisTs
da vaRadisTs, romelni udebodes urTierTas saepiskopososa zeda bostrisasa
(am krebis aqtebidan nawyveti, erT kanonad gagebuli) A (127v-128v), B (152v-154v),
C (313-316gv.), D (167v-169r), E(233v-235v), F (115r-116r), G (133v-134v). Pitra, II, 162165.
dasaxelebuli krebis kanoni damoukidebel erTeulad ar aris gagebuli
ABCDF nusxebSi da amitom ar aris danomrili rogorc damoukidebeli
paragrafi (dasax. nusxebSi karTagenis krebis kanonebs ,,i b saTvalavi aqvs,
xolo VI kr. kanonebs ,,i g. maT Soris moqceuli konstantinepolis 394w. krebis
kanons saTvalavi ar aqvs; albaT, is karTagenis krebis nawiladaa gagebuli CB
nusxaSi im furclebs, romlebic am krebis kanonebis teqsts Seicavs, furcels
zeda arSiaze ,,karTagenis kreba aweria).
,,i g saTvalaviT am krebis kanoni aRricxulia mxolod G nusxaSi.
14. ,,kanonni kostantinopolis gumbadsa Sina sameufosa palatisasa
SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTani iustinianes ze keTilad msaxurisa da qristes
moyuarisa mefisa Cuenisa (epistole + 102 kanoni + xelimowerebi) A (129r-163r),
B (154v-200v), C (316-388gv.), D (169r-205v), E(235r-272v), F (116r-146r), G (134v-159r).
Pitra, II, 14-73.
15. ,,kanonni meored nikeas SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTani dasabamiTganTa
welTa equs aTas oras oTxmeocdaaTequsmetTa, indiktionsa aToTxmetsa keTilad
msaxurebiT mefe-qmnilTa kostantines ze da irinis dedisa misisa (22 kanoni) A
(163r-170v), B (200r-210v), C (389-406gv.), D (206r-214v), E(272v-283r), F (147r-154r), G
(159r-165r). Pitra, II, 103-121.
C nusxaSi 403-406 gverdebze xelnaweris defeqti Sevebulia XVIIIs. besarion
kaTalikosis xeliT dawerili pergamentis ori furcliT. rogorc xelnawerSia
aRniSnuli, defeqti C nusxaSi misi dednidanaa gadmosuli (ix. SeniSvna 402
gverdze). Camatebuli furclebi iwyeba me-18 kanoniT, mTavrdeba tarasis
epistolis saTauriT:
,,yovelsa Sina ufrosad wmidasa da yovlad netarsa Zmasa da TanamRdelisa
ufalsa andrianes papasa moxucebulisa hromisasa tarasi uRirsi episkoposi
uflisa mier gaxareb A (170v-174v), B (210r-215v), C (406-414gv.), D (214r-218v),
E(283r-287v), F (154r-157v), G (165r-167v). Pitra, II, 304-309.

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16. ,,kanonni dasxmulni wmidisagan da didisa pirvelad da meored

kostantinopolis yovlad patiosansa Sina taZarsa wmidaTa mociqulTasa
Sekrebulisa krebisa (17 kanoni) A (174v-181r), B (215r-225v), C (415-429gv.), D
(219r-226v), E(287v-296r), F (157v-163v), G (167v-172r). Pitra, II, 127-141.
17. ,,kanonni dasxmulni wmidisa mier krebisa, romeli Semokrba saxelganTmulsa
da saxelovansa Sina taZarsa RmrTismetyuelisasa, romelman daamtkica meSde
wmida da msoflio kreba, xolo ganxeTqilebisa moqmedi da mwvalebeli
sacTuri ganaqarva (3 kanoni) A (181r-182r), B (225r-226r), C (425-431gv.), D
(226v-227r), E(296r-297r), F (163v-164r), G (172r-v). Pitra, II, 142-143.

wm. mamaTa kanonebi

18. ,,netarisa dionsi mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa. dionsios
vasilidis, sayuarelsa Zesa Cemsa da Zmasa Tana-mwirvelsa RmrTivSueniersa
uflisa mier gixaroden (epistolis Sesavali + 4 kanoni) A (182r-184v), B
(226r-229v), C (431-436gv.), D (227r-230r), E(297r-299r), F (164r-166v), G (172v-174r).
Pitra, II, 541-545.
19. ,,wmidisa petre mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa da mowamisa kanonni,
romelni weril arian sinanulisaTs Tqumulsa mas sityuasa Sina missa (14
kanoni) A (184v-190v), B (229v-238v), C (436-450gv.), D (230r-236v), E(299v-306v), F
(166v-172r), G (174r-178v). Pitra, II, 551-561.
a) ,,misive paseqisa ZliTisa sitysagan A (190v), B (238r), C (450-451), D (236v),
E(306v), F (172r), G (178v). Pitra, I, 561.
20. ,,epistole kanoniani wmidisa grigoli episkoposisa neokesarielisa
sakrvelTmoqmedisa maTTs, romelTa eWama nazorevi kerpTa marbevelobasa
Sina barbarozTasa anu sxTa raTme SecTomil iyvnes (kanonebad danomrili
ar aris) A (190v-192v), B (238r-241r), C (451-456gv.), D (236v-239r), E(306v-309v), F
(172r-174v), G (179r-180v). Pitra, II, 562-565.
21. ,,epistole wmidida aTanasesi ammonis mimarT monazonisa A (192v-194v), B
(241v-244r; paginaciaSi Secdomaa 243-is Semdeg 245, Semd. 244, 245 da 246), C (456461gv.), D (239r-241v), E (309v-312r), F (174v-176r), G (180v-182r), Pitra, I, 567-570.
a) ,,misive ocdameaTcxrmetisagan sadResaswaulobiTisa epistolisa A
(194v-196r), B (244r-245v), C (461-463gv.), D (241v-242v), E(312r-313v), F (176v-177v),
G (182r-183r). Pitra, I, 570-572.
22. ,,wmidisa basili episkoposisa kesaria-kappadukielisa amfiloqes mimarT
ikoniel episkoposisa kanonTaTs epistole pirveli (Sesav. + 16 kanoni) A
(196r-202r), B (245v-253r), C (463-477gv.), D (242v-249v), E(313v-321v), F (177v-183v),
G (183r-187v). Pitra, I, 576-585.

83

a) ,,misive misdave mimarT kanonTaTs epistole meore (Sesav. + 24kan. 17

- 50). A (202r-207v), B (253r-260v), C (477-489gv.), D (249v-255r), E(321v-328r), F
(183v-188v), G (187v-191r). Pitra, I, 586-594.
b) ,,misive misdave mimarT kanonTaTs epistole mesame (Sesavali + 34 kan.
51-84) A (207v-211v), B (260r-265v), C (489-498gv.), D (255r-255v), E(328r-333v), F
(188v-192v), G (191r-194r). Pitra, I, 595-601.
g) ,,misive misve wmidisa amfiloqes mimarT miwerilisa epistolisagan ara
umecrebisaTs uflisa dResa da Jamisa aRsasrulisasa A (211v), B (265v-266r), C
(498gv.), D (259v), E(333v), F (192v-193r), G (194r-194r). Pitra, I, 601.
d) ,,misive diodores mimarT tarselisa maTTs, romelTa orni dani SeerTnes,
anu romelni orTa ZmaTa col-eyvnes A (211v-214r), B (266r-269r), C (498-504gv.), D
(259v-262r), E(333v-336v), F (193r-195v), G (194r-196r). Pitra, I, 602-605.
e) ,,misive grigolis mimarT xucisa, raTa ganeSoros igi Tana-saxleulisagan
dedakacisa A (214r-215r), B (269r-270r), C (504-506gv.), D (262r-263r), E(336v-337v), F
(195v-196r), G (196r-v). Pitra, I, 605-606.
v) ,,misive xorebiskoposTa mimarT, raTa ara ganiCinebodin Tnier missa
msaxurni samRdeloTani gareSe wamebisa kanonTasa A (215r-215v), B (270r-271r), C
(506-508gv.), D (263r-264r), E(337r-338r), F (196r-197r), G (196v-197r). Pitra, I, 606-608.
z) ,,misive misqueSeTa episkoposTa mimarT, raTa ara elTa daasxmiden
samriTa A (215v-216v), B (271r-272r), C (508-510gv.), D (264r-v), E(338r-339r), F
(197r-198r), G (197r-v). Pitra, I, 608-609.
) ,,wmidisa basilisive ocdameSdisa Tavisagan sulisa wmidisaTs netarisa
amfiloqes mimarT miwerilTa maT TavTagan A (216v-218r), B (272r-274v), C (510514gv.), D (265r-266v), E(339r-341r), F (198r-199v), G (197v-199r). Pitra, I, 608-612.
T) ,,missive ocdamecxrisa Tavisagan misve wignisa A (218r), B (274v-275r), C
(514-515gv.), D (266v-267r), E(341r-v), F (199r-200r), G (199r). Pitra, I, 612.
23. ,,epistole kanoniani wmidisa grigoli episkoposisa noselisa
wmidaTaganisa litos mimarT episkoposisa melitinelTasa (vrc. Sesavali+8
kanoni) A (218v-255v), B (275r-283v), C (515-532gv.), D (267r-274r), E(341v-349v), F
(200r-207r), G (199r-203v). Pitra, I, 619-629.
G-Si: ...,,litoin melitinelisa episkoposisa mimarT...
24. ,,wmidisa grigoli RmrTismetyuelisa ganzomilTagan stiyuaTa misTa A
(255v), B (283v-284v), C (532-533gv.), D (274r-v), E(349v-350r), F (207r-v), G (203v-204r).
Pitra, I, 654-655.
25. ,,wmidisa amfiloqe episkoposisa ikonielisa selevkosis mimarTTa
iambikonTagan A (266r-v), B (284v-285v), C (534-536gv.), D (274r-275v), E(350v-351v),
F (207v-208v), G (204r-v). Pitra, I, 655-658.

84

26. ,,migeba kanonebrivi timoTes wmidisa mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa,

romel iyo erTi asergasisTa wmidaTa kostantinepolis SekrebulTa wmidaTa
mamaTani, episkoposTan vieTme da moyuasTa mier winadasxmulTa misda kiTxvaTa
mimarT (15 kiTxva-migeba) A (266v-228v), B (285v-288r), C (536-540gv.), D (275v-277r),
E(351r-353r), F (208v-210r), G (204v-205v). Pitra, I, 630-634.
27. ,,Teofile wmidisa mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa sityua, raJamsigi daemTxa RmrTis gamoCineba kriakesa dResa A (228v), B (288r-v), C (540541gv.), D (277r-v), E(353r-v), F (210r-v), G (205v-206r). Pitra, I, 646.
a) ,,missive mosasenebeli, romeli miiRo amon lkosTs (10 kanoni) A
(228v-230r), B (288v-290v), C (541-545gv.), D (277v-278v), E(353v-355r), F (210v-212r),
G (206r-207r). Pitra, I, 646-648.
D nusxaSi am statiis dasawyisi ,,xolo ukueTu wina-s CaTvliT teqstis
ZiriTadi xeliTaa warmodgenili, momdevno nawili xelnaweris bolonaklulobis
gamo Sevsebulia XVIIIs. xeliT.
b) ,,misive afigionis mimarT ganwmedilad wodebulTa A (230r), B (290r-v), C
(545gv.), D (278v-279r), E(355r), F (212r), G (207r). Pitra, I, 648-649. D nusxaSi XVIIIs.
xeliT.
g) ,,misive agaTonis mimarT episkoposisa A (230r-v), B (290v), C (545-546gv.), D
(279r), E(355r-v), F (212r), G (207r). Pitra, I, 649. D nusxaSi XVIIIs. xeliT.
d) ,,misive minas mimarT episkoposisa A (230v), B (290v-291r), C (546gv.), D (279r),
E(355v), F (212r-v), G (207r). Pitra, I, 649. D nusxaSi XVIIIs. xeliT.
28. ,,wmidisa krile mTavarepiskoposisa aleqsandrielisa.
a) ,,krile domnos (3 kanoni) A (230v-232r), B (291r-v), C (546-549gv.), D
(279r-280v), E(355v-357v), F (212v-213v), G (207r-208r). Pitra, I, 652. B nusxaSi
xelnaweris defeqtis gamo pirveli kanonis teqstis meore naxevris Semdeg da
momdevno epistole mTlianad aklia. D nusxaSi XVIIIs. xeliT.
b) ,,misive libielTa da xuTqalaqelTa episkoposTa mimarT (Sesavali + 4
kanoni) A (232r-v), B (-), C (549-551gv.), D (280v-281r), E(357v-358r), F (213v-214v), G
(208r-v). Pitra, I, 652-654. D nusxaSi XVIIIs. xeliT.
29.
,,mrgulivmosavleli
epistole
gennadi
wmidisa
episkoposisa
kostantinopolisa da mis Tana wmidisa krebisa misisa yovelTa mimarT
ufrosad RirsTa mitropolitTa (70 xelmoweriT) A (232v-236r), B (292r-294r),
C (551-559gv.), D (281r-283r), E(358r-361v), F (214v-217v), G (208r-210v). Pitra, II,
183-187. B nusxaSi xelnaweris defeqtis gamo SemorCenilia epistolis bolo
nawili (sityvebidan: ,,da yovlisave samRdelosa pativisa... da xelis moweraTa
CaTvliT). D nusxaSi XVIIIs. xeliT.

85

30. ,,epistole dawerili kostantinopoliT martri episkoposisa

antioqielisa, Tu viTar jer-ars Sewynareba mwvalebelTa, romelni
moudebodin wmidasa da kaTolike eklesiasa A (236r-vr), B (294r-v), C (559-560gv.),
D (283r-v), E(361v-362r), F (217v-218r), G (211r). Pitra, II, 187-188. D nusxaSi XVIIIs.
xeliT.
31. ,,wmidisa aTanasesi aleqsandriel mTavarepiskoposisa epistole
rufinianes mimarT episkoposisa A (236v-237v), B (294v-296r), C (561-563gv.),
D (283v-363r), E(362r-363r), F (218r-219r), G (211r-212r). Pitra, I, 572-574.. D nusxaSi
XVIIIs. xeliT.
32. ,,Zegliswera ruis-urbnisis krebisa A (238r-248v), B (296v-311v), C (-), D
(298v-307r), E(363r-375r), F (219r-277v), G (212r-219r). C nusxaSi ar aris. D nusxaSi
XVIIIs. xeliT. F nusxis bolo furceli dakargulia.

5. ,,didi sjuliskanonis Semadgenel nawilTa

filologiuri analizi
Sesavali statiebi
a) ,,ganwesebani yovlad wmidisa mociqulisa pavlesni saeklesio kanonTaTs
da ,,ganwesebani wmidaTa mociqulTa petre da pavlesni, romliTac iwyeba ,,didi
sjuliskanonis A da G xelnawerebi, BCDEF nusxebSi ar aris. danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom B da C nusxebSi es statiebi arc arasodes gvqonia,
radgan aRniSnuli xelnawerebi sruli saxiT aris moRweuli (rasac adasturebs
xelnawerTa furclebis sruli rveulebrivi paginacia). DF xelnawerebis
Tavdapirveli teqsti Tavnaklulia da defeqti XVIIIs. aris Sevsebuli, amitom
sruli damajereblobiT Znelia dadgindes, gvqonda Tu ara es statiebi am
xelnawerTa danaklis nawilSi. DF xelnawerTa ZiriTadi teqstis identuroba
ABC nusxebTan uflebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom dasaxelebuli nusxebis
Tavdapirvel SemadgenlobaSi es statiebi ar yofila. SeiZleba, XVIII sauk.
restavratorebma amitomac aRar Seitanes petre da pavles ganwesebani aRniSnul
xelnawerebSi.
,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgenilobis aRnusxvis dros aRvniSneT, rom
dasaxelebul statiebs Seicavs A nusxa, magram iqve ganvmarteT, rom es
nawili ZiriTad teqstTan SedarebiT gviandeli (ara uadres XVIs.) danamatia.
es damateba A xelnaweris ZiriTadi teqstis xarvezs ki ar avsebs, rac erTis
SexedviT SeiZleba mogvaCvenos, aramed rogorc Cans, Zeglis axali masaliT
Sevsebis surviliT aris nakarnaxevi. A xelnaweri am statiebs Tavdapirvel

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SedgenilobaSi ar moicavda, radgan Zveli teqstis Cveulebrivi paginaciis

pirveli furceli momdevno statiiT ,,Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa iwyeba.
amrigad, safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom ,,didi
sjuliskanonis qarTul xelnawerTa im jgufSi, romlebsac am Zeglis
Tavdapirveli Sedgeniloba aqvT daculi, dasaxelebuli statiebi Setanili ar
yofila.
sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis, petre da pavles kanonebi ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Tavdapirveli Sedgenilobis nawilia, Tu gvian Targmnili da mis SemadgenlobaSi
Semdeg Setanili, gvexmareba E da G xelnawerebis Cvenebani. E da G nusxebi
ABCDF xelnawerebisagan gansxvavdebian sistematur nawilSi: samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba saeklesio sakiTxebis Sesaxeb EG xelnawerebSi gacilebiT
vrcladaa warmodgenili. am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT vilaparakebT, aq ki
SevniSnavT, rom EG xelnawerebi ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqstze muSaobis ufro
gviandel periods gviCveneben da, cxadia, ABCDF nusxebis teqstTan SedarebiT
zedmeti masala ,,didi sjuliskanonis Tavdapirvel Targmanze gvian, daxloebiT
erTi saukunis Sedeg aris naTargmni. sistematuri nawilis am monakveTSi E da G
nusxebi identuria. orive xelnawerSi samoqalaqo kanonebis teqstTa erTi da
igive Targmani gvaqvs. amitom mosalodneli iyo gvefiqra, rom ,,ganwesebanis es
ori statia maSin iTargmna, roca EG tipis romeliRac xelnweris redaqtorma
moiwadina ABCDF tipis nusxaTa xarvezi samoqalaqo kanonebis nawilSi axali
TargmaniT Seevso. magram suraTi mainc sxvagvari Cans.
E xelnawerSi ,,ganwesebani... pavlesni... da ,,ganwesebani... petre da pavlesni
ar unda yofiliyo, da ai r atom:
E xelnaweri Tavnaklulia. dRevandeli teqsti iwyeba ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Sesavlis - ,,Sesavali zandukisa TavTasa Sua nawilidan. ra moculobisaa
danaklisi nawili? igulisxmeba Tu ara dasaxelebuli statiebi dakargul
nawilSi?
E xelnaweri (romlis Zalze cudi fotopiriT vsargeblobT), miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tavnaklulia, gviandeli paginaciiT 1r-iT iwyeba. magram Tavdapirveli
paginacia rveulebis mixedviT yofila: arabul ricxvTa paginaciiT 30r arSiaze
furclis TavSi, Sua adgilze nusxa-xucuri ,,e ueWvelad mexuTe rveulis
dasawyiss uCvenebs, radgan 29v qveda arSiaze, aseve Sua adgilze gamoyvanili
oTxi ricxvis aRmniSvneli nusxa-xucuri ,,d meoTxe rveulis dasasrulia.
radganac xelnaweris momdevno furclebis gadaTvlis safuZvelze naTelia,
rom erTi rveuli rva furcels 16 gverds Seicavs, E xelnaweri Tavidan
me-4 rveulis dasasrulamde 64gv. Seicavda. gviandeli paginaciiT ki meoTxe
rveulis dasasruls 29v aweria, rac 58gv. Seesabameba. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom

87

xelnawers dRes Tavdapirvei Sedgenilobis 6 gverdi aklia. E xelnaweris

Sedarebam BC xelnawerebTan, romlebic daaxloebiT Tanabari formatisa da
striqoniT raodenobisa arian, dagvarwmuna, rom E xelnaweris dakargul eqvs
gverdze SeiZleba dateuliyo mxolod ,,Sesavali zandukisa TavTasa-s nawili,
romelic dRevandel teqsts aklia, da statia ,,Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa...
mTlianad. petre da pavles ,,ganwesebani-s mozrdili teqstisaTvis (A da G
mixedviT gacilebiT didi formatis 3 furc. = 6gv.), ra Tqma unda, adgili aRar
rCeba.
amrigad, naTelia, rom E nusxa ABCDF nusxebis msgavsad am statiebs ar
Seicavda.
sabolood dagvrCa mxolod erTaderTi G xelnaweri, romlis SedgenilobaSi
dasaxelebuli statiebi teqstis xeliT aris warmodgenili es statiebi G
nusxaSi Zeglis mTliani teqstis gadmowerisTanave aris Setanili. saidan gaCnda
am statiebis qarTuli Targmani G nusxaSi?
Tuki sarwmunoa ABCDF nusxebis Cveneba, ,,didi sjuliskanoni arsen
iyalToelis TargmanSi dasaxelebul statiebs ar Seicavda. es statiebi qarTulad
maSinac ar gadmouRiaT, roca E tipis xelnaweris mTargmnel-redaqtorma
xelaxali TargmaniT Seavso arsenis Targmnili ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqstis
sistematuri nawili.
am statiebis qarTulad gadmoReba da ,,didi sjuliskanonis SedgenilobaSi
Setana Zeglis qarTul Targmanze muSaobis mesame safexurs ekuTvnis. qarTul
teqstze G nusxaSi fiqsirebuli muSaoba martooden am statiebis TargmniT ar
amoiwureba (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT). amJamadac sakmarisia iTqvas,
rom G nusxis Tu misi dednis gadamwers ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqsti ara
marto gadmouweriaT E nusxis tipis qarTuli xelnaweridan, aramed sagangebod
udarebia ,,nomokanonis berZnul, CvenTvis ucnobi xelnawerisaTvis da qarTuli
teqstis zogi adgili Seuvsia da usworebia. rogorc Cans, ,,ganwesebani petresi
da pavlesni am berZnuli xelnaweris dasawyisi yofila da G tipis nusxis
redaqtors amitomac gadmouRia.
v.n. beneSeviCi, romelmac Seiswavla nomokanonebis sxvadasxva redaqciebis
Semcveli berZnuli xelnawerebis didi nawili, uCvenebs iseT nusxebs, romlebic
dasaxelebul statiebs Seicaven aseve dasawyisSi1. aseTi xelnawerebis ricxvi
metia, vidre xelnawerebisa, romelTa SedgenilobaSi es statiebi ar Cans (aqve
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqtic, rom berZnul xelnawerTa didi nawili
defeqturia dasawyis nawilSi). am sakiTxs imitom SevexeT, rom sainteresoa,
1 .. , XIV VII. 883. ,
1905. . 162-182.

88

rogori berZnuli xelnaweriT sargeblobda arsen iyalToeli am xelnawerSi

ar iyo dasaxelebuli statiebi da amitom ver gadmoTargmna, Tu statiebi
Tavis adgilas iyo, magram arsenma Segnebulad ar gadmoiRo (gavixsenoT,
rom VI msoflio krebam me-2 kanoniT akrZala mociqulTa dadgenilebebis
rvawigneuli, rogorc mwvalebelTa mier Seryvnili da damaxinjebuli naSromi,
xolo dasaxelebuli statiebi swored mociqulTa dadgenilebebis VIII wignis
Semadgeneli nawilia1).
rogoric ar unda iyos mizezi, faqti erTia: arsen iyalToels es statiebi ar
uTargmnia, Targmani mogvianebiT G tipis nusxis redaqtorma Seasrula, Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnul xelnawerebSi dasaxelebul statiebTan erTad aris
yovelTvis mesame msgavsi statia ,, 2, rac
qarTul TargmanSi ar Cans.
amrigad, ar marTldeba v.n. beneSeviCis varaudi, rom ,,ganwesebani... petresi da
pavlesni ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli Targmanis Tavdapirveli kuTvnilebaa3.
qarTul xelnawerTa Seswavla sawinaaRmdego suraTs gvaZlevs.
berZnul xelnawerTa umetes nawilSi arc pirveli da arc meore statiis
kanonebi danomrili ar aris da sadac aris es numeracia, iqac gviandeli xeliT
aris miwerili4. sworedes gviandeli numeracia unda iyos gadasuli am statiebis
berZnuli teqstis beWdur gamocemebSi: ,,ganwesebani...pavlesni... 17 kanonadaa
dayofili da danomrili da ,,ganwesebani... petre da pavlesni aseve 17 kanonad5.
A da G qarTul nusxebSi dasaxelebuli statiebis kanonebi danomrili ar aris,
magram sazedao singuris asoebiT dawyebuli abzacebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davadginoT, TiToeul statiaSi ramden kanons gamoyofs qarTuli xelnawerebi,
amasTanave aRvniSnavT, rom A da G am statiaTa teqstis farglebSi araviTar
gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben. advili dasaSvebia, rom A nusxaSi Setanili
dasaxelebul statiaTa teqsti G nusxidan iyos gadmowerili.
qarTul teqstSi, zemoaRniSnuli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirveli statia
16 kanons gamohyofs, xolo meore 14-s, miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnul teqstTan
mimarTebiT maT araferi ar akliaT. ubralod, ,,ganwesebaTa teqsti kanonebad
sxvadasxvagvarad aris dayofili. kanonT Sinaarsobrivi mxare da dayofa
berZnuli teqstisa ufro mizanSewonilia, amitom qarTuli teqstic mis mixedviT
davyaviT.
1 gamoc. J.B. Pitra, I, 412-416. ix. agreTve , , . 176180.
2 J.B. P tra, I, 78. aTenis sintagm., IV, 402-403.
3 , . II, . III, , 1914, . 359.
4 .. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 131-132.
5 Pitra, I, 64-72.

89

b) ,,Sekreba kanonT saeklesioTa ganyofili aToTxmet nawilad am statiiT

iwyeba ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli Targmanis teqsti uZveles xelnawerebSi
(BC) da werilis wina gverdebze warmodgenili msjelobis safuZvelze SegviZlia
Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am statiiT iwyeboda arsen iyalToelis mier Targmnili
Zeglis yvela qarTuli xelnaweri (A D E F; gamonakliss G nusxa warmoadgens,
ix. zemoT).
statiis saTauris mixedviT, erTis SexedviT, saubari 14-titlovan kanonikur
krebuls unda exebodes da statia am krebulis Sesavals unda warmoadgendes,
magram aq sruliad moulodneli suraTi gvaqvs: sityva ,,aToTxmeti qarTveli
mTargmnelis ,,TviTnebobaa da mis nacvlad unda yofiliyo ,,ergasis, radganac
berZnul xelnawerebSi Sesabamis statias ,,
1 ewodeba da sxva araferia Tu ara ioane sqolastikosis
50-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis Sesavali.
ioane sqolastikosis krebulis Sesavali 14-titlovani nomokanonis mraval
berZnul xelnawers axlavs2 da am faqts logikuri axsnac moepoveba: 14-titlovani
kanonikuri krebulis Semdgenelma, rogorc cnobilia, isargebla ara marto ioane
sqolastikosis krebulSi Tavmoyrili kanonikuri wyaroebiT, aramed garkveuli
doziT am masalis sistematizaciis principiTac, amitom man saWirod CaTvala
Tavisi naSromisaTvis daerTo winamorbedi kanonikuri krebulis winasityvaoba,
romelSic ioane sqolastikosis piriT moTxrobili iyo im principebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic man Tavis naSroms safuZvlad daudo. amasTanave am winasityvaobis
fonze TavisTavad gamoCndeboda is siaxleni, romliTac 14-titlovani krebulis
Semdgenelma gaamdidra Tavisi krebuli.
rogorc vxedavT, ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovani krebulis saTaurSi
qarTvel mTargmnels mxolod erTi sityva Seucvlia, ufro sworad, ricxvi
gadaukeTebia, albaT, Semdegi mosazrebiT: man kargad icoda, rom berZnuli dedani,
romelic mas unda eTargmna, 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebuli (nomokanoni) iyo,
amdenad es winawityvaobac am krebulTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs unda Sexeboda,
xolo winasityvaobaSi aRniSnuli (50) man, albaT, gadamweris uneblie
Secdomad miiCnia da misi azriT, marTebulad Seaswora - ,,aToTxmet nawilad.
Cans, man ver gaigo 14-titlovani krebulis Semdgenlis zemoaRniSnuli Canafiqri
da motanil winasityvaobaSi ioane sqolastikosis krebulis Sesavali ver
amoicno (Tu arsenic ar icnobda sqolastikosis krebulis berZnul xelnawers,
am krebulis qarTuli Targmani arasdros ar arsebula).
1 .. , . XIV , . 132. ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli
xelnawerebis aRwerilobaSi v.n. beneSeviCis sqolioSi aRniSnuli aqvs, rom ,,aToTxmetis nacvlad ormocdaaT-. II , . III, . 360, sqolio 1.
2 .. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 116-132. ,,Sesavlis berZnuli teqsti Pitra, II,
375-378.

90

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom ,,50-is ,,14-ad gadakeTeba mTargmnelis ki ara,

qarTuli nusxis romelime gadamweris bralia, magram amis sawinaaRmdegos
Semdegi faqtebi mowmoben: yvela qarTul xelnawerSi ,,aToTxmet gvaqvs
dadasturebuli da Tu mainc vifiqrebT, rom es Secdoma axladTargmnili
nusxis pirvel gadamwers mouvida da Semdeg gavrcelda sxva xelnawerebSic,
xolo swori formis Semcvelma nusxebma Cvenamde ver moaRwia, maSin raRa vuyoT
imas, rom am winasityvaobis qarTul teqstSic (aqamde mxolod saTauris Sesaxeb
vlaparakobdiT) meordeba igive ambavi berZnuli ,,aToTxmet nawilad
aris gadakeTebuli1 da qarTuli xelnawerebi aqac arc erT gamonakliss ar
gviCveneben?
amitom gvgonia, rom es cvlileba mTargmnelisagan momdinareobs, radgan
beneSeviCis aRwerili berZnuli xelnawerebis mixedviT arc erTi magaliTi ar
dasturdeba, rom romelime xelnaweri ,,50-is nacvlad ,,14-s gviCvenebdes.
ioane sqolastikosis krebulis winasityvaoba ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Sedgenilobis fonze saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs, gansakuTrebiT winasityvaobis
bolo nawili, sadac CamoTvlilia mociqulTa da saeklesio krebaTa is kanonebi,
romlebic ioane sqolastikosma Tavis krebulSi Seitana. rogorc krebTa
CamoTvlis rigi, aseve TiToeuli krebis mier gamotanili kanonTa ricxvis
gansxvavebuli raodenoba ,,didi sjuliskanonis SedgenilobasTan SedarebiT
(sardikiis kreba III adgilze nomokanonSi VI adgilze, miuxedavad imisa, rom am
nawilSi krebaTa ricxvi erTnairia; konst. II msofl. krebis 6 kan. nomokanonSi
7; qalkedonis 27 kanon. nomokanonis I redaqciaSi 28, xolo 883w. redaqciaSi
30 da sxva) saintereso masalas iZleva saeklesio krebaTa kanonmdeblobis
istoriisa da kanonikuri krebulebis evoluciis gasaTvaliswineblad.
aq pirvelad aris dasaxelebuli da, rogorc Cans, ioane sqolastikoss
Tavis krebulSi pirvelad Seutania basili didis kanonebi, magram rogorc
50-titlovani krebulis Sedgenilobidan viciT, ara yvela, romlebic dRes
14-titlovan nomokanonSi da ,,did sjuliskanonSi gvaqvs, aramed amfiloqe
ikonielisadmi gagazavnili meore da mesame epistoleTagan 68 kanoni.2 saeklesio
kanonebis siaSi, ioane sqolastikosis krebulis winasityvaobis qarTuli
Targmanis mixedviT ki dasaxelebulia basilis 84 kanoni, e.i. kanonTa is ricxvi,
romelsac Seicavs amfiloqesadmi gagzavnili sami epistole. aqac kargad
Cans, rom qarTvel mTargmnels dednis 68 84-ad gadaukeTebia, Tumca ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom es gadakeTeba iovane sqolastikosis 50 titlovani krebulis
erT-erT SedarebiT gviandel berZen gadamwersac mieweros, rac Semdeg qarTul
TargmanSic gadmovida. egeve iTqmis konstantinopolis II msoflio krebis
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 101,20.
2 Pitra, II, 378. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 185.

91

kanonebis Sesaxebac: cnobilia, rom sqolastikosis krebulSi am krebis 6 kanonia

Setanili da es aRniSnulia winasityvaobaSic, qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT ki
kanonTa ricxvia 7, e.i. iseve, rogorc ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqstSi. am statiis
qarTul TargmanSi ar aris SenarCunebuli dednis sizuste neokesariis krebis
kanonTa ricxvis aRniSvnaSi. sqolastikosis krebulSi da winasityvaobaSi krebis
14 kanonia dadasturebuli, qarTul nusxebSi 14-ic (C, F-XVIIIs. Sevsebuli) da
15-ic (AB, D-XVIIIs. damat., EG), qarTul nusxaTa umravlesoba gviandel suraTs
gviCvenebs.
g) ,,Sesavali zandukisa TavTasa pirveli statiaa, romelic ,,did
sjuliskanonTan organuladaa dakavSirebuli. am statiiT iwyeba sakuTriv
14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulebis yvela berZnuli redaqcia, aseve ,didi
sjuliskanoni da ,, .
swored ,, -s nusxebze muSaobis dros rozenkampfma gamoTqva
varaudi, rom 14-titlovani nomokanonebis es winasityvaoba, romelic
dawvrilebiT aRwers am krebulis Semdgenlis mier gamoyenebul wyaroebs
da krebulis Sedgenis principebs, warmoadgens ori nawilisagan Semdgar
winasityvaobas da TiToeuli nawilis Sedgenis dro erTmaneTisagan or saukuneze
meti xniT aris dacilebuli.1
tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi, rom 14-titlovani krebulis winasityvaoba
SemuSavebulia, bolos daculi qronologiuri SeniSvnis safuZvelze, 883 wels,
XIXs. Sua wlebSi Seirya da rozenkampfis varaudi evropel mecnierTa SromebSi
ueWvel WeSmaritebad iqca.2
,,didi sjuliskanonis dasaxelebuli statia, romelic berZnuli dednis
srul suraTs gadmogvcems, yvela qarTuli nusxis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tu
rogoraa warmodgenili es statia qarTul xelnawerebSi, ,,didi sjuliskanonis
xelnawerTa Sedgenilobis aRwerisas visaubreT, aq gavimeorebT mxolod
imas, rom xelnawerTa umravlesobaSi (AEG) es Sesavali erTiani teqstis
saxiT aris warmodgenili, xolo C nusxaSi es statia or nawilad aris
gayofili saguldagulo singuriani xaziT, e.i. mxolod am nusxas aqvs
SenarCunebuli berZnuli dedniseuli winasityvaobis orad gayofis faqti. C
nusxaSi winasityvaobis pirveli nawili, iseve rogorc mis berZnul dedanSi,
ekuTvnis 14-titlovani krebulis pirvel Semdgenels da saSualebas iZleva
am winasityvaobis mixedviT zustad aRvadginoT 14-titlovani krebulis
Tavdapirveli Sedgeniloba, radgan am krebulis uZvelesi redaqciis Semcveli
1 , , 1- . 1829, 2- ., 1889.
agreTve: ., . , , 1893, . 279 (sqol.).
2 pirvel rigSi: Biener F., Vorschlge zur Revision des Justinianischen Codex, 1830. agreTve:
Heimbach G., , , Lipsiae, 1838, p. LXVII. Mortreuil J., Histoire du Byzantin, I, Paris. 1848,
222 da sxva.

92

berZnuli xelnawerebi aRar moipoveba. winasityvaobis pirveli nawili iwyeba:

,,rameTu orcni vidremde nivTierebisa maTisa Semsgavsebulisa sazrdelisa
umeviTa izardebian, xolo mTavrdeba: ,,...da sxuaTa saTanadosa rasme samrisa
mosTuleba amier da moReba sasyidelsa moswrafebisa da gulsmodginebisasa.
Semdeg modis am statiis meore nawili, ufro swored, meore, 883w. dawerili
winasityvaoba, romelsac damoukidebeli saTauri ara aqvs: ,,aw ukue awindelman
aman winaSesavalman sitysaman JamiTgan... mieriTgan vidre mexuTed krebamdenTa
kanonTa erTad Sekrebisa damdebelman pirad saqmisa keTilad srul yo aRTquma
Tsi...
meore winasityvaobis dasawyisic naTlad gviCvenebs, rom 14-titlovani
nomokanonis 883w. redaqtori da krebulis axali kanonikuri masaliT Semvsebeli
Tavis winamorbedis Sesaxeb mesame pirSi kaparakobs da mis namuSevars maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs.
martooden winasityvaobis orive nawilze ubralo dakvirvebidanac ki Cans,
rom 14-titlovani krebulis pirvel Semdgenels, romelic VIIs. dasawyisSi
moRvaweobda, Tavis krebulSi SeeZlo mxolod is masala Seetana, rac mis dros
iyo cnobili, xolo VIIs-dan IXs. bolomde saeklesio cxovrebaSi dagrovili
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saeklesio dadgenilebani, romliTac TandaTanobiT ivseboda
14-titlovani krebulis Tavdapirveli redaqcia, ra Tqma unda, krebulis
gviandeli SenaZenia. swored am damatebaTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs winasityvaobis
meore nawilis, an ufro swored, meore winasityvaobis avtori, romelmac
krebulSi, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mexuTe msoflio krebis Semdegdroindeli
masala aitana da Tavisi winamorbedis mier SemuSavebuli principebisa da
meTodebis mixedviT gaanawila.
berZnuli xelnawerebis nawili d slavuri ,,kormCaia meore winasityvaobis
dasawyisSi, aSiaze Tu teqstSi, foti patriarqis saxels aRniSnaven. uZvelesi
aseTi berZnuli xelnweri X_XI saukuneebisaa. rogorc Cans, am xelnawerTa
Cvenebam daudo safuZveli tradicias, rom 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloo
redaqciis damuSaveba foti konstantinepolis patriarqisaTvis mieweraT da
misi saboloo Camoyalibeba winasityvaobaSi dadasturebuli qronologiis
safuZvelze 883 wliT ganesazRvraT. fotis avtorobis sakiTxi, romelic
uyoymanodaa gaziarebuli nomokanonis XIIs. cnobili komentatorebis (balzamoni,
zonara, aristine) mier, sabolood gavrcelda da ganmtkicda, sanam XIXs. meore
naxevarSi isev ar gaxda sakamaTo da sapaeqro. marTalia, fotis avtorobis
momxreTa ricxvi metia, magram es sakiTxi mainc jerjerobiT gadauWrel
problemaTa ricxvs ekuTvnis.
qarTuli xelnawerebi miTiTebul adgilas fotis saxels ar axseneben. am
ori winasityvaobis urTiertdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb saubris dros gagrZeleba

93

momdevno paragrafTan (an statiasTan) dakavSirebiT mogvixdeba, aq ki erT

sakiTxs gvinda SevexoT. faqtia da samecniero literaturaSi damajereblad
aris aRniSnuli, rom 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis pirveli redaqcia VI
msoflio krebaze adre Camoyalibda. es Cans winasityvaobis pirveli nawilidan,
radgan avtoris mier krebulSi Setanili masala VI saukunis farglebs ar
scildeba. es Cans iqidanac, rom avtori raRac moridebiT laparakobs im
kanonebze, rac man Tavis krebulSi ioane sqolastikosis 50 titlovani krebulis
Sedgenilobas daumata (karTagenis krebisa da wm. mamaTa kanonebi). es maSin, roca
VI msoflio krebam daamtkica saeklesio kanonebis is Sedgeniloba, romelic
14-titlovani krebulis pirvel redaqciaSi gvqonda. naTelia, dasaxelebuli
krebuli rom VI msof. krebis (691w.) Semdeg Semdgariyo, Semdgenels araviTari
eWvi ar Seepareboda mis mier krebulSi Setanili masalis WeSmaritebaSi. piriqiT,
VI msoflio krebam, safiqrebelia, daamtkica aRniSnuli krebulis kanonikuroba.
amrigad, 14-titlovani krebulis I redaqciaSi saeklesio krebaTagan ukanaskneli
qalkedonis IV msoflio krebis kanonebi iyo (V msof. krebas 553w. kanonebi
ar daudgenia). meores mxriv, gansaxilveli winasityvaobis 883w. dawerili meore
nawilis avtori aRniSnavs, rom man aRniSnul krebulSi damatebiT Seitana VI,
VII msoflio da 861 da 879ww. konstantinopolis adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebi.
gamodis, rom 14-titlovan kanonikur krebulSi 691w. trulis krebaze miRebuli
udidesi mniSvnelobis 102 saeklesio kanoni TiTqmis 200 wlis Semdeg Sevida
pirvelad kanonikur krebulSi, rac daujerebeli Cans. Cveni azriT, aramcTu VI
msof. krebis kanonebis mimarT, aramed VII msoflio krebis kanonebis mimarTac
Zneli dasajerebelia aRniSnuli faqti. amitom aRniSnuli winasityvaobis
meore nawilis bolos moTavsebul qronologiur SeniSvnas (883w.) berZnul
xelnawerebSi raRac interpolaciis niSnebi SeiZleba hqondes, xolo CamoTvlil
krebaTa aRniSvna am winasityvaobaSi Semdegdroindeli TandaTanobiTi Canamati
iyos.
erTi sityviT, ,,didi sjuliskanonis aRniSnul Sesavals SenarCunebuli
aqvs berZnuli dednis saxe da am saxesTan dakavSirebuli bundovanebani, rasac
nawilobriv ,,didi sjuliskanonis momdevno statiis analizi gaarkvevs.
d) ,,Tu romelTa krebaTagan da pirTa anu raodenni kanonni Sekrebul arian
awindelsa amas Sina wignsa es statia yvela qarTul xelnawerSi Sesavali
statiebis ricxvSi singuriT dawerili saTauriT aris gamoyofili da
damoukidebel erTeulad miCneuli. statiis saTauris Sesabamisad, saeklesio
kanonebis mocemul siaSi ,,didi sjuliskanonis winamdebare redaqciis
Sedgeniloba unda iyos warmodgenili, miT umetes, rom dasaxelebuli statia
uSualod mosdevs 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis Sesavals, kerZod,
mis meore nawils, romelic 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloo 883w.

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redaqciis Camoyalibebaze mouTxrobs mkiTxvels. sinamdvileSi am sias rom

883w. 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis da agreTve ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Sedgeniloba ara aqvs mxedvelobaSi, es Semdegidan Cans:
1. am siaSi mociqulTa kanonebs, romelsac VI msoflio krebam (me-2 kan.)
,,saRmrTo uwoda, erTob eWvis elferi adevs. maT ewodebaT ,,mociqulTad
saxeldebulni, rac 883w. redaqciis nomokaninisaTvis ucnauri Cans.
2. saeklesio krebaTagan aq naxsenebi ar aris VI, VII msoflio da 394, 861
da 879ww. konstantinopolis adgilobrivi krebebi, romelic dasaxelebuli
redaqciis 14-titlovani nomokanonis Sedgenilobis aucilebeli nawilia.
3. wm. mamaTa kanonebs Soris ar aris: aTanase didis, grigoli RmrTismetyvelisa
da mfiloqe ikonielis kanoniani epistoleebi.
4. zogierTi saeklesio krebis kanonTa ricxvi am siis mixedviT ar Seesabameba
883w. nomokanonis redaqciisa da did sjuliskanonSi Sesul amave krebis kanonTa
ricxvs (neokesar. krebis kanonebi am siaSi 14-ia, ,,did sjuliskanonSi 15 da
sxva).
SesaZlebelia, dagvebados eWvi, rom qarTuli Targmani ar gadmoscems
berZnuli dednis saxes da es xarvezebi mTargmnelisa Tu gadamwerebisaa. es
eWvi gaZlierdeba, Tuki vityviT, rom G nusxaSi es xarvezebi Sevsebulia
saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis mimarT, rogorc es Cans Cven mier zemoT motanili
Sedgenilobidan, sadac es statia sruli teqstiT warmovadgineT. G nusxa am
statiaSi CamoTvlis konstantinopolis 394 wlis, VI da VII msoflio da 861, 879
konstantiopolis saeklesio krebebsac.
amave Sedgeilobidan Cans, rom C nusxis analogiuri sia, marTalia, usworod
da arasrulad, magram mainc CamoTvlis VII msoflio krebas (+foti(!) patriarqis
epistoles andriane papis mimarT), 861 da 879ww. konstantinopolis adgilobriv
krebebs.
gasarkvevia ABE nusxebSia daculi am statiis Targmanis Tavdapirveli saxe
(DF, rogorc aRvniSneT zemoT, am nawilSi defeqturia da Sevsebuli XVIIIs.), Tu
G nusxaSi?
uZvelesi berZnuli xelnawerebis sakmaod didi nawili1 am sias swored
ise warmogvidgens, rogorc es ABE nusxebSi gvaqvs (gamonakliss Seadgens
konstantinopolis 394w. kreba, romelic aRniSnul qarTul nusxebSi ar aris
amis Sesaxeb qvemoT), Tumca TviT am berZnul xelnawerTa teqstis im nawilSi,
sadac saeklesio kanonebis sruli teqstebia warmodgenili, Setanilia am siaSi
,,gamorCenili Tu ,,gamotovebuli saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis teqstebic,
zustad iseve, rogorc es ,,did sjuliskanonSi gvaqvs. aqedan aSkaraa, rom ABE
1 .. , XIV , . 53. aq CamoTvlilia xelnawerebi,
romlebic fotis saxels miuTiTeben.

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nusxebSi romeliRac berZnuli xelnaweris suraTia gadmotanili da qarTul

xelnawerTa xarvezis Sesaxeb laparaki zedmetia.
rogorc Cans, dasaxelebuli sia arc ,,did sjuliskanonSi da arc misi
msgavsi Sedgenilobis berZnul xelnawerebSi Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze ar
zis. uZveles berZnul xelnawerebSi, rodesac maT SedgenilobaSi jer kidev
ar iyo Setanili 883 wlis winasityvaoba, saeklesio kanonebis aRniSnuli
sia 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis pirveli winasityvaobis Semdeg unda
yofiliyo.1 883w. winasityvaoba (meore Sesavali) Tavdapirvelad, Cans, am siis
Semdeg moTavsda, xolo mogvianebiT kanonikuri krebulis romeliRac redaqtorma
Tu gadamwerma is pirvel winasityvaobasa da kanonTa sias Soris Casva rogorc es
dRes gvaqvs 14-titlovani nomokanonis umravles berZnul xelnawerSi da ,,did
sjuliskanonSi (agreTve 14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnuli teqstis yvela
beWdur gamocemaSi).
dasaxelebuli sia rom 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis pirveli
Semdgenlis winasityvaobis nawilia da misi Sinaarsobrivi gagrZeleba, rom es
sia gadmogvcems 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis uZvelesi, Tavdapirveli
redaqciis Sedgenilobas, mtkicdeba Semdegi faqtebiT:
1. I winasityvaobaSi, romelic ekuTvnis 14-tit. kanonikuri krebulis
pirvel Semdgenels, VII saukunis avtors, mociqulT kanonebi raRac eWviT
aqvs moxseniebuli: ,,...da ara amaT xolo, aramed wmidaTa mociqulTad
saxeldebulTaca maTi, daRaTu vieTnime iWuneul hyofen maT romelTame
mizezTaTs2. dasaxelebul siaSic maT ,,wmidaTa mociqulTad saxeldebulni
ewodebaT, rac berZnulis zusti Targmania: 3.
2. I winasityvaobis avtori aRniSnavs: ,,el-vyav TiToeulsa Jamsa Sina
qmnilTa aTTa wmidaTa krebaTa mier... dasxmulTa... kanonTa erTad Semokreba4.
es is aTi krebaa, romelic jer kidev ioane sqolastikoss hqonda Setanili Tavis
50-titlovan krebulSi. avtori agrZelebs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb Txrobas
da aRniSnavs, rom man pirvelma gamoiyena Tavis krebulSi karTagenis krebis
kanonebi.
1 v. narbekovs ( . , . 91-92) gamoTqmuli aqvs varaudi, rom 883w.
winasityvaobis avtorma es danamati 14-titlovani nomokanonis iseT nusxaSi Seitana,
romelic 14-titlovani krebulis I redaqciis SedgenilobiT iyo moRweuli, Torem unda
arsebuliyo IXsauk. gacilebiT adre iseTi nusxebi, romelSic Setanili iqneboda VI da
VII msoflio krebaTa kanonebi. mxolod 861 da 879w. konstantinepolis krebaTa kanonebi
SeiZleba Seetana pirvelad 883w. winasityvaobis avtors 14-titlovani nomokanonis
SemadgenlobaSi.
2 .. , dasax. naSr., gv. 86-90; Pitra, II, 450-451.
3 ramdenime berZnul xelnawerSi 883w. meore winasityvaoba saerTod ar aris, amitom es
siac I winasityvaobis Semdeg aris moTavsebuli. zogjer ki 883w. winasityvaoba mosdevs
dasaxelebul sias, ix. beneSeviCis dasax. naSromi, gv. 52-53.
4 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 103,31.

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dasaxelebul siaSi saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis CamoTvla swored am masaliT

Semoifargleba.
3. saeklesio kanonebis CamoTvlas mosdevs vrceli SeniSvna siaSi mocemuli
saeklesio krebaTa dalagebis qronologiuri principebidan gadaxvevis
SemTxvevebisa da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb. es SeniSvna I winasityvaobis
organuli gagrZelebaa. SeniSvnaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,egreTve arkadis da onoris
mefeTa ze kostantinopolis Semokrebulsa yovelTa uukanasknelesi wesi
xudomies...1 am sityvebis mixedviT saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis CamoTvlisas am
siaSi dasaxelebuli konstantinepolis 394w. kreba rigiT (,,wesi) sul bolo
unda yofiliyo, marTlac, zog berZnul xelnawerSi dasaxelebuli sia am krebis
erTi kanonis aRniSvniT mTavrdeba2 (ra Tqma unda, saeklesio krebaTa saTvalavSi,
Torem mas ,,wm. mamaTa kanonebi mosdevs). ,,didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli
nusxebis dasaxelebul statiaSi (garda G-si) konstantinepolis aRniSnuli
kreba ar gvaqvs, magram TviT SeniSvna, romelic zemoT vaxseneT, gviCvenebs, rom
unda gvqonoda. es ki, Cans, Targmnisdroindeli Tu gadamweris mier daSvebuli
xarvezia. ABCDF nusxaTa ZiriTad teqstSi es knoni damoukidebel erTeulad
ar aris aRqmuli, mas sxvebis msgavsad rigiTi saTvalavi ara aqvs, gagebulia
karTagebis krebis nawilad. amitom xom ar gamoutovebia is am nusxaTa
dasaxelebul sias?
4. dasaxelebul siaSi aTanase aleqsandrielis, grigol nazianzelis da
amfiloqe ikonielis kanonebis aRuniSvneloba gamowveulia swored im mizeziT,
rom 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis I redaqciaSi es kanonebi jer kidev
Setanili ar yofila3.
erTi sityviT, 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis VII sauk. Semdgenelma Tavis
winasityvaobas krebulis Sedgenilobis siac daurTo, iseve, rogorc es ioane
sqolastikosma gaakeTa 50-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis winasityvaobaSi (ix.
didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 107-109).
rogorRa avxsnaT is faqti, rom G xelnaweris dasaxelebuli statia
saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis sias iseTi SedgenilobiT warmogvidgens, romelic
VIIs. 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis Sedgenilobas ki ar Seesabameba,
aramed 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloo 883w. redaqcias? es faqtic berZnul
xelnawerebis mixedviT unda aixsnas:
mas Semdeg, rac 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloo redaqcia Camoyalibda,
am krebulis redaqtorma (amjerad ara aqvs mniSvneloba, is foti patriarqi iyo
Tu ara) krebulSi misi saqmianobis amsaxveli winasityvaobac Seitana, magram
1 Pitra, II, 450, , dasax. naSr. gv. 87.
2 didi sjuliskanoni gv. 103-104.
3 . , dasax. naSromi, gv. 288.

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misi winamorbedis, VIIs. avtoris winasityvaoba, romelsac erTvoda am uZvelesi

krebulis Sedgenilobis sia, xeluxleblad datova. Tavdapirvelad, rogorc
aRvniSneT, meore winasityvaoba Zveli krebulis Sedgenilobis aRmricxveli siis
Semdeg moTavsda, magram ucnob redaqtors Tu gadamwers mizanSewonilad miuCnevia
meore winasityvaobis pirveli Sesavlis uSualo gagrZelebad gadmotana da
amitom dasaxelebuli siac gaerTianebuli winasityvaobis gagrZeleba aRmoCnda.
misi axali mdebareobis gamo droTa ganmavlobaSi es sia meore winasityvaobis
gagrZelebad da 14-titlovani krebulis saboloo redaqciis Sedgenilobis
amsaxvelad miiCnies da amitom is Seavses im saeklesio krebaTa kanonebiT,
romelTa 14-titlovani krebulis saboloo redaqciaSi Setanis Sesaxeb meore
winasityvaoba dawvrilebiT laparakobs: VI, VII msoflio krebaTa, 861 da 879ww.
konstantinopolis adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebiT. am siaSic ar aris aTanase
didis, grigol nazianzelisa da amfiloqe ikonielis kanonebi, radgan maT
Sesaxeb meore winasityvaobaSic araferia naTqvami, Torem 883w. 14-titlovani
nomokanonSi am kanonTa teqstebi Setanili iyo.
ase unda warmoSobiliyo dasaxelebuli siis meore, Sevsebuli varianti,
romelic gvaqvs umetes berZnul xelnawerebSi da 14-titlovani nomokanonis
berZnuli teqstis ZiriTad publikaciebSi.1
amrigad, ,,didi sjuliskanonis ABE nusxebis dedani iseTi berZnuli
xelnaweris Targmans warmoadgens, romelSic dasaxelebuli sia, marTalia, Tavis
Tavdapirvel adgilas aRar iyo da meore winasityvaobis Semdeg iyo moTavsebuli,
magram mas SenarCunebuli hqonda 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis VIIs.
Sedgeniloba. G nusxaSi (Tu mis qarTul dedanSi) ki es sia nasworebia iseTi
berZnuli xelnaweris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT), romelSic igi ukve
Sevsebuli iyo meore winasityvaobis monacemebis safuZvelze.
ufro gaurkvevelia C nusxis Cveneba. dasaxelebul siaSi am xelnaweris
mixedviT ABF nusxebTan SedarebiT karTagenis krebisa da dionise aleqsandrielis
kanonebs Soris Camatebulia:
1) meorisa nikiisa krebisa kanonni i z (!)
2) foti (!) patriarqisa epistole papa andrianes mimarT
3) pirvelad da meored kostantinepolis Sekrebulisa krebisa kanonni iz.
4) munve kostantinepolis taZarsa Sina RmrTismetyuelisa ioanes (!)
Sekrebulisa krebisa kanonni g.
aqvs Tu ara am Camatebebs raime safuZveli?
1. jer erTi, am siis aseT Sedgenilobas ar icnobs arc erTi berZnuli
xelnaweri (am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs beneSeviCisa . XIV
. da Pitra-s Sromebi aRniSnuli xelnawerebi da am krebulis publikaciebi).
1

98

Pitra, II, 450-451. aTenis sintagma, I, 10-12.

2. arafriT gamarTlebuli ar aris am siaSi VI msoflio krebis kanonebis

gamotoveba, radgan warmoudgenelia 14-titlovani krebulis iseTi varianti,
romelSic iqneba nikiis VII msoflio krebis kanonebi da ar iqneba masze adrindeli
VI msoflio krebis kanonebi, piriqiT ki SesaZlebeli iyo.
3. nikiis VII msoflio krebam miiRo 22 kanoni da ara 18, rogorc am siaSia.
4. ,,foti patriarqis epistole papa adrianes mimarT uazrobaa da anaqronizmia.
unda iyos ,,tarasi patriarqis epistole papa adrianes mimarT. kidec rom
sworad eweros patriarqis saxeli, mainc ar aris cnobili am siis iseTi varianti,
arc berZnulad da arc qarTulad, romelSic es epistole damoukideblad iyos
aRricxuli aseT siaSi. uZveles berZnul xelnawerebSi is nikiis VII msoflio
krebasTan erTad igulisxmeba, xolo gviandelebSi gadatanilia ,,wm. mamaTa
epistoleebis rigSi ukanasknel adgilze.
5. konstantinopolis 879w. adgilobrivi (TviT kanonebis teqstSi VIII
msoflio krebad miCneuli) krebis saxelwodebaSi ,,ioane saxelis aRniSvna
mxolod am xelnawerSi gvaqvs da igi uadgiloa.
damowmebuli faqtebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom C xelnawerSi
warmodgenili sia aRniSnuli xelnaweris qarTuli dednis gadamweris TviTneburi
Camatebis nayofi unda iyos. aseTi varaudi upirveles yovlisa Semdeg garemoebas
iTvaliswinebs: C xelnaweris ZiriTadad nawilSi, kanonTa teqstebSi (gv. 402)
nikiis VII msoflio krebis kanonebi me-17 kanoniT mTavrdeba da mas mosdevs
gadamweris SeniSvna: ,,aq aklia dedisagan, Semdeg ki uSualod tarasis epistole
modioda. Cans, rom C nusxis qarTul dedans es xarvezi aRniSnuli ar hqonda da
masSi nikiis VII msoflio kreba dasaxelebuli 17 kanoniT iyo warmodgenili.
swored aqedan SeiZleba gadasuliyo aRniSnul siaSi nikiis VII msoflio krebis
kanonebis aRsaniSnavad ,,iz (17) ricxvi. sxvagvarad C nusxis ganxiluli siis
ucnaurobaTa da uzustobaTa axsna SeuZlebelia.
amrigad, ,,didi sjuliskanonis ABE nusxebma Semogvinaxa 14-titlovani
kanonikuri krebulis uZvelesi, VII saukunis redaqciis Sedgeniloba aRniSnuli
saeklesio kanonebis siis saxiT. aqve davsZenT, rom 14-titlovani krebulis I
redaqciis berZnuli xelnawerebi, romlebic am siaSi mocemuli Sedgenilobis
teqstebs Seicavdnen, cnobili ar aris. qarTul nusxaTa Cvenebani sagrZnoblad
aadvileben 14-titlovani krebulis I redaqciis SedgenilobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakamaTo sakiTxebis garkvevas.

sistematuri nawili. redaqciebis sakiTxisaTvis

,,didi sjuliskanonis sistematuri nawili sxva araferia, Tu ara am Zeglis
ZiriTadi, saeklesio kanonTa teqstebis Secveli nawilis sarCevi. am sarCevis
mixedviT advili mosaZebnia, ama Tu im saeklesio sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tu romeli

99

kanonebi iZlevian amomwurav pasuxs. Tu am sakiTxis irgliv saeklesio kanonebi

gvainteresebs, misi moZebna Zeglis ZiriTad nawilSi SeiZleba, xolo Tu imave
sakiTxis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba (Tuki aseTi kanoni arsebobs)
samoqalaqo kanonis teqsti (perifraza), uSualod iqve, sarCevSivea mocemuli.
sistematuri nawili ori ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba, Tumca mas saerTo
saTauri aqvs ,,nawilni kanonebrivTa ganwesebaTani da TiToeulisa nawilisa da
SesatysTa TavTani. Tu rogor aris sistematuri nawili warmodgenili qarTul
nusxebSi, amis Sesaxeb ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgenilobis aRwerisas (gv. 28)
vilaparakebT.
ABCDEF nusxebSi sistematuri nawilis pirveli ganyofileba berZnuli
dednis analogiuria: saeklesio sakiTxebis is jgufi, romelTa Sesaxeb saeklesio
kanonebia gamotanili, gayofilia 14 nawilad (titlosad). TiToeul nawils
aqvs Tavisi saTauri. TiToeuli nawili Seicavs Tavebis met-nakleb raodenobas.
sistematuri nawilis pirvel ganyofilebaSi CamoTvlilia mxolod TiToeuli
titlosisa da masSi Semavali Tavebis saxelwodebani.
meore ganyofileba Tavidan imeorebs titlosebis rigs, saTaurebsa da misi
Semcveli Tavebis saxelwodebebs, oRond TiToeul Tavs axlavs saeklesio
kanonebze miTiTeba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo kanonis teqsti, an
mxolod miTiTeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis wignebze.
marto G nusxa ar Seicavs sistematuri nawilis pirvel ganyofilebas mTeli
sistematuri nawilis saTauriTurT. G nusxas berZnul xelnawerebSi paraleli
ar eZebneba, amitom es operacia am nusxis gadamwer-redaqtors unda mivaweroT,
riTac Zegls araferi daklebia, xolo xelnaweris moculoba ki Semcirda.
sistematuri nawilis meore ganyofileba safuZvels gvaZlevs ,,didi
sjuliskanonis teqstis am monakveTSi ori gansxvavebuli redaqciis Sesaxeb
vilaparakoT. qarTul nusxaTa pirvel (ABCDF) da meore (EG) jgufis
xelnawerTa gansxvaveba am nawilSi mxolod samoqalaqo kanonebis teqstebs exeba.
,,didi sjuliskanonis Targmnis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT,
rom dasaxelebuli kanonikuri krebuli mxolod erTxel aris Targmnili
qarTulad, amdenad misi redaqciebis Sesaxeb msjeloba erTi SexedviT uadgilod
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, magram ABCDF da EG nusxebs Soris sistematur nawilSi
fiqsirebuli TvalsaCino gansxvaveba safuZvels gvaZlevs ,,didi sjuliskanonis
dasaxelebul nawilSi ori gansxvavebuli redaqciis arseboba davadasturoT.
marTalia, arsen iyalToelis mier Targmnili teqsti ucvlelad aris daculi
,,didi sjuliskanonis yvela qarTul xelnawerSi, magram EG nusxebi, rogorc
iTqva, sistematur nawilSi Setanil samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis teqstebs
gacilebiT vrclad warmogvidgenen, vidre ABCDF nusxebi (H-s es nawili aklia).
ABCDF nusxebSi, sistematuri nawilis meore ganyofilebaSi, romelSic Sesulia
titlosebis (nawilebis) dasaxeleba, TiToeul titlosSi gamoyofili Tavebis
saxelwodebaTa aRniSvniT da saeklesio kanonebze miTiTebiT, romelsac zogjer

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samoqalaqo kanonebis sruli teqstic erTvis, 1. an samoqalaqo kanonebze mxolod

miTiTebas Seicavs, 14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnul xelnawerebTan SedarebiT,
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis teqstebi Zalze Sekvecilia. E da G nusxebis
analogiuri nawili ki avsebs am danakliss da samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis masala
aq iseTive sisruliTaa warmodgenili, rogoc es berZnul xelnawerebSi gvaqvs.
gasarkvevia, ABCDF xelnawerebSi gvaqvs daculi ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Tavdapirveli Targmanis suraTi, Tu EG nusxebSi, e.i. arsen iyalToelma iseTi
1 samoqalaqo kanonebSi igulisxmeba berZnul-romauli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier saeklesio
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamotanili kanonmdebloba. iustiniane didis dros (527-565ww.) manmade arsebuli
romis samarTlis wyaroebi kritikuli gadasinjvis sagani gaxda da Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli
krebulebis saxiT, romlebmac Secvales winadroindeli krebulebi (mag. Teodosis kodeqsi da sxv.).
iustinianes droindeli samoqalaqo samarTlis krebulebi Semdegia:
1. Codex constitutionum, romlis pirveli redaqcia 529 wels Camoyalibda, xolo meore, ufro
srulyofili 534w., Seicavs imperatorTa kanonebs adrianedan (117w.) moyolebuli iustiniane
imperatoris mier 534w. gamocemul bolo kanonamde. arsebobs Codex-is 12 wigni, TiToeulSi
titlosTa didi raodenobaa. I wignis 13 titlosi exeba saeklesio sakiTxebs.
2. Digesta anu Pandectae warmoadgens iustinianes kanonTa meore krebuls, romelic 50 wigns Seicavs.
gamocemulia 533w. 16 dekembers. krebulSi Sesulia Zveli romis samarTlis dadgenilebani,
Semonaxuli uZveles iuristTa sxvadasxva SromebSi, romelTac iustinianes dros praqtikuli
mniSvneloba hqondaT. bevri nawyveti am wignebidan Sesulia 14-titlovan nomokanonSi.
3. Institutiones iustinianes mesame krebulia, romelic warmoadgenda meTodologiur saxelmZRvanelos
samarTlis im masalis SemswavlelTaTvis, rasac kodeqsi da digesta moicavda. moqmedebaSi iyo
533w. 30 dekembridan. krebuli Sedgeba 4 wignisagan, TiToeuli wigni titlosebisagan, xolo
titlosebi mokle ganyofilebebisagan (paragrafebisagan).
4. Novellae constitutions-Si Sesulia is kanonebi, romlebic iustinianem gamoaqveyna kodeqsis (534w.)
gamoqveynebis Semdeg, amitom ewodeba maT ,,axali kanonebi. es novelebi krebulSi gaerTianda
mxolod iustinianes sikvdilis Semdeg. arsebobs 5 aseTi krebuli, romelTagan pirveli 168
novelis Semcveli 14-titlovan nomokanonSia gamoyenebuli.
marTlmadidebluri eklesia sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
CamoTvlili kodeqsebis mixedviT adgenda specialur krebulebs, romlebSic Tavmoyrili iyo
samoqalaqo samarTlis wignebidan amokrebili adgilebi saeklesio sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTad
samoqalaqo kanonTa perifrazirebuli teqstiT. cnobilia sami aseTi krebuli, romlebic
aRmosavleTis eklesiis mier iyo Sedgenili: 1. Collectio 87 capitulorum, ioane sqolastikosis mier
Sedgenili (565-578ww. Sua) iustinianes novelebis (6,5,83,46,120,56,57,3,32,131,67 da gansak. 123,
romlisagan 60 Tavia 28 - 87 - Sedgenili) safuZvelze. samoqalaqo kanonTa es krebuli gamoyenebulia
50-titlovani nomokanonis Sedgenis dros. 2. Collectio 25 capitulorum Sedgenili unda iyos iraklis
mefobamde (610-640). krebuli dayofilia 25 Tavad, romelTaganac pirveli 21 Seicavs ocdaerTi
imperatoris mier gamocemul kanonebs iustinianes kodeqsidan, xolo bolo 4 Tavi 137,133 da 120
novelebs da 123 novelis or Tavs. 3. Collectio constitutionum anda Collectio tripartite an kidev Paratitla
Seicavs iustinianes sakanonmdeblo yvela wignidan (kodeqsi, digestoni, institutioni da novelebi)
amokrebil adgilebs eklesiis Sesaxeb. gayofilia sam ganyofilebad, aqedanaa saxelwodebac. pirvel
ganyofilebaSi Sesulia vrceli nawyvetebi iustinianes kodeqsis I wignis pirveli 13 titlosidan
Sesabamisi paraleluri adgilebiT kodeqsis sxva titlosebidan da novelebidan. meore ganyofileba
Seicavs eqvs titloss, amokrebuls digestebidan da instituciebidan, rac exeba wmida sagnebs.
mesame Sedgenilia 34 novelidan da exeba episkoposebs, dabali ierarqiis pirT, monazvnebs, agreTve
eretikosebs, ebraelebs da samaritelebs. am krebuls damatebis saxiT erTvis imperator iraklis
oTxi novela.
swored es krebulia 14-titlovani nomokanonis ZiriTadi wyaro samoqalaqo kanonebis nawilSi.
dawvrilebiT aq moxseniebul samoqalaqo krebulT Sesaxeb literatura da gamocemani ix. is naSromis sqolioebSi: . , , 1897, . 133-138; 193-195.

101

sisruliT Targmna Zegli1, rogorc es EG nusxebSia dadasturebuli, da Sekveca

Targmanis erT-erTi gadamweris iniciativa iyo, Tu piriqiT, arsenma sakuTari
iniciativiT Seamokla Targmnis dros berZnuli dedani, xolo gvian axalma
mTargmnelma Seavso arsenis Targmanis danaklisi adgilebi ise, rom arsenis
TargmanisaTvis xeli ar uxlia. dasaxelebul nusxaTa urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi dRes ukve garkveulia; qarTuli Targmanis pirveli saxe pirveli jgufis
xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa, xolo EG xelnwerebi ufro gviandeli viTaremis
maCvenebelia2.
upirvelesi sabuTi aRniSnulisa aris EG xelnwerebSi Setanili arsenis
TargmanTan SedarebiT zedmeti fenis gviandeli enobrivi monacemebi. es
gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba iseTi adgilebis mixedviT, rodesac romelime
saeklesio sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsens dauwyia samoqalaqo kanonis Targmna,
magram mxolod dasawyisi nawili uTargmnia, xolo EG nusxebSi arseniseuli
Targmani ama Tu im samoqalaqo kanonis dasawyisisa ZiriTadad xeluxleblad
aris datovebuli, misi gagrZeleba ki axali TargmaniTaa warmodgenili (ix. I
titlosis nawilis Tav. g (3), l v(36), II, titl. Tav. I da sxv.). saerTod, arsenis
TargmanTan SedarebiT EG xelnwerebiseuli damatebiT naTargmni adgilebis
ena gacilebiT xelovnuri da mZimea, winadadebaTa struqtura ufro rTuli da
berZnuli dednis gavleniTaa gakeTebuli. EG xelnwerebSi SemorCenilia ramdenime
iseTi adgili, sadac ABCDF xelnawerebis samoqalaqo kanonis arsenis Targmanis
nacvlad amave adgilis xelmeore, ufro gviandeli Targmania moTavsebuli, mag.:
Zveli Targmani: ,,xolo samoqalaqo sjulTa ganweseba itys, viTarmed monani,
romelni Tana-saTno-yofiTa ufalTa maTTaTa monazon iqmnen, ganTavisufldebian
monebisagan, xolo ukueTu dauteon monazoneba da sxsa cxorebisa mimarT
moiqcnen, mona iqmnebian kualad3 AB tipis xelnawerebSi.
gviandeli Targmani amave adgilisa: ,,xolo ocdameaTSdmete ganweseba
mesamisa nawilisa wignisa kodikosa itys: viTarmed: monani jer-CinebiTa TsTa
ufalTaTa monazonqmnilni, Tavisufal iqmnebian, xolo ukeTu damtevebelTa
moRuawebisaTa sxsa qcevisa mimarT gardaviden, kualad daimoneben maT4.
sxva xelSesaxeb faqtebTan erTad motanili magaliTi eWvs ar tovebs, rom EG
xelnwerebis msgavsi zedmeti adgilebi xelnawerebis gviandeli Senamatia.
motanil paralelur Targmanebs, kidev oriode msgavsi magaliTais mimatebiT,
erTgvari disonansi Seaqvs EG da AB tipis xelnawerTa urTierTdamokidebulebaSi,

1 Sead. Pitra, II, 458-636. aT. sintagma, I, 35-335 (balzamonis komentarebiT). Sead.

agreTve , dasax. naSr., gv. 135-145.

2 g. ninua, ,,didi sjuliskanonis sistematuri nawili, mravalTavi, III, Tb., 1973, gv.
15-17.
3 didi sjuliskanoni gv. 181,124.
4 iqve, gv. 181 (sqolio) G (H - 1670) 41 v.

102

radgan Cven aRvniSnavT, rom EG xelnawerebi ZiriTadad arc asworeben da arc

xelmeored Targmnian iseT masalas, rac ukve gvaqvs ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Tavdapirveli Targmanis teqstSi: isini umateben mxolod imas, rac ar aris
pirvel TargmanSi berZnul dedanTan SedarebiT. motanil magaliTSi ki am
principebis darRveva gvaqvs. ram gamoiwvia imave adgilis xelmeored Targmnis
saWiroeba?
samoqalaqo kanonebis Sesaxeb ukve vTqviT, rom ,,didi sjuliskanonis
Tavdapirvel TargmanSi maTi ricxvi da moculoba specialurad aris
Semcirebuli arsen iyalToelis mier, albaT, im motiviT, rom bizantiuri
saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba da isic iseTi Zveli sakanonmdeblo wignebidan
gamokrebili, romelTa nawils ukve dakarguli hqonda praqtikuli mniSvneloba
TviT bizantiaSic, qarTuli eklesiisa da sazogadoebriobisaTvis TiTqmis
araviTar interess aRar warmoadgenda. xSirad iqac ki, sadac maTi motana arsen
iyalToels mainc saWirod miuCnevia, konkretulad ar aris dasaxelebuli esa
Tu is samoqalaqo kanoni kodeqsis romeli wignidanaa amoRebuli, rogorc es
berZnul dedanSia, da mxolod aseTi zogadi miTiTebiT kmayofildeba: ,,xolo
samoqalaqo sjulTa ganweseba itys. EG xelnawerebSi es zogadi miTiTebani
yovelTvis samoqalaqo samarTlis konkretul wignebze da kanonebze miTiTebiT
aris Secvlili mag.: ,,xolo ocdameaTSdmete ganwesebis mesamisa nawilisa
pirvelisa kodikosa itys.
aseTi magaliTebi sakmao odenobiT SeiZleba daiZebnos, magram am SemTxvevaSi
Cven sxva ram gvainteresebs. zemoT motanil citatSi, sadac erTi da igive teqstis
orjer Targmnis SemTxveva dasturdeba, Zveli Targmani, rogorc vxedavT,
samoqalaqo kanonebze mxolod zogad miTiTebas Seicavs: ,,xolo samoqalaqoTa
sjulTa ganweseba itys, rac Cveulebisamebr EG nusxebs konkretuli
miTiTebiT unda Seecvala, rac gakeTebulia kidec. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom AB tipis xelnawerebSi, saidanac zemoT motanili Zveli Targmanis
nimuSia aRebuli, samoqalaqo kanonis teqsts me-9 titulis 32-e TavSi mxolod
amowerili citati Seadgens, xolo berZnulSi mis gagrZelebad sakmao sididis
teqstia warmodgenili, rac EG tipis xelnawerTa redaqtor-mTargmnels unda
gadmoeTargmna, naTeli gaxdeba, rom mas Targmna dasawyisidanve dauwyia, TiTqos
daviwyebia, rom am kanonis pirveli abzaci ukve Zveli mTargmnelis mier iyo
gadmoRebuli, xolo aq mxolod zogi miTiTeba konkretuliT unda Seecvala.
aseve unda aixsnas meore msgavsi magaliTic: II titlosis pirveli Tavi
AB tipis xelnawerebSi Seicavs sakmaod vrcel amonawers samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobidan, romelic mTavrdeba abzaciT: ,,xolo Jami qmnisa anu micemisa
danateobisa mis, egera zemo mosenebul ars, romlisa Sinagan jer ars qmna
da Seneba, anu sxsa SemZlebelisada micema misi. xolo mTavarni adgilTani

103

aiZulebded amisa qmnad1. berZnul dedanSi Sesabamisi teqsti didi moculobis

gagrZelebiTaa warmodgenili, rac EG tipis xelnawerTa redaqtor-mTargmnels
uTargmnia kidec, magram axal TargmanSi ara marto Zveli Targmanis gagrZelebaa
mocemuli, aramed cota metic, motanili citatis xelmeore Targmanic. ,,xolo
ukueTu memamuleni brZanebul iqmnnes Semdgomad aRsrulebisa misisa yofad
anderZisa anu micemad, zemoTqmuli Jami aRiricxuvoden Semdgomad cxorebisagan
ganslvisa misisa aRsrulebad saqmisa mis da mTavarnica aiZulebded maT
aRsrulebad...2.
damowmebuli masala eWvs ar tovebs, rom arsen iyalToelis mier ,,didi
sjuliskanonis Targmns teqsti, romelic AB tipis xelnawerebSia warmodgenili,
misi sistematuri nawilis meore ganyofilebaSi EG nusxebis mixedviT Sevsebulia
iyalToelis mier specialurad uaryofili samoqalaqo kanonebis iseTive sruli
teqstiT, rogorc es berZnul dedanSi iyo mocemuli.
Cven amJamad ar SevudgebiT punqtobrivad im gansxvavebaTa Cvenebas, romelsac
EG nusxebi iZlevian ABCDF nusxebTan samoqalaqo kanonebis teqstTa
sisrulis sakiTxSi, radgan didi sjuliskanoni teqstSi es advili gasarkvevia
(EG damatebani, yvelgan gansxvavebuli SriftiTaa awyobili). aq SevexebiT
mxolod im gansxvavebebs, romelsac EG xelnawerTa teqstebi iZlevian berZnul
xelnawerebTan da publikaciebTan SedarebiT samoqalaqo kanonebis wignTa,
maTi Tavebisa da ganwesebaTa ricxobriv maCveneblebze miTiTebebSi. miT umetes,
rom es gansxvavebani teqstis gamocemis variantebSi ar aisaxa, im motiviT,
rom TviT berZnuli xelnawerebi da maTi publikaciebi xSirad erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebul suraTs iZlevian da amdenad ver gadavwyviteT, marTebulia Tu ara
berZnuli gamocemis mixedviT, teqstis Sesworeba, Tu misi Secdomebis aRniSvna
maSin, rodesac darwmunebuli ara varT qarTul nusxaSia Secdoma Tu berZnulSi?
jer aRvniSnavT berZnuli 14-titlovani nomokanonis titulebis im Tavebs
(beneSeviCis zemodasax. naSromSi berZnul xelnawerebis Sesaxeb mocemuli
cnobebis, Pitra-s da ,,aTenis sitagmis gamocemebis safuZvelze), romlebSic
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan araferi ar aris Setanili. es TavisTavad
gulisxmobs imas, rom ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sesabamis nawilSi aseTive suraTi
gvaqvs3.

1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 138, 23.

2 iqve, gv. 138-23.
3 am gansxvavebaTa vrceli CamonaTvali ix. `didi sjuliskanonis gamocemaSi, gv. 53-59.

104

E da G nusxebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
,,didi sjuliskanonis sistematuri nawilis mixedviT Cans, rom EG xelnawerebi
ABCDF nusxebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebul redaqcias gvaZleven. es naTelia
ara marto imiT, rom EG nusxebSi samoqalaqo kanonebi berZuli dedniseuli
sisruliT aris gadmocemuli, aramed imiTac, rom Cven mier sistematur nawilSi
aRnusxuli gansxvavebani Tu lafsusebi berZnul xelnawerebTan SedarebiT EG
xelnawerebSi TiTqmis erTnairad aris warmodgenili, amitom SegveZlo gvefiqra,
rom EG xelnawerebi erTmaneTis zust ganmeorebas warmoadgenen. sinamdvileSi am
or xelnawers imdeni ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvs, rom maTi urTierTmimarTeba ar
SeiZleba ase martivad warmovidginoT.
udavoa, rom samoqalaqo kanonTa teqstis is nawili, romelic ABCDF
xelnawerebSi ar aris da mxolod am or xelnawerSi gvaqvs, absoluturad erTi da
igivea. magram rogorRa unda avxsnaT E da G xelnawerebs Soris dadasturebuli
Semdegi gansxvavebani?
1) G xelnawerSi warmodgenili ,,ganwesebani ...pavlesni da ,,ganwesebani
petre da pavlesni E xelnawerSi ar aris, iseve rogorc sxva nusxebSi.
2) E nusxas, iseve rogorc ABCDF nusxebs, sistematuri nawilis
meore ganyofilebaSi aqvs xarvezi: I titlosis me-4 Tavis saTauris Semdeg
gamotovebulia saeklesio kanonebze miTiTeba da momdevno me-5 Tavis saTauri. G
nusxaSi yvelaferi Tavis adgilzea.
3) E nusxaSi ABCDF is msgavsad sistematuri nawili ori ganyofilebiT
aris warmodgenili, G nusxas ki pirveli ganyofileba ar aqvs.
4) Sesaval statiaSi - ,,Tu romelTa krebaTagan da pirTa anu raodenni
kanonni Sekrebul arian awindelsa amas Sina wignsa - E nusxa zustad igive suraTs
gviCvenebs, rogorsac ABCDF nusxebi: saeklesio kanonTa siaSi karTagenis krebis
dionise aleqsandrielis kanonebi mosdevs, maSin rodesac G nusxaSi maT Soris 5
saeklesio krebis kanonebia Camatebuli (ix. ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sedgeniloba
zemoT, gv. 26. G nusxis zemoT ukve vilaparakeT).
5) amave statiaSi E nusxa ABCDF xelnawerebis msgavsad Teofile
aleqsandrielis ,,filoTeos aleqsandrielis formiT ixseniebs, xolo G-s
gasworebuli aqvs ,,Teofiled, iseve, rogorc es yvela cnobil berZnul
xelnawerebSi aris.
6) ,,didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTad nawilSi E nusxa, ABCDF xelnawerebis
msgavsad, Rangris krebis saTaurSi SecdomiT ankriis krebas asaxelebs, G
nusxaSi es Secdoma gasworebulia.
7) ,,didi sjuliskanonis Sesavali nawilis kanonTa siaSi E nusxaSi ABCDF
is msgavsad vkiTxulobT: ,,grigoli episkoposisa noselisa litos mimarT

105

melitinel episkoposisa miwerili kanonianisa epistolisagan kanonni . G -Si ki:

,,grigoli episkoposisa noselisa litoion melitinelisa episkoposisa mimarT
miwerilisa kanonianisa epistolisagan kanonni rvani. G nusxaSi saTauris wyoba
da epistolis adresatis saxeli ,,litoion berZnulis zusti ganmeorebaa.
sxva ufro wvrilman magaliTebze aRar SevCerdebiT, radgan aRniSnuli
gansxvavebani sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom davaskvnaT: E nusxa, sistematuri nawilis
gamoklebiT, imeorebs ,,didi sjuliskanonis Tavdapirveli Sedgenilobis
Semcvel ABCDF xelnawerTa Cvenebas. rogorc Cans, E nusxis dedans axali
TargmaniT Seuvsia mxolod sistematuri nawilis samoqalaqo kanonebis ABCDF
nusxebSi warmodgenili, berZnulTan SedarebiT nakluli teqsti, xolo Zeglis
danarCeni nawili ucvlelad gadmouweria. am gziT miviReT ,,didi sjuliskanonis
axali redaqcia. G nusxam an misma dedanma ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqstis
gadawerisaTvis gamoiyena E nusxis tipis xelnaweri da sistematuri nawilis
meore ganyofileba E nusxis msgavsad Sevsebuli saxiT warmoadgina, xolo
amasTanave ,,didi sjuliskanonis teqsti Seudara berZnuls da zemoT CmoTvlili
damatebani da cvlilebani CvenTvis ucnobi berZnuli xelnaweris mixedviT
Seitana Tvis nusxaSi. amave dros mas pirvelad unda eTargmna ,,ganwesebani...
pavlesni da ,,... ganwesebani... petre da pavlesni.
G nusxis mier berZnuli xelnaweris mixedviT qarTuli teqstis sworebis
kvali SeiniSneba sistematur nawilSi saeklesio kanonebze miTiTebaSic, radgan
zogjer G-s miTiTebani gansxvavebulia ABCDF nusxebisagan, Tumca ufro metia
SemTxvevebi, roca qarTuli nusxebi da maT Soris G nusxac, berZnul xelnawerTa
beWdur gamocemebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebebs gviCveneben.
aRvnusxavT aseT SemTxvevebs, miT umetes, rom variantebSi es gansxvavebani
mTeli sisruliT ver aisaxa, ufro zustad, ver aisaxa is momentebi, rodesac
yvela qarTul nusxaSi erTnairi suraTia, xolo berZnulSi gansxvavebuli.1

`didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi nawili kanonTa teqstebi

14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis ZiriTad nawils, romelic moicavs
mociqulTa, saeklesio krebaTa da saeklesio moRvaweTa kanonebis srul teqstebs,
samecniero literaturaSi ufro xSirad qronologiur nawils uwodeben. amiT
ZiriTadad xazgasmulia, rom kanonebi dasaxelebul krebulSi maTi gamocemis
qronologiis mixedviT aris dalagebuli. es principi umTavresad msoflio da
adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa kanonebs exeba, radgan wm. mamaTa kanonebi, calke
gamoyofili da krebulis bolos darTuli, damoukideblad saeklesio krebaTa
kanonebisagan amave principiT arian CamoTvlili, Tumca arc pirvel da arc meore
SemTxvevaSi es principi mTeli sizustiT ar aris daculi.
1 dawvrilebiT es sxvaobani mocemulia: didi Sjuliskanoni, gv. 61-64

106

14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis ZiriTadi nawilis aseTi saxelwodebiT

moxsenieba pirobiTia, radgan krebulSi Setanil kanonTa Tanmimdevroba mxolod
nawilobriv amarTlebs mas. saqme isaa, rom TviT krebulis Semdgenels, rogorc
es ukve ganxiluli Sesavlis ixedviT Cans, ar darCenia aRuniSnavi is faqti, rom
krebulis Sedgenis dros masalis Tavidan bolomde qronologiuri principiT
dalagebisaTvis xeli SeuSlia saeklesio krebaTa avtoritetis mixedviT
warmodgenis principebsac. amis Sesaxeb garkveviTaa aRniSnuli sardikiisa da
neokesariis krebaTa kanonebis saTaurebSic. amitom aris nikiis krebis kanonebi
ufro adrindeli krebebis sardikiisa da neokesariis krebaTa kanonebis win
moTavsebuli, xolo karTagenisa (419w.) da konstantinopolis 394w. saeklesio
krebaTa kanonebi qalkedonis msofilo krebis (450w.) kanonebis Semdeg.
14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis ganxiluli winasityvaobisa da kanonikur
krebulTa kodifikaciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT,
rom 14-titlovani nomokanonisa da `didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTad nawilSi
saeklesio kanonebi qronologiuri principiTaa dalagebuli, oRond ara im
gagebiT, razedac zemoT gvqonda saubari, aramed aseTi koreqtiviT: saeklesio
kanonebi im TanamimdevrobiTaa warmodgenili, rogoradac isini SehqondaT
kanonikur krebulSi. es principi daculia saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis mimarT.
nikiis pirveli msoflio kreba gaxda safuZveli pirveli kanonikuri krebulis
CamoyalibebisaTvis, amitomac is pirvel adgilzea saeklesio krebaTa kanonebs
Soris, xolo konstantinopolis 394w. da karTagenis krebaTa kanonebi kanonikur
krebulSi yvelaze gvian Seitanes, amitom saeklesio krebis kanonebs Soris isini
sul ukanasknel adgilze aRmoCndnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaxelebuli
krebebi qalkedonis IV msoflio krebaze adre iyo mowveuli. amrigad, saeklesio
krebaTa kanonebi 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulSi iseTi TanamimdevrobiTaa
warmodgenili, rogori qronologiuri rigiTac Tavis droze Seitnes
dasaxlebul krebulSi.
`didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi nawili yvela qarTul nusxaSi TiTqmis
erTnaii sizustiTaa warmodgenili, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mcireoden
gansxvavebebs, rac ZiriTadad gadamwerTa mizeziTaa gamowveuli, xolo radgan
berZnul xelnawerebsa da maT beWdur gamocemebSi xSirad aseTi erTsulovneba ar
SeiniSneba, SevecdebiT aRvniSnoT gansxvavebani qarTul TargmanTan mimarTebiT
da vaCvenoT, Tuki es SesaZlebelia, am gansxvavebis mizezebi.
1. qarTul TargmanSi warmodgenili kanonTa teqstebis Tanamimdevroba,
romlis Sesaxebac gvqonda saubari, 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis uZveles
Sedgenilobas Seesabameba. berZnul xelnawerebSi masalis aseTi TanmimdevrobiT
dalagebis SemTxveva erTaderTi ar aris. sakmaod Zveli xelnawerebis garkveul
jgufSi (X-XIss.) saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi aseTi TanamimdevrobiT aris

107

warmodgenili: mociqulTa, Semdeg msoflio krebaTa kanonebi, dalagebuli

qronologiuri principiT, Semdeg adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebi da bolos wm.
mamaTa kanoniani epistoleebi1.
rogorc Cans, es principi am xelnawerebis mixedviT aiTvises 14-titlovani
nomokanonis XIIs. komentatorebma balzamonma da zonaram, romlebmac saeklesio
krebaTa kanonebi aseTive principiT daalages2. ase rom, am saqmeSi prioriteti
maT ar ekuTvniT. naTelia, rom kanonTa teqstebis msgavsi dalagebis principi
meoreulia, xolo `did sjuliskanons berZnul xelnawerTa uZvelesi tradicia
aqvs Semonaxuli3.
2. `did sjuliskanonSi neokesariis adgilobrivi kreba 15 kanoniT aris
warmodgenili. amasTanave cnobilia, rom ioane sqolastikosma Tavis 50
titlovan kanonTa krebulSi neokesariis 14 kanoni Seitana. saeklesio kanonTa
siaSi, romelic `didi sjuliskanonis Sesaval statiaSia warmodgenili da
romelic 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis uZvelesi redaqciis Sedgenilobas
asaxavs, neokesariis krebas 14 kanonis dadgena miewereba: `neokesariisa krebisa
kanonni id. beneSeviCi uTiTebs ramdenime berZnul xelnawers, romelTa ZiriTad
nawilSi Sesulia neokesariis 14 kanonis teqsti4. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom
14-titlovani nomokanonisa da `didi sjuliskanonis sistematur nawilSi
miTiTebulia neokesariis mxolod ToTxmeti kanoni, meTxuTmete kanonze miTiTeba
ar Cans.
naTelia, rom neokesariis krebis kanonTa teqstis 15 kanonad dayofa
gviandelia, radgan 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis I redaqcia (VIIs.) aseT
dayofas ar icnobs. me-15 kanoni gaCnda mas Semdeg, rac me-13 kanoni or nawilad
gayves. I nawili me-13 darCa, xolo sityvebidan `xolo xorepiskoposTa
me-14 kanonad iqca, Tavdapirveli me-14 kanoni ki me-15-ed gadainomra5. `did
sjuliskanonSi swored es gviandeli suraTia asaxuli, iseve rogorc 14-titl.
nomokanonis beWdur gamocemebSic.
3. Rangris krebis kanonebi iwyeba da mTavrdeba epistoliT, romelSic
CarTulia 20 kanoni. asevea berZnul xelnawerTa umravlesobaSi da beWdur
gmocemebSic. zogierT berZnul xelnawerSi ki Rangris krebas 21 kanoni miewereba6,
radgan epistolis daskvniTi nawili 21-e kanonadaa gagebuli. aseTi suraTi
gvaqvs qarTul nusxaSic.
1 .. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 288-298.
2 rogor es aTenis sintagmis gamocemaSia warmodgenili, ix. t. II, III, IV.
3 Pitra Tavis naSromSi angariSs ar uwevs xelnawerTa Cvenebas da saeklesio kanonTa
teqstebis Tanamimdevroba sakuTari meTodiT aqvs warmodgenili.
4 dasax. naSr. gv. 153.
5 iqve.
6 iqve, sqol. 3

108

4. konstantnopolis II msoflio krebis 7 kanonia Setanili, rogorc

14-titlovani
kanonikuri
krebulis
yvela
redaqciaSi,
aseve
`did
sjuliskanonSic, magram Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom me-7 kanoni dasaxelebuli
krebis kanonTa ricxvSi gvian aris Setanili, naTeli gaxdeba, rom qarTuli
Targmani gviandeli suraTis maCvenebelia, iseve rogorc misi berZnuli wyaro.
am sakiTxis gasaTvaliswineblad ufro bevris mTqmelia ioane sqolastikosis
50-titlovani krebulis Cveneba, razedac ukve gvqonda saubari da aq aRar
SevCerdebiT.
5. cnobilia, rom efesos mesame msoflio krebam 8 kanoni gamoitana, romelTa
teqsts kanonikur krebulSi erTvis `epistole pamfilielTa episkoposTa
mimarT; asea `did sjuliskanonSic. zogierT berZnul xelnawerSi danomrilia
Svidi kanoni, xolo me-8 kanons, romlis teqsti warmodgenilia calke saTauriT,
saTvalavi ara aqvs1, magram es ubralo lafsusia, radgan sistematur nawilSi
miTiTebulia efesos krebis me-8 kanoni orgzis (I tit. 5 Tavi da I tit. 6 Tavi).
didi sjuliskanonis xelnawerTa yevla Zvel nusxaSi, garda C-si, dasaxelebuli
epistole me-9 kanonadaa CaTvlili. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `didi
sjuliskanonis sistematur nawilSi, iseve rogorc mis berZnul dedanSi, I tit.
me-6 TavSi miTiTebulia efesos krebis me-8 kanoni da iqve epistole `pamfilielTa
mimarT da ara me-9 kanoni, naTeli gaxdeba, rom berZnuli dedniseuli suraTi
qarTuli xelnawerebidan mxolod C nusxas Semounaxavs, xolo danarCen nusxebSi
am epistolis me-9 kanoniT aRniSvna sakuTriv qarTvel gadamwerTa bralia.
6. qalkedonis IV msoflio krebis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT, rom
krebam 27 disciplinaruli kanoni Camoayaliba da am krebis kanonTa aseTi ricxvi
Sevida kidec ioane sqolastikosis krebulSi. 14-titlovani kanonikuri krebulis
I redaqciis Semdgenelma am kanonebs miumata am krebis aqtebSi daculi 28-e
kanoni, rogorc es ioane sqolastikosis krebulisa da 14-titlovani krebulis
winasityvaobaTa Sedarebidan Cans. ufro mogvianebiTaa Setanili qalkedonis
krebis kanonTa ricxvSi kidev ori vrceli amonaweri am krebis aqtebidan,
romelTac damoukidebeli saTaurebi aqvT. aTenis sintagmaSi es amonawerebi
danomrilia 29 da 30 kanonebad.2 asevea Pitra-s gamocemaSic3 (oRond teqsti da
saTaurebic petitiTaa awyobili). `didi sjuliskanoni uZveles berZnul
xelnawerTa tradicias imeorebs: danomrilia 28 kanoni, xolo krebis aqtebidan
damatebuli ori amonaweri kanonTa saTvalavSi ar aris miRebuli4.
7. marTalia, yvela kanonikuri krebuli da maT ricxvSi `didi sjuliskanonic
Seicavs sardikiis krebis 21 kanons, magram kanonebad dayofis principSi
1
2
3
4

.. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 155.

aTen. sintagma, II, 286, 288.
Pitra. I, 515-520.
.. , dasax. naSr. gv. 155.

109

mniSvnelovani gansxavvebani SeimCneva. aTenis sintagmisa da Pitra-s gamocemaTa

Tanaxmad sardikiis krebis me-16 kanoni udris `didi sjuliskanonis me-16 da
me-17 kanonebs, 17=18, 18=19, 19=20, xolo 20+21= qarTuli Targmanis 21 kanons1.
berZnul xelnawerTa nawili qarTuli Targmanis msgavs suraTs gvaZlevs2, ris
gamoc SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom `didi sjuliskanoni nomokanonTa berZnuli
teqstis gamocemebTan SedarebiT ufro adrindel viTarebas unda asaxavdes.
8. konstantinopolis 394 wlis adgilobrivi krebis erTi kanoni (ufro sworad,
amonaweri am krebis aqtebidan) qarTuli xelnawerebis mixedviT damoukidebel
erTeulad ar aris gaazrebuli, radgan mas ar uzis saTvalavis nomeri, rogorc
es aqvs `did sjuliskanonSi Setanil yvela damoukidebel erTeuls, is TiTqos
karTagenis krebis gagrZelebadaa miCneuli. xom ara aqvs am faqts raime kavSiri
imasTan, rom Cven mier ganxilul kanonTa siaSi, romelic am Zeglis Sesavals
erTvis, berZnuli wyaroebis sawinaaRmdegod, am krebis kanoni, arc erT qarTul
nusxas ara aqvs dasaxelebuli G nusxis garda? G nusxas, rogorc aRvniSneT
zemoTac, yvela es xarvezi Sevsebuli aqvs. is Setanilia rogorc dasaxelebul
siaSi, aseve mikuTvnebuli aqvs sakuTari rigiTi numeric `didi sjuliskanonis
ZiriTad nawilSi (rogorc vTqviT, G nusxa Tu misi dedani Sejerebulia berZnul
xelnawerebTan da es Sesworebanic maSinaa Setanili).
9. trulis krebis kanonTa teqsti `did sjuliskanonSi da berZnul wyaroebSi
identuria, oRond yvela qarTul nusxas aqvs xarvezi me-2 kanonis teqstSi,
romelic zemoT ar aRgviniSnavs: gamotovebulia ...,
Sesabamisi qarTuli Targmani. xarvezi,
rogorc Cans, an mTargmneliseulia, an pirveli nusxis gadamwerisaa, radgan arc
erTi Cvenamde moRweuli nusxa am adgilis Targmans ar Seicavs. teqstobrivi
xarvezebi sxva adgilebSiac Segvxvdeba, magram aq sagangebod imitom aRvniSneT,
rom VI krebis meore kanonSi CamoTvlilia yvela is saeklesio kanoni, romelic
savaldebulo norma gaxda mTeli marTlmadidebluri samyarosaTvis. qarTul
teqsts ki aq aklia petre aleqsandrielis kanonebis dasaxeleba.
10. tarasi patriarqis epistoel adriane papis mimarT simoniis Sesaxeb `didi
sjuliskanonis teqstSi Setanilia ara mamaTa epistoleebis nawilSi, aramed
nikiis meore, msoflio meSvide saeklesio krebis kanonebis Semdeg da gagebulia
am krebis nawilad. asea es umetes berZnul xelnawerebSi3. misi gadatana mamaTa
epistoleebTan, rogorc es gvaqvs berZnul beWdur gamocemebSi, gviandeli
1 erT-erT berZnul xelnawerSi (Aten. 1370, Xs.) aT. sint. da Pitra-s - gamocemaTa msgavsad
20 da 21 kanonebi SeerTebuli ar aris da amitom sardikiis krebis kanonebi 22-mdea
gazrdili (, dasax. naS. gv. 155, sqol. 3).
2 iqve, gv. 155.
3 aseTi unda iyos, beneSeviCis mowmobiT, Paris. suppl. 614, Xs. berZnuli xelnaweric, iqve.
157 sqol. 1.

110

berZnuli xelnawerebis Cvenebas eyrdnoba amasTanave qarTul teqsts aklia

vrceli citati ioane oqropiris cxovrebidan.
11. grigoli neokesarielis kanonikuri epistole `did sjuliskanonSi
kanonebad dayofili ar aris, Tumca abzacebis mixedviT SeiZleba kanonTa
teqstebis gamijvna. berZnul gamocemebSi dasaxelebuli epistole 10 kanonadaa
gayofili (aT. sintagmaSi, IV, gv. 66. me-11 kanoni gviandeli minamatia).
asevea berZnul xelnawerebSic. Tumca yvelgan kanonebis numeracia ar aris
warmodgenili.
qarTul nusxebSi warmodgenili grigoli neokesarielis kanonebad dauyofeli
epistole uZvelesi tradiciis maCvenebelia, xolo kanonebad dayofili
berZnuli gamocemebis teqsti ki ufro gviandelisa. es Cans Tundac Semdegidan:
grigoli neokesarielis epistoles am Zeglis SesavalSi, kanonTa siaSi ewodeba:
`grigoli episkoposisa neokesarielisa sakrvelTmoqmedisa epistole
kanoniani, maSin, rodesac sxva avtorTa epistoleebi yovelTvis masSi Semaval
kanonTa ricxvis aRniSvniTaa naxsenebi: mag. `grigoli episkoposisa noselisa
litos mimarT... epistolisagan kanonni , `krile aleqsandrielisa domnos
mimarTisa epistolisagan kanoni g da a.S. yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe.
grigol neokesarielis msgavsad Tukia dasaxelebuli `epistole kanoniani
es aucileblad gulisxmobs erT kanonad gagebul epistoles (mag., basilis
diodores mimarT, grigol xucis mimarT da sxv.).
12. `didi sjuliskanonis qarTul teqstSi aTanase aleqsandrielis 3
epistolea Setanili, magram gakvirvebas iwvevs am epistoleTa Tanamimdevroba.
pirveli ori epistole, Tuki qronologiuri principebidan amovalT, Tavis
Sesaferis adgilzea Setanili (grigoli neokesarielis Semdeg da basili didi
win), magram mesame epistole `rufinianes mimarT sul bolosaa moTavsebuli
da `didi sjuliskanonis dasasruls warmoadgens. berZnul gamocemebSi, ra
Tqma unda, samive epistole erTmaneTis miyolebiTaa warmodgenili. SegveZlo
gvefiqra, rom qarTvel gadamwers es epistole raRac mizeziT gamorCa da amitom
iZulebuli gaxda bolos daematebina, magram saqme isaa, rom uZvelesi berZnuli
xelnawerebi swored aseTsave mdgomareobas gviCveneben1. es faqti mxolod imiT
SeiZleba aixsnas, rom berZnul dedanSi aTanases epistole `rufinianes mimarT
is masalaa, romelic mamaTa epistoleebidan yvelaze gvian iqna Setanili da man
tradiciulad SeinarCuna es adgili SemdegSic.
13. 14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnul gamocemebSi (aT. sint. IV, 206 da
Pitra, I, 595) Setanili ar aris basili didis amfiloqes mimarT gagzavnili
mesame epistolis vrceli Sesavali, rac qarTul TargmanSi Tavis adgilzea
1 .. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 160-161.

111

iseve, rogorc beneSeviCis mier aRweril berZnul xelnawerebSi1. Pitra-sTan da

aTenis sintagmaSi amfiloqesadmi gagzavnili mesame epistolis daskvniTi nawili
danomrilia 85 kanonad, sawinaaRmdegod qarTuli Targmanisa da beneSeviCis mier
aRwerili berZnuli xelnawerebis Cvenebisa.
14. `did sjuliskanonSi grigoli noselis epistole, berZnuli wyaroebis
msgavsad, 8 kanonad aris dayofili. qarTul TargmanSi grigoli noselis kanonebs
win uZRvis vrceli Sesavali. aTenis sintagmaSi (IV, 295-329) da Pitra-s gamocemaSi
(I, 619-129) Sesavali I kanonadaa warmodgenili da amitom qarTuli teqstis I
kanoni=berZnuli gamocemebis me-2 kanons, 2=3, 3=4, xolo berZnuli gamocemebis
me-5 kanons qarTulSi me-4 da me-5 kanonebi Seesatyviseba. danarCeni kanonebis
saTvalavi erTnairia. ase rom, saboloo angariSiT berZnul gamocemebSi da
`did sjuliskanonSi grigol noselis epistole 8 kanons Seicavs. beneSeviCis
mier aRwerili berZnuli xelnawerebi2 da dasaxelebul gamocemaTa sqolioebSi
mocemuli variantuli wakiTxvebi qarTuli Targmanis Sesabamis viTarebas
gviCveneben.
15. `did sjuliskanonSi timoTe aleqsandrielis 15 `kanonebrivi kiTxvamigeba aris Setanili, xolo aTenis sintagmaSi damatebiT kidev 3 sul 18
(IV, 331-341). Pitra-s timoTe aleqsandrielis kiTxva-migebani or nawilad aqvs
gamocemuli: I nawili 38 aseT kiTxva-migebas Seicavs, romlis pirveli 15 emTxveva
qarTuli Targmanis teqsts, xolo pirveli 18 aTenis sintagmis teqsts,
meore nawili ki kidev 24-s, e.i. sul 62 (I, 630-643). berZnuli xelnawerebis
erT jgufSi, beneSeviCis aRwerilobiT3, qarTulis msgavsad, mxolod 15 kiTxvamigebaa.
16. `did sjuliskanonSi kirile aleqsandrielis ori kanonikuri epistole
aris Setanili, iseve rogorc 14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnul nusxebSi.
pirveli epistole `domnos mimarT qarTulsa da berZnul nusxebSi 3 kanonad
aris dayofili, xolo meore epistole `libielTa da xuTqalaqelTa episkoposTa
mimarT berZnul beWdur gamocemebSi da qarTul TargmanSi kanonTa gansxvavebul
raodenobas Seicavs. `didi sjuliskanonis nusxebSi meore epistole moicavs
mokle Sesavalsa da oTx kanons, xolo aTenis sintagmaSi (IV 361) da Pitra-s
gamocemaSi (I 652) dasaxelebuli epistole or kanonad aris gayofili: pirvel
kanonSi gaerTianebulia Sesavali da qarTuli teqstis pirveli sami kanoni, xolo
meore kanoni udris qarTuli teqstis me-4 kanons. amasTanave qarTuli nusxebis
sapirispirod orive gamocemaSi kirile aleqsandrielis meore epistolis kanonTa
saTvalavi pirveli epistolis kanonTa saTvalavis gagrZelbas warmoadgens4.
1
2
3
4

.. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 158-159.

.. , gv. 159.
.. , dasax. naSr. gv. 160.
Pitra-s kirile aleqsandrielis kidev ori epistole aqvs Setanili damatebiT (I, 654).

112

berZnuli xelnawerebis garkveuli jgufi, beneSeviCis aRwerilobis mixedviT1,

qarTuli nusxebis Cvenebas uWers mxars.
17. `didi sjuliskanonis teqstis ZiriTad nawilSi Setanilia erTi kanonikuri
epistole, romelsac 14-titlovani nomokanonis ZiriTad SemadgenlobaSi ar
asaxeleben, e.i. ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis nawilad ar miiCneven. qarTulad
mas ewodeba `epistole dawerili konstantinepoliT martri episkoposisa
antioqelisa, Tu viTar jer-ars Sewynareba mwvalebelTa, romelni
moudebodin wmidasa da kaTolike eklesiasa.
dasaxelebuli epistole ar aris Setanili aTenis sintagmaSi 14 titlovani
nomokanonis SemadgenlobSi. mxolod im `sinopsisSi aris am epistolis
Semoklebuli varianti, romelsac komentari gaukeTa aristinem (aT. sint. t.
IV, gv. 393-416). marTalia, am epistolis sruli teqsti gamocemulia Pitra-sa2
da Beveregius-is3 mier, magram isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom orive avtors
gamocemaSi Setanili aqvT iseTi kanonikuri masalis didi nawili, maT Soris
zogierT avtorTa epistoleebic, romelTac 14-titlovan nomokanonTan araferi
aqvT saerTo. swored aseTi rigis masalas unda mivakuTvnoT dasaxelebuli
epistole orive gamocemaSi. epistolis adresatia antioqiis patriarqi martri,
romelmac kaTedra 459 wels daiWira, xolo epistole konstantinopollis
459 wlis adgilobriv krebaze unda iyos Sedgenili iseve, rogorc am krebazea
Sedgenili krebis Tavmjdomarisa da konstantinopolis patriarqis genadi
konstantinopolis `sayovelTao anu `mrguliv mosavleli epistole simoniis
winaaRmdeg. amas isic unda adasturebdes, rom martvirisadmi gagzavnili
epistole kanonikur krebulSi yovelTvis genadis sayovelTao epistoles
mosdevs. ufro metic, epistolis avtori TviT genadi unda iyos, radgan epistole
pirvel pirSia dawerili da iseTi uZvelesi tradiciebis mqone sapatriarqos
meTaurisaTvis, rogoric antioqiis eklesia iyo, mxolod marTlmadidebluri
aRmosavleTis uzenaes saeklesio pirs konstantinopolis patriarqs SeeZlo
gaegzavna aseTi saprogramo epistole.
`didi sjuliskanoni, romelic am epistoles Seicavs, gamonakliss ar
warmoadgens. 14-titlovani nomokanonis im redaqciis 31 xelnawerSi, romelic
beneSeviCs gaerTianebuli aqvs `Reccensio Photio prototypa qveS, gamonaklisis
gareSe, es epistole aseve genadis sayovelTao epistolis Semdeg da aTanasi
aleqsandrielis rufinianes mimarT miwerili epistolis win aris Setanili4,
rogorc `did sjuliskanonSi, magram nomokanonis mTel rig redaqciebSi
am epistolis kvali ar Cans. 14-titlovani nomokanonis yvela redaqciis
1
2
3
4

.. , dasax. naSr. gv. 160.

Pitra, II, 183-187.
Sinod con sive Pandectae canonum Oxonii, 1672, II, damat., gv. 100.
.. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 160.

113

xelnawerebi ratom ar gviCvenebs am sakiTxSi iseT erTsulovnebas, rogorc es

Cans krebaTa kanonebisa da sxva kanonikuri epistoleebis mimarT?
garkveuli pasuxi am kiTxvaze gaWirdeba, magram erT garemoebas SeuZlia
nawilobriv Seasubuqos sakiTxis simZime:
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom martvirisadmi gagzavnili
epistole Sesavlis gareSe sityvasityviT meordeba konstantinepolis meore
msoflio krebis me-7 kanonSi. es naTelia qarTuli Targmanis mixedviTac.
amasTanave naTelia, rom konstantinopolis II msoflio krebis me-7 kanoni
warmoadgens dasaxelebuli epistolis Semoklebas da ara piriqiT.
rogorfc Cans, am epistolisagan Sedgenili kanoni konstantinopolis meore
msoflio krebis kanonebs ufro adre daemata, vidre dasaxelebuli epistole
TviTon iqneboda Setanili 14-titlovani nomokanonis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc
es SeiZleba davinaxoT 14-nomokanonis uZvelesi (I) redaqciis Sedgenilobis
safuZvelze1. dasaxelebuli epistole mogvianebiT, unda vifiqroT, 14-titlovani
nomokanonis mxolod garkveul nusxebSi Sevida da ver daimkvidra adgili
kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTad kodeqsSi, albaT, imitom, rom mis movaleobas
ukve asrulebda konstantinopolis II msoflio krebis me-7 kanoni.

6. `Seiswaveni, `sxolioni da sxvadasxva SeniSvnebi

`didi sjuliskanonis nusxebs aSiebze aqvT sxvadasxva saxis ganmartebiTi
minawerebi, romelTa umetesi nawili `Seiswavebad iwodeba da berZnuli dednis
analogiuri SeniSvnebis Targmans unda warmoadgendes. marTalia, nomokanonis
berZnuli gamocemani am SeniSvnebs ar uCveneben, magram beneSeviCis mowmobiT
berZnuli xelnawerebi maT didi odenobiT Seicaven2.
qarTuli nusxebis erTi nawili ABCDF aseTi `Seiswaves 150-ze met
erTeuls Seicavs, xolo Tu maT qarTuli nusxis mTargmnelisa Tu gadamwerTa
SeniSvnebsac daumatebT, maTi ricxvi 180-mde gaizrdeba (beneSeviCs erT-erT
berZnul xelnawerSi (Petropol.-66) 158 aseTi SeniSvna aqvs daTvlili gv.
145). EG nusxebs SeniSvnebis ricxvi kidev oriode aTeuliT aqvT gazdili da
es damaTebiTi SeniSvnebi modis sistematuri nawilis samoqalaqo kanonebis im
teqstze, romelic ABCDF nusxebSi ar aris (E nusxaSi `Seiswave xSirad ZiriTad
teqstSia CarTuli).
`Seiswaves ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba ama
Tu im kanonSi dasmul mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, ase magaliTad:
1 es iqidanac Cans, rom nomokanonis sistematur nawilSi sakiTxs, Tu rogor unda
moinaTlon sxvadasxva mwvaleblebi, pasuxobs II msoflio krebis m-7 kanoni da
martvirisadmi miwerili epistolis xsenebac ki ar aris (4 tit. Tavi 14).
2 .. , dasax. naSromi, gv. 145.

114

`Seiswave, viTarmed ara iqmnebis winamZRuari orTa monasterTa (A 16v da

yvela nusxaSi). `Seiswave, viTarmed mwvalebeli ver Seasmens episkopossa (A
61v).
`Seiswave, Tu rasa itys eriskacTaTs... (A 75r).
`Seiswave, yovelTave saxiTa saWiro da saTanado dasacvelad... (A 167r).
`Seiswave, Tu romelsa uwodis moZRuari qalwulad (A 203r) da sxva mravali.
SeniSvnebis udidesi nawili aseTi Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebisaa. sakmao
odenobiT gvxvdeba iseTi SeniSvnebic, romelnic azusteben kanonis Sinaarss an
komentaris daniSnuleba aqvT. movitanT ramdenime magaliTs:
`wesi ese mefisa iraklisi samRdeloTa msaxurTaTs, rameTu esreT ganaxlda
ese brZanebiTa misiTa, romel iqmna sergis mimarT wmidisa patriarqisa (A 21r.
da yvela nusxaSi).
`ara nikiisa krebisa ars ese, aramed sardikiisa mexuTe, vinaca awindelisa
amis krebis mamaTa umecrebiT Tques ese nikiisa krebisad, viTarca cxad hyofen
amis ZliTni ganCinebani (A 78v)...
`cxad ars, viTarmed qebaTa Sina (A 97r e.i. dakonkretebulia kanonSi
motanili citatis wyaro).
`ioanesa itys (A 190r).
`diodoresa mimarTsa itys epistolesa, romeli amasve wignsa Sina ars quemo
(A 204v).
`medarTa da elmwifebasa queSe myofTa dedaTaTs itys (A 206v) da sxva.
didi odenobiTaa komentatris Tu gadamwerTa emociebis gamomxatveli
mokle minawerebi: `Suenieri, `friad Suenieri, `saWiro da msgavsi. erTgan
saeklesio kanonis mier danaSaulisaTvis gamotanili sasjelis gaswvriv aSiaze
miwerilia ` saSineli (A 191r da sxva nusxebSic).
arc Tu micre odenobiTaa aSiaze miwerili vrceli komentarebi ama Tu im
saeklesio sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi komentarebi aqvs damatebiT EG nusxebs
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSiorebiT (ra aris kodiko, digestoni,
institucioni, neara, fisko, falkidoni da sxva mravali. yvela minawerisa da
`Seiswaves teqstebi fiqsirbulia gamocemuli teqstis sqolioebSi).
`didi sjuliskanonis nusxebis aSiebze mravalricxovan minawerTagan SeiZleba
gamoiyos mTargmenliseuli minawerebic, romelbic yvela qarTul nusxaSi gvaqvs.
maTi daniSnuleba gansxvavebulia berZnulidan Targmnili SeniSvnebisagan da
ZiriTadad leqsikuri erTeulebis ganmartebebs Seicavs.
qarTuli Targmanis teqstSi Sesul zogierT sityvas aSiaze damatebiT aseTi
ganmartebani axlavs:
`ezosmoZRuari... konomossa itys (A 72r) da yvela nusxaSi.
`Tanamosajuli vaqili (A 111r).

115

`marwuxi... kovzi saziarebeli (A 178v).

`maxiobelTa... xumarTa itys (A 93r).
`argia saxel ars adgilisa (A 201r).
`evlogia kurTxeulad iTargmnebis (A 58v).
`...fasosaman foTsa itys (A 157r) da sxva.
namdvilad qarTvel mTargmnels ekuTvnis aseTi SeniSvnebic:
`romelTagan erTad vhgoneb kulevasa Cuenisa weliwadis Tvisasa da zmnobasa
(zmnuasa C) marguelTa boslobisasa (A 150r).
teqstSi `saxlisa uflisa da moZRuarisa Cuenisasa niSani uzis pirvel
sityvas da aSiaze miwerilia `saxlisa ufali (o i) ars, nu vin scvlis - A (187r)
da danarCen nusxebSi.
sainteresoa C nusxis erT-erTi minaweri singuriT IV msoflio krebis
monawileTa xelmowerebis gaswvriv aSiaze. teqstSi weria: `aRapitos undoman
episkoposman qalaqisa [ ] salutarielTa samTavrosaman ganvasazRvre da
warvwere. qalaqis saxelisaTvis adgilia datovebuli. aSiaze: `amis
qalaqisa saxeli arca berZulisa dedasa ewera (C 386gv.). es SeniSvna `didi
sjuliskanonis arc erT danarCen nusxaSi ar aris, xolo qalaqis saxeli ki yvela
maTgans aklia, oRond Tavisufali adgili misTvis arc erT nusxaSi datovebuli ar
aris. am detals garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul nusxaTa urTierTmimarTebis
dasadgenad. es faqti erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom C nusxa danarCen nusxebTan
SedarebiT axlosaa `didi sjuliskanonis mTargmneliseul nusxasTan.
iseTi SeniSvnebi, romlebic calkeul qarTul nusxaTa gadamwerT ekuTvniT da
saerTo ar aris yvela qarTuli nusxisaTvis, xelnawerTa mokle aRwerilobebSi
vaCveneT da aq aRar gavimeorebT.

7. `didi sjuliskanoni da ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera

`didi sjuliskanonis yvela qarTul nusxaSi, garda C xelnawerisa, Setanilia
qarTuli originaluri kanonikuri mwerlobis Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli Zegli
- `Zegliswera ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebisa.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom `Zeglisweris nusxebi damoukidebeli saxiT ar
gvxvdeba da mxolod `didi sjuliskanonis nusxaTa damatebaSia Setanili.
bunebrivia am ori Zeglis erTad moTavseba.
ra
damokidebulebaSia
`Zegliaswera
berZnulidan
naTargmn
`did
sjuliskanonTan? Sedgenilia Tu ara misi kanonebi dasaxelebuli Targmnili
Zeglis zegavleniT? da Tu aseTi zegavlena igrZnoba, sargeblobda avtori
`didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli TargmaniT, Tu berZnuli dedniT? am sakiTxebis

116

garkvevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs `didi sjuliskanonis Targmnis drois zeda

sazRvris dasadgenad da `Zeglisweris wyaroTa sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis.
aq aRar SevCerdebiT `ZegliswerasTan dakavSirebul istoriis zogad
sakiTxebze, romlis Sesaxebac samecniero literaturaSi bevri dawerila,
SevexebiT mxolod sakiTxebs, romlebic garkveul koreqtivs moiTxovs, an
romlebic saerTod sustadaa damuSavebuli.
pirvelad akad. k. kekeliZem gamoTqva azri, rom `Zegliswera `didi
sjuliskanonis Targmnamdea Sedgenili1. am varaudis safuZvlad k. kekeliZe
asaxelebs im faqts, rom `Sedgeniloba sjuliskanonisa ruis-urbnisis krebis
ZeglisweriT ganirCeva arsenis Targmanis redaqciisagan, magaliTad, ZeglisweraSi
araa aRniSnuli sardikiis kreba, agreTve grigol RmrTismetyvelisa da amfiloqe
ikonielis kanonni, martri antioqielisa da aTanase aleqsandrielis epistoleni.
arsenis TargmanSi araa moxseniebuli vasili didis 85 kanoni, sxvadasxvanairadaa
CamoTvlili am wyaroebSi vasilis epistolenic2. iv. javaxiSvilic aRniSnavs,
rom k. kekeliZes yovelive `samarTlianad aRniSnuli aqvs3.
ramdenad gasaziarebelia am SeniSvnaze agebuli varaudi, rom `Zegliswera ar
icnobs `didi sjuliskanonis qarTul Targmans da gansxvavebanic am mizeziTaa
gamowveuli?
`ZeglisweraSi warmodgenili saeklesio krebaTa da mamaTa epistoleebis
kanonTa sia marTlac gansxvavebulia `didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi teqstis
Sedgenilobisagan: sardikiis kreba, grigol RmrTismetyvelisa, amfiloqe
ikonielisa, martri antioqelisadmi miwerili da aTanase aleqsandrielis
epistoleni `Zeglisweris siaSi ar aris naxsenebi, xolo `didi sjuliskanonis
ZiriTadi teqsti ki uklebliv Seicavs maT. TiTqos sworia k. kekeliZis
varaudi, rom `Zeglisweris sia `didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli nusxidan
ar unda iyos aRebuli, radgan sruliad ver gadmoscems mis Sedgenilobas,
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: `Zeglisweris avtori sargeblobs `didi
sjuliskanonis ara ZiriTadi teqstiT, aramed misi Sesavali statiebis im
adgilebiT, sadac CamoTvlilia, romelma krebam da romelma saeklesio moRvawem
ramdeni kanoni dadgina. `didi sjuliskanonis Sesaval nawilSi ori aseTi siaa:
pirveli, romelic Cven mier ganxilul ioane sqolastikosis 50 titlovani
kanonikuri krebulis avtoriseul winasityvaobas erTvis. aq msolod pirveli
aTi saeklesio krebaa CamoTvlili (boloa qalkedonis kreba) da basili didis
kanonebia dasaxelebuli. meore, romelSic dasaxelebul aT krebas karTagenis
krebis kanonebi da saeklesio mamTa mier dasxmuli kanonebis CamoTvlac emateba.
1 qarTuli literat. istoria, I, 1960, gv. 284.
2 qarTuli literat. istoria, I, 1960, gv. 284.
3 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 29.

117

`Zeglisweras orive siiT usargeblia: pirveli siidan pirveli aTi saeklesio

krebis dasxeleba (nikiis, ankriis, neokesariis, Rangris, antioqiis, laodikiis,
konstantinopolis meore msoflios da qalkedonis krebebi. sardikiis
gamotovebulia) iseTive sisruliTaa warmodgenili `ZeglisweraSi, rogoerc
es am siaSi gvaqvs. amasTanave `ZeglisweraSi ankriis krebis kanonTa ricxvi
ocdaoTxia. aseTi ricxvi ankriis krebis kanonebisa mxolod ioane sqolastikosis
krebulis winasityvaobaSia mocemuli, berZnuli 14-tit. nomokanonisa da
qarTuli `sjuliskanonis yevla nusxa sarCevSi Tu kanonTa ZiriTad teqstSi
yvelgan 25-s aCvenebs. sqolastikosis winasityvaobis qarTul nusxaSi, romeli
`didi sjuliskanonis erT-erT Sesaval statias warmoadgens, yvela qarTuli
xelnaweri 24 kanons asaxelebs (mxolod G xelnawerSia 25. rogorc aRvniSneT,
es nusxa berZnuli dednis mixedviT gviandeli nasworebia), aseve neokesariis
krebis kanonTa ircxvi `Zeglisweris mixedviT aris 14, maSin rodesac `didi
sjuliskanonis ZiriTad teqstSi am krebis 15 kanonia warmodgenili. swored
14 kanoniTaa warmodgenili neokesariis kreba sqolastikosis winasityvaobis
erT-erT uZveles qarTul C nusxaSi (agreTve F-Si) da `didi sjuliskanonis
winasityvaobaze darTul kanonTa siis yvela qarTul xelnawerSi (gamonaklisia
isev C nusxa, ris mizezic zemoT aRvniSneT).
`didi sjuliskanonis Sesaval nawilSi warmodgenili kanonTa meore siidan
unda aeRo `Zeglisweris Semdgenels karTagenis krebis dasaxeleba da mamaTa
epistoleebis kanonebi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom dasaxelebuli sia 14-titlovani
kanonikuri krebulis uZvelesi VIIs. redaqciis Sedgenilobas gadmogcvems da
amitom am siaSi ar aris Setanili VI, VII msoflio da konstantinopolis ori
adgilobrivi krebis (861 da 879ww.) kanonebi, agreTve im wmida mamebis epistoleebi,
romlebic k. kekeliZes aqvs dasaxelebuli grigoli RmrTismetyvelis,
amfiloqe ikonielis, aTanase aleqsandrielisa da martri antioqelisadmi
gagzavnili epistoleebi. amitom ar moxvda `Zeglisweris siaSi dasaxelebuli
mamaTa epistoleebi: `Zeglisweras rom `didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi teqstiT
esargebla da ara dasaxelebuli siiT, maSin es masala ueWvelad moxvdeboda
`Zeglisweris siaSi.
k. kekeliZe samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `ZeglisweraSi ar aris naxsenebi
sardikiis kreba, magram marto es faqti ar gamodgeba imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
`Zegliswera kanonikuri kodeqsis Sedgenilobis gadmosacemad iyenebs `didi
sjuliskanonisagan gansxvavebul nomokanonis romeliRac redaqcias, radgan,
rom araferi vTqvaT `didi sjuliskanonis qarTul nusxebze, ar arsebobs
arc berZnul enaze arc erTi kanonikuri krebuli, 14-titlovani iqneba is,
50-titlovani an Tundac sinopsisuri, romelic ar Seicavdes sardikiis krebis

118

kanonebs. aq erTaderTi axsna SeiZleba iyos is, rom `Zeglisweris avtors es

kreba ubralod gamorCa.
k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom `arsenis TargmanSi (e.i. `did sjulsikanonSi
e.g.) araa moxseniebuli vasili didis 85 kanoni... es martivi asaxsnelia:
`ZeglisweraSi dasaxelebuli `didisa basilis kanonni oTxmeocdaxuTni
warmoadgens `didi sjuliskanonis meore siaSi warmodgenil `basili
episkoposisa kesaria-kappadukiisa amfiloqe ikonielTa episkoposisa mimarT
samTa kanonianTa epistoleTagan kanonni p d (84) da iqve aRniSnuli `missive
sxsa epistolisa missive amfiloqe ikonielisa mimarT miwerilisagan kanoni
a (1) kanonebis jams, oRond adresatis dausaxeleblad. am SemTxvevaSi
iseTive suraTi gvaqvs, rogorc petre aleqsandrielis kanonebis mimarT:
`ZeglisweraSi 15 kanonia dasaxelebuli, xolo `didi sjuliskanonis
SesavalSi misi `sinanulisaaTs Tqumulisa sitysagan kanonni id (14) da
`missive paseqisaTs Tqumulisa sitysagan kanoni a (1), e.i. sul 15. xolo rac
Seexeba basilis danarCeni epistoleebis CamoTvlaSi gansxvavebas `Zegliswerasa
da `did sjuliskanons Soris, rac xazgasmuli aqvs k.kekeliZes, aRvniSnavT,
rom `ZeglisweraSi es epistoleebi zustad isea CamoTvlili, rogorc es `didi
sjuliskanonis Sesaval statiaSi gvaqvs.
SeiZleba mainc dagvebados eWvi, rom `Zegliswera dawerilia `didi
sjuliskanonis qarTulad Targmnamde da avtorma nomokanonis anu ZiriTadi
kanonikuri kodeqsis Sedgenilobis gadmosacemad gamoiyena romeliRac berZnuli
xelnaweris is monacemebi, romelSic Sesavali statiebi iseve iyo, rogorc `didi
sjuliskanonis nusxebSi gvaqvs. aris raime xelisSesaxebi faqtebi, romlebic
daamtkiceben `Zeglisweris mier `didi sjuuliskanonis qarTuli nusxebiT
sargeblobis aucileblobas?
`ZeglisweraSi vkiTxulobT: `ese arian Sekrebani wmidaTa da saeklesioTa
kanonTani, dabeWdulni da damarxulni Tnier yovlisa Sematebisa da moklebisa,
da amaTi mecniereba da Sedgoma da mtkiced pyroba ums yovelTa winamZRuarTa
qristianobiTisa madideblobisaTa: mRdelmTavarTa da mRdelTa da diakonTa da
Cuen Soris moZRurad saxeldebulTa maTca monazonTa da... erTbamad yovelsa
savsebasa marTlmadidebelTa eklesiisasa1. eWvi ar aris, rom dasaxelebuli
kodeqsi saxelmZRvanelod aris aRiarebuli am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli
eklesiisaTvis, radgan misi `mecniereba, `Sedgoma da mtkiced pyroba, rac
qarTveli mkiTxvelis sayurasdRebodaa naTqvami `Zeglisweris avtoris mier,
`sjuliskanonis qarTuli Targmanis arsebobas unda gulisxmobdes, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Zneli dasajerebelia, rom qarTvel `mRvdelmTavarTa, `mRdelTa
1 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo
prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 112.

119

da `diakonTa am Zeglis berZnuli dedniT sargebloba ase kategoriulad

moeTxovebodes.
erTi konkretuli magaliTi ufro sarwmunod xdis varauds, rom `Zegliswera
sargeblobs `didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli TargmaniT. `ZeglisweraSi,
sadac CamoTvlilia `didi sjuliskanonis (an ufro sworad, 14-titlovani
nomokanonis) Sedgeniloba, sxva statiebis ricxvSi dasaxelebulia `filoTeos
aleqsandrielisa RmrTis gamoCinebisaTs Tqumulisagan1. `didi sjuliskanonis
qarTul Targmansa da 14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnuli xelnawerebis
ZiriTad teqstSi, marTlac, Setanilia dasaxelebuli kanoni, oRond avtors
`Teofileos aleqsandrieli ewodeba, rac igivea, magram sainteresoa, saidan
gaCnda `ZeglisweraSi es saxeli `filoTeos-is formiT?
wyaro SesaZlebelia iyos mxolod da mxolod `didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli
Targmanis Sesavali nawilis zemodasaxelebuli kanonTa sia, sadac Cvenamde
moRweuli yvela uZvelesi nusxa am saxels `filoTeos-is formiT xmarobs,
xolo berZnuli xelnawerebi Sesabamis siaSi gamonaklisis gareSe - `Teofiles
(gamonaklisia mxolod G xelnaweri, romelic gviandeli nasworebia berZnuli
nusxis mixedviT).
amrigad, naTelia, rom berZnuli saxelis `Teofiles `filoTeosad
gadakeTeba qarTul niadagze moxda da amdenad `Zegliswerac `didi
sjuliskanonis qarTul nusxas eyrdnoba da ara berZnuls.
da mainc yvelaze naTeli dasturi imisa, rom `Zeglisweris erT-erTi ZiriTadi
wyaro `didi sjuliskanonia, am ZeglTa teqstobrivi urTierTmimarTebis
magaliTebia.
`Zeglisweris~: zogierTi kanoni ama Tu im danaSaulis gamo konkretul
sasjels ki ar asaxelebs, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo Zeglisweris sxva
kanonebis, an msoflio da adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa mier miRebuli kanonebis
msgavsad, aramed miuTiTebs `didi sjuliskanonSi Sesul sxvaadsxva ganwesebaze:
mag., `Zeglisweris me-5 kanonSi vkiTxulobT: `xolo qrTamisaTvis da safasisa,
romelsa miiReben elTdamsxmelni elTdasxmulTagan zemoTganisa wmidaTa
mociqulTa da mamaTa mocemisaebr ganinebad vikadrebT Cuenca2. aq naTladaa
naCvenebi, rom am kanonis dadgenisas ruis-urbnisis kreba eyrdnoba aRniSnul
kodeqss da pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom sasjeli gamotanilia mociqulTa 29 kanonis
Sesabamisad, xolo `mamaTa mocmeisaebr ganCineba-Si ki igulisxmeba sxavdasxva
saeklesio krebTa mier mociqulTa kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamotanili
kanonebi (msoflio da adgilobriv krebebs saTaurSive ewodebaT `wmida
mamaTa krebebi) da saeklesio moRvaweTa epistoleebi, romlebic 14-titlovan
1 iqve, gv. 111.
2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 116.

120

nomokanonSi Sevida. amasTanave `zemoTganisa-Si SeiZleba asaxuli iyos is

faqti, rom `Zegliswera Tavidanve gansazRvruli iyo `didi sjuliskanonis
erT-erTi nusxis damatebad da es sityva SeiZleba miuTiTebdes `Zeglisweris
teqstze win moTavsebul `didi sjuliskanonis teqstze, romelic Seicavs am
citataSi dasaxelebul mociqulTa da `mamaTa kanonebs, Tu, ra Tqma unda, am
sityvaSi ar igulisxmeba `ZeglisweraSi warmodgenili kanonikuri kodeqsis
Sedgeniloba.
Semdeg, `Zeglisweris me-13 kanoni, rmelic krZalavs yovelgvari saero
da savaWro saqmeebisaTvis eklesiaSi Sekrebas, gamotanilia `wmida ammaTa da
krebaTa miTiTebaTa safuZvelze1. `Zeglisweris me-6 kanoni, romelic exeba
samRdelo WurWlisa da SewirulebaTa xelSeuxeblobas, aRniSnavs: `ganvawesebT
SedgomiTa wmidaTa kanonTa2.
`Zeglisweris me-16 kanoni krZalavs marTlmadideblis mwvalebelTan
SeuRlebas da am kanonis damrRvevi `ganikanonebis igi pirvelTqumuliTa amiT
kanoniTa3.
xSiria `Zegliswerisa da `didi sjuliskanonis teqstobriv-Sinaarsobrivi
Tanxvedris SemTxvevebi, maTgan Cven oriode magaliTiT davkmayofildebiT:
`Zeglisweris me-5 kanoni
`xolo qrTamisaTs da safasisa, romelsa miiReben elTdamsxmelni
elTdasxmulTagan, zemoTganisa wmidaTa mociqulTa da mamaTa mocemisaebr
ganCinebad vikadrebT Cuenca, raTa moispos egeviTari igi eklesiisagan da
aRikveTos mRdelobisagan makurTxevlisa Tsisa Tana... da SeiCuenos, viTarca
smeon mog petre mociqulisagan4.
mociqulTa 29-e kanoni
`ukueTu vinme episkoposi samarTa mier dampyrobel iqmnes pativsa missa, anu
xucesi anu diakoni, ganikueTen igica da elTdamsxmelnica misi da moekueTen
yovlad yovliTurT ziarebisagan, viTarca simon mog Cem petresagan.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am sakiTxSi mociqulTa damowmebul kanons imeorebs VI
msofl. krebis 22 da 23 kanonebic `romelnica wargebiTa samarTaTa, ese igi ars
qrTamiTa elTdasxmul iqmnen, ginaTu episkoposi, anu romlisaca samRdelosa
dasisagani... ganikueTen, viTarca smon mogsa Surisa da sacTurisa da borotisa
moqmedisa ziari.
Zeglisweris me-9 kanoni
`xolo meoreTa grgnTa makurTxeveli xucesi samxrobad nu mivals maT
Tana.
1
2
3
4

iqve, gv. 119.

iqve, gv. 117.
iqve, gv. 120.
qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 120.

121

neokesariis me-7 kanoni

`xucesi qorwilsa meored qorwinebulTasa nu Tana-meinae eqmnebis
samxrobasa.
msgavsi magaliTebi, romelTagan mxolod mcireodeni aRvniSneT garkveuli
mizezebis gamo, iZlevian safuZvels `Zegliswera `didi sjuliskanonis
qarTuli teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT Camoyalibebul Zeglad miviCnioT. amjerad
Cven `ZegliswerasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan mxolod erT sakiTxs mis
damokidebulebas `didi sjuliskanonis qarTul TargmanTan SevexeT, xolo
TviT am umniSvnelovanesi originaluri kanonikuri Zeglis yovelmxrivi Seswavla
momavlis gadaudebeli saqmea1.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom `didi sjuliskanonis erTerTi uZvelesi nusxa C (A - 124), am Zeglis danarCeni qarTuli nusxebisagan
gansxvavebiT, damatebiTi statiebis ricxvSi ar Seicavs `Zeglisweras,
safiqrebelia im mizeziT, rom am xelnaweris, Tu misi dednis gadaweris dros
`Zegliswera jer kidev ar arsebobda.
maSasadame, `didi sjuliskanoni Targmnilia ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis
mowvevamde. ruis-urbnisis krebis TariRad qarTul samecniero literaturaSi
damkvidrebulia 1103w., romelic, Cveni azriT, koreqtivs moiTxovs.
ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mowvevis TariRi arcerT saistorio wyaroSi
aRniSnuli ar aris. pirveli istorikosi, romelmac scada gaerkvia krebis
TariRi daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriaze dayrdnobiT, vaxuSti batoniSvili iyo:
...Semdgomad gamovidnen frangni, aRiRes ierusalimi welsa 1101, qarTulsa 321.
amasve welsa aRiRo cixe zedazeni mefeman krike mefisagan, Semdgomad weliwadisa
miicvala krike da dasves Zmiswuli misi aRsarTan, aramed ganixila mefeman,
rameTu saxlni RvTisani qvab avazakTa qmnil iyvnen, mwyemsni, aramed mgelni,
amisTs Sehkribna kaTalikos-episkoposni da samRdeloni mamulisa Tsisani da
sxva kerZonica, hqmna kreba wesa 1103 wels, qarTulsa 3232.
amave TariRs asaxelebs yvela mkvlevari, romelsac am krebis Sesaxeb
specialurad, Tu gakvriT hqonia saubari. iv. javaxiSvili, eyrdnoba ra daviTis
istoriis imave adgils, romlis Sinaaris vaxuStis istoriis mixedviT zemoT
movitaneT, aRniSnavs, rom daviT mefem krikes zedaznis cixe waarTva qoronikonsa
323 e.i. 1101w. aq TvanaTliv Cans, rom 323 qoronikonis gamoangariSebaSi
meqanikuri Secdomaa daSvebuli, radgan 323 q-ni udris ara 1101w., aramed 1103w.
rogor avxsnaT, rom xsenebul istorikosTa naSromebSi erTi da igive wyarodan
1 `Zeglisweris zogierTi sakiTxi (avtorisa da wyaroTa zogadi mimoxilva) ganxiluli
gvaqvs statiaSi `ruis-urbnisis `Zeglisweris avtoris vinaobisaTvis (k. kekeliZis
sax. xelnawerTa institutis XIV samecn. sesiis Tezisebi, Tb., 1972). am Zeglis Seswavlis
Sedegebze ix. e. gabiZaSvili, ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~, Tbilisi, 1978 w.
2 vaxuSti batoniSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1885, gv. 174.

122

aRebuli qoronikoni gansxvavebulia, vaxuStiT 321, javaxiSviliT 323. Tu

pirveli qoronikoni sworia, daaxloebiTi gamoangariSebiT ruis-urbnisis
kreba, marTlac 1103w. mouwveviaT, xolo Tu 323 qoronikonia ufro zusti,
maSin kreba 1105w. Semdgara. qoronikonis dasaxelebaSi arc erTi istorikosi
ar cdeba: qarTlis cxovrebis nusxebi TviT gansxvavdebian variantulad
erTmaneTisagan dasaxelebuli qoronikonis gadmocemaSi. qoronikoni 323,
romelsac iv. javaxiSvili uTiTebs, gvaqvs erTaderT, magram yvelaze uZveles
nusxaSi anaseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi (Q795), xolo vaxuSti eyrdnoba erT im
mravalricxovan gviandel nusxaTagans, romelic 321 qoronikons uCvenebs (aqve
aRvniSneT, rom WalaSviliseuli da mariamiseuli qarTlis cxovrebis nusxebSi
es qoronikoni saerTod ar aris dasaxelbuli).
amrigad, imave meTodiT, rogorc es vaxuStis da iv. javaxiSvils aqvT
gamoangariSebuli, da 323 qoronikonze dayrdnobiT ruis-urbnisis saeklesio
kreba 1105w. mouwveviaT.
aqedan gamomdinare, `didi sjuliskanoni qarTulad 1105 wlamde ruisurbnisis saeklesio krebis mowvevamdea Targmnili.
varaudi, rom `Zegliswera didi sjuliskanonis gaTvalsiwinebiTaa Sedgenili,
niuxedavad argumentTa simravlisa, ver xsnis `ZeglisweraSi ZiriTadi
kanonikuri kodeqsis Sedgenilobis zogierT ucnaurobebs da aSkara Secdomebs:
1. sardikiis krebis dausaxeleblobis gamo ukve aRvniSneT.
2. `Zeglisweris mixedviT laodikiis krebis 21 kanonia dasaxelebuli. aseTi
wyaros arseboba aSkarad gamoricxulia, radgan yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe
berZnuli da qarTuli wyaroebi yovelTvis 59 kanons gviCvenebs. aq `Zeglisweris
avtoris an nusxaTa gadamweris SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme.
3. nikiis meore msoflio kreba `ZeglisweraSi msoflio krebad ar aris
dasaxelebuli da amasTanave 18 kanoni miewereba da ara 22, rogorc es unda iyos.
am Secdomis mizezi SeiZleba iyos C A-124 nusxis msgavsi xelnaweri, romelic
Sesaval statiaSi nikiis meore krebas 17 kanons miawers, xolo ZiriTad teqstSi
CamoTvlis 17 kanonis teqsts, i (18) kanonis cifrobriv maCvenebels svams
da Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom aq am xelnaweris dedans akldao. saniSnebelia, rom
dasaxelebul SesavalSi `didi sjuliskanonis nusxebi arc nikiis meore da arc
sxva msoflio krebaTa aRniSvnisas ar xmaroben `msoflio krebas.
4. `ZeglisweraSi konstantinopolis 879 wlis krebas meSvide msoflio
kreba ewodeba. marTalia, aseTi saxelwodebiT am krebas ar asaxelebs arc erTi
berZnuli da qarTuli wyaro, magram es SeiZleba imis gamoZaxili iyos, rom es
kreba mis mier dagenil kanonTa teqstebSi ramdenimejer Tavis Tavs msoflio
krebas uwoddebs, magram mas merve msoflio krebis pretenzia hqonda da ara
meSvidisa, romlis kanonebs TviTon amtkicebs.

123

`Zeglisweris aq wamoWrili sakiTxebi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs, raTa

dadgindes am SecdomTa Tu gansxvavebaTa mizezebi da wyaroebi.

teqstisaTvis
winamdebare gamocemisaTvis gamoviyeneT `didi sjuliskanonis uZvelesi
xelnawerebi: A-76, XIIs., A-124, XIs., quT. 25, XIIs.; A-171, XIIIs., quT. 17, XIIIs.,
A-1102, XIIIs., H-1670, XIII-XIVss. da A-1116, XV-XVIss. (Tavbolonakluli
nusxa). ZiriTad nusxad aRebulia A-76 k. kekeliZis miTiTebis Tanaxmad. danarCen
nusxaTa variantuli Cvenebani sqolioebSia asaxuli. ZiriTadi nusxis mcdari
wakiTxvebi sxva nusxaTa swori formebiTaa gasworebuli, xolo ZirTadi nusxis
Cveneba sqolioSia Catanili. `didi sjuliskanonis gviandeli nusxebi (A-9,
A-741, H-1376, Q-53, A-1402, quT. 26) XVIIIs. xelnawerebia da teqstis dadgenisas
mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli, radgan isini Zveli nusxebis aslebs warmoadgens
da maTi variantuli sxvaobani gadamwerTa mier daSvebuli SecdomebiTa da
orTografiuli siWreliT Semoifargleba. originalobiT gamoirCeva mxolod
A-741 nusxa, romelSic ar aris Sesavali statiebi da sistematuri nawili
kanonTa teqstebis bolosaa gadatanili (warmoadgens A-124 nusxis asls).
gamocemaSi teqsti imave TanamimdevrobiTaa warmodgenili, rogorc ZiriTad
xelnawerebSia. gamonaklisia daSvebuli `pavle mociqulisa da `petre da
pavles kanonTa teqstebisaTvis, romlebic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, `didi
sjulsikanonis zogierTi nusxis gviandel danamats warmoadgenen, amitom
uxerxulad CavTvaleT teqsts dasaxelebuli statiebiT dawyeba da, Cvenis azriT,
Sesaferisi adgili mivuCineT: gadavitaneT `mociqulTa kanonebis Semdeg, Tanac,
ZiriTadi teqstisagan gamoyofis mizniT, petitiT warmovadgineT. aqve davsZenT,
rom dasaxelebul statiaTa teqstis dadgenisaTvis, garda A da G nusxebisa,
gamoviyeneT A-737 XIVs. xelnawerSi daculi am statiebis teqstebic, romlebic
sqolioebSi N literiTaa warmodgenili. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am statiebis
farglebSi ZiriTad xelnawerad G nusxaa gamoyenebuli, romelSic XIII-XIVss.
teqstia mocemuli, radgan A nusxaSi warmodgenili igive teqsti gacilebiT
gviandelia (XVIs.).
`didi sjuliskanonis sistematuri nawilis EG nusxebSi warmodgenili
samoqalaqo kanonTa Semcveli teqstis is nawili, romelic arsen iyalToelis
Targmanis teqstTan SedarebiT metia da, rogorc aRvniSneT, gviandeli
Targmnilia, gansxvavebuli SriftiTaa warmodgenili, rac mkiTxvels
gauadvilebs Tavdapirveli Targmanisagan gviandelis gamoyofas da misi
moculobis gansazRvras. amasTanave teqstis am monakveTSi ZiriTad nusxad
aRebulia G xelnaweri, radganac is E nusxasTan SedarebiT sruladaa daculi.

124

teqstSi varskvlavebiTaa (*) aRniSnuli da sqolioebSi naCvenebi: 1) teqstis

is monakveTi an sityva,romelsac ekuTvnis xelnawerebis aSiebze miwerili
`Seiswaveni da SeniSvnebi, 2) Zveli da axali `aRTqmis wignebidan amoRebuli
citatebi, Tu maTi perifrazi, 3) teqstis gamocemasTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebi.
teqstis variantul kiTxva-sxvaobaTa Cvenebisas Segnebulad avuareT gverdi
teqstSi im sityvis cifrebiT aRniSvnas, romelsac sqolioSi varianti moepoveba,
da gamoviyeneT striqonTa saTvalavis sistema.
sqolioSi yovelTvis araa naCvenebi im sityvaTa variantebi, romelTa xmarebas
garkveul nusxebSi sistematuri xasiaTi aqvs; mag. konstantinupoli, laudikia AG nusxebSi; ebiskoposi, ebistole, Sjuli C nusxaSi da sxva.
berZnulTan SedarebiT qarTuli nusxebis nakluli adgilebi araa berZnuli
nusxebis mixedviT aRdgenili. qarTuli xelnawerebis Cveneba gasworebulia
berZnuli gamocemebis mixedviT mxolod maSin, Tuki am Cvenebas qarTul nusxaTagan
erTi mainc uWers mxars. gamonaklisia daSvebuli VI msoflio krebis me-2
kanonis im adgilisaTvis, sadac gamotovebulia petre aleqsandrielis saxeli,
radgan am kanonSi warmodgenilia am droisaTvis moqmedi ZiriTadi kanonikuri
krebulis Sedgeniloba da qarTuli nusxebis xarvezis Seusworeblad datoveba
uxerxulobas Seqmnida. ar aris gasworebuli iseTi Secdomebic, romlebic
dednis Sesabamisi adgilis araswori gagebis niadagzea aRmocenebuli, xolo
qarTuli nusxebi ki variantul wakiTxvebs ar iZleva. mag., berZnuli
warmoadgens erT-erTi eklesiis saxelwodebas, xolo qarTul TargmanSi ki
gvaqvs `sayudlisasa, aseve mTargmnels ori sxvadasxva piris
saxelebad miuCnevia da `da kavSiriT gauyvia `flabiossa da evagressa,
, rac `Tavisuflebas niSnavs, sakuTar saxelad - `elefTeri aris
gagebuli da sxv.
berZnuli gamocemebis mixedviT mxolod `ganwesebani yovlad wm. mociqulisa
pavlesni da `ganwesebani... petre da pavlesni davmuxleT, radganac qarTuli
Targmani daumuxlavad aris warmodgenili.
gamocmeuli teqstis aSiebze miwerili ricxvebi ZiriTadi (A) nusxis gverdebs
uCvenebs, xolo sistematuri nawilis im teqstisaTvis, romelic mxolod EG
xelnawerebSi gvaqvs, gverdebi naCvenebia G xelnaweris mixedviT da amitom
gverdebis aRmniSvnel ricxvebs win G literi uzis.
sqolioebSi ar vaCveneT calkeul nusxaTa is minawerebi, romlebsac `didi
sjuliskanonis teqstTan kavSiri ara aqvT da umetesad TviT xelnawerTa
istorias asaxaven. es minawerebi qvemoT xelnawerTa mokle aRwerilobebSi aris
motanili.
bolos saWirod migvaCnia ganvmartoT xelnawerTa fondebis aRmniSvneli
pirobiTi niSnebi:

125

A yof. `saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, amJamad xelnawerTa

institutis fondi.
H yof. `saqarT, saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis muzeumis
xelnawerTa fondi, amJamad xelnawerTa institutis fondi.
quT. quTaisis saistorio-saeTnografio muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi.

xelnawerTa mokle aRweriloba

A (A-76)
qaRaldi, 312 furceli (zoma 31,7X24, teqsti 24,3X16) bolo restavraciis
Semdeg gakeTebuli paginaciiT. rveulebis saTvalavi me-4 furclidan 250 furc.
CaTvliT ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT a l a (bolo rveulSi 7 furcelia);
nusxuri, naweria or svetad; TiToeul svetSi 32 striqoni. ZiriTadi teqsti
XIIs. (4 _ 250 furclebi): 1 _ 3 furclebi XVIs. xeliT (bolo, me-3 furc.
v-ze dawerilia mxolod I svetis ori mesamedi); WvirniSani ara aqvs. 251r-311v
dawerilia XVIs. xeliT, or svetad, 32-33 striqoni TiToeuli (SesaZlebelia,
igive xeli iyos, rac 1_3 furclisa, oRond ufro wvrilad naweri; WvirniSniani).
311v-312r dauwerelia. am gverdebze mravladaa sxvadasxva droisa da saxis
minawerebi. 251r-dan grZeldeba rveulebis saTvalavi l b l T (bolo rveulSi
6 furcelia). 250v- ze ZirTadi teqstis xeliT gadamweris SeniSvna - `dideba...
RmerTsa, romelman srul-yo migvaniSnebs, rom Tavdapirveli teqsti, romelic
iwyeboda 4r ze (`Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa...), mTavrdeboda 250v- ze
`Zegliswera wmidisa da RmrTiv Sekrebulisa krebisa-s bolo sityvebiT. e.i.
Zveli teqsti sruli saxiT aris gadarCenili.
xelnaweri, garda `didi sjuliskanonis ZiriTadi teqstisa, Seicavs
damatebiT statiebs:
1. `Zegliswera ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebisa (ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT
250v).
2. `kanoni meequse karTagens Sina SekrebulTa oras aTSdmetTa netarTa mamaTa,
raTa sacxebeli xucesTa mier ara iqmnebodis (250r - 255v es da momdevno
statiebi XVIs. nusxuriT).
3. `kanoni meSde karTagens SekrebulTa oras aTSdmetTa RmrTiv-SemosilTa
mamaTa ZrTa Sina STavrdomilTa dagebisaTs (255v 260r).
4.
`karTagenis
Sinasa
wmidisa
krebisa
kanonTa
ormeocdamesame
`SemnanebelTaTs (260r-280v).
5. `kanoni sameocdamecxre wmidaTa mociqulTa oTxSabaT-paraskevTaTs
(280v-299v).

126

6. `kanonni SecodebulTani, aRwerili netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ioanes mier

konstantinepolel mTavarepiskoposisa, romelsa ewoda mmarxvel (299v-304r).
7. `kanonni SecodebulTani, ganwesebulni mamisa Cuenisa ioane mmarxvelisa
mier konstantinepolel patriarqisa (304r-309v).
8. `kanonni dRiTi-dRedTa codvaTani, viTarca wmidaman basili ganmiwesa
(309v-311r).
minawerebi: teqstis xeliT gadamweris SeniSvnebi:
1. `sxua vin daepyras amas zanduksa, Tu ara me davesen (35r).
2. `dideba da madli RmerTsa, romelman srul-yo (250r).
3. `mweralo, aqa frTxilad (194r).
4. gviandeli xeliT, mxedruliT: `rjulis kanoni ekuTvnis dids mcxeTis
soboros Cyne (1855) wells (1r, 11r, 21r, 36r, 60r, 71r, 91r, 112r, 133r, 154r, 175r, 196r,
214r, 235r, 255r, 276r, 298r, 311r).
5. gviandeli nusxuriT, Savi melniT: `iesu RmerTo, Seiwyale codvili uRirsi
beri xariton, amin da vinca brZanoT, vinca Segiwyalnes RmerTman. amin, ufalo,
iesu RmerTo (126v).
6. XVII sauk. nusxuriT: `ieso qriste, Seiwyale suli friad codvilisa, mona
RmrTisa tfileli ioseb (`didmouravianis avtori, 249r).
7. RmerTo, nu wamwymed codvilsa mcxeTis kandelaks petres, q ks u z (1719w.),
petre (xelrTva, 257v).
8. teqstis bolo nawilis gadamweris xeliT (XVIs.) `dideba da madli
RmerTsa, romelman srul-yo (311r).
9. iqve, gviandeli mxedruliT: `samas cxra furcelia srulebiT. amas garda
sami furceli kidev Tavsa Zevs mociqulTa kanoni petresi da pavlesi.
10. mxedruliT: `q. welsa 1831 rac aq yovelTa krebulTagan kanonebia
dasxmuli, yovelive TiToeulad Seemowma Tavis winasityvaobiT rusuls kormCis
wigns mxolod eseni, rac aq sweria, Tnier qarTvelT krebisa, vinadgan ese
sakuTrad saqarTevlosa da ara msoflio. m (Rdel)-m(onazoni) tarasi. ioxeT,
wmidano mamano (311v).
(tarasi, arqimandriti kavTisxevis monastrisa, XIXs. I naxevris cnobili
moRvawea).
11. gviandeli nusxuriT: `ese sjuliskanoni me, anCisxatis kandelaks daviT,
Tamazxan rom qalaqSi Semovida, mesame dRes davixsen TaTrisagan. sveticxovlisa
iyo da isev sveticxovelsa Sevwire sulisa Cemisa saxsrad da Zisa Cemisa miqelis
sadRegrZelod. Sendobasa brZanebdeT (311v).
(Tamaz-xanis (1524-1576ww.) Semoseva saqarTveloze da Tbilisis aoxreba 1536
wels moxda).

127

12. XVIs. mxedruliT: `q. Semogwire me, vaCnasZeman roinis Svilma, boqaulT
uxucesma ioram, ese wigni sjuliskanoni Tquen wmidasa da caTa mobaZavsa
saydarsa, suetsa RmrTiv aRmarTebulsa, kuarTsa sameufosa da mironsa wmidasa
sulisa Cuenisa saxsrad da CuenTuis sadRegrZelod. mas Jamsa, rodes mefe batoni
suimon urumTagan datyuevda da Cuen xuanTqarTana elCad wavediT, da ese wigni
datyuevebuli vipoveT da davixseniT da viyideT oTxmeoc flurad, movitaneT da
SevswireT suetsa coxvelsa CuenTuis sadRegrZelod da sulisa Cuenisa saxsrad.
RmerTo da sueto RTiv aRmarTebulo, Seiwire Cuengan mcire ese Sesawiravi da nu
dagusji dResa mas gankiTxvisa Cuenisasa, amin. (312r).
(svimon I (1558-1569ww.) daatyveves 1569w.).
13. ufro gviandeli gaurkveveli mxedruliT leqsis magvari teqsti; ikiTxeba
mxolod fragmentulad, rasac misdevs uSnod naweri mxwedruliT: `me qarTlis
kaTalikozman davswyevle gurgena garayanis Ze (212r-v). momdevno teqsti, albaT,
wyevlaa gaurkvevelia.
14. vefxistyaosnis erTi strofi (908-e akad. gamocemis mixedviT) XVIIIs.
xeliT (313v).
xelnaweri aRwerilia: 1. . , .
. . . , . I. 2. ..
, , II, .
III, , 1914, . 351-354. 3. xelnawerTa aRweriloba, A fondi, nakv. I, 1974w.
B(quT. 25)
bombicini, 29X19, teqstis zoma 22X12; 313 furceli. TiToeul gverdze 29
striq.; XIIs. lamazi nusxuriT; 2 311f. ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT, 1r-v Sedar.
gviandeli xeliT; 312-313f. mogviano wvrili nusxuriT. moxatuli sazedao
asoebiTa da TavsamkaulebiT.
iwyeba: `Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa ganyofili a[ToTxmet nawilad].
mTavrdeba: `uwyeba mizezsa qarTvelTa mowcevisasa... bolonakluli, wydeba:
`da mier dRiTgan daepyra...
pirveli furclis Sua nawili amoWrilia, 191v da 192r Sua 3 furceli aklia.
gadamweri grigoli CaxrexasZe (ix. anderZis teqsti. 296r).
damatebiTi statiebi: 1. `Zegliswera wmidisa da RmrTiv-Semokrebulisa
krebisa (ruis-urbnisis) teqstis xeliT (296v-309v). 2. `uwyeba mizezsa
qarTvelTa moqcevisasa... bolonakluli (da-ax. XVIs. xeliT, 312r-313v).
minawerebi: 1. ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT: `aqa ricxvsa zeda kanonni maklian,
vinaTgan aman krebaman asocdaaTrvametni kanonni dasxna (150r). (SeniSvna
uadgiloa, radgan aq karTagenis krebis 138-ve kanoni adgilzea).
2. `qriste RmerTo, Seiwyale grigoli, amin (116r).

128

3. ` me, rameTu amanve sulTa ganmxrwnelman mamonaman myvna Cuen mona yovlisa
arawmidebisa da uRmrTebisa meufeni... mTavarni, mRdelni, mTavarni medarni
da yoveli naTesavi qarTvelTa amisTs samarTlad miveceniT satanjvelad
da mosasrvelad naTesavsa ugulismosa da umecarsa RmrTisasa, ulmobelsa,
uwyalosa da sisxlis mWamelsa, raJams Ziri ese yovelTa vnebaTa yovelTave
viTarca mSnva... SevitkbeT. amieriTgan nuRara mkiTxav, Tu raodenni morCni
xe0nergisa amis Zirisa arian angahareba, Suri, mteroba, siZulili, doma,
ampartavaneba, parva, avazakoba, kaciskvla, siZva, mruSeba... moiwivnes
risxva samarTali, viTarca urCTaTs saxarebisaTa da morCilTa sicruisaTa
(213r).
4. [sr]ul iqmnnes [ti]bikonni yovlad [S]uenierni (285r).
5. SedarebiT gviandeli nusxuriT: `RmerTo da varZiisa RmrTismSobelo,
Seiwyale friad codvili amisi mkazmavi, amin (177v).
6. `advil xilvisTs Tavzed sxolio movwere me, undoman da codvilman berman
dionisi, vinca mxilvelTa da mkiTxvelTa wmidisa amis wignisaTa gevedrebiT,
raTa cdomileba momiteoT da Sendoba gbrZanoT, o no (290r).
7. `saxeliTa RmrTisaTa, meoxebiTa wmidisa RmrTismSobelisaTa mose
fafeauris Ze Rirs viqmen povnad wignisa moZRuarsa qristeaneTa da movas[ene]
monastersa juarisa patiosansa salocavad C[emTa] mSobelTa da[Zma]Ta CemTaTs,
vinca ese sulisa Cemisa naSromi j[uars ga]moauas, ama krebaTa kanons... (296r).
8. (dawerilia Sebrunebulad) `RmerTo Cemo, romelman simdabliT juarcma
jer-iCine, Rirs m[yav saRuT]osa ziarebasa, romelman wmida ese sjuliskanoni
davi[sen da kualad]ve juars Sevswire sulisa Cemisa sasrad da mSobelTa
CemTa Sesandob[lad]. qoronikoni ti (1622w.) nikoloz ColoyaSvilman
metexTwinamZRvarman (300v).
9. `Cuen, quTaTel mitropolitman maqsime, viyideT wmida ese wigni
sjuliskanoni da SevswireT quTaisis yovlad wmidasa sameoxod sulTa CuenTa.
vinc gamoswiros da daukargos, SeCuenebul iyos, an vinc dawindos (311v).
10. mxedruliT: `me, friad codvilman batoniSvilman dimitri... (156r).
danarCeni teqsti furclis qveda kidesTan erTad CamoWrilia.
11. Znelad amosdakiTxavi sakmaod Zveli mxedruliT gakeTebuli minawerebis
fragmentebi (53v da 252v).
xelnaweri aRwerilia: 1. quTaisis saxlemwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, t. I, Sedg. e. nikolaZis mier, Tb., 1953w. (mxolod ramdenime minaweria
gamotanili).
2. .. , V, II . , 1917. . 120-122 (Zalian
mokle).

129

C(A-124)
qaRaldi; 626 gv. (122-is Semdeg gadamxtaria 133 gverdze); 25X18, teqsti
19,8X11,8. rveulebis saTvalavi a l T (bolo rveulSi xuTi furceli, xolo
24-eSi 6 furceli); aklia erTi furceli 622-sa da 623 gv. Sua; dauwerelia: 86,
566 (mx. ori striqonia dawerili tavSi), 567-568, 604 gverdebi.
teqsti dawerilia XIs. nusxuriT.
`didi sjuliskanonis garda xelnaweri Seicavs damatebiT statiebs:
1. `wmidisa basilis kanonTagan: monastersa Sina yovelnivemca wesierad arian
(563-565). amave statiis gagrZelebad (gv. 565) gviandeli nusxuriT miwerilia
(ioane mmarxvelis nomokanonis bolo?) 11 striqoni. amis Semdeg 566-568 gverdebi
dauwerelia.
2. `Tu viTar jer-ars Sewynareba, romeli huriaTagan sarwmunoebasa
qisteaneTasa moudebodis (569-571gv.).
3. `aRwera usrulesi-re: Tu viTar jer-ars Sewynareba, romeli huriaTagan
sarwmunoebasa qisteaneTasa moudebodis (571-578gv.).
4. wesi, romeli iqmnebis moqceulsa zeda sarkinozTagan wmidisa momarT da
WeSmaritisa sarwmunoebisa Cuen qristeaneTasa (578-786).
5. SeCuenebani iakobitTa da yovelTa erTbunebaTani, romelTa Tana arian
somexnica (587-593).
6. `sacxorebelisaTs vnebisa qristesisa da viTarmed RmrTis mavnebelni
arian metyuelni, viTarmed: wmidao ukudao, romeli juars ecu da ivne (593-600;
601 gv. dauwerelia).
7. `aRsareba da uwyeba marTlisa sarwmunoebisa da wmidaTa krebaTaTs,
romelTa jer-ars yovelTa qristeaneTaTs, raTa keTilad da gamowulilviT
mecnier iyvnen (602).
8. `wmidisa foti patriarqisa aRwerili (602-603).
9. usaTaurod: kiTxva-migebani (604-619).
10. `ganCineba sarwmunoebisa didebulisa ioanes mier RmrTismetyuelisa
gamocxadebiT sakrvelTmoqmedisa grigolis mimarT, viTarca xuaSnebiTa
RmrTismSobelisaTa da ese igi sarwmunoeba ars, romlisaTs grigoli
sakrvelTmoqmedman iloca da CuenebiT RmerTman aswava da man dawera Zilsa Sina
da, odes ganeRZa, elTa aqunda (619-620).
11. `locva lxinebisa maTTs, romelni uarisyofisagan moqceul iyvnen
qristeanobad: axlad Targmna ese giorgi (620-622).
12. `locva sxua eseca aRmsarebelsa vidre zeda (622).
13. `sxua locva egreTve aRmsarebelsa (622); momd. furc. moWrilia,
teqsti bolonakluli).

130

14. `...elisaTs gangebulisaTs uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesa (623-626).

minawerebi: 1. gadamweris xeliT aSiaze sityva `fasosaman-is gaswvriv:
`foTsa itys (376gv.).
2. XIXs. mxedruliT: `ioane naTlismcemlisa udabnosa.
3. aSiaze (mTargmnelis? mier) singuriT: `amis qalaqisa saxeli arca berZulsa
dedasa ewera (386gv.).
4. nikiis meore krebis me-18 kanonis saTauri wydeba: `saepiskopososa Sina anu
sa... gadamweris SeniSvna: `aqa aklia dedisagan (402). (e.i. aklia am krebis 18-22
kanonebis teqsti). danaklisisaTvis adgili ar aris datovebuli da uSualod
mosdevs tarasi patriarqis adrianesadmi epistolis saTauri. am saTaurs 402
gverdis ukanaskneli striqonebi uWiravs. teqstis xarvezi Seuvsia XVIIIs.
besarion orbeliSvils (kaTalikoss), rogorc amas ori Camatebuli furclis
bolos 406 gverdze mxedruliT miwerili SeniSvna gvamcnobs: `ese ori furceli
ZueliTganve dedasa kleboda, me, uRirsman kaTalikozman besarion davswere
TsiTa eliTa. besarions Savi melniT gadauxazavs tarasis epistolis saTauri
Zvel teqstSi, Caumatebia ori etratis furceli da nikiis II krebis kanonTa
teqstis Sevsebis Semdeg 406 gverdis bolos gadmouweria xelaxla tarasis
epistolis saTauri, xolo am epistolis ZiriTadi teqsti 407 gverdidanve
grZeldeba. amitom 25-e rveulSi, Camatebuli ori furclis CaTvliT, 10
furcelia.
xelnaweri aRwerilia: 1. . , ...
. I. (mokle). 2. .. , V, . II, , 1914, . 354355 (mokle).
D(A-171)
qaRaldi; 313 furc.; 32X21,9; Zveli teqstis zoma 23,2X13,5; gviandelisa
22,6X13,4; 1_14 da 278_313 furc. naweria XVIIIs. erTi da imave xeliT. ZiriTadi
teqsti _ 15_277f. (rveulebi d l z, bolo rveulis mxolod pirveli 4
furcelia) ara ugvianes XIIIs.; dauwerelia 1v, 3r-v, 311v, 313r. aklia 189 da 190
furclebs Sua erTi furceli (VI krebis 59-dan 63 kanonamde).
xelnaweris gvian damatebul nawilSi aris damatebiTi statiebi (A nusxis
damatebiTi statiebidan 1, 6, 7, 8 da `Zegliswera sarwmunoebisa, romeli aRweres
wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinepolis SekrebulTa wmidaTa xatTa tayuaniscemisaTs)
(307r-311r).
minawerebi ZiriTadad aqvs mxolod gvian damatebul nawils: ZiriTadi teqstis
xeliT mxolod erTi aseTi minaweria karTagenis krebis bolos: `aqaq ricxusa
zeda kanonni maklian, vinaTgan aman krebaman asocdaaTrvametni kanonni dasxna
(165r). aq, marTlac, SecdomiT karTagenis krebis bolo 138-e kanoni 135 kanonad
aris danomrili.

131

1. nusxuriT: `es wminda sjuliskanoni wmindis daviTis saflavis aris, vinc

moiparos, gauwyres wmindaT mamaTa madli... (1r).
2. `dideba RmerTsa, romelsa Zal-edva gaTaveba amisi. iqve, `RmerTo,
Seiwyale y y (?) yofili ioane avlabreli, amisi mwerali, amin (311r).
3. mxedruliT: `Tquen, Rirsno mamano, mkvidrno udabnoTano, momixseneT me,
codvili da ubadruki grigol q ks urb (1784w.) (313v).
4. `q ksa u la (1743) CairTo bodbel mitropolitis onofresagan winamZRvroasa
nekreselis ioanessa, Tvesa martsa, kviriakesa mesamesa marxvaTasa, mTvaresa k
(iqve).
2r-v da 312r-v XVIII s. xeliT dawerrili furclebi zedmetia, radgan Sesabamisi
teqsti Tavis adgilzea xelnaweris ZiriTad nawilSi.
xelnaweri aRwerilia: 1. . , . I. 2. ..
, II, 355-356. ???

E (quT. 17)
qaRaldi, tyavgadakruli xis yda; 486f.; 29X21,5; teqstis zoma 23X15; erT
svetad; 27 da 28 striqoni; XIIIs. nusxuri; dazianebuli, rveulebi daSlilia da
furclebi amocvenili; dakarguli furclebis nacvlad Cakerebulia ramdenime
dauwereli furceli. dauwerelia 3, 4, 5 furclebi. zog furcels aSia
waWrili aqvs da teqstis nawilic dakargulia; bevr adgilas gadasuli teqsti
gacxovelebulia vinme iosebis mier qarTlis kaTalikosis nikolozis brZanebiT
1589 wels (486r); xelnawers aklia dasawyisSi 3 furceli; iwyeba pirveli
rveulis me-4 furcliT. ZiriTad teqstTan dakavSirebuli `Seiswaveni da
`sxolioni meti odenobiTaa, vidre ABCD nusxebSi, amasTanave isini ara marto
aSiebzea miwerili, aramed Zalian xSirad ZiriTad teqstSiac aris Setanili,
Tumca axlavs SeniSvnac: `Seiswave da sxva.
damatebiTi statiebi dawerilia ZiriTadi teqstis xeliT. yvela is statia,
romelic Setanilia A nusxis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 paragrafebSi, igive TanmimdevrobiTaa
warmodgenili E nusxaSi, damatebulia: `yovlad ganTqumulsa patriksa, ufalsa
petres mdabali maqsime monazoni,moTxroba TavTavedi qristes RmrTisa
Cuenisa sacxorebelisa paseqisaTs aRwerilisa kanonisa mier mTargmanebeli
(469v-485v). dasaxelebuli astrologiuri Txzuleba maqsime aRmsarebels
ekuTvnis. am saTauriT G-Si Setanil TxzulebasTan SedarebiT aq mxolod I
nawilia (pasqaluri cxrilis gareSe).
anderZi gadamwerisa: `(daiw)era wmida da yovlad sulTa ganmanaTlebeli
sju(lis kanoni) eliTa (m)wared da friad codvilisa mruelisa amabiwe (!)
(abaSiZe?)... saTa, RmerTman icis, wmidano RmrTisano, romel didni Wirni vnaxe

132

ucTomelobisaTs. deda wurili medva wina. aw ucbad CxrekisaTs nu(v)in

damw(y)evT, xolo mSromeli wa... (Sen)doba sTquaT, RmerTman Tq(uenc Segindos,
Rir)sno mamano (485v).
minawerebi: 1. `me, suliTa sawyalobelman berman basili, davdev ese wmida
sulTa ganmanaTelbeli wigni, moZRuari yovlisa soflisa sjuliskanoni
narudunevsa
Cemsa
monsatersa
gesamanias,
taZarsa
yovlad
wmidisa
RmrTismSoblisasa, salxineblad sulisa Cemisa da samlocvelod kurTxeulisa
dedisa Cemisa barbaresTs da TT mis samwirvelosa Sina davs mwerali.
Seiwire, yovlad wmidao RmrTismSobelo, da ioxe dausjeloba Cueni da vinca
raTa mizeziTa anu gamoauas monastersa Sensa, anu ukrZalvelad ikadros, iyavn
krul, wyeul da SeCuenebul RmrTisa da yovelTa wmidaTa misTagan ukunisamde,
amin (486r).
2. `saxeliTa RmrTisaTa, mamisa, Zisa da sulisa wmidisaTa da meoxebiTa
yovlad wmidisa RmrTismSobelisaTa, Cuen, qristes RmrTisa mier kurTxeulman
Zeman mefisa patronisa leonisaman, qarTlisa kaTalikoz-patriarqman nikoloz,
brZanebiTa mefeT-mefisa patronisa smionisiTa, gavakeTeT wmida ese wigni
sjuliskanoni, friad daSlili da daZuelebuli, friadiTa SormiTa Cuenda
safarvelad orTave Sina cxorebaTa da mefisa patronisa smionis mefobisa
warsamarTebelad. wmidano mamano da mociqulno, Semwe da meox meqmeniT winaSe
uflisa RmrTisa da macxovrisa Cuenisa ieso qristessa dResa mas gankiTxvisasa.
mefeT-mefisa patronisa smionisi mravalmca arian welni cxxorebisa misisani
awda ukunisamde, amin. qoronikonsa s oz (1589w.) gakeTa ese wigni eliTa
diakonisa iosebisiTa, locva yavT, mkiTxvelno, RmrTisaTs, gevedrebi, raTa
Tquenca Segindnes RmerTman, amin (486v).
xelnaweri aRwerilia: quTaisis sax. muzeumis xelnawerTa aRweriloba, I,
sedg. e. nikolaZis mier, Tbilisi, 1953.

F(A - 1102)
qaRaldi, 229 furc.; ZiriTadi teqstis zoma 32,5X23, gviandelis 30X22;
teqstis zoma 24X18 da 21X15,5; 1-8 furceli Tavdap. teqstis dakarguli rveulis
nacvlad XVIII saukuneSia besarion orbeliSvilis xeliT aRdgenili. Zveli
teqstis 1-7 da bolo furclis kideebi Semomwvari da SemoWrilia; nusxuri,
saTaurebi da gamoyofili adgilebi singuriT; XIIIs., bolonakluli, bolo ori
furceli (228 da 229) akinZulia SecdomiT. pirveli furceli unda mosdevdes 23
furcels, xolo meore 221 furcels.

133

damatebiTi statiebidan, albaT, xelnaweris defeqtis gamo, SemorCenilia

mxolod `Zegliswera ruis-urbnisis krebisa (219r-227r), romelic wydeba
daviTis `Sesxmis Semdeg sityvebze: `myudro uCanan eseni myudr... (227v).
Zveli teqstis aSiebze mravali sqolio da `Seiswave igivea, rac sxva nusxebSi
(ABCD), oRond furclis kideebis dazianebisa da sinestis laqebis gamo bevri
maTganis amokiTxva SeuZlebelia.
xelmawers TiTqmis ara aqvs minawerebi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
furclis qveda aSiaze, mokle, gviandeli mxedruliT umniSvnelo, zogjer uazro
minawerebs (41v, 42r, 59v, 207r, 208v, 209v da 220v).
xelnaweri aRwerilia: saqarTvelos saxel. muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, (A fondi), IV, Tbilisi, 1954.

G(H-1670)
qaRaldi, nusxuri. 296f. (zom. 32X23,5; teqstisa 24,5X16,6), or svetad,
TiToeulSi 33 sriq.: XIII-XIVss. xeliT. Camotanilia eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier
jruWis monastridan 1919w.
damatebiTi statiebi igivea, rac A nusxaSi gvaqvs 1-7 paragrafebis qveS, oRond
E nusxis msgavsad metia: `yovlad ganTqumulsa patriksa ufalsa petres mdabali
maqsime monazoni... (266v-284v), romelic G nusxaSi A nusxis 5 da 6 statiebs
Soris aris Casmuli. amasTanave E nusxasTan SedarebiT es Txzuleba srulia. misi
meore nawili, rac E-sTan SedarebiT zedmetia (277r-284v), maqsime aRmsarebelis
Txzulebis gagrZeleba ar unda iyos. aSiaze ZiriTad teqstTan dakavSirebuli
`sxolioni da `Seiswaveni, oRond meti raodenobiT, vidre ABCD nusxebSi
gvaqvs, msgavsad E nusxisa.
minawerebi:
1.
mxedruliT:
`yovlad
usamrvdeloesi
mitropoliti
mravalJamier daviT, saxlTuxucesis wereTlis zurabis Ze, rom es WeSmariteba
mekiTxa, aw vscan ivnisis k, welsa C ykb (1822w.), jruWs (1r).
2. Sebrunebulad, nusxuriT: `RmerTo, acxone moZRvari ioane (37r).
3. mxedruliT: `Sua mTis xaxulisa RmrTismSobelo, daicev Semomwirveli
Seni (160r).
4. nusxuriT: `ese wmida da sulTa ganmanaTlebeli sjuliskanoni SuamTis
xaxulisa RmrTismSobelisa ars. vinca gamoauas wmidasa taZarsa missa, dResa
mas kankiTxsasa mieces satanas gamouxsnelad, amin (296v).
5. amave gverdze: mravalricxovani mokle minawerebi mxedruliT da nusxuriT,
umniSvnelo. 155r, 159r (mxedr.) daviT mitropolitis SeniSvnebi.
xelnaweri aRwerilia: saq. saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis yof.
muzeumis xelnawerebi (H koleqcia), t. IV, Tbilisi, 1948.

134

H(A-1116)
qaRaldi, 140f. (z. 28X18), ukiduresad dazianebuli, Tavbolonakluli,
daSlil-dafurcvlili, kideebSemocveTili; saTaurebi singuriT, umtesad
TiTqmis mTlianad gadasuli. XV-XVIss.; gadamweri ioakime (114r), teqstobrivad
yvelaze axlos dgas B nusxasTan.
xelnaweri aRwerilia: saq. saxelmw. muzeumis qarT. xelnawerTa aRweriloba,
A fondi, IV, Tbilisi, 1954.

135


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.
: A-A_76, XII ; -. 25, XII; C-A_124, XII ;
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(A:1116, XV-XVI), (:15464 , XII; :691-XVIII ) (A_9,
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138

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139

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140

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141

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142

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143

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2 . . , - , , 1978 ( . .)

144

qarTuli originaluri hagiografia *

qarTuli originaluri hagiografiis dasawyiss marTalia naTargmni
hagiografia, kerZod ki mowameTa martvilobis krebuli, SesaZlebelia
krebulebic ki uswrebs (SuSanikis wamebaSi moxseniebuli ,,wignni mowameTani),
magram Vs. bolo meoTxedSi ,,SuSanikis wamebis donis Txzulebis Seqmna
originaluri hagiografiis arsebobis ukve garkveul tradicias gvafiqrebinebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Txzuleba qarTuli werilobiTi memkvidreobis Cvenamde
moRweul pirvel Zeglad aris miCneuli. qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerloba
iseve, rogorc bizantiuri, wmindanTa ,,wamebis JanriT iwyeba, Tumca maT Soris
gansxvaveba Janris warmoSobis mizezebis Taobaze TvalsaCinoa.
bizantiaSi wmindanis kultis gaCena ukavSirdeba axlad warmoSobili
qristianuli aRmsareblobis mimdevarTa mowamebrivi aRsasrulis faqtebs
berZnul-romauli warmarTuli imperiis wiaRSi, rac gaxda safuZveli am
mowameTa Rvawlis aRwerisa ,,martvilobaTa saxiT. qarTuli ,,wamebani,
marTalia, bizantiur ,,martvilobaTa Targze Seiqmna, magram misi warmoSobis
mizezi warmarToba ar yofila. qarTuli hagiografia, romlis dasawyisi mxolod
,,wamebis JanriTaa warmodgenili, warmoiSva saqarTveloSi qristianuli
sarwmunoebis oficialur saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg:
mirian mefis epoqaSi, rodesac werilobiTi wyaroebiT iwyeba qristianobis
damkvidrebisaTvis mcdeloba qarTul warmarTul qveyanaSi, arc mowameobriobis
faqtebia cnobili da arc qristianTa devnis SemTxvevebia naxsenebi. piriqiT,
TviT nana dedoflis gaqristianebis ambavi am axali moZRvrebisadmi
xelisufalTa loialur damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
saqarTveloSi saboloo damkvidrebamde qristianobas warmarTobis tradiciebis
daZleva mouxdeboda da es procesi ar SeiZleba umtkivneulo yofiliyo, magram
es ar aris qarTuli hagiografiis warmoSobis mizezi. saqme isaa, rom Tuki
moxda calkeuli SemTxveva mowameTa dasjisa, es ufro religiis istoriis da
hagiologiis kuTvnileba iqneboda da ara hagiografiisa, radgan hagiografia
faqtebze Seqmnil TxzulebaTa erTobliobaa da ara TviT faqti.
,,wamebaTa Cvenamde moRweul originalur TxzulebaTa mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, qarTuli martilologiuri Janris warmoSobis mizezi ar SeiZleba
qveynis Sidapolitikur da Sidareligiur dapirispirebaSi veZioT, rogorc
amas adgili hqonda berZnul-romaul imperiaSi. misi warmoSobis erTaderTi
safuZveli da SemdgomSi masazrdoebeli wyaro jer mazdein, xolo mogvianebiT
mahmadian dampyrobelTa mier saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli situaciis Sedegad
* ibeWdeba pirvelad.

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am ori mxaris religiuri da erovnul-politikuri interesebis mkveTr

dapirispirebaSi aris saZebari. swored am dapirispirebis Sedegad dasjildaRupulTa istoriulad dadasturebul faqtebze aRmocenda qarTuli
originaluri hagiografia Tavisi Tavdapirveli JanriT - ,,wamebiT.
swored martirologia aRmoCnda qarTul hagiografiaSi yvelaze xangrZlivad
moqmedi Janri, dawyebuli V s-iT da damTavrebuli XVIIIs. miwuruliT, radgan
saqarTvelos misi arsebobis manZilze dampyrobeli, misi politikuri da
religiuri damoukideblobis mteri da moSurne yovelTvis gamoulevlad hyavda.
aseTia ZiriTadi gansxvaveba bizantiuri da qarTuli hagiografiuli
mwerlobis martirologiuri Janris warmoSobaSi. radgan Cven aRvniSneT, rom
originaluri hagiografia ver Seiqmneboda bizantiuri mwerlobis gavlenis
gareSe, unda vTqvaT imis Sesaxebac, rom qarTulma hagiografiam ZiriTadad
uari Tqva Tavisi pirvelwyaros mier mowodebul bevr trafaretze da
mwerlobis es dargic sakuTar erovnul interesebs dauqvemdebara. swored es
aris am ori mwerlobis ganmasxvavebeli meore niSani. bizantiuri hagiografia
TiTqmis daclilia erovnuli TviTSegnebisagan, rac berZnul-romauli imperiis
mravalerovnuli SedgenilobiTa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis kosmopolituri
bunebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli da zogadad qristianobis apologetikas
warmoadgens, xolo qarTul hagiografias wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs erovnuli
TviTSegnebis momenti. qarTul mwerlobaSi wmindanebis sityvasa da saqmeSi
qristianuli ideologiisaTvis Tavdadeba Serwymulia erovnuli da qveynis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri interesebis dacvasTan, qristianuli rwmenis dacva
maTTvis qveynis damoukideblobis dacvasTan aris gadajaWvuli.
berZnul-laTinuri da aRmosavluri qristianuli martirologiuri
literaturisa da ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis Janris Txzulebebis didi nawili
fantastikur-zRapruli saswaulmoqmedebaTa magaliTebiT aris savse, rac
mkiTxvelis qristianuli sarwmunoebis yovlisSemZleobaSi darwmunebis erTerTi saSualebaa. am mxriv qarTuli hagiografia garkveul TavSekavebas iCens,
gansakuTrebiT ki ,,wamebani: naTlis svetis daSveba mowamis gvamze an wamebis
adgilze, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze didi saswaulia qarTul martirologiaSi.
SedarebiT metia saswaulebis raodenoba (gansakuTrebiT veluri cxovelebisa
da frinvelebis monawileobiT) hagiografiis meore, ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis
JanrSi, magram maTac araferi aqvT saerTo bizantiuri hagiografiis zogierT
warmoudgenel fantastikur-zRaprul epizodebTan. Cans, qarTuli hagiografiuli
Txzulebebis avtorebi angariSs uwevdnen qarTveli mkiTxvelisa da mrevlis
racionalur bunebasa da fantastikur-saswaulebrivi ambebisadmi garkveul
undoblobas, amitom daimkvidra qarTulma hagiografiulma Txzulebebma sando
istoriul wyaroTa reputacia.

146

qristianobis gavrcelebis uZveles aRmosavlur qveynebSi (siria, egvipte da

sxv.) warmoiSva gandegilobisa da qristianobis gamovlenis ucnauri formebi, rac
Semdeg gavrcelda berZnulenovan qristianul samyaroSic, rogoricaa mesveteoba
da salosoba. marTalia, moRvaweobis es formebi mogvianebiT saqarTveloSic
Cndeba (svetebis arseboba da ,,mesvetis wodebac, agreTve qarTul saistorio
wyaroebSi ramdenime qarTveli ,,salosis moxsenieba), magram arcerTi maTgani
ar gamxdara qarTuli hagiografiuli ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis sagani. es
momentic ganasxvavebs qarTul hagiografias bizantiur da sxva qristian xalxTa
hagiografiuli mwerlobisagan.
Cven qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis umTavres Taviseburebebs SevexeT,
radgan ufro wvrilmani detalebis warmoCineba Zalian Sors wagviyvanda, Tumca
nawilobriv maTac SevexebiT, rodesac konkretulad visaubrebT qarTuli
hagiografiuli mwerlobis ori mTavari Janris ,,wamebaTa da ,,cxovrebamoqalaqeobis TiToeul Txzulebaze cal-calke.

nawili pirveli
,,wameba martvilobani
martilologiuri Janris Txzulebebi qarTul originalur hagiografias
misi arsebobis mTel manZilze gasdevs iwyeba is martirologiuri TxzulebiT
(,,SuSanikis wameba Vs.) da mTavrdeba martirologiuri TxzulebiT (,,Sio
garejelis wameba 1799w.), rac ganpirobebulia saqarTvelos istoriis umZimesi
politikur-religiuri movlenebiT. qarTuli eklesiis pirveli mowameebis
gamoCena, romelTa Sesaxebac hagiografiuli Txzulebebi Seiqmna, emTxveva
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mazdeanuri sarwmunoebis aRmsarebeli sparselebis
batonobis periods da qristianebisa da mazdenobis dapirispirebis Sedegi iyo.
zogierTi maTganis ,,wameba TviTmxilveli avtoris dawerilia (SuSanikisa (V)
da evstaTi mcxeTelis (VIs.) ,,wamebebi), zogi, marTalia, mazdeanebis mier iwama
(raJdeni Vs., abibos nekreselis VIs.), magram maT Sesaxeb wamebebi gacilebiT
gvian Seiqmna (pirvelisa XVIIIs., meoresi IXs.).
meore etapi ,,wamebebis Seqmnisa ukavSirdeba mTel saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mahmadian arabTa winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebis istorias da iwyeba igi
,,habo Tbilelisa da nikifore urbnelis martvilobiT (VIIIs. II naxevari)
da grZeldeba am brZolebSi daRupul mefeTa (arCili) da mTavarTa (daviT
da konstantine; kostanti kaxi, gobroni) Sesaxeb SeTxzuli wamebebiT, zogi
Tanamedrove avtoris mier habos (VIIIs.), kostanti kaxis (IXs.), gobronis (X

147

s. dasaw.), zogic gviandeli avtorisa: daviT da kostantine (XIIIs.), arCili

(XVIIs.), nikifore urbneli (XVIIIs.)) mier SeTxzuli.
mesame etapi martilologiuri TxzulebaTa dawerisa ukavSirdeba aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi sparseli mahmadinebis Semosevebs da maT mier wamebul mefededofalTa (qeTevani, luarsabi) da mTavarTa (biZina, Salva, elizbari) Sesaxeb
Seqmnil ,,wamebebs am movlenebze odnav gvian moRvawe avtorebis (grigol
dodorqeli, besarion orbeliaSvili) mier.
amitom qvemoT ,,wamebebs maT gmirebis moRvaweobis zemoT aRniSnuli epoqebis
mixedviT davalagebT da ara vTqvaT TxzulebaTa daweris qronologiuri
principis mixedviT.
qristianuli sarwmunoebis zogadsakacobrio daniSnulebis maCvenebelia is
faqti, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis mier wmindanebis kanonizacia xdeboda mowamis
ara erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT, aramed qarTuli eklesiis winaSe mis mier
gaweuli Rvawlis mixedviT. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli mowameebi erovnebiT
araqarTvelebi iyvnen, gaweuli RvawlisaTvis eklesia maT qarTvel wmindanebad
moixseniebda. marTlac, SuSaniki somexi qristiani mTavris qaliSvili iyo,
evstaTi mcxeTeli iranidan Camosuli sparseli mazdeani da mcxeTis qristianad
monaTluli, raJdenic gaqristianebuli sparseli mazdeani gaxldaT, xolo
abibos nekreseli, mazdeanuri sarwmunoebis SeuracxyofisTvis dasjili sirieli
beri iyo, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis episkoposi gaxda. aseve arabebis mier
wamebuli habo tfileli da neofite urbneli erovnebiT arabebi iyvnen. neofitec
saqarTvelos eklesiis episkoposi gaxda.
pirveli erovnebiT qarTveli mowameebi arian arabTagan VIIIs. I naxevarSi
wamebuli daviTi da kostantine, argveTis mTavrebi, Tumca maT Sesaxeb ,,wameba
mogvianebiT (XIIs.) Seiqmna. amis Semdgom martirologiuri Txzulebebi mxolod
erovnebiT qarTveli mowameebis Sesaxeb iwereba.
qvemoT warmodgenili TiToeuli Txzulebis ganxilvisas winamdebare naSromis
specifikis gamo yoveli ,,wamebis mxolod ZiriTadi istoriul-teqstologiuri
sakiTxebi iqneba warmodgenili Zalze Sekvecili saxiT, radgan TxzulebaSi
wamoWril mravali saintereso literaturul Tu wyaroTmcodneobiT zogjer
sakamaTo sakiTxze msjeloba SeuZlebeli iqneba.

148

I. mazdean sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolis amsaxveli qarTuli

martirologiuri hagiografiis (V-VIss.) Zeglebi
1. SuSanikis wameba
,,wameba wmidisa SuSanikis dedoflisa aris qarTuli hagiografiuli
mwerlobis Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli Zegli. es Txzuleba, romelic Vs. meore
naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sarwmunoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis
realur mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs, saerTod Zveli qarTuli originaluri
mwerlobis pirvel nimuSad iTvleba.
TxzulebaSi aRwerili movlenebi viTardeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samxreT nawilSi, somxeTis sazRvarTan, qalaq curtavSi, hereTis provinciis
centrSi, sparseTis mefis mier aq daniSnuli moxelis varsqen pitiaxSis karze,
rasac safuZvlad udevs sarwmunoebriv niadagze aRmocenebuli dapirispireba
varsqenisa da mis meuRle SuSaniks Soris. SuSaniki, somxeTis cnobili
mxedarTmTavris qaliSvili, romelic qristianul tradiciebze iyo aRzrdili,
ver Seurigda qristiani meuRlis mazdeanobas, rac varsqenma miiRo nebayoflobiT
sparseTis SahTan erT-erTi stumrobis dros im mizniT, rom Sahis mxardaWera
moepovebina qarTlis mefesTan dawyebul politikur brZolaSi, da sasaxle
miatova qristianobis moRalate qmars gascilda. meuRleebs Soris warmoSobil
samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebas SuSanikisaTvis sarwmunoebrivi safuZveli
hqonda, radgan misi rwmeniT, rac saxarebiseul moZRvrebas efuZneboda, qristian
qals ar hqonda ufleba qristianobis uarmyofel da gamazdeanebul qmarTan
ecxovra, xolo varsqenis colis urCoba da ojaxuri tradiciebis xelyofa pirad
Seuracxyofad miaCnda. marTalia, TxzulebaSi ar Cans varsqens rom moeTxova
SuSanikisaTvis mazdeanobaze moqceva, magram is rom amas maSin Seecdeboda, roca
meuRlis ojaxSi dabrunebais sakiTxs moagvarebda, radgan man aRuTqva Sahs colSvilis gamahmadianeba da konfliqtis periodSi man Svilebis mimarT es Seasrula.
varsqenis yovelgvari mcdeloba _ Txovna, iZuleba, sastiki cema, araadamianuri
tanjva-wameba amao gamodga SuSaniki qmars ar daubrunda da cixeSi Svidwliani
patimrobis Semdeg gardaicvala. qristianuli rwmenis dacvisaTvis autaneli
tanjva-wamebis moTmenisaTvis da sabolood sicocxlis gawirvisaTvis SuSaniki
qarTuli eklesiis wmindani gaxda da am Rvawlis ukvdavsayofad misi ,,wameba
Seiqmna.
,,SuSanikis wamebis udidesi Rirseba mis mxatvrul-kompoziciur da
enobriv-stilistur daxvewilobasTan erTad mis faqtologiur utyuarobaSic
gamoixateba, radgan Txzuleba dawerilia am ambebis TviTmxilvelisa da
Tanamonawilis, SuSanikis sulieri moZRvrisa da varsqenis samefo karis eklesiis

149

xucesis iakobis mier. Txzuleba unikaluria qarTul hagiografiaSi swored

imiT, rom avtori iakob xucesi Tavad aris misi erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi
piri da Txroba Tavidan bolomde pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs: igi yovelTvis
SuSanikis gverdiT aris misi wamebisa da gaWirvebis dros, uamebs fizikur da
sulier tanjvas, anugeSebs da amxnevebs mas.
,,SuSanikis wameba iakobs 475-482 wlebs Soris dauweria, radgan pirveli
TariRi SuSanikis gardacvalebis TariRia, rac SesaZlebelia dadgindes TviT
TxzulebaSi mocemuli qronologiuri monacemebiT, xolo meore varsqenis
mkvlelobisa, rac TxzulebaSi ar aris naxsenebi, e. i. Txzulebis dasrulebisas
varsqeni cocxalia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi iakobi am faqts uyuradRebod ar
datovebda, radganac SuSanikic ambobs varsqenis Sesaxeb: ,,miagos mas ufalman...
,,SuSanikis wamebis somxur vrcel versias, romelic iakobis qarTuli
teqstis gadamuSavebas warmoadgens, zogierTi iseTi detali Semounaxavs
(sparseTis mefis perozis saxeli, SuSanikis mesamed wamebis aRwera, varsqenis
Svilis wyalSi daRrCobis ambavi da sxva), rac ar aris qarTul teqstSi, rac
sxva argumentebTan erTad mizezi gaxda samecniero literaturaSi mtkicebisa,
rom SuSanikis wameba, romlis uZvelesi, Cvenamde moRweuli teqsti daculia XIs.
dasawyisis xelnawerSi (A-95, parxlis mravalTavi, sxva xelnawerebi mxolod
XVIIIs-isaa), daweris dRidan dasaxelebul xelnaweramde garkveuli cvlilebebi
ganicada. TiTqos amas gamoxatavs Txzulebis hagiografiuli ZeglisaTvis
uCveulo dasawyisic: ,,da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa
da netarisa SuSanikisi. amitom zogierTi varaudiT Txzulebas an dasawyisi
aklia, an sulac mTeli pirveli nawili. Cven vfiqrobT, rom es Txzuleba imdenad
aratrafaretuli, arastandartuli Zeglia, rom es dasawiyisi savsebiT bunebrivi
Cans aseTi originaluri da TavisTavadi TxzulebisaTvis: avtors, bunebrivia,
Sinagani gancda da SeiZleba, SiSic hqonda, Tu rogor dasruldeboda SuSanikis
mowamebrivi gza: gauZlebda ki is bolomde bedis mkacr gamocdas, Tu ver aitanda
tanjvas, SvilebTan ganSorebas da dahyveboda varsqenis nebas (tyvilad ki ar
ekiTxeba iakobi SuSaniks ,,viTar gegulebis, miTxar me, raTa uwyodi da aRvwero
Sroma Seni, xolo man mrqua me: ,,rasa mkiTxav amas? da me miuge da varqu mas:
,,mtkiced sdgaa?), an varsqeni didsulovnad miscemda mas Tavisufali arCevanis
uflebas. orsave SemTxvevaSi iakobisaTvis aRar dadgeboda SuSanikis ,,wamebis
daweris saWiroeba, magram iakobis yovelgvari eWvi usafuZvlo Seiqmna. SuSaniki
Seewira sarwmunoebis interesebs da iakobmac SvebiT amoisunTqa da Tavisi
Txzulebac am gancdebis gamomxatveli fraziT daiwyo: ,,da aw damtkicebulad
giTxra Tquen aRsasruli.... ,,SuSanikis wameba erTaderTi Txzulebaa qarTul
hagiografiul literaturaSi, romlis mTavari mowame-personaJi aResrula.
marTalia, xangrZlivi tanjva-wamebiT da cixis umZimesi pirobebis Sedegad,

150

magram mainc bunebrivi sikvdiliT, gansxvavebiT qarTuli eklesiis danarCeni

mowameebisagan, romelTagan umetesoba TaviskveTiT dasajes, zogi mdinareSi
daaRrCves, zogi cocxlad damarxes an jvarze gakruli daisres, an kidev Caqoles,
zogic TokiT moaSTves.
,,SuSanikis wameba gamorCeuli qarTuli martirologiuri Txzulebaa Tundac
imiT, rom misi mTavari gmiri ar aris hagiografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
tradiciebiT daxatuli pirovneba, is realuri, cxovrebiseuli adamiania,
Tavisi dadebiTi da zogjer saCoTiro Tvisebebis gamovleniT. uaryofiTi gmiric
realurad warmodgenili adamiania, Tavisi principebis damcveli, gulqva da
sastiki, Tumca zogjer adamianuri da lmobieri.
TxzulebaSi SesaniSnavi mxatvruli RirsebiT da lakonuri enobrivstilisturi saSualebebiT asaxulia saqarTvelos am kuTxis politikuri,
socialuri da eTnografiuli cxovrebis niuansebi da bunebis suraTebi.
arc erT hagiografiul Zeglze ar dawerila imdeni wigni da samecniero
statia, arc erTi hagiografiuli teqsti ar gamocemula imdenjer, arc erT
qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebs ar gamouwvevia ucxo qveynebis samecniero
wreebSi iseTi kamaTi da aJiotaJi, rac ,,SuSanikis wamebis irgvliv xdeboda.1

2. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba

meore uZvelesi qarTuli martirologiuri Zegli, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia,
aris VIs. II naxevarSi dawerili da Cvenamde mxolod XIs. xelnaweriT (H-341)
SemorCenili ,,martviloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa (sxvaTa
Soris, es erTaderTi martirologiuri Txzulebaa, romlis saTaurSi ixmareba
,,martviloba da ara ,,wameba).
Txzuleba dawerilia masSi aRwerili ambebis Tanamedrovis mier, rac Cans
erTaderT frazaSi, ,,romelmanme maTganman nebiTa RmrTisaTa Seisuena JamadJamad da romelnime cocxal arian, Torem sxvagvarad anonimi avtori mesame
piriT TxrobaSi saerTod ar Cans.

1 aq mxoolod ramdenime gamocemas, Targmans da monografias davasaxelebT: 1) il.

abulaZe, martviloba SuSanikis, qarTuli da somxuri teqstebi, gamokvleva, Tb., 1938; 2) Zv.
qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 11-29. 3) e. WliZe, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, I, Tbilisi
2005, gv. 5-308 (teqsti, Targmani Tanamedrove qarTulze, gamokvleva-komentarebi). 4) iv.
javaxiSvili, Sromebi, VIII, gv. 56-65; 5) k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit. ist., 1980, 113-122; 6) P.
Peeters, Passio nobilie dominae Susanicae (laTinuri Targmani qarT. da somxuri teqstebisa)
Analecta Bollandiana t. 53, da I-II III-IV, 1935. 7) G. Flang, Lives and Legends of the Georgian
Sante (inglisuri Targmani), Landon, 1956, p. 44. 8) , ,
, ., 1979. 9) w. janaSia, SuSanikis wameba, Tbilisi, 1980; 10) c. qurcikiZe,
SuSanikis wameba, Tb. 1978 da sxva.

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TxzulebaSi moTxrobilia Tavgadasavali erTi axalgazrda (30 wlis)

sparseli mazdeani kacisa, gvirobandakisa, romelic mcxeTaSi Camosula im
dros, rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo da maT Soris qarTlic mazdeani
sparselebis batonobis qveS imyofeboda da iq mefoba gauqmebuli iyo. aq mas
Seuswavlia xeloba (,,meamleoba - mewaReoba), moswonebia qristianuli
sarwmunoeba, romelsac igi jer kidev sparseTSi gascnobia, ukvirdeboda da
swavlobda mas, xolo bolos monaTlula kidec samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis
xeliT da uwodes mas evstaTi. es procesi, Cveni azriT, daaCqara axalgazrda
qristian qarTvel qalTan nacnobobam, rac maTi qorwinebiT damTavrda (da ara
ise, rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aris warmodegnili daqorwinda, eyola
Svilebi da Semdeg moinaTla). male mcxeTaSi mcxovrebma sparselma mazdeanebma
evstaTis gaqristianebis ambavi mcxeTis cixisTavs moaxsenes, xolo man evstaTi
sxva gaqristianebul Svid sparselTan erTad Tbilisis marzpanis samsjavroze
gagzavna. am dros marzpani Sahis karze gaiwvies da gamgzavrebis win man qarTlis
kaTalikosisa da didebulebis TxovniT patimari eqvsTviani patimrobis Semdeg
gaaTavisufla. sami wlis Semdeg evstaTi kvlav daasmines axlad Camosul sxva
marzpanTan, romelmac bevri Txovna-muqaris Semdeg, rom evstaTi dabruneboda
mazdeanobas, da roca mizans ver miaRwia, brZana misi sikvdiliT dasja TaviskveTiT
da misi gvamis qalaqgareT gadagdeba. RamiT qristianebma evstaTis gvami moipares
da misi anderZis Tanaxmad mcxeTaSi daasaflaves.
TxzulebaSi moTxrobili ambebis qronologiuri sazRvrebis dasadgenad
monacemebi TviT ZeglSi aris miTiTebuli: Txroba iwyeba 541 wliT (sparseTSi
xosro pirvelis mefobis meaTe wels mcxeTaSi evstaTis Camosvla) da mTavrdeba
545 (a. harnaki iv. javaxiSvili) an 551 wliT (k. kekeliZe; evstaTis sikvdiliT
dasja)1. e.i. avtori evstaTis Tavgadasavlis fonze agviwers VIs. Sua wlebis
qarTlis umefod darCenili samefos (mefoba sparselma dampyroblebma
gaauqmes 526 wels) politikur, saeklesio da kulturul mdgomareobas.
dawerilia arcTu maRali mxatvrul-stilisturi eniT, magram Sinaarsobrivad
datvirTuli, faqtebis siuxviT gamorCeuli es Txzuleba erT-erTi saukeTeso
wyaroa imdroindeli istoriuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi masalebis deficitis
fonze: uzenaes xelisuflebas ganasaxierebs sparseTis Sahis mier daniSnuli
marzpani, romlis rezidencia TbilisSia, xolo regionalur xelisuflebas
marzpanis daniSnuli sparsuli cixisTavebi. sasamarTlo saqmeebi mxolod
marzpanis prerogativaa. qarTuli eklesiis saqmeebSi, romelsac ganagebs
qarTlis kaTalikosi, sparselebi ar erevian. Sinaur saqmeebSi monawileoben
da formalurad ganageben qarTveli moxele-didebulebi: qarTlis pitiaxSi

k. kekeliZe, qarT. mwer. ist. I, Tb., 1980, gv. 509-511.

152

da qarTlis mamasaxlisi. qristian morwmuneTagan idevnebian mxolod renegati

sparselebi, vinc mazdeanoba uaryo da qristianuli naTlisReba miiRo.
sainteresoa TxzulebaSi aRwerili sayofacxovrebo suraTebic: igrZnoba
mcxeTaSi mcxovrebi sparselebis simravle, romlebic marTavdnen mazdeanur
dResaswaulebs. maTi ZiriTadi nawili xelosnebi da wvrilvaWrebi iyvnen.
rodesac evstaTi meored daapatimres da TbilisSi mihyavdaT, igi gamoemSvidoba
ojaxis wevrebs da ,,mona-mxevalTa TvisTa, ramac qarTul istoriografiaSi
warmoSva eWvi, rom am epoqaSi xelosansac ki SeeZli sakuTari mona-mxevlebi
hyoloda (iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi, I, 1979, gv. 321). arada, Cveni azriT, am faqtis
axsna martivad SeiZleba: evstaTi CaesiZa SeZlebul ojaxSi, romelis Tavkacic,
e.i. meuRlis mama ukve gardacvlili iyo. ase gaxda igi ,,mona-mxevalTa
patroni. sainteresoa agreTve erTi detalic: TxzulebaSi samjer aris saubari
jer dasasjeli, xolo Semdeg dasjili evstaTis gvamis qalaqgareT dagdebaze
,,SesaWmelad mecTa (an ZaRlTa) da mfrinvelTa. am faqts miiCnevdnen damsjelTa
sisastikisa da dasjilisadmi udierad mopyrobis nimuSad. sinamdvileSi aq da
yvela im qarTul ,,wamebaSi, romlebic mazdeanobis dros exeba (,,raJdenis
wameba, ,,abibos nekreselis wameba, msgavsi moqmedeba asaxavs micvalebulis
dasaflavebis mazdeanur wess, rac maTi rwmeniT mzis sxivebis qveS gvamis
sxeulidan sulis swraf ganTavisuflebas da zecaSi asvlas aCqarebda, xolo
miwaSi daflva am process xels uSlida.1 amas adasturebs agreTve naTargmn
hagiografiul ZeglSi (,,epifane kviprelis cxovreba, Vs.) aRwerili msgavsi
epizodic.
,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba msgavsebas iCens uZveles bizantiur
martirologiur ZeglebTan (rogorc vTqviT, qarTuli Txzulebis saTauric
amas mowmobs). TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli ormoc sebastiel mowameTa ambavi
maT Sesaxeb Seqmnili martvilobis am droisaTvis qarTulad Targmanze
unda miuTiTebdes. sainteresoa Txzulebis sxva wyaroebic: TxzulebaSi
gadmocemuli Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis Sinaarsi xSirad ar emTxveva
bibliis kanonikuri wignebis Sinaarss. fiqroben, rom aq motanilia siriuli,
an sparsuli, SesaZlebelia qarTulic e.w. Targumebi bibliuri wignebis
Sinaarsis perifrazul-komentirebuli teqstebi. Txzulebas usargeblia agreTve
apokrifuli TxzulebiT: ,,dabadebisTvis cisa da queyanisa da adamisaTs.2
rogorc vTqviT, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis teqstis Semcveli
uZvelesi xelnaweri XIs-isaa, xolo danarCeni rva XVIIIs. amasTanave Txzulebis
1
e. gabiZaSvili, mazdeanobis kvali zogierT qarTul hagiografiul ZeglSi,
sveticxovlobisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis (11-13X, 1995) masalebi, Tb.
1998w.
2 e. gabiZaSvili, evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba (narkvevi), saq. lit. mcodneobis
akademiis Sromebi, V, Tb. 2007w.

153

Tavdapirvel teqsts uZvelesi xarvezis gamo furceli unda akldes Txrobis

dasasrulis cota win. cxadia, es xarvezi gviandel xelnawerebSic aris.
bolo xanebSi gamoiTqva varaudi, rom evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba
dawerili unda iyos VIIs. I naxevarSi (xosro II farvizis (590-628)1 da ara
xosro I, anu Sirvanis (531-578ww.) dros)2, ris mtkicebasac albaT ufro mkveTri
argumentebi dasWirdeba.
Txzulebis qarTuli teqsti ramdenjerme gamoica: pirvelad m. sabininis mier
,,saqarTvelos samoTxeSi 1882w., gv. 313-322; 1964w., yvela xelnaweris mixedviT:
Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, gv. 30-45. 2005 w. e.
WeliZe, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, I, Tbilisi, gv. 309-479 (teqsti,
Targmani Tanamedrove qarTul enaze, gamokvleva-komentarebi). Targmani ki
rusulad (. , . , r, II, . 1872),
germanulad (iv. javaxiSvilis mier: Das Martyrium des Heiligen Eustatius von Mzcheta
JurnalSi: prusiis samefo mecn. akademiis moambe, berlini, 1901, XXXVIII, 875912: ZiriTadi literatura: iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. Targmanis winasityvaoba,
dawerili a. harnakTan erTad, missive Zveli qarTuli saist. mwerloba, Sromebi
VIII t. 66-70;k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit-is istoria, I, Tb., 1980, gv. 508-515; m.
CxartiSvili, martloba... evstaTi mcxeTelisa... (wyaroTmcod. gamokvleva),
Tb. 1991, gv. 33-53, s. kakabaZe, evstaTi mcxeTelis cxovreba, saist. kreb. III, 1928,
76-80. ). e. gabiZaSvili, evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba, (narkvevi) saq. lit.
mcodneobis akademiis Sromebi V, Tbilisi, 2007 w.

3. raJdenis wameba
raJdeni iTvleba saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvelmowamed (iseve, rogorc mTel
qristianul samyaroSi pirvelmowamed iTvleba stefane diakoni). sakvirveli
is aris, rom Vs. I naxevarSi wamebuli wmindanis Sesaxeb martirologiuri
Txzuleba pirvelad (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvenamde moRweulTa Soris) daiwera
XVIIIs. I naxevarSi. besarion orbeliSvilis, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
kaTalikos-patriarqis Txzuleba, romlis sruli saTauria ,,wameba da
Rvawli wmidisa didisa mowamisa raJdenisi, romeli iwama JamTa didisa mefisa
vaxtangisaTa sparsTa mier qarTls Sina, sofelsa Sina wroms, efuZneba im
Zvel matianes, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, romelSic aRwerili iyo ,,simxne da
moTmineba raJdenisa, Tumca dReisaTvis mowamis Sesaxeb Zveli wyaroebidan im
ramdenime frazam moaRwia, rac istorikos juanSeris (XIs.) saxeliT cnobil
vaxtang gorgasalis istoriiTaa cnobili: raJdeni yofila sparseli mazdeani,
1 m. CxartiSvili, martviloba evstaTi mcxeTelisa (wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva),
Tb. 1991, gv 33-59.
2 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarT. lit. istoria, gv. 512-515.

154

vaxtang gorgasalis momavali meuRlis, sparseTis Sahis qaliSvilis aRmzrdeli,

mamamZuZe da aRsazrdels Camohyolia qarTlSi da aq miuRia qristianoba. is
qarTvelebis mxareze ibrZoda sparselebis Semosevebis dros. erT-erTi Setakebis
dros is sparselebs tyved CaugdiaT da sparsuli sarwmunoebis RalatisaTvis
sikvdiliT dausjiaT q. wromSi (jvarze gakruli raJdeni moisarTa samizne
yofila, uneburad gagvaxsendeba wm. sebastiane) daaxloebiT, 463-464ww.. mowamis
gvami qristianebma moipares da saidumlod damarxes, xolo Semdgom, dawynarebis
Jams vaxtangs misi neSti gadausvenebia axlad aSenebul niqozis saepiskoposo
eklesiaSi.
besarions, romlis wyaros Seadgenda ,,Zvelni matianeni... da mimoganTesulobani
eseviTarTa uwyebaTani, sakuTari fantaziiT da ritorikuli enawylianobiT
ganuvrcia mopovebuli mwiri dokumenturi masala da vrceli martirologiuri
Txzuleba Seuqmnia mowamis Sesaxeb, romelic avtoris sityvebiT: ,,dasabami
mowameTa ra vTqu, ara Tu saxiTa yovelTa mowameTa dasabamad vTqu, aramed
CuenTa amaT da qarTvelTa Soris gamobrwyinvebulTa mowameTa dasabam iqmna
sanatreli ese... pirvel amis netarisa ara visi smenil ars martviloba queyanasa
amas saqarTvelosasa (Zeglebi V, gv. 66).
,,raJdenis wamebis qarTuli teqsti (besarionis avtografuli xelnaweri
S-3269, XVIIIs. I nax.) orjer gamoica, pirvelad 1882w. saq. samoTxeSi, gv.
169-179 da Zv. qarT. hagiogr. Zeglebi, V, 64-79, xolo misi laTinuri Targmani
Seasrula P. Peeters-ma (Analecta Bolondianna, t, 33, 1914, 305-317, gamokvleva
294-305). literatura: k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit. istoria I, 1980, gv. 351: m.
qavTaria, besarion orbeliSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, xel. inst. moambe, I,
1959, gv. 90-93: misive, Zeglebi V, 195-197; iv. lolaSvili, qarTuli wignisa da
mwignobrobis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1978, gv. 72-78.

4. abibos nekreselis wameba

abibos nekreseli erT-erTia siriidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi VIs. Sua
wlebSi mosul im 13 monazonTagan, romelTa saxelebs ukavSirdeba pirveli
monastrebis daarseba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, da erTia
im orTagan, visac maT Soris wilad xvda episkoposobis pativi (abibossnekresis eparqiisa, xolo ises - wilknisa) da erTaderTi, vinc maT Soris mowamis
gvirgviniT Seimko.
abibos nekreselma Seuracxyo mazdean sparsTa siwminde: wyali daasxa da
Caaqro maTi ritualuri cecxli, risTvisac igi Caqoles, ,,qviT gantvines q.
rexSi, marzpanis samsjavros Sedegad. es faqti momxdara VIs. II naxevarSi, xolo
Txzuleba, romelmac es movlenebi aRnusxa, Cvenamde mxolod IXs. dawerili
TxzulebiT aris moRweuli, Tumca safiqrebelia, rom am Zeglis IXs. avtorma

155

ufro Zveli wyaro gamoiyena, ar aris gamoricxuli wamebisdroindelic.

moRweuli Txzulebis avtorad tradiciulad IXs. qarTlis kaTalikoss arsen
dids asaxeleben. es Txzuleba erTaderTi XIIIs. nakluli xelnaweriT (A-199)
aris moRweuli, Tumca misi nakluli nawilis aRdgena SesaZlebelia, radgan
ramdenime gviandelma xelnawerma (A-130; A-170 da sxv.) Semogvinaxa TiTqmis igive
teqsti, mcireodeni frazeologiuri cvlilebebiT da epilogis darTviT. am
gviandel teqsts xSirad abibos nekreselis metafrasuli redaqciis wamebasac
uwodeben, Tumca sinamdvileSi es Zegli Xs-Si arsen II qarTlis kaTalikosma (955980ww.) arsen didi kaTalikosis (IXs. II nax.) mier dawerili zemonaxsenebi abibos
nekreselis wamebis teqsti odnav Seaswora da mis mier Seqmnil ioane zedaznelisa
da mis mowafeTa (Sio mRvimeli, daviT garejeli) saerTo TxzulebaSi CarTo mis
bolo nawilad da amitom wina nawilebTan dasakavSireblad epilogis darTva
gaxda saWiro.1
abibos nekreselis Zveli redaqciis teqsti pirvelad m. janaSvilma
gamoaqveyna Tavis saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerebis aRwerilobaSi, w. III,
1902, gv. 25-28. meored s. kakabaZem saist. krebuli, w. V, 1924, gv. 239-246.
ufro kritikulia bolo ori gamocema: il. abulaZisa, asurel moRvaweTa
cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, 1954, 188-196 (vrceli, gviandeli teqstis
paralelurad; Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, II, 1964, gv. 240-248 (orive
paralelurad). ix. agr. s. yubaneiSvilis Zv. qarT. lit. qrestomaTia, I, 1946,
gv. 167-169 (uZvelesi). literatura: il. abulaZis dasax. gamocema, k. kekeliZe,
sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi, I, 1956, gv. 1950. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1928, gv. 324-347; e. gabiZaSvili,
asureli moRvaweebis `cxovrebaTa~ e.w. arqetipebis urTierT mimarTebisaTvis,
matiane, els, #4, 1982, gv. 61-67. z. aleqsiZe, abibos nekreselis martvilobis
teqstologiur-qronologiuri sakiTxebi, mravalTavi, XVIII, Tb. 1999, gv. 12-29,
da sxv. mravali.

II. mahmadian arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis amsaxveli qarTuli

martirologiuri hagiografiis Zeglebi (VIII-Xss.)
1. habo tfilelis ,,wameba
,,wameba wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristesisa habosi, romeli iwama
qarTls Sina. qalaqsa tfiliss, eliTa sarkinozTaTa. gamoTqmuli iovane Zisa
sabanisi brZanebiTa qristes mier samoel qarTlisa kaTalikozisaTa pirveli
1
e.
gabiZaSvili,
asurel
moRvaweebis
,,cxovrebaTa
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, macne els, #4, 1982w. gv. 61-67.

156

e.w.

arqetipebis

,,wamebaa, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis periodSi

daiwera. Txzulebis saTaurSivea dasaxelebuli da Cvenc gavimeorebT, rom
,,wameba dauweria mowamis TviTmxilvelsa da Tanamedroves iovane sabanis Zes (,,...
sanatreliTa miT qristesmieriTa siyuaruliTa Semiyuare me, vidre iyav sofelsa
amas Sina Cuensa), rasac adasturebs samoel qarTlis kaTalikosi, Txzulebis
damkveTi (,,Sen TT uwyi sanatrelisa amis axlisa mowamisa habosi, romeli dReTa
amaT CuenTa imartla), 786-790ww.-Si, radganac habos martvilobis TariRi
786 weli, TviT TxzulebaSia dasaxelebuli, 790 weli samoelis gardacvalebis
TariRia, xolo man rom iovanes mier dasrulebuli Txzuleba miiRo, es faqti
Txzulebis Sesavlidan iovanes samoelisadmi sapasuxo epistolidan Cans.
iovane sabanis Zis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili, Tumca damkvidrda azri,
rom igi saero piri unda yofiliyo, rac erTaderTi gamonaklisi iqneboda
qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi, magram sinamdvileSi iovanec sasuliero
piri unda iyos, radgan saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT ,,ara ums eriskacsa saerod
aRZrva sitysa, anu swavla erisa (didi sjuliskanoni, V kr. 64-e kanoni, gv.
394-395). Txzulebam dawerisdroindeli xelnaweriT ver moaRwia, magram wamebis
teqsti Semogvinaxa IXs. (A-1109; A-19) da Xs. (Ath.-8; Sin11, A-95) xelnawerebma.
habo, erovnebiT arabi Wabuki, rogorc msaxuri TbilisSi Camohyolia nerse
qarTlis erisTavs, romelic arabebs datusaRebuli hyavdaT q. baRdadSi da 3
wlis patimrobis Semdeg gamoustumrebiaT. aq igi, moxibluli qristianuli
sarwmunoebiT farulad dadioda eklesiaSi. xelaxali dapatimrebis SiSiT
nerse xazareTSi gaxiznula da Tan haboc wauyvania. aq man miiRo naTlisReba da
oficialurad gaqristianda.
erTxans habo Tavis qristianul moRvaweobas agrZelebda afxazeTSi, sadac
nerses ojaxi iyo Tbilisidan gaxiznuli da sadac Cavida nerse xazareTidan habos
TanxlebiT. aq habos ukve SeeZlo uSiSrad gamoemJRavnebina Tavisi qristianuli
grZnobebi, radgan amdroindeli afxazeTi iyo ,s,avse qristes sarwmunoebiTa da
aravin urwmunoTagani mkdrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa (Zeglebi, I, 59).
qarTlSi politikuri situaciis normalizaciam SesaZlebeli gaxada nerses
Tbiliss dabruneba da gaqristianebuli aboc mahmadian Tanametome arabTa
garemocvaSi moxvda. maTi dabezRebis Semdeg igi amiras samsjavros winaSe
wardga, magram stefane erismTavris ZalisxmeviT amjerad gadarCa sasjels da
gaanTavisufles, magram meored dasmenis Semdeg imis SiSiT, rom mas mimbaZvelebi
ar gamosCenoda, habo sapyrobileSi Caagdes, xolo radgan habos verc simdidris
dapirebam, Seacvlevina gadawyvetileba da verc tanjva-wamebam. patimrobis
mecamete dRes, naTlisRebis dResaswaulze, 6 ianvars mas Tavi mohkveTes, gvami
ki dawves da cxvris tyavSi gaxveuli neSti mtkvarSi gadaagdes, raTa igi
morwmuneTa Tayvaniscemis sagani ar gamxdariyo.

157

qarTlSi gabatonebuli arabTa Tvistomis gaqristianeba da qristes

sarwmunoebisaTvis sicocxlis gawirva ufro mZlavri argumenti iyo Txzulebis
avtoris iovane sabanisZis xelSi arabTa zemoqmedebis wnexis Sedegad SeSinebul
da rwmenaSeryeul qarTvelebSi qristianuli religiis gansamtkiceblad,
vidre arabebis mier, vTqvaT, ramdenime qarTveli morwmunis wameba. es
ragumenti man brwyinvaled gamoiyena da Seqmna pirveli erovnuli paTosiT
aRsavse hagiografiuli Txzuleba, romelSic maRalmxatvrul-alegoriuli
da ritorikul-paTetikuri xerxebiT auwya mrevls, rom kars momdgari
saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi katastrofa qristianuli rwmenis
mxolod mtkiced dacviT SeiZleba aviciloT Tavidan. Txzulebis kompozicia
originaluria da analogi ar moepoveba qarTul hagiografiaSi. mTlianobaSi
,,habos wameba Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ramdenime dargis sinTezs warmoadgens:
Txzuleba iwyeba damkveTis epistoliTa da avtoris sapasuxo epistoliT
dakveTis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg CamoTvlilia Txzulebis oTxi Tavis
saxelwodeba. 1. Tavi warmoadgens qadagebis formiT mrevlis damoZRvras, Tu ras
niSnavs dampyrobelTa monobisas Seqmnili umZimesi mdgomareobis dros qveynisa
da xalxisaTvis axali mowamis habos gamoCena da qristesTvis Tavdadeba. meore
da mesame Tavebi, Cveulebrivi, oRond ostaturad dawerili martirologiuri
hagiografiis Zeglia, romelSic qarTlis, xazareTisa da afxazeTis qveynebis
saintereso politikuri da eTnografiuli detalebis fonze moTxrobilia
habos baRdadidan TbilisSi Camosvla, gaqristianeba da bolos dasja (sxvaTa
Soris, erT-erT Zvel xelnawerSi habos wameba mxolod II da III TavebiT aris
warmodgenili). meoTxe Tavi homiletikuri Sesxmis anu qebis pirveli qarTuli
nimuSia, agebuli e.w. ,,gixaroden-is Targze dionise areopagelis zecis
ierarqiis Teoriis mixedviT.
iovane sabanisZe Tavisi Txzulebis dawerisaTvis, Cveulebisamebr uxvad
uxmobs sxvadasxva wyaros da ostaturad iyenebs maT Tavisi Txzulebis
ZiriTadi debulebis warmosaCenad. maT Soris mravladaa Zveli da axali aRTqmis
wignebidan moxmobili citatebi, Tu maTi perifrazebi. sxva wyaroebidan igrZnoba
originaluri hagiografiuli ZeglebiT - ,,SuSanikis wamebiT da ,,evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobiT sargeblobis kvali. naTargmnidan _ ,,ormoc
sebastel mowameTa martvilobiT, ,,stefane pirvelmowamis martvilobiT.
gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia ,,habos wamebis pirvel TavSi warmodgenili
qristes simboluri epiTetebis CamonaTvali da maTi komentari TiTqmis sityvasityviT aRebulia epifane kviprelis ,,aRvsebisaTs qarTuli Targmanidan (il.
abulaZe, Sromebi III, Tbilisi, 1982w. gv. 128-139).
,,abo tfilelis wameba mravaljer aris gamocemuli, maTgan davasaxelebT
umTavress: pirveli gamocema 1863w. d. CubinaSvili, qrestomaTia, peterburgi,

158

gv. 19-23; k. kekeliZe, adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura, 1935, gv.

55-80; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, 1964, gv. 46-81:
e. WeliZe, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, I, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 10451150 (teqsti, Targmani Tanamedrove qarTulze, gamokvleva _ komentarebi).
Targmnilia rusulad: . , . ,
I, 1871, . 166-178; . ,
, , 1956, . 31-60 (agr. etiudebi, XII, 1973, 104-128); germanulad:
K. Schultze, Das Martyrium des heiligen Abo von Tiflis, Texte und Untersuchungen, N.
Folge, XIII, 4. Leipyig, 1905; inglisuri (perifrazuli) D. Lang, The Martyrdom of
Abo, the perfumer from Baghdad, Lives, p. 115-133. literatura: zemodasaxelebul
gamocemaTa winasityvaoba da gamokvlevebi: agreTve k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli
lit. istoria, I, 1980, 129-192; iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi VIII, Tbilisi, 1977, gv.
76-85; P. Peeters, Les Khazars dans la Passion de s. Abo de Tifles, Analecta Bollandiana,
T. LII, fabcicule 1-2, Bruxelles, 1934, 23-28. M. Biro, Abo's Georgian vita, Acta Orient.
Hung, T. XXXI, Face. 2, p. 258-259. z. aleqsiZe, abo Tbilelis martvilobis TariRi
da masTan dakavSirebuli qarTlis erisTavTa qronilogia, mravalTavi, XIX,
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 311-315.

2. arCil mefis wameba

,,wameba wmidisa da didebulisa arCilisi, romeli iyo mefe qarTlisa, asaxavs
VIIIs. II naxevarSi arabebis batonobas qarTlSi, erTaderTi martirologiuri
Txzulebaa qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelic Cven ara hagiografiulma krebulebma
Semogvinaxa, aramed qarTulma saistorio matianem - ,,qarTlis cxovrebis
nusxebma. ,,qarTlis cxovrebis am nawilis minawerebi erTmaneTis sapirispiro
cnobebs Seicavs ,,arCilis wamebis daweris droisa da avtoris sakiTxebSi:
Txzulebis dasawyisis wina furcelze aseTi minaweria: ,,ese arCilis wameba da
mefeTa cxovreba da ninos mier qarTlis moqceva leonti mrovelman aRwera,
xolo Txzulebis bolos weria: ,,wigni ese wamebisa misisa ipova esreT sul
mcired aRwerili, romel JamTa SlilobiTa jerisaebr vervis aRewera. xolo
wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vidre vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiTi Jamad,
xolo vaxtang mefisiTgan vidre aqamomde (e.i. arCilis wamebis CaTvliT e.g.)
aRwera juanSer juanSerman, Zmiswulis qmarman wmidisa arCilisman, naTesavman
mefisaman, mirianis Zisaman... (qarT. cx., gv. 248). amitom mkvlevarTa azrebi
gayofilia da sabolood aseTi kompromisia daSvebuli, rom leonti mrovelma
ukve arsebuli mokle Txzuleba juanSerisa CarTo Tavis istoriografiul
SromaSi. Cven vfiqrobT, rom ,,arCilis wamebis mokle teqstTan unda gaerTianes
Txroba stefanozis (abos wamebaSi moxseniebuli qarTlis erismTavris) ZeTa

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misisa da arCilis mefobasTan dakavSirebuli teqstic, romelic ,,qarTlis

cxovrebaSi uSualod uZRvis win ,,arCilis wmaebis calke saTauriT gamoyofil
teqsts, miT umetes, rom orive nawilis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tema ,,dafluli
saganZuris Ziebas exeba, e. i. maT Soris uSualo Sinaarsobrivi kavSiria. am
SemTxvevaSi Txzuleba aramcTu mokle, aramed sakmaod soliduri moculobis
iqneba.
arCili, qarTlis mefe VIIIs. Sua wlebidan, 787w. uwamebia arabTa
mxedarTmTavars asims, radgan man ar uaryo qristianoba da ar miiRo mahmadianoba.
es momxdara 20 marts. daukrZalavT pirvel mefe-mowame ,,noteoras kaxeTSi,
arCilisave aSenebul eklesiaSi.
Txzuleba gamocemulia ,,qarTlis cxovrebis teqstTan erTad (I, 245-248) XVXVIIIss. xelnawerebis mixedviT (Q-795 XVs.; Q-207, XVI, IInax.; S-30, 1633-1646)
da sxv. agreTve Zv. qarT. agiografiuli lit. Zeglebi III, 208-212; Targmnilia
rusulad (. , . , III, 1873, . 7184). literatura: d. janaSvili, mefe miri da misi Zma mefe arCili, II, mowame,
nobaTi, 1884 #10-12, gv. 472-477; k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit. ist. I, Tb., 1980, gv. 241243 e. xoStaria-brose, leonti mroveli da qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1996, gv. 6781.

3. daviT da kostantines wameba

,,wameba da Ruawli wmidaTa da didebulTa mowameTa daviT da kostantinesi,
romelni iwamnes queyanasa CrdiloeTisasa sanaxebsa arguTeisasa, sabrZanebelsa
qarTvelTasa... aRwers 737-341 wlebSi, Tumca anonimi avtori gacilebiT
gviandeli mweralia ara uadres XIs. miwurulisa, an XIIs. dasawyisisa.
daviTi da konstantine arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis pirveli msxverplni arian,
romelTa Sesaxeb, marTalia, mogvianebiT, magram mainc Seiqmna ,,wameba. daviTi
da misi umcrosi Zma kostantine, argveTis mTavrebi, meTaurobdnen qarTvelTa
im jars, romelmac sastiki brZola gauCaRa momxdurebs, magram mtris
simravlem iZala da qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, xolo Zmebi tyved Cavardnen.
mahmadian arab mxedarTmTavars undoda, rom aseTi mamaci mebrZolebi Tavis
mxareze gadmoebirebina da daviTisa da kostantines gamahmadianeba ewada.
xangrZlivi sarwmunoebrivi kamaTis Semdeg, romelSic TiToeuli mxare sakuTari
sarwmunoebis upiratesobis damtkicebas cdilobda, Zmebis mtkice qristianulma
aRmsareblobam da mahmadianobis crurwmenis mxilebam murvan yru moTminebidan
gamoiyvana da maTi sikvdiliT dasja brZana. lodmobmuli mowameebi md. rionSi
daaRrCves, xolo maTi gvamebi morwmuneebma murvan yrus mier dangreuli
eklesiis sardafSi, cariel luskumaSi Caasvenes. swored am adgilas bagrat IV-m

160

maTi saxelobis taZari aago da monasteri daarsa (dRevand. ,,mowameTa) rogorc

es aRwerilia winamdebare ,,wamebaSi.
samecniero literaturaSi es Txzuleba dakarguli maTi ,,wamebis Zveli
teqstis mixedviT dawerilad miaCniaT (,,viTarca gviswavies ese ZuelTa
uwyebaTagan), magram wyaroebidan amokrefili masala, vfiqrobT, maincdamainc
am mowameTa kimenuri ,,wamebis arsebobas ar unda niSnavdes, xolo Txzuleba,
romelic momxdari ambebidan daax. 350 wlis Semdeg iwereba, ra Tqma unda, raRac
wyaroebs eyrdnoba. amitom, Cveni azriT, es Txzuleba pirvelad daiwera am
saxiT da misi daweris mizezi swored bagratis mier maTi saxelobis eklesiis
mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg masSi daviT da kostantines wmida nawilebis
gadasveneba unda iyos, e.i. XI s. bolos. Txzuleba XIII-XIV ss. xelnawerma
Semogvinaxa (Q-762; danarCenebi XVIIIs.); gamocemaTagan aRsaniSnavia: pirveli
1882w. (m. sabininis ,,saq. samoTxe, gv. 323-330) da ukanaskneli 1971w. (Zeglebi
III, gv. 248-262). Targmnilia rusulad (. , dasax. naSromi, I, 154-165).
literaturidan: cnobil mwerals, giorgi wereTels dauweria narkvevi maT
Sesaxeb ,,kvalSi #45 da #46, 1893w. agr. k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit. istoria, I,
1980, gv. 538-539. e. gabiZaSvili, Zeglebi IV, 154-60.

4. kostanti kaxis ,,wameba

,,cxoreba da wameba wmidisa mowamisa kostantisi qarTvelisa, romeli
iwama babilonelTa mefisa jafaris mier mogviTxrobs arabTa sardlis buRa
Turqis laSqrobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi 853 wels Tbilisis arabi amiris sahakis
dasajelad, romelmac xalifasagan damoukidebloba moindoma.
qarTlis didebuli aznauri kostanti, zedwodebiT kaxi, amiras momxreTa
dasSi iricxeboda da brZolaSi datyvevebuli xalifis karze q. samaraSi
wargzavnes, sadac mas, qristianobis datovebis moTxovnaze sastiki uaris Semdeg,
Tavi mohkveTes imave 853 wels.
Txzulebis avtoris vinaoba ucnobia, Tumca igi momxdari movlenebis
Tanamedrovea: ,,aRvwere cxoreba da wameba... kostantisi, romeli iyo dReTa
CuenTa, magram ara TviTmxilveli, ufro metic: igi sazRvargareT, albaT
saberZneTSi moRvawe qarTvelia, rogorc amas aRniSnaven iv. javaxiSvili da k.
kekeliZe, radgan Txrobis dro saberZneTSi Teodora dedoflisa da misi Zis
miqaelis mefobis periodiT aris miTiTebuli, amasve adasturebs bizantiis
mefeTa mier mowerili epistole kostantis ojaxisadmi saqarTveloSi. Cveni
mxriT davamatebT, rom saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvawe qarTvelTa
misamarTiT qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi xSirad ixmareba ,,qarTveli, rogorc
es am Txzulebis saTaurSia (Sdr. ,,ilarion qarTveli, ,,proxore qarTveli,

161

,,petre qarTveli (an iberieli) da sxv. mr.). Txzuleba mcire moculobisaa da

fatqebis arcTu siuxviT gamoirCeva, magram igi ar aris falsificirebuli da
arasando wyaro, rogorc amas p. peetersi cdilobs warmoaCinos1, rac k. kekeliZem
amomwuravi argumentebiT uaryo.2
,,kostanti kaxis wamebis xelnawerebi Zalze gviandelia uZvelesi 1712
wlisa (A-130), gamocemaTagan davasaxelebT: 1882w. m. sabininis mier - ,,saq.
samoTxe, gv. 363-370; 1946w. s. yubaneiSvilis mier qrestomaTia I, gv. 73-80;
1964w. Zeglebi I, gv. 164-172. Targmnilia rusulad: n. vaCnaZisa da k. kucias mier:
. (qarT. teqstTan erTad),
. 1978. laTinurad: P. Peeters, Passio S. Constantini Hiberi (qarT. teqsti laTinuri
TargmaniT), Acta Sanctorum, Novemberis, t. IV 1925, 544-560. literatura sqolioSi
miTiTebulisa da gamocemaTa winaswityvaobaTa garda: iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli
qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, Sromebi, VIII, gv. 86-90; k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit.
istoria I, Tb., 1980, gv. 520-522.

5. gobronis ,,wameba
,,wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobronisa, romeli ganiyvanes yvelis cixiT tbeTis
pirveli episkoposis stefane mtbevaris mier dawerili Txzulebaa, romelSic
aRwerilia arabi amiras abul kasimis 914 wlis somxeTsa da samxreT saqarTveloSi
laSqrobis ambavi. moTxrobilia, Tu rogori winaaRmdegoba gauwies arabTa
laSqars yvelis cixis damcvelma 128 mecixovnem da maTma meTaurma gobronma (anu
miqaelma). cixis 28 - dRiani alyisa da aRebis Semdeg isini daatyveves, xolo
qristianobis datovebisa da mahmadianobis miRebaze mtkice uaris gamo yvelani
maxvilebiT akuwes 914w. 17XI.
Txzuleba stefane mtbevarma aSot erismTavris (zedsaxelad kuxis) davalebiT
dawera 914-918ww. (bolo TariRi aSotis mkvlelobis welia). es arcTu vrceli
Txzuleba, gansakuTrebiT misi Sesavali nawili saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsis
ganyenebuli msjelobebisa da saRvTo werilis citatebiT aris gadatvirTuli.
avtoris azri arabebis mier somxeTis mooxrebisa da saerTod mtris Semosevebisa
da qveynis awiokebis Sesaxeb providenciulia. Txzuleba didi mxatvruli
RirsebebiT ver gamoirCeva, magram igi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens
TviTmxilveli avtoris mier danaxuli da mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenili
imdroindeli politikuri viTarebisa da saomar moqmedebaTa gasacnobad.
TxzulebaSi antisomxuri tendencia Cans.

1 P. Peeters, Des Constantino Martyre in Babilonis Acta Sanctorum, Novembris, Iv, 1925, 541-554.
2 k. kekeliZe, kostanti kaxis martviloba da vinaoba, etiudebi... I, Tb., 1956, gv. 138-146.

162

,,gobronis wamebis teqsti mxolod gviandelma xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa,

maTgan yvelaze adrindeli mxolod 1713 wlisaa (A-130), danarCenebi XVIIIs.
sxvadasxva wlebisa. pirvelad gamosca m. sabininma 1882w. ,,saqarTvelos
samoTxeSi, gv. 393-400; s. yubaneiSvilma 1946w. ,,qrestomaTia, I, gv. 80-85.
yvelaze kritikulia bolo gamocema: ,,Zeglebi I, Tbilisi, 1964w. gv. 172-183.
Targmnilia rusulad . , . ,
II, 1872, . 57-63. literatura: iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli qarTuli saistorio
mwerloba, Sromebi VIII, 1977, gv. 117-120. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarT. lit. istoria,
I, 1980, gv. 145-146. el. cagareiSvili, miqel-gobroni qarTulsa da somxur
saistorio mwerlobaSi, xeln. inst. moambe, I, 1959, gv. 127-144.

III mahmadian sparsTa winaaRmdeg brZolis amsaxveli qarTuli

martirologiuri Zeglebi (XVI-XVIIIss.)
1. qeTevan dedoflis ,,wameba
,,wameba yovlad didebulisa mowamisa dedoflisa qeTevanisi pirveli
martirologiuri Txzulebaa, romelmac asaxa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
sparselTa XVI-XVIIIss. Semosevebis Sedegad datrialebuli tragikuli
movlenebi. Txzulebis avtoria grigol dodorqeli (vaxvaxiSvili), daviT
garejis udabnos dodos monasterSi XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze moRvawe beri.
marTalia, avtors momxdar ambebs saukuneze meti aSorebs, magram epizodebs iseTi
cocxali ferebiT da Txrobis daxvewili ostatobiT aRwers, rom TviTmxilveli
gegoneba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriis es rTuli, politikuri intrigebiT
daxlarTuli da erovnuli damoukideblobis JiniT gaJRenTili monakveTi iseTi
damajereblobiT aris gadmocemuli grigol dodorqelis TxzulebaSi, rom igi
mematianeTa da istorikosTaTvis am periodis SeswavlisaTvis erT-erT ZiriTad
wyarod iqca.
TxzulebaSi aRwerili da istoriulad momxdari es sisxliani faqtebi
saqarTvelos istoriis kidev erTi saSineli, tragikuli furcelia. qeTevanis
cxovrebis tragedia misi kaxeTis samefos dedoflad gaxdomisTanave daiwyo:
jer meuRle gardaecvala (1602w.) Semdeg kaxeTis taxtisaTvis brZolas
Tavisi mcirewlovani Svili, taxtis kanonieri memkvidre Teimurazi ganarida
da sparseTis Sahis abasis karze gagzavna. taxtisaTvis brZola ki marTlac
sisxliani gamodga: Sahis karze gazrdilma da gamahmadienbulma konstantinem,
gardacvlili kaxeTis mefis Zmam, Sahis mxardaWeriT kaxeTis taxtis mocile
mama da Zma moakvlevina (1605w.) da ,,qarTveli kaenis saxeli daimkvidra. taxti
daikava, magram ajanyebulma kaxelebma qeTevanis meTaurobiT konstantine da misi

163

damqaSebi akuwes. Sahi iZulebuli gaxda 16 wlis Teimurazi kaxeTis mefed daesva
(1606w.). am dros qveynis saqmes qeTevani ganagebda.
SedarebiT mSvidobiani wlebi male damTavrda. 1614 wels Sah-abasi kaxeTs
Semosia da mZevlad aiyvana qeTevani da Teimuraz mefis ori mcirewlovani
vaJi. esec ar ikmara da Teimurazis datyveveba moindoma, magram radgan es ver
moaxerxa (Teimurazi imereTSi gaixizna), kaxeTi sastikad aaoxra da mosaxleobis
didi nawili sparseTs waasxa (dResac cxovrobs im qarTvelTa STamomavloba
sparseTSi, fereidanis provinciaSi. maTi ricxvi ramdenime aTasia), maT karmidamoebSi ki sparselebi Caasaxla.
Sah-abasma Teimurazis uSedego devnis xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi jer
misi mcirewlovani vaJebi daasaWurisa, rasac erTma ver gauZlo da mokvda, xolo
meore SeiSala (Tumca moxucebulobamde icxovra), Semdeg qeTevanis jeri dadga:
aTwliani patimrobis Semdeg, 1624 wels Sahma igi Sirazis mflobels gaugzavna
moTxovniT: an gaemahmadianebina igi an tanjva-wamebiT moekla. dedofalma
uyoymanod sikvdili arCia da cecxliTa da maxviliT usastikesi dawva-daWris
Sedegad, rac Semzaravad aqvs aRwerili avtors, igi aResrula 1624w. 13 maiss.
qeTevanis wminda nawilebi qristianebs jer dedoflis mier aSenebul egvterSi
daumarxavT, magram isini kaTolikebs mouparavT da farulad dausaflavebiaT
TavianT eklesiaSi, radgan daunaxavT, rom dedoflis wminda nawilebi saswaulebs
axdenda. male, avtoris TqmiT, kaTolikeTa erT-erT mRvdels RvTis CagonebiT
dedoflis wminda nawilTagan ,,zogi romelnime nawilni (Tavi, marjvena fexi)
ZRvnad Cautania TeimurazisaTvis da mTel qristianul sazogadoebas didi
pativiT daukrZalavs alaverdis taZarSi. male sparseTidan dedoflis danarCeni
nawilebic CamoutaniaT da dakrZalulisaTvis SeuerTebiaT.
qeTevan deodflis Rvawli pirvelad aRuweria misi ,,wamebis TviTmxilvels,
magram man Cvenamde ver moaRwia. farTod aisaxa es Tema saero literaturaSi: jer
Teimurazma miuZRvna poema Tavisi dedis Tavdadebas, Semdeg arCil mefem CarTo
Tavis ,,gabaasebaSi. farTod gamoexmaurnen qeTevan deodflis wamebis faqts
XVII-XVIIIss. qarTveli da ucxoeli mematianeebi da istorikosebi, kaTolikuri
samyaros qronistebi da mwerlebi, Seiqmna mxatvruli da dramatuli Txzulebebi.
qeTevan dedoflis grigol dorqeliseuli ,,wameba ki pirvelad gamovlinda
da gamoica mxolod 1949 wels (tr. ruxaZe, axladaRmoCenili ,,cxovreba da
wameba qeTevan dedoflisa, literaturuli Ziebani, V, gv. 248-267, teqsti da
gamokvleva), meored gamoica 1989w. (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit-is
Zeglebi, V, gv. 5-32 teqsti da 136-165 - m. qavTarias gamokvleva). orive gamocema
efuZneba XVIIIs. xelnawerebs (A-130, 1713w.; S-3269; A-170,173w.). literatura
garda zemoT dasaxelebulisa: k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit. istoria, 1980, gv.

164

342-343; r. gulbenkiani, namdvili cnobebi saqarTvelos dedoflis qeTevanis

mowamebrivi sikvdilis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1987w. (Targmnilia frangulidan).
agreTve, anton bagrationi, martirika, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli litis Zeglebi, VI, 1980, gv. 12-35 (qeTevanis ,,wamebis teqsti); 446-457 (m. qavTarias
gamokvleva).

2. luarsab mefis ,,wameba

,,Ruawli wmidisa da sanatrelisa mowamisa da mefisa luarsabisi, romeli
iwama Sah-abaz usjulosa mier sparsTa mefisa aris besarion kaTalikosis
(orbeliSvilis) mier XVIIIs. I naxevarSi dawerili martirologiuri Txzuleba,
romelSic moTxrobilia qarTlis samefos XVI-XVIIs. istoriuli movlenebi,
romlebic viTardeboda qeTevanis ,,wamebaSi gadmocemuli kaxeTis samefoSi
momxdari movlenebis paralelurad, TiTqmis drois imave monakveTSi. amitom
aris ,,qeTevanis wamebaSi Setanili mTeli monakveTi luarsab mefis wamebis
Sesaxeb, xolo ,,luarsabis wameba-s atyvia ,,qeTevanis wamebiT sargeblobis
udavo kvali.
TxzulebaSi sainteresod aisaxa istoriul-politikuri suraTebi, romlebic
bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeba oficialur istoriul cnobebs da am mxriv saintereso
kiTxvas svams: vis mxarezea sinamdvile?
luarsab mefe Sah-abasis mzakvrul politikur interesebs Seewira. motyuebiT
sparseTSi 1614w. Cayvanili mefe xangrZlivi patimrobis Semdeg Sirazis (qeTevanis
wamebis adgili) cixeSi mSvildis sabliT moaSTves 1622w. 1 marts, radgan man
sastiki uari Tqua qristianobis datovebasa da mahmadianobis miRebaze.
Txzulebis ritorikuli Sesavali homiletikur elfers atarebs, xolo
istoriuli ambebis gadmocemaSi avtori JamTaaRmwerlis rolSi gvevlineba.
,,luarsabis wamebis xelnawerebi Txzulebis dawerisdroindelia (S-3269;
A-170), xolo maT safuZvelze gamocemuli ,,wamebis teqsti jer s. yubaneiSvilis
,,qrestomaTiaSi, I, 407-416 daibeWda 1946w., xolo meored Zveli qarT.
agiografiuli literaturis ZeglebSi, V, gv. 33-49, 1989w.; literatura garda
gamocemaTa winasityvaobebisa: m. qavTaria, besarion orbeliSvilis cxovreba da
moRvaweoba, xel. inst. moambe, I, 1959, 86-93; k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit. istoria
I, 1980, gv. 353.

3. biZina, Salva da elizbaris wameba

,,Sesxma wmidaTa mowameTa biZinasi, Salvasi da elisbarisi da uwyeba wamebis
maTisa besarion kaTalikosis (orbeliSvilis0 XVIIIs. I naxevarSi Seqmnili
martirologiuri Txzuleba, mogviTxrobs sparsel dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg

165

kaxeTis 1659 wlis ajanyebisa da misi meTaurebis sikvdiliT dasjis istorias

imave wlis 18 seqtembers sparseTSi, q. ardalans.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikuri da fizikuri ganadgureba XVII saukunis
sparsTa Sahebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo, romlis uSualo ganxorcieleba
1614 wels Sah-abasma kaxeTze gamanadgurebeli SemosevebiT daiwyo da gadamwvargadabuguli miwidan mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sparseTSi gadasaxlebiTa da
maT adgilze Turqmeni (ulusTa) tomebis CamosaxlebiT damTavrda Sah-abaz II-is
mier, rac qristiani qarTvelebis gamahmadianebas an maTi saxseneblis amoSlas
iTvaliswinebda. swored am procesebis CaSlas da qarTl-kaxeTis moZaladeTagan
ganTavisuflebas isaxavda miznad 1659 wlis ajanyeba, romelmac garkveulwilad
CaSala sparselTa gegmebi, magram damsjeli zomebisa da qveynis kidev erTxel
aoxrebisagan Tavidan acilebis mizniT ajanyebis meTaurebma gadawyvites
nebayoflobiT warmdgariyvnen Sahis samsjavros winaSe da sakuTari sisxlis
fasad gadaerCinaT qveyana aoxrebisagan. besarion orbeliSvili arcTu ise didi
xniT iyo dacilebuli TxzulebaSi momxdari ambebidan da SeeZlo cxel kvalze
sarwmuno cnobebi Seetana ,,wamebaSi, es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba mis daskvniT
nawils, romelSic kaxeTis ajanyebis gmirebis neStTa sparseTidan saqarTveloSi
,,welTa aramciredTa Semdeg gadmosveneba da ikorTis monasterSi, erT samareSi
dakrZalva aris aRwerili (radgan maTi nawilebis garCeva SeuZlebeli iyo).
Txzuleba, rogorc saTauridanac Cans, naxevrad homiletikuri da naxevrad
hagiografiuli Zeglia, dawerili sakmaod maRali ritorikuli stiliT da
erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebiT. sami mowame-patriotis Tema saero
literaturaSic aisaxa (akaki wereTlis ,,baSi-aCuki), rogorc samSoblosaTvis
Tavganwiruli erovnuli gmirebi. Txzulebis teqsti gamoqveynda 1882w. m.
sabininis mier ,,saq. samoTxeSi, gv. 599-609 da 1989w. Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit.
Zeglebi, V, gv. 49-63, XVIIIs. I nax. xelnawerebis (S-3269 da A-170) mixedviT.
literatura: m. qavTarias dasax. naSromi, gv. 86-93, k. kekeliZe, I, Tb., 353-354.

nawili meore
,,cxovreba moqalaqobani~
qarTulma martirologiurma Txzulebebma, marTalia, udidesi roli Seasrula
qarTveli xalxisa da eklesiis erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi erTianobis saqmeSi,
qarTuli literaturis Camoyalibebisa, kulturis istoriis formirebaSi, magram
qarTul hagiografiaSi centraluri adgili mainc ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis
Janrs uWiravs. swored am JanrSi daiwera is hagiografiuli Txzulebebi,

166

romlebic garkveulwilad gansazRvraven qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis

zogadqristianul mniSvnelobas da wvlils msoflio civilizaciaSi.
hagiografiis or ZiriTad Janrad ,,wamebad da ,,cxovrebad dayofis
safuZveli ara marto wmindanis aRsrulebis saxea (,,wamebaSi mowamebrivi
sikvdili, ,,cxovrebaSi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis Semdeg bunebrivi aRsasruli),
aramed wmindanobis mopovebisa da RmerTis sauflosTan miaxloebis ori
gansxvavebuli gza: 1) hagiografiuli mwerlobis ideali mowameoba (qristes
wamebis mibaZviT) da 2) yoveldRiuri mouRleli sarwmunoebrivi Sromisa da
locvis gza anu ,,yovelsa Jamsa iwamebodes saxelisaTs qristesisa, ,,yovelTa
dReTa ewamebian da SromaTa TsTa Semateben da ase bunebrivi sikvdilis
mosvlamde (qristes miwieri cxovrebis mibaZviT) ,,wamebisa da ,,cxovrebis
Janris qarTul TxzulebaTa Sedarebisas vlindeba, rom ,,wamebis mTavari
personaJebi ZiriTadad saero pirebi (oriode mRdelmowamis garda) arian, xolo
,,cxovrebis mxolod sasuliero pirebi da Tan ber-monazvnebi (gamonaklisia
wm. nino - ,,mociqulTa sworad wodebuli), riTac TiTqos xazgasmulia, rom
saero pirs mxolod mowamebrivi gziT SeuZlia damkvidrdes sasufevelSi, xolo
sasuliero pirisaTvis orive gza arsebobs mowameobac da moRvaweobac.
,,wameba Cveulebriv, qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT moTxrobil erTplanian,
sworxazovan siuJetze agebuli Txzulebaa, romlis centraluri momenti mowamis
cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis aRweraa da TiTqmis araferia naTqvami, an
Zalian cota, mis ganvlil cxovrebaze. am faqtis axsna albaT imiT SeiZleba, rom
avtors daintereseba Tavisi gmiriT mxolod misi mowamebrivi aRsasrulis Semdeg
xdeba, an kidev cota xniT adre, roca igi mowamebriv gzas daadgeba, magram mas
sakmarisi cnobebi ara aqvs wamebamde wmindanis mier ganvlili cxovrebis Sesaxeb,
misi detalebi, epizodebi, rac ayalibebs momavali mowamis mtkice xasiaTs.
gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobebSi. momavali
wmindanis moRvaweoba mimdinareobs ber-monazonTa Tvalwin, maT Soris SeiZleba
iyos momavali avtoric da misTvis ,,cxovrebis epizodebisa da movlenebis
detaluri aRwera siZneles ar warmoadgens. sainteresoa erTi magaliTi
bizantiuri hagiografiis istoriidan, romelic ,,cxovrebis avtorobis sakiTxs
Seexeba: cnobili saeklesio mwerlis da mRvdelmTavris epifane kviprelis
,,cxovrebis daweraSi monawileoba miiRo samma avtorma: Tavisi moZRvris
,,cxovrebas farulad werda epifanes mowafe ioane xucesi, magram igi daavadda
da gardaicvala. sikvdilis win man Tavisi saidumlo gaando epifanes meore
mowafes polibioss da sTxova mas gaegrZelebina epifanes ,,cxovrebis wera im
adgilidan, sadac man Sewyvita Txroba. polibiosmac ver daamTavra ,,cxovreba,
radgan igi ganaweses kviprosidan moSorebul (egvipteSi) samwysos episkoposad,
xolo epifane konstantinopolidan kvipross momavali navSi gardacvalebuli

167

ise datova mowafem kostantis qalaqis eklesiaSi, rom ver daeswro moZRvris
dakrZalvas, radgan es procesi sxvadasxva mizeziT gaWianurda (115 wlis
epifanes gvams TafliT savse WurWelSi inaxavdnen). polibioss ainteresebda
moZRvris dakrZalvis procesia, dRe da adgili, amitom epistole gaugzavna
epifanes adgilze xeldasmul episkopos sabines da sTxova epifanes ,,cxovrebis
am ukanaskneli momentis aRwera. sabinem Seasrula Txovna da sakmaod vrclad
aRwera ,,cxovrebis es monakveTi. ase daiwera epifanes ,,cxovreba sami avtoris
mier, rac unikaluri SemTxvevaa hagiografiuli mwerlobis istoriaSi.
,,cxovrebis avtori SeiZleba Tavisi gmiris Tanamedrovec ki ar iyos, magram
igi cnobebs agrovebs wmindanis uaxloes garemocvaSi, romelTaTvis cnobilia
am moRvawis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mTeli gza. kompoziciurad ,,cxovreba
umetesad mravalplaniani Txzulebaa, rac mis moqmed pirTa simravliT da maTTan
dakavSirebuli epizodebis siuxviT aixsneba. erTi epizodidan meoreze gadasvla
da epizodebis monacvleoba ,,cxovrebis avtoris erT-erTi mxatvruli xerxia.
rogorc vTqviT, qarTuli ,,cxovreba moqalaqeobani ZiriTadad monazonTa
Rvawls gadmogvcems, e.i. hagiografiuli mwerlobis am Janris warmoSoba, iseve,
rogorc bizantiur saeklesio mwerlobaSi, saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis
dasawyisTan aris dakavSirebuli da safiqrebelia, VIs. II naxevarSi siriidan
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camosul camet siriel mamaTagan yvelaze cnobili
monastrebis damaarsebelTa koleqtiur an TiToeul maTganze imave xanebSi
daweril ,,cxovrebebs gulisxmobs, romlebmac Cvenamde ver moaRwia, Tumca
mainc aisaxa Cvenamde moRweul SedarebiT gviandel (IX-Xs.), maT Sesaxeb Seqmnil
,,cxoreba-moqalaqeoba... iovane zedazndelisa da mowafeTa misTa-Si.
samonastro mSeneblobis meore kera, romelic samxreT saqarTvelos
klarjeTisa da samcxis provinciaSi Camoyalibda, gaxda ori SesaniSnavi
,,cxovrebis Seqmnis wyaro grigol xanZTelis ,,cxovrebisa da serapion
zarzmelis ,,cxovrebisa.
samonastro keraTagan yvelaze gamorCeulma sazRvargareTulma aTonis mTis
qarTvelTa monasterma kidev sami saucxoo ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis Janris
Txzuleba gvaCuqa: ilarion qarTvelis, efTvime mTawmidelisa da giorgi
mTawmidelis ,,cxovrebebi.
am sam samwerlobo keraSi Seqmnili ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis Janris
TxzulebaTa Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom isini hagiografiis am Janris ganviTarebis
sam, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul etaps asaxavs, rac mdgomareobs TiToeuli
maTganis epoqasTan dakavSirebul mizandasaxulobaSi.
zemoaRniSnul samonastro saqmianobis amsaxveli ,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobis
sqemaSi ar jdeba pirveli qarTuli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvenamde moRweul
ZeglTagan) ,,cxovreba (IXs.), radgan igi samonastro cxovrebis Casaxvaze

168

adrindel viTarebas aRwers aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianuli religiis

gavrcelebisa (,,moqceva qarTlisa) da misi mTavari Semoqmedis wm. ninos
cxovrebis (,,cxoreba ninosi) epizodebs mogviTxrobs. unda gaviTvaliswinoT
erTi niuansic: ninos cxovrebis ,,moqceviseuli varianti safuZvlad daedo
ninos cxovrebis sxva redaqciebsac (oTxi Txzuleba), magram maT e.w. metafrasul
TxzulebaTa rigSi ganvixilavT sxva msgavs TxzulebebTan erTad. amasTanave,
,,ninos cxovreba, romelic ,,moqceva qarTlisas Semadgeneli nawilia,
calke saTauriT gamoyofili, unda miviCnioT sasuliero piris Sesaxeb daweril
Txzulebad (nino xom ierusalimis erT-erT eklesiaSi vinme, niaforTan erTad
moRvaweobda), Tu is aris saero piri (radgan mas samRvdelo xeldasma ar hqonia).
rac mTavaria, nino aris ,,mociqulTaswori da ara Cveulebrivi saero piri.
marTalia, mociqulebi sxvadasxva eparqiaSi pirveli episkoposebi gaxdnen, nino
ki ara, magram dabrkoleba am SemTxvevaSi ninos ,,dedakacobam Seqmna.
,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobaTa qarTul galereaSi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
originaluri ,,cxovreba, petre iberis anu qarTvelis ,,cxovrebac, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es Txzuleba, rogorc TviT ZeglSia aRniSnuli, qarTulad Targmnilia
XIII-XIVss. siriuli enidan, radgan misi moRvaweobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTuli
eklesiis samsaxuri iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi siriuli samwysos episkoposi
gaxda.

I. ,,moqceva qarTlisa da ,,cxoreba wmidisa ninosi~

qarTuli mwerlobis Cvenamde moRweuli yovelgvari werilobiTi Zegli
mxolod qristianuli Sinaarsisaa. qristianoba amosavalia ara marto qarTuli
mwerlobisaTvis, aramed kulturis sxva sferosaTvisac da winare warmarTuli
sarwmunoebisa da kulturis kvali isea waSlili, rom nakvaleviRa aris
SemorCenili ZiriTadad miTologiaSi da eTnografiaSi. am mxriv qristianobam,
romelmac udidesi misia Seasrula msoflio da kerZod qarTuli civilizaciis
ganviTarebaSi, uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa uZvelesi, winareqristianuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
swored qristianobis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebisa da misi
damkvidrebis pirvel xanebs eZRvneba pirveli qarTuli ,,cxovrebis Janris
Txzuleba ,,moqceva qarTlisa da masSi CarTuli wm. ninos ,,cxovreba.
iseve, rogorc pirveli qarTuli martirologiuri Txzuleba ,,SuSanikis
wameba, pirveli qarTuli ,,cxovrebis Janris Txzulebac ,,moqceva qarTlisa
Zalze originaluri da gansxvavebulia amave Janris sxva Zeglebisgan.
upirvelesad, gansxvavebulia Txzulebis dasaTaureba, misi Znelad aRsaqmeli
kompoziciuri struqtura da misi Janrobrivi Sinaarsis gansazRvra: istorikosTa

169

azriT, igi aris istoriul-qronikaluri wyaroTmcodneobiTi Zegli, xolo

filologTa gansazRvriT, hagiografiuli Txzuleba, formiT, SinaarsiTa daY
istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi elementebiT aris gadatvirTuli. saqme isaa,
rom garda misi saTauris istoriografiulobisa, Txzulebis pirveli nawili
istoriuli qronikaa, romelic warmogvidgens aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
istoriis warmarTul periods aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobiTa da mis mier
samefo dinastiis aq damkvidrebiT dawyebuls da mirian mefiT damTavrebuls (igi
27-e mefea). warmarT mefeTa sia umetesad gavrcelebulia TiTo-orola fraziT,
maTi saqmianobis calkeuli detalebisa da maTi salocavi kerpebis aRmarTvis
moxseniebiT, me-18-e-27-e mefeTa mxolod saxelebia. mirian mefis qristianuli
moRvaweoba da ninos cxovrebisa da samisionero moRvaweobis sakmaod vrceli
aRwera agrZelebs qronikis Txrobas da ar Cerdeba ninos da Semdeg mirian mefis
gardacvalebaze, aramed ganagrZobs ukve qristian mefeTa da maT Tanamedrove
mTavarepiskoposTa (vaxtang gorgaslamde) da Semdeg kaTalikosTa CamoTvlas
TiTqmis warmarT mefeTa siis msgavsad, oRond maTTan SedarebiT Rvawls
ufro vrceli aRweriT da amgvarad modis stefanoz qarTlis erisTavamde
(mcxeTis jvaris eklesiis aRmaSenebeli Vis.) da kaTalikos evnonamde. amis
Smedeg mxolod CamoTvlilia umefobis xanis kidev 11 erismTavari (sruldeba
aSot kurapalatiT, +826w. da misi ZiT guaramiT, +882w.), romelsac SeniSvnac
axlavs: ,,didni erisTavni esTen iyvnes, xolo kaTalikosTa aseTive ,,SiSveli
sia TavfaCanagiT dawyevuli, CamoTvlis cxra colosans da cxramet ucolo
kaTalikoss (arseniT damTavrebuli). esaa ,,moqceva qarTlisa~-s istoriuli
nawili, romelic win uZRvis ,,ninos cxovrebis vrcel Txzulebas. amis Semdeg
Txroba iwyeba isev ninos Sesaxeb _ misi aRsasrulTan miaxloebis epizodiT
da didebul qalTa TxovniT, rom ninos eambna Tavisi cxovrebisa da Rvawlis
Sesaxeb, romlis Casawerad moemzadnen salome ujarmeli da peroJavri sivnieli.
amis Semdeg aris dasaTaurebuli Txzulebis es nawili: ,,cxoreba wmidisa
ninosi~ da nino iwyebs Txrobas da pirvel pirSi es Txroba moicavs ninos
qarTlSi Semosvlis, kerpebis dalewvisa da samefo baRSi mis damkvidrebis
aRweras. amis Semdeg Txrobas agrZelebs sidonia da mamamisi, abiaTar huriaTa
mRvdelyofili, Semdeg iakob mRvdeli. bolos darTuli aqvs mcxeTis jvris
aRmarTvis damoukidebeli Txroba (mxolod SatberdulSi), mirian mefis wigni
ninos gardacvalebis gamo da misive anderZi. ai, aseTia ,,moqceva qarTlisasa da masSi CarTuli ,,ninos cxovrebis siuJeturi wyoba da Sinaarsis sqema.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ,,moqcevas ninos ,,cxovrebis nawili, miuxedavad
siuJeturi gaurkvevlobisa da zogierTi epizodebis ganmeorebebisa, mxatvruli
gemovnebiT, erovnul-kulturuli suliskveTebiT dawerili Txzulebaa da
vfiqrobT, is upirvelesad hagiografiuli Zeglia da Semdeg wyaroTmcodneobiTi.

170

rac Seexeba saTaurs, marTalia, TxzulebaSi centraluri adgili ninos Rvawlis

asaxvas uWiravs, magram saTaurSi aisaxa umniSvnelovanesi _ qveynis cxovrebis
istoriuli Semobrunebis faqti, ninos Rvawlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi
(grandiozulma Sedegma ,,daCrdila am Sedegis Semoqmedi), xolo ,,moqcevas
istoriis sisruliT warmoCinebam moiTxova qronikul-dokumenturi xasiaTis
eqskursic da ,,moqcevas Semdeg qristian mefe-mTavarTa da mRvdelmTavarTa
moRvaweobis konspeqtis darTva am Txzulebis daweris momentamde (IXs. II
naxevramde).
,,ninos cxovrebis teqstis redaqciaTa simravles TviT ,,moqcevis udidesi
mniSvneloba da am faqtis mimarT saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva epoqaSi
avtorTa da sazogadoebis oficialuri nawilis gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba
iwvevda. Cven amjerad mxolod ,,moqcevas vexebiT, magram unda vTqvaT mTavari,
rom es Zegli daiwera IXs. II naxevarSi (ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT adre arsebuli
werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze) grigol parTevelis adrindel wyaroebSi
saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad umarTebulod moxseniebis kvalis moSlis mizniT
(k. kekeliZe).
am redaqciul gansxvavebas ara marto ,,moqceva-s bazaze Seqmnili ninos
,,cxovrebani ver ascda, aramed TviT ,,moqceva-s teqstic, romelic ori Zveli
xelnaweriT aris Semonaxuli: uZvelesia e.w. Satberdis 937-976ww. krebulSi
(S-1141) Setanili teqsti, xolo e.w. WeliSuri (WeliSis eklesiisa - raWaSi) ufro
gviandeli (H-600, XIV-XVss. aq ninos cxovreba saTauriT gamoyofili ar aris),
orive nusxa metnaklebad naklulia, frazeologiurad sakmaod gansxvavdeba, aris
sxvaoba epizodebSic, magram saerTo TxrobaSi erTmaneTs avseben (STabeWdileba
rCeba, rom WeliSuri teqsti ufro Zvelia da gamarTulic) da ,,moqceva
qarTlisa-s am variants Satberdul-WeliSur redaqcias uwodeben.
Txzulebis anonim avtors wyaroTa farTo speqtriT usargeblia, romelTagan
Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovania grigol diakonis ,,mcire igi mokled aRwerili
igi wigni qarTlisa moqcevisa (VII-VIIIss.), romeli Cveni azriT, safuZvlad
unda dasdeboda ZiriTadad ,,moqceva qarTlisa-s pirvel nawils (qronikis
aq motanilze vrcel qronikul naSromTan erTad), Tumca misi gamoyenebis kvali
Txzulebis meore nawilSic Cans (aRmarTeba patiosnisa juarisa mcxeTisa da
merme kualad gamoCineba (Satbedruli, Tavi 11), agreTve, gaukeTebia qarTlis
moqcevis Sesaxeb gabneuli cnobebis kompozicia (berZnuli, somxuri, asuruli,
sparsuli da sxv.) da usargeblia saistorio legenduri da apokrifuli
literaturiT, saxarebiT.
avtori gazviadebulad warmoaCens ninos rols saberZneTSi qristianobis
kanonizaciaSi da sakuTari qveynis zogierT kulturul upiratesobas qristianul
samyaroSi. ,,moqcevas teqstis gamocemaTa da samecniero literaturis

171

simravlidan davasaxelebT zogs: e. TayaiSvilis gamocema, . .

,, , . II, . 708-815 (orive), Zv. qarT. agiogr.
lit. Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv. 81-163 (orive), ,,Satberduli krebuli Xs., gamoc.
b. gigineiSvilisa da e. giunaSvilis mier (Satberd. teqsti, dakl. adgilebi Sevs.
WeliSuriT), Tb., 1979, gv. 320-253. Targmanebi: rusuli: , . 28, 1900,
1-116 (Satberduli), M. Wardrop, studia, Biblica and Ecclesiastica, V, , Oxford, 1900, 1-88
(Satb.), G. Patsch, Bedi Kartlisa, XXXIII, Paris, 1975, 288, 337 (Satberd.). literatura
k. kekeliZe, qarTlis moqcevis mTavari sakiTxebi, etiudebi, IV, 252-292. misive,
qarT. lit. istoria, I, 1980, 523-532. iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi, VIII, 1977, 103-111.
e. xoStaria-brose, VIIs. qarT. matiane da misi kvali, ,,moqceva qarTlisaSi
da qarTlis cxovrebaSi, wignSi: leonti mroveli da qarTlis cxovreba, Tb.,
1996, 47-65; m. CxartiSvili: qarT. hagiogr. wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis
problemebi, ,,cxovreba wmida ninosi, Tb., 1987. r. siraZe `ninos cxovreba~ da
dasawyisi qarTuli mwerlobisa, ganTiadi, 3, 1989, gv. 56-58. z. aleqsiZe, `moqceva
qarTlisa matianis~ axali redaqcia N/Sin-48, mravalTavi, XX, Tbilisi, 2003,
gv. 5-15.

II. asurel mamaTa ,,cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi

,,cxovreba-moqalaqeobaTa Seqmnis ZiriTadi wyaro rogorc bizantiur,
ise qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi, rogorc vTqviT, samonastro cxovrebis
organizacia da ber-monazonTa gamorCeuli nawilis moRvaweoba iyo. qarTul
sinamdvileSi es procesi VIs. Sua wlebidan daiwyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
siriidan Camosuli ioane zedaznelisa da misi 12 mowafis mier qarTlis da kaxeTis
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi monastrebis, ufro zustad ki sadasayudeblo gandegilobis
Sesaferisi adgilebis SerCeviT, rasac male am adgilebSi adgilobrivi
bermonazvnuli ,,cxovreba mohyva. saerTo azriT, uZvelesi ,,cxovrebamoqalaqeobanic maSinve Tu ara, VIs-Tan axlo xanebSi unda Seqmniliyo,
Tumca dRes am moRvaweTa Sesaxeb hagiografiuli Txzulebebi mxolod IXsdan mogvepoveba abibos nekreselis ,,wameba, romlis Sesaxeb saubari Cven
martirologiuri hagiografiis ganxilvisas gvqonda. rac Seexeba danarCenebs,
sruli hagiografiuli Txzuleba daiwera mxolod ioane zedaznelis, Sio
mRvimelisa da daviT garejelis Sesaxeb, xolo zogierTi danarCenTagan metnaklebi
sisruliT, moixseniebian dasaxelebulTa ,,cxovrebebSi, romelTa Sesaxeb
Cvenamde moRweuli Txzulebebi Xs. II naxevarSi dauweria arsen II kaTalikoss
(955-980). samecniero literaturaSi iaone zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelisa da daviT
garejelis am ,,cxovrebebs e.w. arqetipebs uwodeben (s. kakabaZe). am pirTa Sesaxeb
daweril uZveles Txzulebebad miaCniaT da yvela sxva, mogviano ,,cxovrebebis

172

anu metafrasuli redaqciebis wyarod asaxeleben. Cven migvaCnia, rom e.w.

arqetipebi anu siriel mamaTa Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli ,,cxovrebaTa uZvelesi
redaqciebi, erTmaneTTan teqstualurad mWidrod dakavSirebuli Txzulebebia
da isini erT mTlian Zeglad unda gaviazroT, romelsac ewodeba ,,cxoreba da
moqalaqeoba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa misTa,
romelTa gananaTles queyana ese CrdiloeTisa (Zeglebi, I, gv. 191-248)1, xolo
masSi gamoiyofa calke dasaTaurebuli Tavebi: 1) ,,cxoreba da moqalaqeoba
Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa Siosi da evagresi, 2) ,,cxoreba da moqalaqeoba
wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa daviT garejelisa, 3) ,,wmidisa mRdelmowamisa abibos
nekresel episkoposisa, romelic iwama cecxlismsaxurTa mier qarTls....
am debulebis mtkiceba zemodasaxelebul naSromSia warmodgenili, magram aq
mainc movixmobT ramdenime ZiriTad arguments:
iovane zedaznelis cxovrebas rom agrZelebs ,,Sios cxovreba, es Cans:
1) iovanes gardacvalebisa da dasaflavebis epizodi warmodgenilia ara im
monakveTSi, romelic konkretulad iovane zedaznelis moRvaweobas exeba, aramed
,,Sios cxovrebis TiTqmis bolos. 2) ,,Sios cxovreba iwyeba: ,,xolo netari
ese da RmrTivganbrZnobili mama Cueni wmida Sio movida winamZRuarobiTa
sulisa wmidisaTa da daemkvidra dasavaliT kerZo deda-qalaqsa mcxeTas~. arc
erTi hagiografiuli Txzuleba ar SeiZleba daiwyos ,,xoloTi. am kavSiriT
SeiZleba daiwyos wina teqstis gagrZelebad nagulisxmevi teqsti. mas SeiZleba
daekisros axali Tavisa, anda axali abzacis dawyebis funqcia. 3) igive unda
vTqvaT daviT garejelis ,,cxorebis Sesaxebac, romelic zustad iseve iwyeba,
rogorc daiwyo Sios ,,cxovreba: ,,xolo ese wmida mama Cueni daviT warvida
adgilTa udabnoTa da urwyulTa sjad Tavisa Tsisa. ,,xolo aqac miuTiTebs,
rom daviT garejelis ,,cxovreba agrZelebs Sio mRvimelis ,,cxovrebas. 4) Sios
gardacvalebis epizodi saerTod ar aris Sios ,,cxovrebaSi, rac hagiografiuli
TxzulebisaTvis uprecedento SemTxveva iqneboda, magram aqac moulodneloba
gvelis: Sios gardacvalebis Sesaxeb saubaria ,,abibos nekreselis wamebis
im SedarebiT vrcel redaqciaSi, romelsac mcireodeni frazeologiuri
cvlilebebiT gadmoutania ,,abibos nekreselis Zveli (IXs.) redaqciis teqsti
da misTvis epilogiviT Sios gardacvalebis ambavi daurTavs. ,,abibos nekreselis
wamebis es redaqcia rom iovane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis Rvawlis amsaxvel
saerTo TxzulebaSi moiazreba, amaze TviT ,,wamebis dasawyisi metyvelebs:
,,xolo jer-ars, raTa mcired Suva SemoviRoT seneba wmidisa da ubiwosa
mRdelT-moZRuarisa da mowamisa... jer erTi, aqac ,,xolo, meorec, pirdapiraa
naTqvami, rom moTxrobaSi unda CavrToT ,,Suva SemoviRoT seneba-o.
1 e. gabiZaSvili, asurel moRvaweTa `cxovreba` e.w.
mimarTulebisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. macne, 4, 1982, gv. 61-67

arqetipebis

urTierT

173

amrigad, eWvi ar aris, arsen II kaTalikosma erTi Txzuleba dawera

(SesaZlebelia, Zveli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT), romelic iovanes da mis
gansakuTrebiT gamorCeul mowafeTa Rvawls asaxavda da ara cal-calke oTxi
Txzuleba.
amgvarad, siriel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb Seqmnil da Cvenamde moRweul uZveles
erTian Txzulebas Cven tradiciis mixedviT calkeul Semadgeneli nawilebis
mixedviT ganvixilavT, xolo maT safuZvelze Seqmnili metafrasul Txzulebebis
Sesaxeb am redaqciis sxva TxzulebebTan erTad visaubrebT.

1. iovane zedaznelis ,,cxovreba

Txzuleba iwyeba iovanes SuamdinareTidan, kerZod q. antioqiis midamoebidan
qarTlSi CamosvliT da mcxeTis axlos damkvidrebiT, xolo Semdeg mcire
ukusvlaa gakeTebuli da moTxrobilia misi siriaSi moRvaweobis periodze.
suliwmidis CagonebiT mowafeebTan erTad maTi qarTls gamomgzavreba, mcxeTas
mosvla, sveticxovlis aRmarTvis ,,moqceva qarTlisaseuli versiaa. es faqti
adasturebs, rom iovane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis ,,cxovreba wyarod iyenebs
IXs. bolos daweril Txzulebas da sandod warmoadgens Txzulebis saTaurSi
miTiTebuli avtoris vinaobas ,,xolo aRwera arseni qarTlisa kaTalikozman...,
romelsac Xs. SeeZlo Tavis TxzulebaSi Semoetana Tavisi sakaTalikoso saydris
sveticxovlis aRmarTvis epizodi. iovane Tavis mowafeebTan erTad zedaznis
mTaze (mcxeTis maxloblad) daemkvidra, iq Cabudebul warmarTTa RvTis ZaliT
saoteblad. Semdeg man mowafeebi dagzavna qarTlisa da kaxeT-kuxeTis sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi, TviTon ki darCa iq mowafe eliasTan erTad, ebrZoda eSmakis saxiT
movlenil warmarTebs da axdenda saswaulebs. iovanes daberebaze, SeuZlurebaze,
anderZ-damoZRvraze, dasaflavebasTan dakavSirebul saswaulze saubaria ara aq,
aramed Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis bolos aris.

2. Sio mRvimelis da evagres ,,cxovreba

Sio mRvimelis ,,cxovrebis monakveTi am TxzulebaSi iwyeba, rogorc wina
Txrobis, ioanes ,,cxovrebis: gagrZeleba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom ,,xolo
aw netarsa mowafeTa misTaTs vityodiT, anda ,,xolo sxuani Semdgomad
amissa movisenneT, ,,xolo netari ese... Sio movida winamZRvrobiTa
sulisa wmidisaTa da daemkdra dasavaliT kerZo deda-qalaqsa mcxeTas.
moTxrobilia mis dRedaRam locvaze, evagre cixedideli mTavris damowafebaze,

174

ZmaTa gamravlebaze, mraval saswaulze (gansakuTrebiT, karaulTa da mglis

urTierTobaze), aq CarTulia sakmaod vrceli Txroba ise wilknelis Sesaxeb,
ioanes, ise da Sios mier saswaulTa demonstrirebaze, Semdeg Sios mRvimeSi
Cajdomaze, iovanes gardacvalebaze. Sios gardacvalebis ambavi aq ar aris
naxsenebi (es epizodi aris abibos nekreselis SedarebiT vrcel ,,wamebaSi).

3. daviT garejelis ,,cxovreba

mesame, calke saTauriT gamoyofili nawili ioane zedaznelisa da misi
mowafeTa ,,cxovrebidan aris ,,cxovreba da moqalaqeob wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa
daviT garejelisa, romlis dasawyisi, Sio mRvimelis ,,cxovrebis msgavsad, wina
teqstis gagrZelebad warmogvidgeba da ,,xoloTi iwyeba: ,,xolo ese wmida mama
Cueni daviT warvida adgilTa udabnoTa da urwyulTa sjad Tavisa Tsisa... da
mogviTxrobs Tavis mowafe lukianesTan erTad garejis udabnoSi damkvidrebis,
iremTa mier maTi gamokvebis, veSapis mokvlis, mowafeTa gamonazvnebis da dodos
mier dodorqis monastris daarsebis ambebs. bubaqar barbarozis dasjisa da
Semdeg Sewyalebis epizodSi daviTis saswaulmoqmedebis yovlisSemZleobazea
miniSneba. vrceli epizodi eTmoba daviTis wasvlis ierusalimSi wminda adgilebis
mosalocad, saidumloebiT moculi daviTis saqcieli, rom man ver gabeda
ierusalimSi Sesvla da ukan dabruneba ierusalimidan wamoRebuli madliT
(qviT). mis mier Cadenili saswaulebiT (wyaros daatkbo) rogorc sicocxleSi,
aseve gardacvalebis Semdeg (brmis gankurneba).

4. abibos nekreselis ,,wameba

moulodnelad arsen II kaTalikozis Txzulebis ,,ioane zedaznelisa da misi
mowafeebis ,,cxovrebis meoTxe nawili sami nawilisagan gansxvavebuli Janris
Txzulebaa ,,abibos nekreselis wamebis~ is teqsti, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad
imeorebs abibos ,,wamebis ufro Zvel (IXs.) teqsts, oRond zogjer cvlis mis
frazeologias da umatebs mas epilogs, romelSic Sios gardacvalebazea saubari,
rac ar iyo aRniSnuli TviT Sios ,,cxovrebaSi. amasTanave abibosis ,,wamebis
es teqsti iwyeba ,,xoloTi, rac gulisxmobs, rom es aris ara damoukidebeli
Txzuleba, aramed wina Txrobis gagrZeleba: ,,xolo jer ars, raTa mcired
Suva SemoviRoT seneba wmidisa da ubiwosa mRdelmoZRuarisa da mowamisa.
Txzulebis avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom saWiroa, `moRvawe moqalaqeTa
gverdiT vasenoT. ,,mowamec, e.i. maT Sesaxeb TxrobaSi CavrToT ,,mowamis
xsenebac (,,raTa mcired Suva SemoviReT seneba mowamisa). radgan Cven gvqonda
saubari ,,abibos nekreselis ,,wamebis teqstze, xolo es teqsti Sinaarsobrivad

175

ar gansxvavdeba wyarosgan, amjerad misi Sinaarsis gadmocemisagan Tavs

SevikavebT).
uZvelesi xelnaweri, romelmac Semogvinaxa ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis
da daviT garejelis Zveli, kimenuri redaqciis ,,cxovreba A-199, XII-XIIIss.
ierusalimis jvaris qarTuli monastris xelnaweria. gamocemaTagan aRvniSnavT
ors umTavress: asurel moRvaweTa cxovr. wignTa Zveli redaqciebi gamosca il.
abulaZem, Tb., 1955w., Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 191-248. literatura:
il. abulaZis gamocemis winasityvaoba, k. kekeliZe, sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa
qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi I, 1956, gv. 19-50; iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi,
I, 1979, gv. 389-415. s. kakabaZe, asurel mamaTa cxovrebaTa arqetipebi, saist.
krebuli, wig. I-is damateba, 1928, 1-18; e. gabiZaSvili, asurel moRvaweebis
,,cxovreba. arqetipebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, macne, els. #4, 1982 (gv. 6267). Peradze Q, Die Anfnge des Mnchtums in Georgien, Cotha, 1927, 1-14. Ptsch, G,
Arsens Briet und Vita Yohanes von Zedazeni, Bedi Kartlisa, XXXIX, 1921. Martin-Hisard,
B., Les Treiso sis Peres. Formation et evolution dune tradition hagiographique gorgienne
(VI-XII). I. p. Reveu des etudes gorgienes et caucasiennes, n. I, 1985, p. 141-168.

III. samxreT saqarTveloSi samonastro mSeneblobis amsaxveli

hagiografiuli ,,cxovrebis Janris Txzulebebi
grigol xanZTelis mier samxreT saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki klarjeTSi
safuZvelCayrilma samonastro qselma, romelic axali etapi gaxda qarTuli
erovnuli saeklesio-samonastro aRorZinebis saqmeSi, male fesvebi gaidga
jer taosa da SavSeTSi, xolo Semdeg samcxe-javaxeTic moicva. gadaWarbebuli
ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom sazRvargareTis yvela, IX-X-XIss. warmoqmnili
samonastro-samwignobro kera grigol xanZTelis saeklesio tradiciebze
iyo aRmocenebuli da iq am tradiciebs an grigolis uSualo mowafeebi, anda
mowafeTa mowafeebi amkvidrebdnen.
qarTuli mwignobrobis ganviTarebis TiTqmis mTeli simZime saqarTvelos
farglebSi IX-Xss. swored samxreTis monastrebze modis. aq, sxvadasxva
mwignobrul kerebSi damzadebulma unikalurma xelnawerebma naTargmni da
originaluri literaturis mravali pirvelxarisxovani Zegli Semogvinaxa,
magram maT Soris mainc unda gamovyoT originaluri hagiografiis ori
umniSvnelovanesi Txzuleba _ ,,cxoreba da moqalaqeoba RmerTSemosilisa
netarisa mamisa Cuenisa serapionisi da gansakuTrebiT, ,,Sroma da
moRuaweba Rirsad cxorebisa wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi
arqimandritisa, xancTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSneblisa da mis Tana seneba
mravalTa mamaTa netarTa~. grigolis daarsebul mkacr samonastro cxovrebaSi

176

rom yoveldRiuri saqmianobisa da moqmedebis tradicia Camoyalibda, rac eklesiamonastrebis Senebis swrafvaSi, ganaTlebuli sasuliero pirTa momzadebaze
zrunvaSi, saeklesio wignTa gadawera-gamravelbaSi da biblioTekebis SeqmnaSi
da msgavs saqmianobaSi gamoixateboda, es kargad Cans grigolis ,,cxovrebis
saTauridanve, _ ,,Sroma da moRvaweba... aRmaSenebelisa... rac erTaderTia
danarCen ,,cxorebaTa trafaretuli ,,cxoreba da moqalaqeoba-s fonze.

1. grigol xancTelis `cxovreba

qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis Sedevri grigol xancTelis `cxovreba
dawerili giorgi merCulis mier 951 wels, grigolis gardacvalebidan
(gardaicvala 102 wlisa) 90 wlis Semdeg, ara marto mxatvrul-esTetikuri
literaturis
brwyinvale
nimuSia,
aramed
VIII-Xss.
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio struqturaTa Camoyalibebisa da maTi
urTierTobaTa sasuliero da erovnuli interesebis amsaxveli utyuari matianec.
am Txzulebis fizikuri arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobili gaxda mxolod 1845 wels,
daweridan TiTqmis 900 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ierusalimis jvaris qarTuli
monastris xelnawerebSi niko CubinaiSvilma gamoavlina misi Semcveli, Cvenamde
moRweuli erTaderTi XI-XIIss. xelnaweri (Ier.2), e.i. dakargulia am Txzulebis
Semcveli X-XIss. xelnawerebi, romelTa arsebobaSi eWvis Setanac ar SeiZleba,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT grigolis usazRvro avtoritetsa da popularobas da misi
mowafeTa mowafeebis survils, piradad hqonodaT maTi didi moZRvris `cxovrebis
egzemplari (albaT, aseTi mowafeTa mowafis Catanilia grigolis `cxovrebis
erT-erTi xelnaweri ierusalimSi, saidanac gadawerilma zemodasaxelebulma
xelnawerma gvixsna im sicarielisagan, rac Seiqmneboda qarTul hagiografiul
mwerlobaSi, es xelnaweric rom dakarguliyo).
sruliad axalgazrda grigolma, qarTlis erismTavris nerses ojaxSi
gazrdilma kacma, uari Tqva brwyinvale saero karieraze, romelic mas eloda,
da sam TanamozaresTan erTad arabebis mier ganadgurebul da gaukacurebel
klarjeTs miaSura, raTa samonastro cxovrebis aRorZinebiTa da sulierebis
ganmtkicebiT gverdiT dasdgomoda samxreT saqarTveloSi gaRviZebul erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi interesebis matarebel xelisufalT erTiani da Tavisufali
saqarTvelisTvis brZolaSi.
giorgi merCulis mier warmodgenili grigol xancTeli, `zecisa kaci da miwisa
angelozi, sulierebis apologetic, adamianis sulis sispetakis, misi xorcieli
vnebebisagan ganTavisuflebisa (rac RmerTTan miaxloebis umTavresi sawindaria)
da am gzaze yovelgvari dabrkolebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mqadagebeli, piradi
magaliTiTac amas ansaxierebda.

177

es ZiriTadi principi iyo amosavali, rodesac man monazvnobis mZime gza airCia,
rodesac `udabnoTa qalaqis myofeli qarTuli kulturisa da mwignobrobis
umniSvnelovanesi kerebis eklesia-monastrebis aSeneba-daarsebis saqmisaTvis
Tanamoazreebs ikrebda, roca mis da mis mowafeTa mier daarsebuli monastrebis
simravleSi mkacr saeklesio Sinaganawess ayalibebda, roca Tavis mraval
mowafeTagan rCeulT damoukidebeli monastrebis daarsebis uflebas rTavda,
an saeklesio ierarqiaSi mamamTavrobis (episkoposobis, kaTalikosobis) gzas
ulocavda, roca mefe-mTavarTa xorcieli vnebebiT damZimebul cxovrebaSi
ereoda da Tan xalxis TvalSi maTi avtoritetis SenarCunebisaTvis iRvwoda,
roca misi zrunvis qveS myofTa sulieri srulyofis mizniT sasikeTo magaliTebs
TviTon da mowafeTa daxmarebiT konstantinopolisa da ierusalimis eklesiamonastrebSi eZebda.
grigolma, rogorc umaRles feodalur ojaxSi gazrdilma kacma, sadac man
yovelmxrivi ganaTleba miiRo, rogorc sasuliero ise saeroc, kargad icoda
adamianis sulieri aRzrdis fasi da mis mravalmxriv saqmianobaSi mTavari,
mis mier daarsebul monastrebSi (xanZTa, Satberdi da sxv.) mwignobrobisa
da literaturuli saqmianobis gavrceleba iyo. amitom tao-klarjeTis
salitearturo skola, romlis fuZemdebeli grigolia, qarTuli mwerlobis
istoriaSi, marTlac, gamorCeulia.
grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis mTavari mizani iyo saqarTevlos erTiani
eklesiis safuZvlebis iseTi simtkice, rom mas SeZleboda politikurad
Sesustebuli qveynis sulieri winamZRoli yofiliyo da erTiani erovnuli
eklesiis Sesabamisad erTiani erovnuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSi qarTul
eklesias gadamwyveti roli Seesrulebina. mTel Txzulebas wiTeli xaziviT
gasdevs idea, rom umaRles sulierebaze aRmocenebuli samonastro Zmoba
aris ara marto samefo xelisuflebis Zlierebis qvakuTxedi, aramed misTvis
zneobisa da samarTlianobis maswavlebeli da maT saqmeebze RmerTTan Suamavali.
Txzulebis avtori Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom eklesiis sulierebisa da
xelisufalTa materialur RirebulebaTa erTianoba erovnuli erTianobisa da
damoukideblobis garantiaa (`aw CvenTan ars orcieli keTili da Tquen Tana
ars sulieri keTili da ese SevzaveniT urTierTas aTqmevinebs igi didebul
aznaurs gabriel dafanCuls _ da am erTianobis miRwevaSi pirveli poziciebi
monazvnobas ekuTvnis (`sarwmunoni da WeSmaritni monazonni queyanasa zeda
aravissa elmwifebasa queSe arian). marTalia, eklesia formalurad ar ereva
saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi, mxolod misi eTikuri da zneobrivi safuZvlebis
kontrols sjerdeba, magram mainc igrZnoba upiratesobis momenti (`didebulo
meufeo, Sen queyanisa elmwife xar, xolo qriste zecisa da queyanisa da
quesknelTa... ufros Cemsa jer ars smena sityuaTa misTa, romelman brZana,

178

viTarmed vervis elewifebis moneba orTa ufalTa). upiratesobas grZnobs

grigoli da misi Zmoba samrevlo anu TeTr samRvdeloebasTanac, radgan
grigoli misTvis SeTavazebul episkoposobas `orciel didebad Tvlida.
TxzulebaSi warmodgenili sasuliero da saero pirTa umdidresi galerea,
maTi urTierTobaTa warmoCineba da mdidari toponimika mas umniSvnelovanes
wyaroTmcodneobiT Zeglad warmogvidgens.
giorgi merCulis Txzuleba gamoirCeva sada, martivi eniT, virtuozuli
stiliT, gamoyenebuli wyaroebis siuxviT, siuJetis realisturi da dramatuli
ganviTarebiT, mxatvrulad daxvewili saxeebiT, saintereso siuJeturi epizodebis
simravliT, saswaulebis siuJetur TxrobaSi ostaturad CarTviT, adamianur
sisusteTa Semcveli epizodebis ideologiuri mrwamsis gamoxatvisaTvis
gamoyenebiT, bunebis suraTebis siuxviT da ritorikuli mWevrmetyvelebis
nimuSebiT.
marTalia, gvian (1845w.), magram mainc gamovlinda es yvelasaTvis ucnobi
Txzuleba, Tumca cnoba misi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mxolod 1889 daibeWda,
Txzulebis pirveli gamocema teqstis rusuli Targmanis darTviT ki mxolod
1911 wels ganaxorciela niko marma ( -
, . VII, . 1-82). 1949w. p. ingoroyvam gamosca qarTuli teqsti vrceli
gamokvleviT (giorgi merCule, `cxoreba grigol xanZTelisa. dedani
aRadgina da gamokvleva daurTo p. ingoroyvam, Tb., 1949w.). Semdegi gamocema
ganxorcielda 1964w. xelnawerTa institutis avtorTa koleqtivis mier il.
abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, I, 248-319); 2005 w.
e. WeliZem, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, I, gv. 480-995 (teqsti, Targmani
Tanamedrove qarTul enaze, gamokvleva da komentarebi). danarCen gamocemebSi
teqsti alag-alag Semoklebulia (qrest. I, das xv.) Txzuleba Targmnilia,
rogorc aRvniSneT rusulad, agreTve laTinurad P. Peetersis mier (Anal. Bole
and, t. 36-37, 1917-1919., p. 216-309).
literatura: dasaxelebul gamocemebze darTuli gamokvlevebi: agr. k.
danelias gamokvleva wignSi: SuSanikis wameba da grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,
Tb., 1985. k. kekeliZe, qarT. mwer. istoria, I, gv. 152-157; iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi,
VIII, gv. 121-131. r.siraZe, literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi, Tb. 1982, misive
qarTuli hagiografia, Tb. 1987. v. maRlaferiZe, giorgi merCule grigol
xanZTelis cxovreba, wignSi: saubrebi qarT. liter-ze, Tb., 1992, gv. 89-143. r.
baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli hagiografiisistoriidan, Tb. 1966. g. farulava,
mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zv. qarTuli prozaSi, Tb. 1982.

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2. serapion zarzmelis `cxovreba

klarjeTSi warmatebulma samonastro aRmSeneblobam keTili magaliTis
roli Seasrula da es procesi samcxeSic daiwyo klarjeTSi dabadebuli, iq
monazvnad Semdgari serapionis meTaurobiT, romelmac zarzmaSi daarsebuli
monastris mixedviT `zarzmelis zedwodeba daimkvidra. `serapion zarzmelis
cxovreba, romelic IXs-Si zarzmis monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs,
Xs. I meoTxedSi dauweria serapionis Zmiswuls basili zarzmels, romelic
zarzmis monasterSi serapionis gardacvalebis Semdeg mosula da biZamisis
TanamedroveTagan da mis mowafeTagan Seukrebia cnobebi Txzulebis dasawerad.
Txzuleba, romelic Cvenamde erTaderTi XVI an XVIIs. xelnaweriT aris
SemorCenili (A-69) da misi arsebobac mxolod XXs. dasawyisSi gaxda cnobili
(m. janaSvilis wyalobiT), Tavdapirveli saxiT ar mouRwevia Cans mogvianebiT
(daax. XIs-mde) Setanili interpolaciebi (Tumca samecniero literaturaSi
gavrcelebul azrs Txzulebis metafrasulobis Sesaxeb ver daveTanxmebiT
teqstSi Setanili yovelgvari frazeologiuri Tu kompoziciuri cvlileba
gadametafrasebad ar CaiTvleba (maSin umetesi qarTuli hagiografiuli
TxzulebaTagan metafrasebad unda CavTvaloT).
TxzulebaSi aRwerili movlenebisa da Sesabamisad avtoris moRvaweobis
qronologia did azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania: zogisTvis es VI-VIIss.,
zogisTvis IX-Xss.. pirvelTaTvis amosavalia TxzulebaSi serapionis moZRvris
miqael parexelis Sio mRvimelis (VIs.) mowafed dasaxeleba, xolo meoreTaTvis
giorgi mawyverelis moRvaweobis dro: erTi mxriv, is serapionis Tanamedrovea
da basilis TxzulebaSi mis monaTxrobs serapionis Sesaxeb didi adgili
uWiravs, meore mxriv, giorgi merCule mas `sayvedurobs, rom man ar aRwera
grigol xancTelis cxovreba (grigoli 861 wels gardaicvala, e.i. mas SeeZlo
`cxovrebis 861 wlis Semdeg dawera). Cveni azriT, meore argumenti ufro
damajerebelia da Txzulebis qronologiac IX-Xss. unda ganisazRvros (Xs.
imitom, rom serapionis (+90w) Rvawlis aRweris Semdeg Txroba grZeldeba Xs.
zarzmis serapionis Semdgomi oTxi winamZRvrisa da zarzmis axali, didi eklesiis
mSeneblobis Sesaxeb):
`serapion zarzmelis cxovreba SeiZleba ar gamoirCeodes Tavisi mxatvruli
aqsesuarebiT, Tumca TxzulebaSi arc Tu iSviaTia moqnili frazeologiis
nimuSebi, bunebis mSvenierebisa da samcxis imdroindeli yofis cocxali,
realisturi suraTebis daxatva. Txzuleba fasdaudebel literaturul,
socialur, politikur da sayofacxovrebo, samonastro-saeklesio cxovrebis
iseT cnobebs Seicavs, rac sxva wyaroebiT ar aris cnobili: mag.: mxolod am
Zegls daucavs cnoba, rom `miqel parexelis cxovreba mis mowafeebs aRuweriaT
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (mas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram, Cans, es `cxovreba

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wyarod gamouyenebia basil zarzmels), cnoba opozis pirvelmaSenebelTa Sesaxeb:

cnobebi `CorCanelTa feodaluri saxlis istoriis Sesaxeb (`CorCanelebi
igive `CordvanelTa taos gadasaxlebulTa sagvareulo efTvime mTawmidelis
uaxloesi winaprebia e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kulturulsaganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb., 1996, gv. 52-57), cnobebi giorgi
mawyverelze awyuris episkoposze da mweralze, magram mTavri is aris, rom am
TxzulebaSi pirvelad Cans socialuri sakiTxebis mTeli speqtri, socialurad
`dabali da `maRali klasebi da maTi damokidebuleba eklesiasTan, ufro
zustad, monazvnobasTan. TxzulebaSi realisturad aris naCvenebi, rogor
winaaRmdegobas awydeboda serapionis monazonTa Zmoba samcxis sxvadasxva
soflebSi iq monastris mSeneblobis mcdelobis dros, Tu ra gaafTrebiT icavdnen
glexebi TavianT marCenal miwa-wyals monazonTa xelyofisagan (ra Tqma unda,
isini `ugnurebad da `borot adamianebad arian gamoyvanilni). TxzulebaSi
aRwerili saswaulebi, erTi mxriv (mzis gaCereba, rom monazvnebs rac SeiZleba
meti teritoriis Semorbena SeZlebodaT, radgan giorgi CorCanelis nebiT maT
SeeZloT sakuTrebaSi hqonodaT teritoria, ris `gareSemovlas monazvnebi
erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi mzis amosvlidan, mzis Casvlamde moaswrebdnen),
RvTis monazvnebisadmi keTilganwyobas gamoxatavs, meore mxriv, RvTis risxvas
monazvnebisadmi udieri damokidebulebis gamo (tbis napiris garRveva da
soflebis walekva). Txzulebis ZiriTadi Tema zarzmis monastris Zveli, xolo
bolos axali, didi eklesiebis mSeneblobis aRweraa.
Txzulebis ZiriTadi gamocemebi: m. janaSvilisa, qarT. mwerloba, II, 1909,
1-49; k. kekeliZe, adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli liteartura, 1935, gv. 147-184;
Zv. qarTuli agiogr. literaturis Zglebi, I, 1964, gv. 319-147. e. WeliZe, Zveli
qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, I, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 959-1044, (teqsti, Targmani
Tanamedrove qarTulze, gamokvleva da komentarebi).
Targmanebi: rusuli .. , . .- . .
. 1956, 76-100; laTinuri (P. Peeters, Histoires monastiques georgiennes, An. Boll.
t. 36-37, 1917-1919, p. 168-207); literatura (uZiriTadesi): gamocemebSi warmodg.
gamokvlevebi, ag. k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit. ist. I, 1980, gv. 146-152; 539. iv.
javaxiSvili, Sromebi VIII, Tb. 1977, gv. 132-141. a. bogveraZe, serapion zarzmelis
cxovrebis TariRisaTvis, macne, saq. mecn. akad. sazogad. mecn. ganyof. organo,
1964, #3, 50-69. m. lorTqifaniZe, adrin. xanis qarT. saist. mwerloba, Tb. 1966.
n. vaCnaZe, serapion zarzmelis cxovreba, rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb. 1975. m.
CxartiSvili, `cxoreba da moqalaqoba wm. serapion zarzmelisa, Tb. 1994, gv.
54-83. e. WeliZe, rodis daiwera `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~ saRvTismetyvelo
krebuli #1 1990; misive, serapion zarzmelis Sesaxeb, gaz. `saeklesio siwmindeni,
#1, 1997 w..

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IV. aTonis mTis qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaTa cikli

aTonis mTaze, saberZneTis qalkedonis naxevarkunZulze Xs. Sua wlebSi
qarTvelTa monastris (ivironi) daarseba udidesi movlena iyo qarTuli
kulturisa da mwignobrobis istoriaSi, radgan am xidiT saqarTevlo uSualod
daukavSirda saberZneTs da daiwyo misi uzarmazari qristianuli kulturuli
memkvidreobis aTviseba. Tu aqamde ZiriTadad qarTuli qristianuli kultura
umetesad e.w. aRmosavluri qristianuli kulturis orbitaSi iyo moqceuli
(siria, palestina) aTonis mTaze saganmanaTleblo keris dafuZnebiT man
aqcenti dasavlur qristianul orientaciaze gaakeTa. aTonis qarTvelTa
monastris daarsebamde am saqmeSi pirveli ilarion qarTveli iyo, romelmac
Tavisi moRvaweoba saberZneTis ramdenime monasterSi (konstantinopoli,
makedonia, Tesaloniki) gaatara, romSic dayo ori weliwadi, xolo mcire
aziis olimpze (ulumbia), biTviniaSi xuTi weli iRvawa da safuZveli Cauyara
iq qarTuli diasporis daarsebas. es wamowyeba gaagrZeles aTonis qarTvelTa
monastris damaarseblebma mama-Svilma ioane da efTvime mTawmidelebma, xolo
cota mogvianebiT giorgi mTawmidelma. swored qarTuli kulturis am
udidesi warmomadgenlebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb Seiqmna aTonis
samwignobro keraSi sami SesaniSnavi hagiografiuli Zegli, sami `cxovreba:
`cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion
qarTvelisa, `cxoreba mamisa Cuenisa iovanesi da efTmisi da uwyeba mis
moqalaqobisa maTisa, da `cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa
Cuenisa giorgi mTawmidelisa. sainteresoa am pirTa SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebic,
romelic gamoxatulia TiToeuli maTganis Rvawlis aRweris memkvidreobiTobaSi:
ilarionis pirveli `cxovrebis aRwera efTvime mTawmidel miewereba, efTvimes
`cxoreba giorgi mTawmidels dawera, xolo giorgi mTawmidelisa giorgi
mcirem.
samive Txzuleba qarTvel monazonTa sazRvargareTis samwerlobo kerebSi
moRvaweobis ZiriTadi wyaroa.

1. ilarion qarTvelis `cxoreba

ilarion qarTvelis (+875w.) saxelTan dakavSirebulia berZnul-bizantiur
qristianul kulturasTan saqarTvelos daaxloebis axali etapi, rac aisaxa misi
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb daweril TxzulebaSi `cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da
netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion qarTvelisa, romlis avtorad tradiciulad
efTvime mTawmidels asaxeleben.

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`cxovrebis mixedviT `basili protoasikritman da filosofosman da

Rirsman monazonman aRwera cxoreba wmidisa amis, viTarca iswava mowafeTagan
wmidisaTa kacTa utyuvelTa da WeSmaritTa (Zeglebi II, gv. 37). TiTqos es ori
cnoba erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia, magram Teofile xucesmonazonis mowmoba,
romelmac ilarionis metafrasuli `cxovreba dawera, nawilobriv gvixsnis
viTarebas: `cxoreba... ilarionisi... qebiTaca SesxmisaTa pativcemul iqna
brZanebiTa basili mefisaTa basilis mier monazonisa, romeli didad ganTqmul
iyo da brwyinvale sibrZniTa (Zeglebi III, gv. 247-248). kimenuri da metafrasuli
`cxovrebebidan Cans, rom berZen monazonsa da protoaskrit basils basili
imperatoris davalebiT ilarionis romanas monasterSi (konstantinopolTan)
dasaflavebaze warmouTqvams e.w. enkomia, anu Sesxma-qadageba (ra Tqma unda,
berZnul enaze), xolo am `Sesxmis Canaweris safuZvelze efTvime mTawmidels
TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg dauweria ilarionis `cxovreba (msgavsi faqti
efTvimes SemoqmedebaSi sxvac dasturdeba: man basili didis dasaflavebaze
grigol nazianzelis mier daweril `epitafias qarTul TargmanSi `cxovrebis
forma misca).
ilarioni kaxeTis warCinebuli feodalis Svili yofila, axalgazrdobaSive
monazvnad aRkvecila da erTxans daviTgarejaSi moRvaweobda, Semdeg ierusalimSi
wasula wminda adgilebis mosalocad, ukan dabrunebuls ki dedaTa da mamaTa
monastrebi auSenebia (memkvidreobiT miRebuli qonebiT). male man ucxoeTSi
moRvaweoba gadawyvita da biTviniaSi, mcire aziis olimpos mTaze monasterSi
daemkvidra da 5 weli gaatara. Semdeg iRvawa konstantinopolSi, makedoniaSi,
ori weli imyofeboda romSi, dabrunda saberZneTSi q. TesalonikeSi, sadac igi
gardaicvala 53 wlis asakSi. ilarioni metad popularuli yofila yvelgan,
sadac ki mas umoRvawia. `cxovrebaSi mravali saswaulia aRwerili, riTac
misi naTelmxilvelobisa da `senTagan gankurnebis niWia gadmocemuli. misi
popularobis damadasturebelia is, rom basili imperatorma (867-886) ilarionis
wminda nawilebi Tesalonikidan farulad, RamiT gadmoasvena konstantinopolSi,
radgan adgilobrivma mosaxleobam amboxi moawyo, rom ilarioni Tesalonikidan
ar gadaesvenebinaT. konstantinopolis maxloblad basili imperatorma
specialuri monasteri aaSena, sadac ilarioni dakrZales. man moiZia ilarionis
qarTveli mowafeebi, am monasterSi daamkvidra, ramac safuZveli Cauyara
konstantinopolSi pirvel qarTul monastersa da samwignobro keras, romelmac
SemdgomSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
ilarionis saberZneTSi didi popularobis saCveneblad `cxovrebaSi CarTulia
epizodi, rom am monastris qarTvel berebs basili imperatorma Tavisi ori vaJi
miuyvana, rom maT qarTuli ena eswavlaT.

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Txzuleba, romelic `dawerilia uaRresad gamarTuli da amave dros

mxatvruli eniT, saukeTeso nimuSia efTvimes originaluri mxatvruli prozisa.
masSi gamosWvivis efTvimes Rrma erovnuli Segneba da siamayis grZnoba imis
gamo, rom bizantielTa zeimi ilarionis pirovnebis garSemo, saqarTvelosadmi
miZRvnili zeimia (k. kekeliZe, baramiZe, Zv. qarT. lit-is istoria, 1987, gv. 110).
ilarion qarTvelis kimenuri anu Tavdapirveli qarTuli `cxovreba, romelic
bizantia-saqarTvelos IXs. urTierTobis sayuradRebo wyaroa, safuZveli gaxda
ilarionis `cxovrebis sxva redaqciebis Seqmnisa (metafrasulis, Semoklebulis
da svinaqsarulisa).
efTvimeseuli ilarionis `cxovrebis uZvelesi teqsti daculia efTvime
mTawmidelis naTargmn TxzulebaTa avtograful 990w. xelnawerSi (Ath-79.),
xolo meore e.w. 1074w. aTonis krebulSi (A-558) da teqstis pirveli gamocemac
am ukanasknelis mixedviT Sesrulda (aTonis iveriis monastris 1074w. xelnaweri
aRapebiT, m. janaSvilis gamocema, tfilisi, 1901, gv. 69-108). meore gamocemac
A-558 xelnaweris mixedviT Sesrulda: Zveli qarT. agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, II, Tb. 1967w., gv. 9-37 (Ath-79. xelnaweri 990 wlisa, axali gamovlenilia
da amitom ar figurirebs aRniSnul gamocemebSi).
Targmanebi: laTinurad - P. Peeters. Vita et mores Hilarionis Hiberi, Anal.
Bollandiana, t. 32, Bruxelles, 1913, p. 243-269.
literatura: k. kekeliZe, nawyveti qarT. agiografiis istoriidan, etiudebi,
Zv. qarT. lit-is istoriidan, t. IV, gv. 134-158; m. dolaqiZe, ilarion qarTvelis
cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi, Tb. 1974, gv. 37-57; 68-77. . ,
VIII da IX , , XVIII, , 1914, . 56-63;
P. Peeters, S. Hilarion d'Iberie, An. Boll., t. 32; p. 236-243; Bernadette Martin-Hisard, La
Peregrination du mone Giorgien Hilarion an IX Siecli Bedi Kartlisa, 39, Paris, 1981, 101-198.

2. ioane da efTvime mTawmidelebis `cxovreba

saberZneTSi, aTonis mTaze, pirveli qarTuli damoukdiebeli monastris
damaarsebelTa ioane da efTvime mTawmidelebis moRvaweobisadmi miZRvnili
`cxovreba, romelic 1042-1044 wlebSi dauweria amave monastris winamZRvars da
qarTuli kulturis erT-erT gamoCenil moRvawes giorgi mTawmidels, qarTuli
hagiografiuli mwerlobis SesaniSnavi Zeglia.igi aris qarTul-bizantiuri
urTierTobis X-XIss. monakveTis umniSvnelovanesi cnobebis Semcveli dokumenti.
Txzuleba, romelic ioanesa (+1005w) da efTvimes (+1028w.) gardacvalebidan
sakmao xnis Semdeg (1044w.) daiwera, imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom igi ar
Semoifargleba ioanes da efTvimes moRvaweobiT da momdevno ori aTeuli

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wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul-bizantiur dramatul urTierTobaTa viTarebasac

warmoadgens.
iovanem, daviT kurapalatis erT-erTma mxedarTmTavarma, mefis samsaxuri
miatova, ojaxic datova da klarjeTis oTxTa monasterSi berad aRikveca,
xolo male mcire aziis olimpos mTis monasterSi damkvidrda. man aq gaigo,
rom misi jer kidev bavSvi vaJiSvili efTvime konstantinopolSi imperatoris
karze mZevlad moxvedrila. iovanem gamoiTxova Svili da olimpos mTaze
miiyvana. biTviniidan mama-Svili 965w. aTonis mTaze misula da aTanase aTonelis
lavraSi damkvidrebula. aq maT bevri gamoCenili qarTveli beri SeuerTda:
arseni ninowmideli episkoposyofili, ioane grZeliZe da daviT kurapalatis
cnobili mxedarTmTavaryofili Tornike (monazvnobis saxeli ioane) _ iovane
mTawmidelis RviZli Zma da efTvimes biZa. yvela es moRvawe aTonze iovane
mTawmidelis avtoritetma Camoiyvana. am dros bizantiis samefo kars aumxedrda
mxedarTmTavari barda skliarosi, romelmac imperiaSi kritikuli viTareba
Seqmna. basili bizantiis imperatorma daxmarebisaTvis daviT kurapalats mimarTa,
xolo man qarTvelTa 12000-iani jaris meTauroba ukve monazvnad Semdgar Tavis
mxedarTufross Tornikes sTxova. Tornike iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo bizantiisa
da qarTvelTa mefeebisa da sakuTari Zmis iovanes daJinebuli TxovnisaTvis da
qarTvelTa jars Caudga saTaveSi. male amboxeba CaaxSes da Tornike didi alafiT
da impeatoris saCuqrebiT aTonis mTaze dabrunda.
aTanases lavraSi momravlebulma qarTvelma berebma ioane mTawmidelis
meTaurobiT gadawyvites Tornikes mier mopovebuli safasiT sakuTari monasteri
aeSenebinaT. swored am monasterSi, romelic erT-erTi gamorCeuli iyo
aTonis mTis samonastro imperiaSi (aq qristianuli sarwmunoebis sxvadasxva
warmomadgenelTa mier aSenebuli 20-ze meti monasteria ganlagebuli), daiwyo
Tavisi literaturuli moRvaweoba qarTuli mwerlobisa da kulturis erTerTma udidesma warmomadgenelma efTvime mTawmidelma. man brwyinvaled
Seasrula mamis davaleba: `Svilo Cemo! qarTlisa queyana didad naklulevan ars
wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan... aw iRuawe, raTa ganamravlo, sasyideli
Seni RmrTisagan, da ar aris arc erTi dargi sasuliero mwerlobisa, romelSic
efTvimes ar eTargmnos ama Tu im dargis umniSvnelovanesi Txzuleba (daaxl.
160-mde), xolo mis originalur Sromaze ilarion qarTvelis Sesaxeb ukve
vilaparakeT. mas qarTulidan berZnul enaze uTargmnia `sibrZne balavarisa da
e.w. `abukura anu `miqael sabawmidelis wameba da ramdenime Sromac berZnulad
dauweria.
giorgi mTawmidelis mier Seqmnili Txzuleba mogviTxrobs ara marto aTonis
qarTvelTa monastris daasrebis saintereso istorias da efTvime mTawmidelis
literaturuli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, aramed aq aRwerilia aTonis mTaze moRvawe
mravali qarTveli monazvnis saqmianoba, naambobia efTvimes udides avtoritetze

185

aTonis monastrebis winamZRvarTa Soris da konstantinopolis samefo karze,

efTvimes mier SemoRebul mkacr, magram samarTlian samonastro disciplinaze,
ukeTurTa mier misi mokvlis ramdenime mcdelobaze, mis saswaulmoqmedebebze da
a.S.
Txzuleba uaRresad saintereso detalebs gvacnobs bizantiis politikuri
cxovrebis istoriidan, efTvimes Semdgomi winamZRvris giorgis politikuri
dapirispirebis Sesaxeb bizantiis samefo karTan, mis gadasaxlebas da sikvdils.
aqedan iwyeba berZnebis mier qarTvel monazonTa aTvalwuneba, maTi aTonidan
gandevnisa da qarTvelTa monastris dasakuTrebis mcdeloba, rac TxzulebaSi
sakmaod dramatulad aris aRwerili.
giorgis mier am Txzulebis daweris erT-erTi mizanic is iyo, rom saqveynod
gamoemzeurebina qarTvelTa namoRvawari aTonze `xatad cxovelad da Zeglad
pirmetyuelad momavali TaobebisaTvis da rom berZnebs ar SeZlebodaT maTi
Rvawlis waSla da monastris dasakuTreba: `raTa eseviTari boroti, romeli
moawies maT zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas.
`ioanes da efTvimes coxvreba rom mravali wyaros safuZvelzea Seqmnili,
amas Txzulebis avtoric adasturebs: is TiTqmis yvela maTgans asaxelebs.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia berZenTa Zalmomreobis aRmniSvneli `mosasenebeli,
romelic aTonis qarTvelTa monastris Zmobam svimeon winamZRvris dros (10411042) dawera da giorgim Tavis TxzulebaSi ucvlelad Seitana.
giorgi mTawmideli Tavis, didi winamorbedebis naRvaws amaRlebuli
patriotuli paTosiT da siamayis grZnobiT warmogvidgens: rom qarTul
kulturas SeuZlia metoqeobac ki gauwios bizantiur kulturas, rom aTonis
mTis monasterTa winamZRvrebi yovelTvis rCevas efTvimes ekiTxebodnen, rom
aTanase didma Tavis lavris meurved jer ioane daniSna, xolo Semdeg es funqcia
efTvimes daevala. avtori TiTqos gveubneba, rom qarTvelebs kritikul momentSi
SeuZliaT gadaarCinon bizantiis imperia (barda skliarosis ajanyeba), muqara
Seuqmnan bizantiis arasasurvel imperators (romanoz argiras da giorgi I
winamZRvris istoria), rom qarTvelebma ara marto aaSenes aTonis mTaze yvelaze
didi, danarCenze udidesi monasteri, aramed uxvad exmarebodnen SesawiravebiT
ara marto aTanases lavras, aramed sxva monastrebsac (mag. laTinTa monasters
da sxv.), rom efTvimem gaamdidra Tavisi SemoqmedebiT berZnuli saeklesio
literatura da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Txzulebis saocrad daxvewili, darbaisluri
da mxatvruli ena, istoriulad cnobil moRvaweTa realisturad daxatuli
portretebi, moxdenili Sedarebebi da gamoTqmebi.
`ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebis xelnawerebidan (9) yvelaze Zvelia aTonis
qarTvelTa monasterSi gadawerili 1074w. xelnaweri (A-558), e.w. aTonis krebuli,
romlis mixedviT aris gamocemuli es Txzuleba 1901w. (m. janaSvilis mier: aTonis

186

iveriis monastris 1074w. xelnaweri aRapebiT). agr. giorgi mTawmideli, cxoreba

ioanesi da efTvimesi, gamosacemad moamzada iv. javaxiSvilma, Tb. 1946w. Zvveli
qarT. agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1967, gv. 38-100 (Txzulebis
pirveli gamocema d. CubiniSvili, qarT. qrestomaTia, spb., 1846, gv. 241-255; da m.
sabininisa 1882w. `saq. samoTxe, gv. 401-432 arakritikulia).
Targmanebi: rusuli . , ... , . -
. , II, 1872; laTinuri - P. Peeters, Histoires monastiques georgiennes, Vita
Iohonnis atque Euthumii, Anal. Boll. t. 36-37, 1917-1919, p. 13-68.
literatura: dasax. gamocemaTa winasityvaobani, iv. javaxiSvili giorgi
mTawmideli, Sromebi, VIII, 1977, gv. 142-151; k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit-is istoria,
I, 1980, gv. 184-187; 231-232; misive, aTonis lit. skolis ist-dan, etiudebi, II, 1945,
218-236; n. berZeniSvili, aTonis krebulis redaqcia, saq. sax. muzeumis moambe, XIB, 1941, 25-40; el. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kult.-saganmanaTleblo keris
istoriidan, Tb. 1996, gv. 5-149. misive, aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape
wigni, Tb., 1998, gv. 13-91; m. maCxaneli, ioane, efTvime da giorgi aTonelebis
berZnuli `cxovreba, Tb. 1982; ivironi 1000, Tb. 1083. . ,
, III, , 1877; . , , , 1908.

3. giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba

`cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi
mTawmidelisa aTonis qarTul samwignobo keraSi Seqmnili kidev erTi
hagiografiuli Zeglia, dawerili giorgi mTawmidelis ganuyreli mowafis
giorgi xucesmonazonis, anu rogorc mas uwodeben, giorgi mciris mier
1066-1068ww. (pirveli TariRi aris giorgi mTawmidelis gardacvalebisa,
xolo meore Txzulebis damkveTis giorgi mTawmidelis moZRvris giorgi
Seyenebulis gardacvalebisa). mowafes Tavisi saxelganTqmuli moZRvris
sakadrisi `cxovreba dauweria: Txzuleba qarTuli haigografiuli mwerlobis
ubadlo Zeglia, rogorc saukeTeso nimuSi Zveli qarTuli mxatvruli prozisa,
aseve fasdaudebeli matianea XIs. qarTul-bizantiuri saxelmwifoebrivi da
kulturuli urTierTobebisa.
Txzuleba iwyeba avtoris epistoliT, saidanac Cven vgebulobT, rom giorgi
mTawmidelis moZRvars, Savi, anu sakvirveli mTis dayudebul bers giorgi
Seyenebuls, romelic moeswro Tavisi mowafis gardacvalebas, orjer miuweria
epistole giorgi mcirisaTvis, raTa mas aRewera giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovreba,
radgan igi Tavisi moZRvris yoveldRiuri moRvaweobisa Tu mogzaurobis
monawile iyo. Cans giorgi mcirisaTvis msgavsi TxovniT bevrs miumarTavs, maT
Soris iovane Wyondidis episkopossac, magram avtoris Tavmdablobis dasaZlevad

187

gadamwyveti giorgi Seyenebulis Txovna aRmoCnda, romelsac avtori sTxovs

mis mier dawerili Txzulebis naklovanebani man srulyos. ucnobia, giorgi
Seyenebulma isargebla Tu ara avtoris mier miniWebuli uflebiT, magram
Txzuleba rom hagiografiuli mwerlobis Sedevria, es udavoa.
Txzulebis ritorikul SesavalSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs
Txroba efTvime mTawmidelis qarTuli mwignobrobisa da qarTvelTa ganaTlebis
saqmeSi daufasebeli Rvawlis Sesaxeb `romelman umecrebisa igi saburveli
mosZarcua gonebaTagan CuenTa... naklulevaneba enisa Cuenisa aRavso. am saqmis
gasagrZeleblad giorgi mTawmidelis movlinebas RvTiur gangebas miawers.
rogorc giorgim `didisa efTvines cxoreba aRwera saxed da xatad saTnoebisa
momavalTa naTesavisaTs, aseve `yoveli saxe cxorebisa misisa (e.i. giorgis)
aRvweroT SobiT misiT da vidre aRsasrulamde.
`cxovrebis mowmobiT giorgi mTawmideli jer kidev dabadebamde RvTisadmi
iyo miZRvnili da dabadebidan (1009w.) Svidi wlisa taZrisis (samcxe) dedaTa
monasterSi miiyvanes aRsazrdelad, sadac misi ufrosi da Tekla (qalTa Soris
pirvelmowame Teklas sapativcemulod misi saxelis matarebeli) moRvaweobda,
xolo sami wlis Semdeg e.i. 10 wlis giorgi xaxulis monasterSi gadaiyvanes da
biZebs (mamis Zmebs) giorgi mweralsa da saba monazons Caabares gansaswavlad. aq igi
ilarion Tualelis mowafe gaxda da iseTi cnobili moRvaweebis mzrunvelobis
qveS moeqca, rogoric iyo xaxulis monastris imdroindeli winamZRvari makari
da basili bagratis Ze (bagrat III-is Ze), SemdgomSi aTonis qarTvelTa monastris
cnobili moRvawe, efTvimesadmi miZRvnili pirveli sagaloblis avtori. cota
xnis Semdeg biZamisma giorgi mweralma patara giorgi bagrat III-is siZis fersos
jojikis Zis ojaxSi waiyvana, sadac igi karis moZRvard miuwveviaT. erTi wlis
Semdeg es didebuli basili bizantiis imperatoris brZanebiT sikdiliT dausjiaT
Ralatis sababiT, xolo ojaxi 1022w. konstantinopolSi gadausaxlebiaT.
maT gahyoliaT biZa-ZmisSvilic da giorgis safuZvliani ganaTleba miuRia iq
cxovrebis 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. 1034w. yvelani dabrunebulan da giorgis isev
xaxulis monastrisaTvis miuSurebia. igi iq 25 wlis asakSi monazvnad aRkvecila.
ori wlis Semdeg giorgi siriaSi, Sav mTaze svimeon mesvetis monasterSi
damkvidrebula da giorgi Seyenebulis mowafe gamxdara. SemdgomSi sami weli
romanawmidis monasterSi iRvawa, Semdeg moZRvris TanxmobiT ierusalimis
wmida adgilebi moiloca. roca dabrunda moZRvrisave miTiTebiT 1040w. aTonis
qarTvelTa monasterSi damkvidrda efTvimes mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis
gasagrZeleblad. aq man gaiara gza ukanaskneli msaxuridan aTonis monastris
dekanozobamde, xolo 1044w. monastris winamZRvrad airCies. aq 1042 wlidan iwyeba
misi literaturuli moRvaweobis didi gza: jer originaluri hagiografiuli
Txzuleba `ioane da efTvime mTawmidelebis cxovrebiT, Semdeg ki mravali

188

fundamenturi berZnuli saeklesio wignis TargmniT. radgan monastris

winamZRvroba mas did dros arTmevda da TargmanebisaTvis dro aRar rCeboda,
datova aToni, Sav mTaze dabrunda da iq gaagrZela Targmanebze muSaoba. misi
avtoriteti imdenad gaizarda mwignobrobiTa da antioqia-konstantinopolis
patriarqebTan saeklesio saqmeebze kamaTSi, rom bagrat IV igi saqarTveloSi
moiwvia saeklesio saqmeebis mosagvareblad. man bagratTan 1060 wels moaRwia da 5
wlis ganmavlobaSi mraval saeklesio reformas Cauyara safuZveli. amasTanave ar
erideboda mefisa da didebulTa kritikasa da sasuliero pirTa mxilebas. 1065w.
man aTonis qarTvelTa monastris monazonTa ricxvis gasamravleblad Seagrova
80 oboli da Rataki bavSvi da aTonisaken gaemarTa, magram konstantinopolSi
CasvlissTanave gardaicvala imave wlis 29 ivniss. aqedan igi aTonis qarTvelTa
monasterSi gadausvenebiaT.
giorgi mTawmidelis Rvawli qarTuli mwerlobisa da saerTod qarTuli
kulturis ganviTarebaSi, rac warmodgenilia `cxovrebaSi, marTlac
ganuzomelia: TiTqmis ar darCenila qarTuli mwerlobis dargi, romlis
ganviTarebaSic mas didi Rvawli ar Seetanos: bibliologiaSi man Targmna
fsalmunni, saxareba-oTxTavi, samociqulo...; apokrifebidan - `avgarozi,
ioseb arimaTielis `saxareba; egzegetikidan basili didis `equsTa
dReTaTs, grigol noselis `kacisa SesaqmisaTvis, misive `Targmaneba qebaqebaTasa, `dabadebisa Targmani da sxv. dogmatikaSi sxvadasxva avtorebis
`sarwmunoebis simbolos Sesaxeb mTeli cikli da sxva mravali. liturgikaSi
- `didi svinaqsari, `saxareba gamokrebil-saweliwdo, `Tueni aTormetnive,
`didi paraklitoni, `didni marxuani, `didi kurTxevani am kapitalur
TxzulebebTan erTad sxva mravali litugikuli Sromac; homiletikaSi - `wigni
Teodore studielisa. swavlani didTa marxvaTa sakiTxavni (57 sityva),
grigol noselisa da sofron ierusalimelis da nektari konstantinopolelis
zogierTi homilia da `Sesxma; hagiografiaSi Teodore tironis metafrasuli
wameba da saswauli, RvTismSoblis daujdomeli (626 konstantinopolis da
agarianelTagan mocvis ambebi), `wm. giorgis wameba da sxv.; kanonikaSi mravali
statia saeklesio samarTlis sakiTxebze da a.S.
giorgis originalur TxzulebaTagan `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaze
visaubreT. mas ramdenime himnografiuli kanonic dauweria (efTvime aTonelze,
iodasaf indoelze), dauweria akrostiqoni iambikoebic. mis mier dawerili
anderZ-minawerebi,
misi
Sromebis
xelnawerebze,
qarTuli
mwerlobis
sxvadasxva sakiTxebze fasdaudebeli ganZia qarTuli kulturisa da mwerlobis
istoriisaTvis.
giorgi
mciris
Txzuleba
`cxoreba
da
moqalaqoba...
giorgi
mTawmidelisa maRalmxatvruli hagiografiuli Zeglisa da umniSvnelovanesi

189

wyaroTmcodneobiTi naSromis erTianobaa. Txzuleba `gegmis mxriv mkveTrad

moxazuli da gamiznuli, mwyobrad da Tanamimdevrulad dalagebuli, zedmeti
detalebisagan Tavisufali moTxrobaa, gadmocemuli sazeimo, mxatvruli
eniT. Rrma aforizmebisa da sentencia-gnomebisa da martivad Camoyalibebuli
mecnieruli xasiaTis cnobebTan erTad Txzulebis poeturi mxare, simdidre misi
moxdenili Sedarebebis, metaforebisa da epiTetebisa ganmacvifrebelia, misi
mWevrmetyveluri paTosi... maCvenebelia avtoris udavo niWisa... (k.kekeliZe,
baramiZe, Zv. qarT.; lit-is istoria, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 123-124).
Txzulebis uZvelesi teqsti daculia XIs. erT xelnawerSi (S-353, gv. 3-66)
danarCeni xelnawerebi gviandelia XVIII saukunisa. Txzuleba pirvelad
d. CubiniSvilma gamosca qarTuli qrestomaTia, spb, 1846, 255-301. meored m.
sabininma, `saq. samoTxe, spb, 1882w. gv. 437-488 orive maTgani arakritikulia,
gamocemuli gviandeli xelnawerebis mixedviT.
`cxovreba uZvelesi xelnaweris mixedviT gamosca m. janaSvilma: aTonis
iveriis monastris 1074w. xelnaweri aRapebiT, tfilisi, 1901, gv. 279-350.
kritikul-mecnieruli gamocema ganxorcielda xelnawerTa institutis
TanamSromelTa erTi jgufis mier il. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT: Zveli
qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi, 1967w. gv. 106207. (s. yubaneiSvilis mier qrestomaTiis I, 1946w. gamocemuli teqsti gv. 190214 Semoklebulia; iv. lolaSvilis mier 1991..w. igi imeorebs xelnawerTa
instiuttis gamocemas iseve, rogorc `saunjeSi I, gamocemuli teqsti).
Targmanebi: rusulad . ,
, II, , 1872, 161-212; laTinurad: P. Peeters, Histoires monastiques Georgiennes,
Analecta Bollandiana, t. 36-37, Bruxelles, 1917-1919, p. 74-159.
literatura: zemoT dasaxelebuli zogierTi gamocemis Sesavali, agreTve,
al. xaxanaSvili, qarTuli sityvierebis istoria, tfilisi, 1919, gv. 135-185;
iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi, XIII, 1977, gv. 152-157; k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis istoriis mokle mimoxilva, `mnaTobi, 1939, #10-11, gv. 232-235;
n. berZeniSvili, aTonis krebulis redaqcia, saq. sax. muzeumis moambe, XIB, tfilisi, 1931, gv. 25-40; j. afciauri, giorgi mciris giorgi mTawmidelis
cxovreba, Tbilisi, 1980w.; iv. lolaSvili, giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba,
Tbilisi, 1991w.; . , - ,
, 1939, . 51-82; . , , . III, , 1877; . ,
, , 1910. misive -
, 1884.

190

4. petre qarTvelis (iberis) cxovreba

`cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa petre
qarTvelisa, romeli iyo Ze qarTvelTa mefisa mogviTxrobs V saukunis
qarTveli ufliswulis, varaz-bakuris Zis murvanosis (dab. 412w.) petres saxeliT
monazvnad aRkvecasa da palestina-siriaSi mis moRvaweobas jer monastrebSi,
Semdeg ki siriis q. RazaSi (maiumi) mis episkoposad xeldsamisa da Semdgomi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
Txzuleba, qarTuli versiis anderZis mixedviT, siriul enaze dauweria mis
qarTvel mowafes zaqarias (ritors) moZRvris gardacvalebidan (+488w.) axlo
xanebSi, xolo qarTulad uTargmnia (daaxl. XIIIs) makari mRvdels (mesxs),
radgan TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba iseTi detalebi, rac Vs. gacilebiT gviandeli
warmoSobisaa, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom petres cxovrebis qarTuli Zegli
ar aris mxolod Targmani, aramed igi gadmokeTebuli unda iyos da amitom
ganvixilavT mas rogorc originalur Txzulebas.
petre (eriskacobaSi murvanosi) qarTlis mefis varaz bakuris ojaxSi daibada
412w. da bizantia-qarTlis politikuri urTierTobidan gamomdinare 424w. 12
wlisa bizantiis imperator Teodore mciris karze konstantinopolSi aRmoCnda
mZevlad. iq man kargi ganaTleba miiRo da Seiswavla berZnuli ena.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg petre msaxur ioane saWurisTan erTad
konstantinopolidan ierusalimSi gaipara da iq isini monazvnad aRikvecnen.
TxzulebaSi metad mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi ierusalimSi Vs. Sua wlebSi
qarTvel piligrimTa da iq damkvidrebul monazonTa Sesaxeb: petrem da ioanem
ierusalimSi mimavali qarTvelebisaTvis `aRaSenes saxli sastumro qalaqsa
Sina da ganusuenebdes momavalTa ZmaTa qarTvelTada berZenTa, xolo Semdeg
`warvides udabnod, Sekribnes Zmani mravlad da aRiSenes monasteri (Zeglebi,
II, 229-231). aqedan isini iordanes udabnoSi wavidnen, md. iordanes napirze
da `iSenes monasteri (iqve), Semdeg petre, ioane da maTi mowafeebi egvipteSi
gadasulan da `surviel iqmnes udabnosa mas da gamoarCies adgili da aRaSenes
eklesia da garemos monasteri. amis Semdeg `kualad moiqces ierusalimadve
da kualad aRaSenes qalaqsa Sina saxli sastumro da iwyes Senebad eklesiisa...
da keTilad ganasrules da hmsaxurebdes uwyinod yovelTa ZmaTa momavalTa da
glaxakTa da ucxoTa (gv. 235-36).
petres aseTi farTo samonastro mSeneblobis TxrobaSi, romelic man Caatara
ierusalimSi da palestinis sxva adgilebSi, agreTve egvipteSi, CarTulia
petres mier Cadenili mravalricxovani saswaulebi, winaswarmetyvelebani,
ramac mas iseTi popularoba da saxeli moutana, rom mrevlis moTxovniT da
patriarqis iZulebiT petre maiumis (igive Razis) episkoposi gaxda (patriarqis

191

wargzavnilebma igi moZebnes udabnoSi, mis mier aSenebul erT-erT monasterSi

da rom ar gaqceodaT, Sekres da ise wamoiyvanes, xolo gzaSi RamisTevis dros
mas undoda Senobidan gadmomxtariyo da fizikurad daesaxiCrebina Tavi,
rom episkoposad ar ekurTxebinaT, magram es Canafiqri ver Seasrula uflis
gamocxadebiT).
petres episkoposobis wlebi daemTxva biozantiis imepriaSi marTlmadidebelqalkedonitTa da monofizit-mwvalebelTa dapirispirebas da TiToeuli
maTganis moklevadiani Tu xangrZlivi warmateba imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu
bizantiis ama Tu im imperators visi mxare eWira. petre qarTveli Txzulebis
mixedviT qalkedonis IV msoflio krebis dogmatis momxred aris warmodgenili,
Tumca wyaroebis mixedviT igi monofiziti unda yofiliyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi
TxzulebaSi moTxrobilia, rom mwvaleblobis moZalebis dros petres
kaTedra dautovebia da Tavis mowafe zaqariasTan erTad (aq Txroba zaqarias
piriT mimdinareobs... `mrqua me: `Svilo zaqaria, aRdeg da warvideT ucxosa
queyanasa) mogzaurobda da Tavis kaTedras, romelic markiane imperatoris
(qalkedonis krebis mowvevis iniciatori) sikvdilis (+457) Semdeg datova, leon
didis gamefebis Semdeg (457-474) daubrunda. TxzulebaSi petres mogzauroba
saswaulebis aRsrulebis simravliT da saintereso epizodebiT gamoirCeva.
gardaicvala petre 65 wlisa, rogorc es TxzulebaSia naTqvami, e.i. 477w.
qarTul da evropul samecniero wreebSi gamoiTqva azri, rom petre iberi aris
avtori fsevdo-dionises saxeliT cnobili Sromebisa.
petre qarTvelis cxovrebis Tavdapirveli vrceli redaqciis teqsti
(arsebobs vrcelisagan gakeTebuli Semoklebuli variantic) daculia XVs.
erTaderT xelnawerSi (H-1760) da mis mixedviT (mokles paralelurad) pirvelad
gamosca n. marma (rusuli TargmaniTurT) , . XVII, . 1896,
. 59-78; meore gamocema: s. yubaneiSvili, Zv. qarT. lit-is qrestomaTia, I, 256272 (vrceli): mesame Zv. qarTuli agiografiuli lit-is Zeglebi, II, v. 213-263
(orive redaqcia); meoTxe iv. lolaSvilisa, areopagetuli krebuli, Tb., 1983,
gv. 117-158 (orive).
Targmanebi: n. maris, zemodasaxelebuli; R. Rahe, Petrus der Iberer. Ein Charakterbild
fur Kirchen und Sittengeschicte des fnften Iahrhunderts, Leiftig, 1895.
literatura: dasax. gamocemaTa winasityvaobebi; agr. k. kekeliZe, qarT. mwer.
istoria, I, 1980, gv. 334; iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. eris istoria, I, 1928, 198; ak.
gawerelia, petre iberielis biografiis sakiTxebi, `mnaTobi, #3, 1970, gv. 139169; missive, isev petre iberielis `cxovrebis gamo, `mnaTobi, #8, 1971, gv.
141-167. n. meliqseT-beki, somx. epist. wignis axali vairanti da petre iberielis
mowafe ioane maiumeli, muz. moambe, XI-B, 1941, gv. 41.

192

nawili mesame
qarTuli hagiografiis metafrasuli redaqciis Txzulebebi
hagiografiaSi metafrasuli mimdinareobis Camoyalibeba bizantiis saeklesio
mwerlobaSi moxda da mas konkretuli miznebi hqonda: saeklesio kalendris
TanamimdevrobiT, dawyebuli seqtembris Tvidan, `gaekeTilSobilebia is
hagiogarfiuli Txzulebebi, upirveles yovlisa is uZvelesi `martvilobebi,
romelTa Seqmna axlad fexadgmuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis damkvidrebisaTvis
Tavdadebul da sicocxleSewirul morwmuneTa Rvawlis aRweras emsaxureboda
sxva mormwuneTa samagaliTod, magram umeteswilad SemTxveviTi, gaunaTlebeli
enTuziastebis mier iyo dawerili primitiuli, anu, rogorc wyaroebSi aris
naTqvami, `martivi da litoni eniT da Sua saukuneebis (X-XIss) bizantielTa
ritorikul da stilistur moTxovnilebebs ver akmayofilebda. amasTanave
xangrZlivi (II-Xss) drois ganmavlobaSi am `martvilobaTa nawili iryvneboda
da maxinjdeboda, xSirad Segnebulad, mwvalebelTa mier TavianTi azrebis maTSi
Setanis Sesabamisad. Xs. bolos (980w.) svimeon liRoTetis mier sistemurad
dawyebuli es saqme iTvaliswinebda Zveli martvilobebis enis frazeologiurstilistur daxvewas, mwvalebluri tendenciebisagan teqstis ganwmedas da a.S.,
rasac `metafrasireba (berZ. -dan) ewoda, xolo mis Semsrulebels
svimeon loRoTets, svimeon metafrasti.
qarTuli e.w. metafrasuli mwerlobis warmoSobis saWiroeba gaCnda sul sxva
mizezebiT da mas ar hqonia sistemuri xasiaTi, rogorc bizantiur mwerlobaSi.
qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi aravis ucdia uZvelesi qarTuli kimenuri
hagiografiuli Txzulebebis SuSanikis, evstaTi mcxeTelis, abo tfilelis
da sxva `wamebaTa gadametafraseba, radgan maTi enobriv-stilisturi
srulyofileba amas ar saWiroebda (mxedvelobaSi ar gvaqvs anton I `martirika,
romelic XVIIIs. II naxevarSi Seiqmna da romelsac sul sxva miznebi hqonda).
TiToeuli qarTuli metafrasuli Txzulebis gaCenas Tavisi damoukidebeli
mizezi aqvs, romelsac TiToeuli maTganis ganxilvisas aRvniSnavT.
ver CavTvliT metafrasulad abibos nekreselis vrcel wamebas, romelic
faqtobrivad abibosis mokle, Zveli (IXs) wamebis ganmeorebaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi
ar miviRebT arsenis II kaTalikosis (955-980) mier Setanil mciroeden
frazeologiur cvlilebebs da `wamebis bolos epilogis darTvas, magram
am cvlilebas is mizani hqonda, rom abibosis `wameba asurel mamaTa saerTo
TxzulebaSi CaerTo. amasTanave Xs. Sua wlebSi qarTuli metafrastikis Sesaxeb
saubari anaqronizmia, es mimdinareoba am dros bizantiaSic ar iyo.
qarTuli metafrasuli Txzulebis pirvel niSnad Sesatyvis kimenuri
Txzulebis arsebobas miviCnevT, xolo amaT ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT qarTul

193

samecniero literaturaSi metafrasulad miCneul im Txzulebebs, romlebsac

mcireodeni interpolaciebi ki ganucdiaT, magram maTi kimenuri redaqciebi ar
Cans (serapion zarzmeli, daviT da konstantine).

1. leonti mrovelis `moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa

qarTlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cuenisa
nino mociqulis mier
cnobil mematianesa da ruisis X-sis. II naxevris episkoposs leonti mrovels
`moqceva qarTlisas teqsti, romlis mTavari, meore nawili ninos `cxovrebas
warmoadgens, gadaumuSavebia ara metafrasuli hagiografiis principebis
mixedviT, aramed specialuri miznisaTvis: Tavis `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi, romelic `qarTlis cxovrebis nawilia, kerZod ki `mirian mefis cxovrebis
im nawilSi, sadac mTavrdeba misi, rogorc warmarTi mefis saqmianoba da
iwyeba qarTlSi ninos misioneruli moRvaweoba, mas CaurTavs `moqceva mirian
mefisa... nino mociqulis mier da am istoriul TxzulebaSi `moqceviseuli
ninos `cxovreba am miznisaTvis gadaumuSavebia: pirveli piriT Txroba mesame
piris TxrobiT Seucvlia, cvlilebebi Seutania frazeologiaSic, zogi ram
gamoutovebia, zogic sxva wyaroebidan Seutania da, rac mTavaria, Seucvlia
Tavisi ZiriTadi wyaros kompozicia, zogierTi Tavisi Txrobis Tanmimdevroba.
amitom leontis Sromas rom metafrasuli vuwodoT (misi klasikuri gagebiT),
gaWirdeba, Tumca Zveli wyaros safuZvelze axali Txzulebis Seqmna saxezea.
leontis mier hagiogarfiuli Txzulebis `gaistoriebuli teqsti mxolod
`qarTlis cxovrebis xelnawerebs daucavs (ix. `qarTlis cxovreba, gamocemuli
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 72128).
literatura: iv. javaxiSvili, Sromebi, VIII, 1977, gv. 187-188; k. kekeliZe, Zv.
qarT. mwerlobis istoria, I, 1980, gv. 236-242; e. TayaiSvili, `axali varianti
wm. ninos cxovrebisa, gv. XV-XXV; e. xoStaria-brose, leonti mroveli da
`qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1996, gv. 82-93. c. qurcikiZe, `moqceva qarTlisas~
teqstisa da enis sakiTxebi, filologiuri Ziebani, I, 1964, gv. 67-95.

2. arsen iyalToeli (beri), `cxoreba da moqalaqoba da Ruawli wmidisa

da Rirsisa dedisa Cuenisa ninosi, romelman qadaga qriste, RmerTi
Cueni, queyanasa Crdilosasa da gananaTla naTesavi qarTvelTa
arsenis (XIIs.) mier ninos Sesaxeb mesame Txzulebis, namdvilad metafrasuli
`cxovrebis dawerasac konkretuli mizezi hqonda: rogorc avtori wers,

194

`moqceviseuli ninos cxovreba da leontis `ninos cxovreba kompoziciis

TvalsazirsiT sruliad uvargisi iyo eklesiaSi sakiTxavad da mosasmenad:
`wmidano mamano da Zmano, ese netarisa ninos `cxoreba Seuwyoblad da
ganbneulad `qarTlis moqcevasa Tana da `hambavsa mefeTasa Tana aRreulad
sweria... garna win-ukana da ukuana win, igive da erTi piri. da amisTs saeklesio
mkiTxvelTaTs friad sawyino iyo da msmenelTaTs umar da ver sacnaur da mis
mier Catarebul saqmianobasac gvamcnobs: `... arca Semimatebia, arca damiklia,
aramed Zali sitysa da gamocxadeba saqmisa mokled da martivad warmomiTquams
da mravalkecsa da masve TanaaRreulobasa hambavisasa Tana-wardil var
da ukueTu rame Sesavlad Txrobisa, anu adgil-adgil Sesakravad sitysa
sityua gmaria, igica saRmrToTa wignTagan da wmidaTa mier Tqumulisagan
ars. Cveni azriT, arsen iyalToelis am sityvebSi Cans qarTuli metafrastikis
mTeli programa. mas Tavis TxzulebisaTvis orive mTavari wyaro gamouyenebia,
Tumca isini kompoziciurad da frazeologiurad mTlianad Seucvlia. aseTi
Txzuleba sami xelnaweriT aris Semonaxuri (A-707, XII_XIII; Q-762, XIII-XIV;
A-518, 1708w.), romelTa mixedviTac igi aris gamoqveynebuli: p. karbelaSvilis
mier, tfilisi, 1902, gv. 3-52; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit. Zeglebi, III,
Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 7-51.
literatura: k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit-is istoria, I, 1980, gv. 311-313; iv.
lolaSvili, metafrasuli `ninos cxovrebis avtoris vinaobisaTvis, macne,
els, #4, 1974, gv. 7-18; c. qurcikiZe, `ninos cxovrebis metafrasuli redaqciis
wyaros sakiTxisaTvis, saq. akad. moambe XI, VI, #1, 1967, 269-275.

3. cxoreba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane zedaznelisa romeli

brZanebiTa RmrTisaTa da winamZRrobiTa sulisa wmidisaTa moivlina
queyaniT SuamdinariT queyanad qarTlisad aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa
wmidaTa Tana (ganaaxla da ganavrco wmidaman [mamaman] Cuenman qristes mier
arseni kaTalikozman)
am metafrasuli Txzulebis aRweris mizezi TviT am Txzulebis SesavalSia
naTqvami: zedaznis monastris winamZRvars miqaels (XIs. I naxevari) miumarTavs
am Txzulebis avtorisaTvis TxovniT, rom mas daewera Tavisi monastris
damaarseblisa da pirveli winamZRvris Sesaxeb damoukidebeli `cxovreba
da amisaTvis misi `cxovrebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli masalac `qarta wulili
miuwodebia. es unda iyos Cvens mier ganxiluli `iovane zedaznelisa da misi
mowafeebis cxovreba, romlis pirvel nawils iovane zedaznelis `cxovreba
Sedagens. miqaels, rogorc Cans, ar akmayofilebda mokled aRwerili iovane
zedaznelis `cxovreba, romelic amave dros gaerTianebuli iyo Tavis mowafeTa
`cxovrebebTan da moindoma monasterSi hqonoda monastris damaarseblis
vrceli da gamocalkevebuli cxovreba. Txzulebis saTauri, Cveni azriT,

195

fsevdoepigrafikulia da imeorebs Zveli, e.w. arqetipis avtoris qarTlis

kaTalikosis arsenis saxels. wyarosTan SedarebiT metafrasul `cxovrebas
damatebuli aqvs vrceli ritorikuli da Teologiur-dogmatikuri sentenciebiT
gadatvirTuli Sesavali.
arqetipis teqsti, romelsac bevr SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis zustad imeorebs
metafrasuli `cxovreba, zogjer alag-alag gavrcobilia da frazeologiac
Secvlili, zogjer mTeli pasaJebia damatebuli (mag. iovanes mier mowafeTa
damoZRvra). metafrasuli Txzuleba, romelic `qarTlis cxovrebis erTaderTi
nusxiT (Q-795, XVs. ana dedofliseuli nusxa) aris cnobili, bolonaklulia.
gamocemulia: asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, teqstebi
gamokvlevebiTa da leqsikoniT gamosca il. abulaZem, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 2-68
(yvela redaqcia); Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit-is Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 191212 (metafrasi arqetipis parallel.).
literatura: il. abulaZe, gamocemis winasityvaoba da gamokvleva; k.kekeliZe,
sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qrTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi, I, 1956, gv. 190250; G. Ptsch, Arsens Briet und Vita Iohanes von Zedazeni, Bedi Kartlisa, 39, 1921. agr.
ix. literatura asurel mamaTa `cxovrebis Zvel redaqciebTan (aqve, zemoT).

4. ioane zedaznelis meore metafrasuli `cxovreba

sityva-sityviT imeorebs pirveli metafrasuli `cxovrebis grZel saTaurs
da fsevdoepigrafikul cnobas avtoris Sesaxeb, Tumca teqstobrivad mihyveba
ara mas, aramed `arqetipul cxovrebas, magram siuJetur TanxvedrasTan
erTad avrcobs wyaros teqsts SesavliT, TiTqmis mTlianad cvlis wyaros
frazeologias da avrcobs mas. Cans, rom pirveli metafrasuli `cxovreba ar
gavrcelebula (rogorc vTqviT, cnobilia misi erTaderTi da isic bolonakluli
`qarTlis cxovrebiseuli nusxa) da amitom meore metafrasuli `cxovrebis
avtorisaTvis misi arseboba ucnobi unda yofiliyo (yovel SemTxvevaSi igi mas
ar iyenebs, miuxedavad am ori Txzulebis saTaurebis da qvesaTaurebis sityvasityviT damTxvevisa).
am Txzulebis xelnawerebi gviandelia, XVIIs. miwurulisa (A-160) da XVIIIs.
(A-130, A-170 da sxv.), magram Txzuleba XIs, II naxevris Zeglad aris miCneuli.
gamocemebi: il. abulaZis, zemodasax. gamocema; Zv. qarT. lit-is Zeglebi,
III, 1971, gv. 83-107; (m. sabininis 1882w. gamocema, `saq. samoTxe-Si, gv. 193-208,
arakritikulia).
literatura: il. abulaZis, dasax. gamocemis Sesavali,; k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarT.
lit-is istoria, I, 1980, gv. 533-536.

196

5. `cxoreba da sakvirvelebani wmidisa da netarisa Siosni, romel

iyo antioqiaT SuamdinarisaT, xolo moiwia queyanad qarTlisa da
daemkdra sarkinisa mRmesa, romeli ese aRwera Rirsman martri,
pirvel romelsa ewoda ioane, romeli iyo mowafeTagani wmidisa ioanesTa
konstantinepoliT~
am metad vrceli saTauris mqone metafrasuli Txzuleba Sio mRvimelis
Sesaxeb, romlis saTaurSi moxseniebuli avtori martri, iseve rogorc
iqve moxseniebuli misi moZRvari `ioane konstantinepoliT, samecniero
literaturaSi sruliad gaurkveveli pirebia, ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Sios e.w.
arqetips, (cnobilia, rom Sios kimenuri cxovreba Sios sarkineSi damkvidrebiT
iwyeba), xolo metafrasul TxzulebaSi aRwerili arcTu mokle Sesavlis Semdeg
moTxrobilia Sios bavSvoba, mSobelTa vinaoba, Sios samonazvno moRvaweobis
dasawyisi siriaSi iovanes (SemdgomSi zedaznelis) kurTxeviT da mSobelTa
TanxmobiT 20 wlis asakSi, 20 weli siriaSi moRvaweoba da Semdeg iovanesTan erTad
qarTls gamomgzavreba, kaTalikosis rCeviT maTi zedaznis mTaze damkvidreba da
pirvel xanebSi sxva mowafeebTan erTad iq moRvaweoba. Tu wyaro Sios siriaSi
cxovrebisa CvenTvis ucnobia (an SeiZleba avtoris fantaziis nayofic iyos) Sios
qarTls gamomgzavrebisa da zedazenze misi yofnis Sesaxeb wyaro ueWvelad ioane
zedaznelis kimenuri `cxovrebaa.
Sio mRvimelis metafrasul `cxovrebasTan erTad unda vaxsenoT erTi
Txzuleba - `saswaulni Siosni, romelic, rogorc TxzulebaSivea naTqvami
sxavadsxva wyarodan amoukrebia ioane kaTalikoss (`Ze didisa patrikosisa
vaCesi), Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi srulebiT ucnob pirs. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es `saswaulni ratomRac sruliad ugulebelyofilia da Seuswavleli
(gamocemulia il. abulaZis `asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli
redaqciebi, Tb. 1955).
Sio mRvimelis metafrasuli cxovreba, romelic yvelaze vrceli Txzulebaa
qarTul metafrasul TxzulebaTa Soris, wyaro gamxdara Sios metafrasuli
meore, gviandeli TxzulebisaTvis, romelic zogjer sityva-sityviT, umetesad
perifrazulad imeorebs, adgil-adgil amoklebs kidec Sios pirvel metafrasul
`cxovrebas. misi dawera XVII_XVIIIss. Sios Tayvanismcemlis mxolod
literaturuli varjiSis STabeWdilebas tovebs (Zv. qarT. agiogr, lit-is
Zeglebi, III, 1971, gv. 267-291); erTaderTi xelnaweri (lening. H-22).
Sios metafrasuli (pirveli) cxovreba pirvelad gamosca m. sabininma,
`saqarTvelos samoTxe, spb, 1882, gv. 219-264; il. abulaZem 1955w. zemodasax.
gamocemaSi, gv. 69-143 (Sios kimenuri cxovrebis paralelurad); Zveli qarTuli
agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971, gv. 107-170 (gamocemebi

197

eyrdnoba Sio mRvimelis metafrasul `cxovrebas, romelic samecniero

litearturaSi XIIs. I naxevris Zeglad aris miCneuli (k. kekeliZe, ...istoria,
I, gv. 537), mxolod XVIIs. miwurulisa (A-160) da XVIIIs. (A-130; A-170)
xelnawerebiT moRweul teqstebs.
literatura ix. asurel mamaTa kimenur da metafrasul redaqciis
TxzulebebTan.

6. `cxoreba da moqalaqoba didisa da RmerTSemosilisa mamisa Cuenisa

daviT garejelisa
daviT garejelis metafrasuli `cxovreba, romelic anonim avtors dauweria
`iZulebiTa... zogadisa mamisa, sulTa mwyemsisa onofresTa, gansxvavebiT daviTis
kimenuri, e.i. `arqetipuli cxovrebisagan, iwyeba SesavliT, sadac warmodgenilia
metafrasuli `cxovrebis daweris mizezebi da miznebi, am `cxovrebis daweris
maiZulebelis vinaoba, daviTis siriaSi moRvaweobis, ase vTqvaT, `Sekowiwebuli
epizodebi ioane zedaznelis `cxovrebaTa safuZvelze da mxolod amis Semdeg
igi mihyveba Tavis ZiriTad wyaros, daviTis kimenur `cxovrebas, imeorebs mis
epizodebs perifrazulad da dedanTan SedarebiT gacilebiT vrclad, ase vTqvaT,
sityvamravlobiT da xSirad axsenebs am wyaros.
radgan samecniero literaturaSi (k. kekeliZe, ... istoria, I, 1980, gv. 534)
daviTis metafrasul ,,cxovrebaSi moxseniebuli ,,mwyemsi onofre gaigivebulia
aTonis mTis qarTelTa monastris aRapebSi naxsneb ,,did ber da moZRuar onofri
garejelTan (el. metreveli, aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigni,
Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 173). Txzulebac dawrili unda iyos XIIs. I naxevarSi, Tumca
Txzulebis Semcveli xelnawerebi XVIIs. miwurulisa (A-160) da XVIIIs. (A130; A-170 da sxv.), romelTa mixedviTac am Txzulebis teqsti gamocemulia: m.
sabinini, ,,saq. samoTxe, spb, 1882, 265-286; il. abulaZis zemodasax. gamocema, gv.
144-187 (kimenurTan erTad) Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971, gv.
170-207.
literatura ix. asurel mamaTa kimenur da metafrasul zemomiTiTebul
,,cxovrebebTan. daviT garejelis metafrasuli ,,cxovrebis safuZvelze
Tbilel mitropolit romanoz (erisTavs) garejis monasterSi berad yofnis dros
daaxl. 1737-40ww. dauweria meore metafrasuli ,,cxovreba da sxva wyaroebiTac
usargeblia, zogi ram garejis Tanamedrove samonastro cxovrebidanac Seutania
(ix. e. gabiZaSvili, romanoz erisTavi da misi ucnobi Txzuleba, xel. inst.
mravalTavi II, 1973w., gv. 75-93; teqsti gamocemulia, ... Zeglebi III, gv. 201311 (danarTSi), centr. arqivis #252 (1737w., 1040w.) xelnaweris mixedviT
(avtografi).

198

7. ,,cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion axlisa

ilarion axlis metafrasuli ,,cxovreba, romelic Teofile xucesmonazonma
dawera 1074 wlis Semdeg, Sedgenilia ilarion qarTvelis efTvime aToneliseuli
kimenuri Txzulebis safuZvelze matafrasul moTxovnilebaTa miRebuli
standartebis mixedviT: Teofiles dauweria axali Sesavali, romlis mTavari
Temaa qarTvelebis mier qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba. sada, martivi eniT
dawerili wyaro mas ritorikul stilSi Seumkia da ganuvrcia, wyarosTan
SedarebiT zogierTi adgili gamoutovebia, zogi ram miumatebia da zogic
Seucvlia (detalurad am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ix. k. kekeliZe, nawyveti qarTuli
agiografiis istoriidan, etiudebi. ... IV, Tb., 1957, gv. 145-147). metafrasuli
Txzulebis teqstis Semcveli xelnawerebi gviandelia XVIIIs. (A-130, 1713w.;
A-170, 1733w. da sxv.), romelTa mixedviT gamocemulia: m. sabinini, ,,saq. samoTxe,
spb, 1882, gv. 371-392; Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971, gv. 208-248.
Targmanebi: . , . , II, , 1872,
. 105-125; ., , ..., 1860,
. 159-186.. literatura: k. kekeliZe, nawyveti qarT. agiografiis istoriidan,
etiudebi, IV, gv. 135-184. m. doliqiZe, ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Zveli
redaqciebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 68-77. B. Martin-Hisard, La prgrination du mone Georgien
Hilarion an IX sience Bedi Kartilisa, 39, Paris, 1981, 101-138.

8. `daZineba wmidaTaganisa mamisa Cuenisa ise wilknel episkoposisa...

ise wilknelis metafrasuli ,,cxovreba anu ,,daZineba, rogorc es
figurirebs Txzulebis saTaurSi, besarion qarTlis kaTalikoss dauweria
XVIIIs. I naxevarSi im epizodebis safuZvelze, romelsac Cven vicnobT iovane
zedaznelisa da Sio mRvimelis metafrasul ,,cxovrebaTa mixedviT, Tumca
besarionis ritorikuli SesavliTa da ,,Sesxmis stilSi dawerili adgilebiT
avsebs wyaroebidan aRebul arcTu mdidrul faqtobriv masalas da Seaqvs mas
damatebiTi epizodebi ises mier cecxlTayvanismcemlebTan polemikisa da ises
mTaSi misioneruli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. XVIIIs. xelnawerebiT (S-326 da A-170)
cnobili teqsti pirvelad gamoqveynda 1989w. Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is ZeglebSi,
V, gv. 79-95.
literatura: m. qavTaria, besarion orbeliSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba,
xel. inst. moambe, I, 1959, 89-91; missive, ... Zeglebi V, gv. 188-192; k. kekeliZe,
... istoria, I, 1980, 352-353.

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9. ,,wameba wmidisa da didebulisa mowamisa arCilisi, mefisa mis

qarTvelTasa
besarion kaTalikoss ekuTvnis arCil mefis wamebis metafrasuli Txzulebac,
romelic mas XVIIIs. I naxevarSi dauweria arCilis ,,wamebis im mokle Txzulebis
mixedviT, romelic ,,qarTlis cxovrebis nusxebSia CarTuli. besarioni
amomwuravad iyenebs leonti mrovelisa da juanSeris Txrobas arCilis Sesaxeb,
magram ganuvrcia igi metafrasuli hagiografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
frazebiT, literaturulad amuSavebs da aformebs frazas.
arCilis wamebis metafrasuli ,,wameba cnobilia XVIIIs. xelnawerebiT (S3269; A-170) da gamocemulia maT mixedviT: m. janaSvili, qarT. mwerloba, I, 1900,
gv. 253-292; Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, V, gv. 95-108.
literatura: m. qavTaria, besarion orbelaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba,
xel. inst. moambe, I, 1959, gv. 28-29; misive, ...Zeglebi, V, gv. 93-95. k.kekeliZe,
...istoria, I, gv. 351-352. ix. agreTve lit-ra arCilis kimenur ,,wamebasTan.

10. anton I, ,,martirika

rogorc saTauridan Cans, anton bagrationma, saqarTvelos patriarqma, am
krebulSi Seitana saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendarSi warmodgenili wmindanebis
mxolod ,,martvilobebi da umetesi maTganis arsebuli kimenuri Txzulebebi
gadaametafrasa, Sesxma da moTxroba RvawlTa da vnebTa~ stilSi (ase iwyeba
TiToeuli maTganis saTauri), magram Cven amjerad CamovTvliT im ,,martvilobebs
anu ,,wamebebs, romlebsac hagiografiul TxzulebaTa forma pirvelad antonma
misca maT Sesaxeb mxolod calkeuli cnobebia sxvadasxva werilobiT wyaroSi.
1. neofite urbnelis (VIIIs.) ,,wameba, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi amoRebulia
`saswaulni Siosnis~ mecxre Tavidan, antons, iseve rogorc danarCeni
Txzulebebi, gadaumuSavebia metafrasul-panegirikul stilSi, ,,martirikis
TxzulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli Sesavlis damatebiT da wyaros
epizodebis zogjer perifrazirebiT, zogjer citirebiT moTxrobilia arabTa
jaris erT-erTi meTauris an umaris an omaris gaqristianeba SimRvimeSi nanaxi
saswaulebis Sedegad, iq monazvnad aRkveca, iZulebiT urbnisis episkoposad
kurTxeva da arabTagan misi wameba. Zeglebi VI, gv. 119-135 (teqsti); 500-502.
2. garejel monazonTa ,,wameba, romelSic antonma gadmocemis safuZvelze
aRwera sparselTagan garejis aRdgomis eklesiaSi aRdgomis dresaswaulze
Sekrebil monazonTa daxocvis amabvi, romelic varaudiT XVIs-Si unda
momxdariyo (... Zeglebi, VI, gv. 189-208; 502-504).
3. aTTa bevrTa mowameTa tfiliss vnebulTa. jalaledinis 1225w. Tbilisis
mosaxleobis gaJletis faqtze agebuli, rac antons ,,JamTaaRmwerlis matianedan

200

aqvs aRebuli da metafrasul stilSi damuSavebuli (... Zeglebi, VI, gv. 247-265;
504-506).
4. Salva axalcixelis wameba jalaledinis 1223w. Catarebul represiebs
aRwers igive JamTaaRmwerlis matianis mixedviT (... Zeglebi, VI, 302-318; 506-508).
5. qvabTaxevis monasterSi wamebulTa monazonTa da saero pirTa (aq
TavSefarebulTa) dawvis ambavi antons auRia Temurlengis 1393w. Semosevis
Sesaxeb vaxuStis istoriis (zogan beri egnataSvilis Sromis mixedviT) (Zeglebi,
VI, 319-340; 508-510. yvela Txzuleba martirikisa Q-78 (1769w. 28. XI) da S-1271
(1768-1769w.)). xelnawerebis mixedviT aris gamocemuli (Zeglebi VI, 1980w. e.
gabiZaSvili, m. qavTaria).

Semoklebul ,,cxovrebaTa Sesaxeb

qarTuli hagiografiis istoriaSi figurirebs arsebuli vrceli cxovrebidan
gakeTebuli (zogjer gamokrebili, zogjer Semoklebul-perifrazirebuli) misi
mokle varianti (aseTi sul samia), romelTa daniSnuleba bolomde garkveuli
ar aris da TiToeuli maTganis Seqmnis saWiroeba, SesaZlebelia, erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebul miznebSi iyos saZebari, an sulac erTi mizniTac iyos ganpirobebuli
(vTqvaT, Sualeduri rgoli vrcelsa da svinaqsarul ,,cxovrebas Soris
saRvTismsaxuro daniSnulebiT, an romelime specifikur krebulSi Sesatanad da
sxv.).
1. ilarion qarTvelis mokle ,,cxovreba mTlianad damyarebulia e.w.
efTvimeseul ilarionis ,,cxovrebis kimenur redaqciaze. amoklebs mas erTiorad
(im adgilebis amoRebiT, romelic uSualod ilarions ar exeba, kimenuris
vrceli Sesavlis amoRebiT da sxv.) da misi frazeologia, mcire gamonaklisis
garda, TiTqmis zustadaa gadmotanili (xelnaweri Q-762, XIIIs., gamocema: s.
yubaneiSvilis, Zv. qarT. literaturis qrestomaTia, I, Tb., 1946, gv. 170-177;
literatura: m. dolaqiZe, ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi, Tb.,
1974; e. gabiZaSvili, ... Zeglebi, IV, Tb., 1968, gv. 143-154).
2. nino ganmanaTleblis ,,cxovrebis mokle versia warmoadgens arsen
iyalToelis (beris) mier dawerili ninos ,,cxovrebis metafrasuli Txzulebis
Semoklebasa da teqstis Tavisufal perifrazs, alag-alag ramdenime axali cnobis
CarTviT. Txzuleba Seudgenia XIIIs. ucnob avtors. mis Semcvel xelnawerTagan
uZvelesia XVII-XVIIIss. (leningr. H-220). gamocemulia s. yubaneiSvilis mier, ...
qrestomaTia, I,M 1946, gv. 216-231; ... Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971, gv. 52-63; literatura:
q. cxadaZe, ucnobi avtoris ,,ninos cxovreba, saiub. krebuli k. kekeliZes, 1959,
gv. 401... s. janaSia, fsevdo arseni, akad. moambe, I, 1940, gv. 475-482.

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3. petre qarTvelis (iberis) ,,cxovrebis mokle redaqcia petre qarTvelis

vrceli cxovrebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, umeteswilad meqanikur Semoklebas
warmoadgens mcireodeni frazeologiuri niuansebiT da vrcelis samiode
adgilis moulodneli frazeologiuri gavrcobiT. mokle redaqciis xelnawerebi
bevria (vrceli mxolod erTaderTi), magram arcerTi maTgani XVIIIs. adrindeli
ar aris (A-130, 1713; A-170, 1733 da sxv.). gamocemebi: .. ,
..., , . XVII, . II, 1896, 59-72 (vrceli cxovrebis
paralelurad): Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1967, gv. 213-263
(vrcelTan erTad): iv. lolaSvili, areopagetuli krebuli, Tb., 1983, gv. 117158 (orive). Targmanebi: .. , dasax. gamocema, gv. 81-115; literatura ix.
petres vrcel cxovrebasTan (agr. Zeglebi, V, gv. 232-233).

zogierTi svinaqsaruli ,,cxovrebis Sesaxeb

svinaqsaruli hagiografia, principSi, liturgikul mwerlobasac miekuTvneba,
radgan igi ikiTxeba Jamiswirvaze wmindanis himnografiuli, kanonis meeqvse
galobis Semdeg, misi biografiisa da Rvawlis mrevlisaTvis mokled gacnobis
mizniT, magram misi Sedgenis principebi, misi warmomavloba Sesabamisi wmindanis
vrceli hagiografiuli Txzulebidan gvaZlevs sababs, rom igi hagiografiis
nawilad vcnoT. samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom svinaqsaruli
teqsti, ,,cxovreba iqneba igi Tu ,,wameba, yovelTvis meoreulia igi arsebuli
vrceli Txzulebidan gamonakrebs warmoadgens. marTlac, qarTuli svinaqsaruli
Txzulebebis umetesoba am princips amarTlebs (yvela maTgans ipoviT
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis IV wignSi, romelic
1968w. gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo e. gabiZaSvilma). Cven aq
warmovadgenT mxolod iseT svinaqsarul Txzulebebs, romlebic ar amarTlebs
zemoaRniSnul damkvidrebul princips: igi an wyaro gaxda vrceli, Sesabamisi
hagiografiuli TxzulebisaTvis, an kidev ama Tu im wmindanis Sesaxeb Seqmnili
svinaqsaruli Txzuleba erTaderTia da mas Sesatyvisi vrceli ,,cxovreba Tu
,,wameba ar moepoveba aseTi Txzuleba saerTod ar dawerila.
1. `efTvime mTawmidelis svinaqsaruli cxovreba~ pirveli aseTi qarTuli
Zeglia, romelic Seiqmna efTvime mTawmidelis gardacvalebidan (1028w.) axlo
xanebSi misi xsenebis dRis gangebaSi CasarTavad, xolo Tormeti an ToTxmeti
wlis Semdeg giorgi mTawmidelma jer Seitana berZnulidan daax. 1042-1044ww. mis
mierve naTargmn ,,did svinaqsarSi (erTaderTi giorgis mier CarTuli qarTuli
svinaqsaruli ,,cxovreba), xolo Semdeg wyarod gamoiyena ,,ioanesa da efTvimes
vrceli cxovrebis weris dros (daax. 1044w.). e.i. am svinaqsarul ,,cxovrebas
ver gamokrebdnen jer kidev ararsebuli vrceli ,,cxovrebidan (piriqiT ki igi

202

gaxda ZiriTadi wyaro vrcelisaTvis ix. e. gabiZaSvili, eqvTime mTawmidelis

cxovrebis svinaqsaruli redaqcia, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis oTxi Zegli
(krebuli), Tb. 1965, gamokvleva (7-58) da teqsti (58-67). xelnawerebi: A-193
(XIs.); H-2211(XIs.) da sxv. mravali, gamocemulia (garda aRniSnulisa) giorgi
mTawmidelis ,,cxovreba iovanesi da efTvimesi, Tb., 1946, gv. 56-61 (svin. teqsti
gamosac. moamzada m. kaxaZem); Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, IV, Tb., 1968, gv.
331-345. literatura ix. gamocemaTa SesavalSi.
2. ,,micvaleba netarisa mamisa Cuenisa proxorisi ierusalimSi jvaris
qarTuli monastris aRmaSenebelisa da damaarseblis proxores (1065; giorgi
proxoresac uwodebs zogierTi wyaro) Sesaxeb vrceli ,,cxovreba ar dawerila
(winaaRmdeg samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli zogierTi varaudisa) da
misi vinaoba da Rvawli Semogvinaxa svinaqsarulma ,,cxovrebam, romelic
mogviTxrobs jvris monastris mSeneblobis istorias da dawerilia 1066-1070
ww.; Setanilia ,,didi svinaqsaris XIs. nusxaSi (Yer. 24 da sxv.), romelic am
monastris saaRape wignia. proxores svinaqsaruli ,,cxovreba aRniSnuli da sxv.
xelnawerebis mixedviT gamocemulia ramdenjerme; aq aRvniSnavT: . ,
... .-. , II, 1917-1925, .
58-68: Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, IV, gv. 345-346; literatura: dasax.
gamocemaTa Sesavali werilebi, agr. el. metreveli, masalebi palestinis qarT.
koloniis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1962, gv. 30-36.
3. `[wameba] wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa lukasi jvaris monastris winamZRvaris
luka ierusalimelis TaviskveTiT dasjis faqti, romelic arabebma Caidines
monastris warTmevis mizniT 1273w., aRwerilia lukas Sesaxeb svinaqsarul
TxzulebaSi (vrceli ,,wameba ar arsebula), romelic erTaderTi XIVs. teqstiT
aris cnobili da es furceli gvian aris Cakerebuli zemonaxsenebze XIs. ,,didi
svinaqsaris xelnawerSi (Jer.-24 saaRape wigni). gamocema da literatura ix.
proxores svinaqsarul cxovrebasTan.
4. `[wameba] wmidisa axlisa mowamisa nikoloz dvalisa~ nikoloz dvalis
,,wameba mxolod svinaqsaruli redaqciiT aris cnobili (vrceli ,,wameba
ar arsebula) da mogviTxrobs ierusalimSi wminda adgilebis mosalocad
klarjeTis erT-erTi monastridan Casuli nikolozis mowamebriv aRsasrulze
(+1312w.), romelsac arabi amiras brZanebiT Tavi mohkveTes mahmadianur siwmideTa
araerTgzis xelyofisaTvis. svnaqsaruli ,,wamebis XIVs. teqstis Semcveli
furceli CakinZulia XIs. xelnawerSi (Jer.-24). gamocemebi: ix. proxores svin.
cxovrebis gamocemebTan, iqvea literaturac.
5. svinaqsari xatisa martomyofelisa da wmidisa mamisa antoni martomyofelisa.
Txzuleba, romelsac Sesabamisi vrceli ,,cxovreba ar moepoveba, dawerilia
XVIIs. II naxevarSi da ,,swavlul kacTa komisiis mier Setanilia ,,qarTlis

203

cxovrebis xelnawerTa damatebaSi. igi mogviTxrobs antonis Camosvlas

siriidan, (V s.), edesis xelTuqmneli xatis xelTuqmneli aslis Camotanas da
martyofis monastris daarsebis istorias.
antoni (saxelis dausaxeleblad) figurirebs ,,asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi,
Tumca es wyaro ramdenime frazas moicavs mxolod. svinaqsaruli cxovrebis
ZiriTadi wyaro ki aris arsen bulmaisimis Zis (XIIIs.) sagalobeli martyofis
xatisa da antonis Sesaxeb. svinaqsaruli Txzulebis xelnawerebidan, uZvelesia
A-1582 (XVIIs. II nax.), gamocemulia: ...Zeglebi, IV, 393-398 da ,,qarTlis
cxovrebis nusxebSi CanarTis saxiT (1955w. gamocema, I, gv. 212-214). literatura:
k. kekeliZe, sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi...
I, 38-40; misive, Zv. qarT. lit-is istoria, I, gv. 207; e. gabiZaSvili, anton
martomyofeli, ... Zeglebi, IV, gv. 218-225;
6. `[cxovreba] wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa amba alaverdelisa
erT-erTi sirieli mamisa ioane zedaznelis mowafis, alaverdis monastris
damaarsebeli ioseb alaverdelis Sesaxeb mxolod svinaqsaruli ,,cxovreba
dauweriaT, isic sul gvian XVIIIs. I naxevarSi. misi wyaros migneba Znelia,
radgan iosebi mxolod ramdenime fraziT moxseniebulia (saxelis gareSe) ioane
zedaznelisa da Sio mRvimelis metafrasul ,,cxovrebebSi (am ukanasknelSi is
mowafeTa CamonaTvalSia), ase rom, ioseb alaverdelis svinaqsaruli ,,cxovreba
zogadi frazebiT Sekowiwebuli Txzulebis iers atarebs, dauweria igi erekle
pirvelis asul makrine monazons (xelnaw. S-3269, XVIIIs. da sxv. gamocema ...
Zeglebi, IV, 403-406; literatura: k. kekeliZe, meTvramete sauk. qarT. lit.
istoriidan, IV, 241-251; e. gabiZaSvili, ioseb alaverdeli, ... Zeglebi, IV, gv.
233-238). m. qavTaria, Zv. qarTuli poeziis istoriidan, Tb., 1977, gv. 209-212.
7. `[cxovreba] Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa dodo garejelisa. dodo garejeli
iyo daviT garejelis mowafe, kaxeTis mcxovrebi, romelic monazvnad Sedga da
daarsa dodorqis monasteri. am moRvawis Sesaxeb mxolod daviTis cxovrebis
kimenur da metafrasul ,,cxovrebebSia saubari, damoukidebeli ,,cxovreba
dodo garejelisa mxolod svinaqsaruli redaqciiT aris cnobili da isic Zalze
gviandeli 1726 wels erT svinaqsarul krebulSi (A-220). igi, savaraudoa,
daeweros romanoz Tbilisis mitropolits, rodesac is garejaSi monazvnobda,
cxadia, zemodasaxelebuli wyaroebis safuZvelze (gamocemulia... Zeglebi, IV,
415-418).
8. ,,wameba wmidisa da netarisa mefisa Cuenisa luarsabisi. luarsabis
,,wamebis svinaqsaruli redaqcia imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom daiwera besarion
orabeliSvilis luarsabis vrcel ,,cxovrebaze adre da nawilobriv gaxda misi
wyaro (xel. A-130, 1713; A-183, XVIII), gamoc. m. sabinini, ,,saq. samoTxe, gv. 580-

204

582. Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit-is Zeglebi, IV, 433-437. literatura: e. gabiZaSvili,
... Zeglebi, IV, 300-307.
9. `[wameba] wm. mRdelmowamisa Siosi da moyvasTa misTa. Txzuleba
mxolod svinaqsaruli redaqciiT aris cnobili da mogviTxrobs lekebis mier
garejis monastris darbevas da monazonTa daxocvas, romelic dauweria am
ambis TviTmxilvels nikoloz maRalaSvils 1697-1700ww. (xeln. A-1367, 1700w.)
gamocema: ,,saq. samoTxe, 611-615; ... Zeglebi, IV, 440-442; lit. m. qavTaria, garejis
lit. skola, 1965, 136-138; e. gabiZaSvili, ... Zeglebi, IV, 317-320.

danarTi
SeniSvnebi ramdenime hagiografiul Txzulebaze
1. aTonis mTis qarTuli monastris Xs. erT xelnawers (Ath.-8) daucavs ori
mokle hagiografiuli Txzuleba: ,,wameba yrmaTa wmidaTa ricxT cxraTa,
romeli iyvnes suliTa Zmani naTlisRebiTa wmidisagan embazisa, xolo Sobil
iyvnes Tavis-Tavisa dedisagan Tsisa da ,,wmidaTa yrmaTa orTa ZmaTa daviTisi
da tiriWanisi. es xelnaweri XIXs. I naxevramde ar iyo cnobili saqarTveloSi
(am dros Camoitanes am xelnaweridan gadawerili piri, amitom ver moxvda es
Txzulebebi anton I-is ,,martirikaSi). es xelnaweri Tu mTlianad ara, misi
Semadgeneli garkveuli nawili Seicavs ara marto somxuri originaluri
hagiografiis nimuSTa ramdenime Targmans, aramed bizantiuridan somxurad
Targmnil TxzulebaTa qarTul Targmanebsac (xelnaweri damzadebulia samxreT
saqarTveloSi, xolo Semdeg Catanilia aTonze). amdenad, bolomde garkveuli ar
aris es Txzulebebi Tavidanve qarTulad daiwera Tu somxuri enidan iTargmna. arc
erTi maTgani ar jdeba qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaTa stilSi (,,kolaelTa
wameba, taoSi, sof. kolaSi mtkvris saTaveSi mcirewlovani qristiani bavSvebis
daxocvis ambavs mogviTxrobs warmarTi mSoblebis mier, ,,daviTisa da tariWanis
wameba ki taoSi somexi warmarTi biZis mier qristiani disSvilebis daxocvas
memkvidreobis miRebis mizniT). Tu pirveli Txzuleba arc erT saxels ar
asaxelebs garda ,,mtkurisa da ,,kolasi, raRac amorful, erovnulobisgan
daclil Txzulebas warmoadgens, meore mxolod somxuri yofis gamomxatvelia
da qarTuli sinamdvilis arc erTi miniSnebac ar aris. Cven gvgonia, rom isini
Targmnili Txzulebebia, Tumca somxuri mwerlobis istoriaSi maTi kvali dRes
aRar Cans (gamocemebi, ... Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 183-185 (kolaelebi); gv. 186-191
(daviT da tiriWani); . , ... V, 1903, c. 55-61 ,,kolaelTa
qarT. teqsti rus. TargmaniT); il abulaZe, qarT. da somx. lit. erT-oba IXXIs. 1944, gv. 178-186 (orive): literatura da gamocemebi SesavalSi, agr. iv.

205

javaxiSvili, Zv. qarT. mwer. gv. 34-36; 37. . , , ,

1889, , . 21-22.
aqve aRvniSnavT XVIII-XIXss. Seqmnil ramdenime Txzulebas: gabriel mcire,
cxovreba sqemosan onisiforesi, romelic mogviTxrobs garejis monastris
XVIIIs. bolo meoTxedis monazvnis Sesaxeb, dawerili 1786-1787ww. (xeln.
bodles. #8, gamoc. Zeglebi, V, 109-122), k. kekeliZe, ... istoria, I, gv. 371-376.
misive mokle Txroba porfirisaTvis, axalgazrdobaSive gardacvlili Tavisi
mowafis Sesaxeb (xeln. bod. #8; gamoc. ... Zeglebi, V, gv. 122-125; lit. oriveze
iv. lolaSvili, mcire uwyeba qarTvelTa mweralTaTvis gv. 55-57 (aqvea gamoc.
orive teqstic, 4-150; 150-151). spiridon grZeliSvili, cxovreba ... qristesia
monazonisa, mogviTxrobs garejeli beris saintereso cxovrebas, dawerilia
Txzuleba 1880w. (xel. H-40; 1892w. gamoc. ... Zeglebi, V, gv. 125-136), lit. iqve,
gv. 200-201.

206

,,martirikis zogierTi enobriv-stilisturi

Tavisebureba*
anton bagrationis mravalmxriv SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi qarTuli enis
sakiTxebs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. antonis mier Sedgenili
pirveli mecnieruli gramatika gamoxatavs avtoris Teoriul Sexedulebebs
qarTuli enis Sesaxeb1, rac praqtikulad ganxorcielebulia mis literaturul
TxzulebebSi da mis mowafeTa literaturul saqmianobaSi2.
antonis TxzulebaTa ena Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa saenaTmecniero SromebSi
uaryofiT movlenad aris miCneuli da misi enobrivi Taviseburebebi Zveli
qarTuli enis ucodinarobiTaa axsnili3. mas usayvedureben qarTuli enis
bunebrivi ganviTarebis dabrkolebas, sasaubro enidan arqauli qarTulisaken
mibrunebas, sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis sada qarTuli enis
gaxelovnurebas4.
antonis mravalricxovan naTargmn da originalur TxzulebaTagan mxolod
umciresi nawilia gamoqveynebuli da amitom misi enis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb
ar arsebobs iseTi specialuri gamokvleva, romelic Seexeboda antonis mier
daweril sxvadasxva Janris TxzulebaTa enis specifikas misive ,,sami stilis
Teoriis gaTvaliswinebiT. ,,sami stilis Teorias, romelic gavrcelebuli
iyo antonis Tanamedrove aRmosavluri da dasavluri enebis gramatikebSi (mag.,
somxurSi, rusulSi da sxv.)5, XIIs. wiaRSi moepoveba qarTulSi winamZRvrebi
ioane petriwis Semoqmedebis saxiT6; antonic, upirveles yovlisa, Zveli qarTuli
filosofiur-dogmatikuri mwerlobis tradiciebs emyareboda. amis magaliTia
,,martirikis enac. Cven antonis enis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas amjerad
mxolod am hagiografiul krebulSi Sesul TxzulebaTa enis TaviseburebebiT
SemovifarglebiT.
qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, uZvelesi droidan XVIIIs.
bolomde, iwereboda Zveli qarTuli eniT da maT qarTuli enis bunebrivi
ganviTarebiT gamowveuli siaxleni safuZvlianad ar Sexebia. hagiografiuli
1 *daibeWda wignSi: Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, VI, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 525586.
e. babunaSvili, anton pirveli da qarTuli gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1970.
2 akaki SaniZe, anton I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze, Tbilisi, 1964.
3 akaki SaniZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 76.
4 arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,
t. I, Tbilisi, 1950, gv. 21.
5 e. babunaSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 230.
6 d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, Tbilisi, 1975,
gv. 59.

207

mwerlobis ena arqauli da konservatulia. es exeba ara marto hagiografiuli

Zeglebis enas, aramed saeklesio mwerlobis yvela dargis Zeglebs. amitom ar
gvikvirs, rodesac sulxan-saba orbelianma, romlis ,,sibrZne sicruisa TiTqmis
axali qarTuli enis nimuSia, Tavisi ,,swavlani Zveli saeklesio enis normebis
mixedviT dawera.1
anton bagrationis ,,martirika hagiografiuli Janris Zeglia da, amdenad,
misi ena tradiciuli arqaulobiT gamoirCeva. amasTanave naTelia, rom qarTuli
hagiografiuli mwerlobis umetes ZeglebTan SedarebiT ,,martirikis ena rTulia
da stilisturad gansxvavebuli. upirveles yovlisa, es aixsneba im garemoebiT,
rom ,,martirika metafrasuli hagiografiis Janrs miekuTvneba. cnobilia,
rom jer kidev XII saukuneSi Seqmnili qarTuli metafrasuli Janris iseTi
Zeglebi, rogoricaa iovane zedaznelis, daviT garejelisa da sxvaTa cxovrebebi,
enobriv-stilistikuri TaviseburebebiT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda ,,SuSanikis
wamebis, ,,abos wamebis, ,,grigol xancTelisa da sxva msgavsi Zeglebis sada
da naTeli enisagan. ,,martirikis ena SedarebiT ufro axlosaa dasaxelebuli
qarTuli metafrasuli hagiografiuli Zeglebis enasTan Janrobrivi specifikis
gamo. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom antonis SemoqmedebiT Tvalsazriss, rogorc
Cans, metafrasuli Janri ufro kargad Seewyo, radgan aq arsebobda saSualeba
konkretulad mowameze saubris dawyebamde avtors yuradReba gaemaxvilebina
misTvis da mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso filosofiur-dogmatikur Tu eTikuresTetikur sakiTxebze. es kargad Cans ,,martirikaSi Sesuli ocive Txzulebis
Sesaval nawilebSi. sayuradReboa Semdegic: TiToeuli Txzulebis Sesavali
nawili ufro rTuli enobriv-stilistikuri normebiTaa dawerili, vidre
amave Txzulebis is nawili, romelic uSualod mowamis cxovreba-moRvaweobas
exeba, radgan Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiur-dogmatikuri mwerlobis
tradiciebiT filosofiur traqtats da istoriul-biografiul nawarmoebs
sxvadasxva stili Seesabameboda. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,
rom ,,martirikaSi Sesul TiToeul Txzulebas saTaurSi ,,Sesxma da moTxroba
ewodeba, maSasadame, mowamis cxovrebiseuli faqtebis gadmocemasTan erTad
TxzulebaSi panegirikuli Janris damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebic mravlad aris
warmodgenili. panegirikuli, anu SesxmiTi nawili zogjer win uswrebs mowamis
biografiuli cnobebis Semcvel nawils, xolo ufro xSirad ki mosdevs mas
da iseTive gansakuTrebulad paTetiuri, amaRlebuli ritorikuli maneriTaa
dawerili, rogorsac bizantiur mwerlobaSi am Janris udides warmomadgenelTa
_ basili didis, grigol nazianzelis, grigol noselis, ioane oqropirisa
da sxvaTa mier Seqmnil ,,SesxmebSi, anu ,,enkomiebSi vxvdebiT. Zvel qarTvel
hagiografTagan antonis winamorbedad ioane sabanisZis dasaxeleba SeiZleba,
1
iv. gigineiSvili, sulxan-saba orbelianis enisaTvis, sulxan-saba orbeliani,
siubiuleo krebuli, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 33.

208

romlis TxzulebaSi (,,wameba abosi) istoriul-biografiuli nawili

,,SesxmasTan aris gaerTianebuli. mogviano periodidan ki, albaT, besarion
orbeliSvilis ,,biZina, Salva da elizbaris Sesxma da wameba unda davasaxeloT.
amrigad, anton bagrationis ,,martirikis enis sirTule da ,,xelovnuroba
ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia
Zeglis
Janrobrivi
specifikiT,
kerZod,
filosofiur-dogmatikuri
da
hagiografiul-panegirikuli
mwerlobis
dargebis specifikuri enobriv-stilisturi tradiciebisa da Zveli qarTuli
enis normebis dacvis surviliT. sxva sakiTxia, rogor agrZelebs antoni Tavis
winamorbedTa am tradiciebs, arRvevs Tu ara Sua saukuneebis filosofiurritorikuli stilis Taviseburebebsa da Zveli qarTuli enis normebs, moipoveba
Tu ara antonis nawerebSi iseTi enobriv-stilisturi monacemebi, romlebic
mxolod antonisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema gaWirdeba
martooden antonis romelime Txzulebidan amoglejil nawyvetze dayrdnobiT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli STabeWdilebis gavrceleba mTlianad antonis enaze
Secdoma iqneboda. saWiroa, rom saboloo daskvnebi antonis enis TaviseburebaTa
Sesaxeb TiToeuli Txzulebis enis Seswavlis safuZvelze gakeTdes. amis
magaliTia antonis gramatikul TxzulebaTa Seswavla1, ris Sedegadac bevri ram
naTeli gaxda antonis enis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. a. SaniZis naSromi ,,anton
I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze eZRvneba antonis literaturuli
skolis moRvaweTa mier saeklesio beWdur wignebSi Setanil enobriv cvlilebebs
antonis normebis mixedviT da, konkretulad, TviT antonis TxzulebaTa enas ar
exeba.
,,martirikis pirvel gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT uxerxulad CavTvaleT,
araferi gveTqva am Zeglis enis Sesaxeb. winamdebare werils araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ara aqvs anton bagrationis enis ramdenadme sruli Seswavlis pretenzia TviT
,,martirikis teqstis farglebSic ki, magram teqstze muSaobis procesSi
SemCneuli zogierTi Taviseburebis aRniSvna sasargeblod miviCnieT.
Tavidanve SevniSnavT, rom marTalia, Cven SevecadeT es Taviseburebebi
tradiciuli TanmimdevrobiT warmogvedgina, magram zogierT sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT es principi darRveuli aRmoCndeba, radgan zogjer saWiro gaxda
sakiTxis kompleqsurad ganxilva.

orTografia
umarcvlo u. umarcvlo u ,,martirikaSi Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebTan
SedarebiT gacilebiT xSirad ixmareba. antoni umarcvlo u-s swers ara marto
Zveli qarTuli enis normebis Sesabamisad, aramed iseT SemTxvevebSic, sadac misi
gamoyeneba moulodnelia.
1

e. babunaSvili, dasax. naSromi.

209

av TemisniSnian zmnaTa sawyisebi ,,martirikaSi TiTqmis mxolod umarcvlo

u-Ti arian warmodgenilni: coduaTa (49,4), marxTa (43,14), Serisxuad (45,32),
Sekruad (96,31), gankiTxTa (112,22), Semusrua (115,25), baZuad (89,6), ganbZaruad
(253,35), gardasaxluad (26,23) da sxva uamravi. bunebrivia, aseve umarcvlo u-Tia
warmodgenili av TemisniSniani zmnebidan nawarmoebi yvela saxis mimReobaTa
umravlesoba: mhazrueli (272,10), saWiruelTa (283,18), mxiluelni (18,9),
mkuleli (18,33).
sawyisebis Zveli qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swori formiT xmarebis
ramdenime magaliTi saerTo suraTs ver cvlis:
bZarviTa (316,7), locvisa (31,19), mofardviT (34,4), ganwualvisa (39,26),
tyuenvad (258,37), gankargvisa (268,4), SewurviT (413,29), wartyuenvisa (57,7).
,,martirikaSi Cveulebriv umarcvlo u-Tia mocemuli zmnis pirian formebSi
TemisniSniseuli v, Tuki mis win Tanxmovania warmodgenili: daicua (41,17), daidua
(59,14), gardahyua (42,34), ganabrwyinua (99,16) da sxva.
erTi sityviT, umarcvlo u-s xmarebis erTaderTi kanonzomiereba, romelic
SeiZleba dadgindes ,,martirikaSi, ase unda CamovayaliboT: Tanxmovnis Semdeg
v-s nacvlad iwereba umarcvlo u, miuxedavad imisa, rom v Tanxmovnis Semdeg igi
aRmoCnda kumSvis Sedegad; xolo xmovnis Semdeg gamonaklisis gareSe iwereba v.
es kanonzomiereba ,,martirikis teqstebSi ZiriTadad gatarebulia, Tumca mas
sakmao gamonaklisebic aqvs. Cven zemoT movitaneT ramdenime iseTi sawyisi, sadac
dadasturebulia v. maT garda ramdenime aTeuli magaliTi SeiZleba daiZebnos,
sadac Zveli qarTuli enis normebi daculia. survili (275,8 da xSirad), hgulvides
(275,18), Svilo (259,11 da ramdenime sxva), ltolvili (235,11), brwyinvid (290,18),
warmostyuenvida (373,18), mislvisa (345,13), anu xilvida (406,19), Sehmusrvides
(406,29), ixilvida (413,6) ganvida (413,23), mtarvalTa (32,4), dawurvili (33,26),
wartyuenviTa (56,25), qurjnvili (95,7), geSiSvi (226,21), SeemhsWualvis (40,28),
gankargvidis (89,3), Sewirvodes (116,6), Semusrvili (131,8), aReZrcvodes (149,16),
dahfarvida (162,6), Seikrvodes (183,21), maqvs (218,26). CamoTvlili magaliTebi,
SesaZlebelia, mTlianad ar amowuravs msgavsi formebis ricxvs ,,martirikaSi,
magram amave sityvebis umarcvlo u-Ti xmarebis SemTxvevebi gacilebiT metia.
isic unda iTqvas, rom zemoT CamoTvlili v-iani formebis nawili modis im
citatebze, romlebic Tavis TxzulebebSi antons axali da Zveli aRTqmis
wignebidan Seutania. Znelia davadginoT raime kanonzomiereba CamoTvlili da
msgavsi v-iani formebis xmarebisa, magram erTi SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom aseTi
magaliTebis umetesoba modis av TemisniSniani zmnebis uwyvetlis III piris
formebze (aRuxilvida, dahfarvida, Sehmusrvides, brwyinvida, ixilvida da sxv.).
,,martirikaSi umarcvlo u-Tia warmodgenili is sityvebi, romlebsac ZirSi v
aqvT: ruali, adli, ianuari, iunisi, qarTuli, queli (da misgan nawarmoebi

210

kompozitebi). cualeba, nacualad, wualeba (ganwualeba), sazRuari, piruli,

qua.
antonis ,,gataceba v-s umarcvlo u-Ti SecvliT ise Sorsaa wasuli, rom
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi umarcvlo u-Tia warmodgenili subieqturi I piris
niSanic: ,,...raTa ganubanoca piri Seni (95,15) ,,aRuavsoT... ekklesia (132,18),
,,aRuadginoT... (132,23) ,,ukeTu aRuasuleo Tananadebi... (408,29) ,,ara qSasa
zeda aRuaSene saxli qristes... mimarT (276,12) ,,aRusTquam ukue msmenelad...
(38,34).
aRsaniSnavia, rom erTxel nawilaki ve TanxmovanfuZian saxelis Semdeg antons
Tu Txzulebis gadamwers u kompleqsad uqcevia: ,,esferu RaRadebda (262,15).
aqvea aRsaniSnavi ramdenime sityvaSi iv formantis iu-Ti daweris SemTxvevebi:
,,SiSuliu (338,18), RuTiu (327,17,18). albaT, motanili magaliTebi ufro
SemTxveviTia, amitom is ver Secvlis im saerTo suraTs, sadac subieqturi I
piris v, ve nawilaki da iv formanti uamrav SemTxvevaSi sworadaa warmodgenili.
cnobilia, rom XVIII saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi sapirispiro
suraTia dadasturebuli: umarcvlo u-s adgils TandaTanobiT v iWers. mTeli
am uzarmazari teqstis manZilze mxolod ramdenime magaliTi Segvxvda am saxisa
da isic erTgvarovani: I obieqturi piris niSnad mravlobiTSi zogjer gvaqvs ara
gu, aramed gv: Segviracxies (183,14), gviyiden (277,23), gviRirs (41,32) mogviyuanna
(85,20), mogviRebies (138,19). miuxedavad am ramdenime magaliTisa (maTi ricxvi
SeiZleba metic iyos), ,,martirikis teqstSi ZiriTadad I obieqturi piris niSnad
mravlobiT ricxvSi gu ixmareba. sxva magaliTebidan davasaxelebT: maxvili
(280,25), Tumca imave winadadebaSi maxli-c gvxvdeba (280,28), da yviTel (352,15).
unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierT sityvaSi umarcvlo u aRar ixmareba: ukeTu, Tqma
(da misgan nawarmoebi Tqmuli, saTqmeli), kmeva, sakmeveli, sakmevi, meva, ukana,
ukanaskneli, aRxma. da, piriqiT, umarcvlo u ganviTarebulia iq, sadac Zvelad
ar gvqonda: mRudeli da misgan nawarmoeb yvela sityvaSi: samRudelo, umRudvelo
da sxv. swored aseTi formidan ganviTarda (u-s v-d qceviT) dRevandeli forma
_ `mRvdeli~.
aso. ,,martirikaSi gamonaklisis gareSe, Tu umarcvlo u-s e xmovani mosdevs,
is aucileblad -s formiTaa warmodgenili. cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTulSi
difTongs aRniSnavda da e + Sexvedris dros iwereboda. Cans, -s amgvarma
gagebam TandaTan dakarga azri da ukve IX_XI saukuneebis zogierT ZeglSi
mas mxolod orTografiuli niSnis funqciaRa SerCa. ,,martirikaSi arc erTi
SemTxveva ar gvxvdeba iseTi, rom umarcvlo u-s e mosdevdes: is aucileblad
-formiT iqneba warmodgenili. amasTanave -s arasodes ar aqvs e + difTongis
gageba, rac iqidanac Cans, rom Tu e-ze daboloebul sityvas mosdevs, iwereba
ara , rogorc mosalodneli iyo, aramed e: mefe, cixe, saqme, marjuene,

211

sikeTe da a.S. oriode magaliTSi naxmaria meuf (241,29. 357,1) da isic wyarod
gamoyenebuli citatidan unda iyos meqanikurad gadmosuli, radganac meufo
(299,6, 367,28) da marju (VI, 190, 162) formebSi SeuZlebelia -s xmarebis raime
kanonzomierebaze laparaki.
hs kompleqsi. hs kompleqsi ,,martirikaSi Zalian gavrcelebulia ixmareba
rogorc zmnebis pirian formebSi, aseve zogjer sawyisebsa da mimReobebSi.
igi ixmareba Semde SemTxvevebSi: Tu zmnis fuZe TanxmovniT iwyeba, antonis
marTlweris mixedviT mas TavSi h unda davurToT, romelic zogjer gadahyveba
mas sawyisebSi da mimReobebSic: vhpove, hrbieT, hyan, mhrqua da sxva, xolo im
zmnebs da Sesabamis sawyisebs da mimReobebs, romelTa fuZeebi d, T, t, m, c, w, j,
C, W TanxmovnebiT iwyebian, yovelTvis win erTvis hs kompleqsi: aRhsdges, hsTqua,
ganhsTesna, davhscveniT, ganhsZRes da a.S. aseve sahsjeli, hsjuli, aRhspoba
(201,19), ,,mhsgavsni (194,17) da sxva. h da s zogjer gaTiSulia: SehvswiravT
(367,30), hmsTavrobda (269,17; 272,20) da sxva. hs kompleqsis xmarebis aRniSnuli
wesebidan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebic sakmao raodenobiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes.
-sa da x-s aRreva. ,,martirikaSi orive aso Zveli qarTuli enis normebis
mixedviTaa gamoyenebuli, Tumca zogjer Tavs iCens gviandeli qarTulis
tendencia -is magier x-is xmarebisa: ,,da aha aRmoixada mali... (367,36),
..romlisaTs aramcired miexadebis patiJi... (369,10), magram: ,,ese ukue patiJi,
romel mihada RmerTman... (395,22), anda ,,moiseneT da survili igi Cemi...
(275,11). gvaqvs piriqiTac: mosalodneli maxli-s nacvlad zogjer gvxvdeba
mali (367,36) da sxv.
naxevarxmovani. antonma mis mier Sedgenil qarTuli enis gramatikaSi
qarTul enaSi manamde arsebul asoTa ricxvs somxuri enis mibaZviT daumata
naxevarxmovani. misi azriT, am asos CarTva gaaadvilebda ramdenime erTad
Tavmoyrili Tanxmovnis gamoTqmas. antoni miuTiTebs, rom am asos werilobiT
gamosaxva saWiroa maSin, rodesac gadasatani sityvis TavSi an boloSi uxmovnod
rCeba ramdenime Tanxmovani1. naxevarxmovnis CarTva sityvis Sesabamis adgilas
Seqmnis marcvals da gadatanis wesebi aRar dairRveva: mag., mpyr-obelTa (A,
143,24) hsr-bian (A, 144,25) br-Zana (A, 344,10) da sxv. ,,martirikaSi es wesi
gatarebulia mxolod nawilobriv: niSani gvxvdeba gadasatani sityvis pirvel
nawilSi. mTeli teqstis manZilze -s xmarebis ramdenime aTeuli SemTxvevaa
dadasturebuli. rogorc cnobilia, es niSani ver damkvidrda qarTul enaSi. igi
gamosacemad momzadebul ,,martirikis teqstSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
aso. rogorc cnobilia, qarTul enas Tavidanve hqonda da aqvs
wyvilbagismieri bgera f. Zveli berZnulidan gadmotanili sityvebi, romlebic
1 dawvrilebiT ix. a. SaniZe, anton I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze, Tbilisi,
1964, gv. 9-16.

212

-s (aseve wyvilbagismier bgeras) Seicavdnen, f niSniT gadmohqondaT. rodesac

berZnuli -s gamoTqma Seicvala da is kbilbagismier bgerad iqca, laTinursa
da evropul enebSi mas gamoxatavdnen f asos saSualebiT. somxurmac SeiTvisa es
bgera da mas grafikuli gamoxatuleba misca, romelic berZnuli warmoSobisaa.
qarTulSic iyo cda daemkvidrebinaT es bgera da sulxan-saba orbelianma Tavis
leqsikonSi Seitana misi berZnuli moxazuloba . anton I-ma mas -s moxazuloba
misca da ise daamkvidra Tavis naSromebSi, rac Semdeg misi mowafeebis nawerebSic
gavrcelda1. ,,martirikaSi es aso ixmareba ucxo enebidan (umetesad berZnulidan)
Semosul sakuTarsa da sazogado saxelebSi. qvemoT CamoTvlili saxelebi da
sityvebi yovelTvis mxolod -Tia warmodgenili: ilosoiisa (12,23), rasTa
(14,10), sera (36,7), ukuhserdebis (253,20). ukunmserebi (228,29), poriri
(72,17), antaziani (42,25), sapironisa (110,26), morinakueTobiTiTa (42,1),
inikisani (137,18), pastoorni (176,24), metarasi (341,17), ialisa (358,23),
seraim (270,21), araosa (195,21), yaramil (67,10), arsistanisa (63,19),
anakoiisasa (76,1), evratiulTa (247,37), aots (ese igi otios 96,18), arsman
(118,16), neoite (128,24), steanes (133,11), xristooris (135,8), aroditisa
(258,33), oka (343,1), remasi (406,35), evratisasa (347,21). ai, TiTqmis yvela
sityva, romelic ,,martirikaSi -iTaa gadmocemuli. aqve davsZenT, rom erTxel
Zireuli qarTuli sityvac -iT aris warmodgenili: icarni (339,2). es asoniSani ver SeiTvisa qarTulma enam da misi gaTvaliswineba ar vcaniT saWirod
gamosacemad momzadebul ,,martirikis teqstSi. aseTi formebi variantebSic
aRar gviCvenebia.
sasveni da diakritikuli niSnebi. antoni ,,martirikaSi ZiriTadad iyenebs
im sasven niSnebs, romlebic adrindel xelnawerebSi da pirvel nabeWd wignebSi
gvxvdeba, magram cdilobs maT xmarebas myari xasiaTi misces. orwertili
sistematurad ixmareba dRevandeli wertilis mniSvnelobiT: ,,viTar sadame
warmitaco me: (abzacis bolo). mZime ixmareba daaxloebiT dRevandeli mZimis
mniSvnelobiT: ,,mjdomare ars marjueniT mamisa, romelica mosulad ars didebiT,
raTa WeSmaritebiT msaxurni... (144,35).
antoni sityvebis gadatanisas xmarobs defiss, misi terminologiiT _
qvenaSTs.
moxrili warmoadgens kauWis msgavs niSans, rkaliT zeviT mimarTuls.
igi daerTvis kiTxviTi winadadebis bolo sityvis bolo asos2 da wodebiTSi
dasmul im saxelebs, romelTac wodebiTis niSani ara aqvT da garegnulad ar
gansxvavdebian saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis formebisagan. moxrili daerTvis
eha Sorisdebuls, wodebiTis -sac.
1 iqve, gv. 17-19.
2 teqnikuri mizezebis gamo im niSnis xmarebis magaliTebs ver vaCvenebT.

213

,,martirikaSi sistematurad ixmareba e.w. ipodiastoli, anu garemorTxmuli,

romelic ,,warmoadgens mcire rkalis nawils, horizontalurad gadakveTils1
( + ). es niSani ,,martirikaSi gamoyenebulia rTuli sityvebis anu kompozitebis
dawerilobis dros, agreTve tmesis SemTxvevaSic. es niSani Tanamedrove
qarTulSi xmarebuli defisis Sesatyvisia: mraval+ferTa (148,22), win+daudebdes
(148,22), ixmareba agreTve sityvis gaorkecebisas: did+didni, ferad+feradi,
kacad+kacadi... amave niSniT wers antoni meSvelzmnian formebs: erT ars,
saxeldebul+ars da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom kompozitis gadatanisas striqonidan striqonze
garemorTxmuli sityvis pirvel nawilsac aqvs boloSi da meore nawilsac
dasawyisSi: mraval+-+mTisaTa (257,7, 436,28). sainteresoa antonis mier
qarTulSi SemoRebuli diakritikuli anu gasarCevi niSnebi. bevr sxvadasxva
enaSi aseTi niSnebis gamoyeneba aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli (zogierT evropul
enaSi, rusulSi, semitur enebSi da sxv.). qarTulSi misi xmareba antonamde ar
gvxvdeboda. umarcvlo u-s niSani Zv. qarTulSi ar iyo, marcvliani da umarcvlo
u erTnairad iwereboda. antonma maT gansasxvaveblad umarcvlo u-s Tavze
kuTxiT zemoT mimarTuli patara samkuTxedi dauwera. es niSani antonma, rogorc
Cans, somxuris mibaZviT Semoitana.
klebuli, romelic warmoadgens mcire rgolaks (), antonis orTografiiT,
iwereba adamianis saxelis ukanaskneli asos Tavze, Tu saxeli winadadebaSi
subieqtad (qvemdebared) aris naxmari da moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas. rogorc
cnobilia, Zvel qarTulSi adamianis saxeli moTxrobiT brunvaSi brunvis niSnis
gareSe, fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili da formiT igi emTxveva amave saxelis
saxelobiTsa da wodebiTs. swored saxelobiTisa da wodebiTisagan gasarCevad
gamoiyena antonma moTxrobiTi brunvisaTvis es niSani: ,,gamohsaxa Ts zeda niSi...
wmidaman daviT= da miugo (162,17) da sxv. es niSani antons somxuri enis gavleniT
SemouRia2.
maxvili ,,martirikaSi ramdenime mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli: a) maxvili,
romelic warmoadgens marjvnidan marcxniv iribad daxril xazs, daesmis sityvis
ukanasknel asos da aRniSnavs, rom es sityva pirdapiri obieqtia, romelsac
antoni ,,saZiebos uwodebs: ,,rameTu Seukrnes elni= da ferni= (166,37),
magram: ,,ufalman locua Cemi Seiwynara (243,18). rogorc vxedavT, maxvili
ar uzis ,,locua sityvas, radgan, antonis gramatikuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
,,locua SemasmenlobiT brunvaSia iseve, rogorc zemoT moyvanil winadadebaSi
mocemuli sxva sityvebic: elni, ferni. locua gamorCeulia imiT, rom is
xmovanze damTavrebuli saxelia, ki uCvenebs, rom is aris ara saxelobiTSi,
1 a. SaniZe. dasax. naSr., gv. 29.
2 a. SaniZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 22.

214

aramed SemasmenlobiTSi, amitom mas maxvili aRar sWirdeba (unda gavixsenoT,

rom SemasmenlobiTi brunva antonisaTvis mxolod pirdapiri damatebis brunvaa
da Semotanilia sxva enebSi arsebuli braldebiTi brunvis badlad. antoni
xmovanfuZian saxelTa saxelobiT brunvas ZiriTadad fuZis saxiT gadmoscems
iseve, rogorc wrfelobiTs da maTze -s darTviT awarmoebs SemasmenlobiTs,
arcTu iSviaTad antonTan saxelobiTSic gvxvdeba ). maxvili daerTvis
nacvalsaxelsac, Tuki is pirdapiri obieqtis funqciiT aris naxmari.
b) Tu maxvili zmnis pirian formas daesmis, is aRniSnavs, rom forma warTqmiT
brZanebiTia. maxvili zmnis ukanasknel xmovans moudis. Tu brZaneba ukuTqmiTia
(e.i. akrZalviTi), maSin maxvili daesmis uaryofiT nawilaks (ara, nu). ara da ver
uaryofiT nawilakebs da maTgan nawarmoeb rTul nawilakebs maxvili daerTvis
zmnis TxrobiTi da kavSirebiT formebTanac1 (maxvili ara-Si yovelTvis pirvel
xmovanzea).
daqaragmeba da misi niSnebi. Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebisagan gansxvavebiT,
antoni ,,martirikaSi iyenebs ramdenime saxis daqaragmebis niSans. misi gramatikis
pirveli redaqciis mixedviT qaragmis saxeebia: 1. sauflo, 2. samTavro, 3.
sazogado da 4. samovno. sauflo qaragma, romelic asomTavrul R-s hgavs, e.w.
,,wmida sityvebis Semosakleblad ixmareba (Ri, i, qe, ui, w, angs, ksi da a.S.).
samTavro qaragma ,,did asoebs amoklebs (x, r...), sayovelTao anu sazogado
Cveulebrivi sityvebis Sesamokleblad ixmareba (ad, ve, rlsa da a.S.), xolo
,,samovano _ mxolod xmovnebis Sesamokleblad (Cmi, Sni da sxv.)2. gramatikis
meore redaqciaSi antonma qaragmebis dajgufeba da terminologia Secvala,
magram qaragmebis niSnebsa da gamoyenebis wesSi cvlileba ar Seutania3.
qaragmis dawerilobis forma da xmarebis wesebi ,,martirikaSi praqtikulad
am sakiTxebze antonis Teoriul msjelobebs asaxavs.

fonetikis zogierTi sakiTxi

a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, rom ,,antoni ar cnobs saWirod, daicvas zogierTi
fonetikuri wesi, romlebic saukuneoebrivi literaturuli tradiciiT iyo
ganmtkicebuli qarTulSi, da arRvevs mas4. vnaxoT, ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs
,,martirikaSi.
1 antonis Teoriuli msjeloba orTografiis sakiTxebze da misi analizi ixileT
e.babunaSvilis naSromSi ,,anton pirveli da qarTuli gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi,
1970, gv. 28-77.
2 e. babunaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 64. qaragmis niSnebs teqnikuri mizezebis gamo ver
vaCvenebT.
3 iqve, gv. 65-66.
4 a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 32.

215

TanxmovanTa gaorkeceba. qarTul enaSi, Cveulebriv, TanxmovanTa gaorkeceba

morfologiuri xasiaTisaa da fuZiseuli da sufiqs-afiqsiseuli erTnairi
bgerebis Sexvedrisas warmoiSoba: waravlinna igini, Cemman, cxenni, TiTTa,
sasmissa, ggonies, mmosies da sxv. mravali. samagierod, Zalian iSviaTia
SemTxvevebi, rom ori erTnairi Tanxmovani gvqondes sityvis fuZeSi (TTue,
CCli).
qarTuli enis fonetikuri wesebis mixedviT, ucxo warmoSobis sityvebSi
ori erTnairi Tanxmovnidan erT-erTi Cveulebriv ikargeba. amis dasturad
uamravi magaliTebis motana SeiZleba Zveli qarTuli Zeglebidan. antoni sxva
Tvalsazriss adgas: misi azriT, ucxo enidan nasesxeb sityvaSi orive Tanxmovani
SenarCunebuli unda iyos qarTulSic. am princips is ,,martirikaSic atarebs:
,,da saxeli misi emmanuil (405,8)
,,hrqua wmidaman susanna... (93,26 da mravaljer)
,,moiyuana colad asuli gurielisa anna (23,24)
,,mokuda dedofali anna (23,25)
,,romliTa vRaRadebT: ,,abba, mamao (108,5)
,,ara Semindobs me ekklesia (24,5)
,,SehsWirda ekklesiaTaTs (26,30 da yovelTvis)
,,kellinsa Sina Tssa univToTa locuaTa Semwirueli... (133,1)
,,ellinTa mimarT qmnilTasa (47,14).
,,galoben... elinni (27,30) iSviaTi gamonaklisia; albaT, meore l meqanikurad
aris gamotovebuli. Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ,,TTue da ,,CCli
,,martirikaSi yovelTvis ase iwereba, miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIII saukunis
antonamdel ZeglebSi bunebrivia Tue-s xmareba.
,,martirikaSi miTiTebuli wyaroebis dasaxelebebSi yovelTvis gvxvdeba:
filipp.. e.i. pavles epistole filipelTa mimarT. ,,abba uZveles qarTul
ZeglebSic dasturdeba.
disimilacia. asimilacia. ucxo warmoSobis sityvebi qarTulSi disimilaciis
wess iseve eqvemdebareba, rogorc Zireuli leqsika: mag., margaliti (Sdr.
berZ. margarites). antoni arRvevs am wess da am sityvas berZnulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli aradisimilirebuli formiT warmogvidgens: ,,aha margaritni
usasyidloni (173,34). aseve, sakuTar saxels grigol, romelic am saxiT didi
xania damkvidrda qarTulSi,1 antoni yovelTvis grigori formiT xmarobs: ,,garna
grigori... moiTria meci igi (414,8).

1 a. SaniZe, i. xmovanfuZian anTropinamTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, Tbilisis

universiteti, giorgi axvlediani, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 131-144.

216

aseve, zesTa amosaval formas xmarobs antoni Zvel qarTulSi ukve

damkvidrebul zeSTa-s nacvlad: ,,yovliTurT zesTa eqmnebis mogebiTa Ts Soris
qriste (185,23), ,,romelmanca zesTa soflisa aRamaRla igi... 276,36.
aqve unda ganvixiloT zmnis iseTi formebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, Zvel
qarTulSi Serwymuli saxiT gvxvdeba: mac, gac, ac da maTi Tana da Zal-Tan
SeerTebiT miRebuli Sedgenili zmnebi: Tana-mac, Tana-gac, Tana-ac, Zal-mic,
Zal-gic, Zal-uc. ,,Rrammatikisa kanonsa zeda ganmarTua moiTxovs, rom sityvis
forma naTeli iyos, rom ar iyos igi dabnelebuli fonetikuri wesebis Carevis
gamo.1 amitomaa, rom antoni aRadgens am zmnaTa amosaval formebs:
,,ara Tana-maZsa Tqmad (408,30)
,,garna Tana-ganZsT, raTa... (412,18)
,,garna Tana-gaZs Tquen saWirod (181,4)
,,vina Tana-maZs me saWirod (238,32)
,,viTar-igi cxovel-mxatuarTa Tana-aZs (108,30)
,,vervis Zal-uZs mRudelmoqmedebad (41,24)
,,Tana-guaZs, Svilo, raTa warvhgzavnoT (407,33)
,,Tu sadame Zal-uZs morevna (24,33)
da raca Tana-aZsT qristianeTa... (134,16 da sxva uamravi). martirikaSi arcTu
iSviaTadaa dadasturebuli magaliTebi, rodesac es formebi asimilirebuli
formiT gvxvdeba:
,,romelsaca Zal-ucs, viTarca (221,20)
,,sulisa Zal-ucs Sesulad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa (407,25)
,,Zal-gicsa sasmeli, romelsa me Sehvsuam, Sesmad (120,24)
,,visa Tana-guacs sikudili... (132,13) da sxva.
berZnulidan momdinare zogierTi sityvis daweriloba. berZnulidan
momdinare os daboloebiani sakuTari da sazogado saxelebi qarTulSi zogjer
os, zogjer ki oz daboloebiT gvxvdeba. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom antoni
,,martirikaSi am saxelebs mxolod os daboloebiT xmarobs: aq Cveulebrivia
episkopos, kaTalikos, angelos, filosofos, patrikos, nikolaos, suqios,
xrisos, gaios, matTeos, barbaros, lukianos, polievktos, kondratos, evqrios,
mimianos, nergos, domentianos, andrianos, zosimos, viktorios, Talalos,
orbanos, anastasios, iakobos, Teodosatos.
,,martirikis teqstSi dadasturebuli angeloz tipis oriode magaliTi
SemTxveviT Cans da Zveli qarTuli teqstebis gavleniT unda aixsnas.
radgan berZnulidan saxelebis gadmotanis sakiTxs SevexeT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom antoni uaryofs maTe-s tradiciul formas da mas berZnulis msgavsad

a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 39.

217

mxolod matTe-s formiT xmarobs1 (igi mas xSirad imowmebs saxarebidan

gadmotanili citatebis dros).
zogierTi forma axalberZnulis mixedviT. rogorc cnobilia, berZnul enaSi,
saidanac qarTvelebi qristianobis miRebis dRidan Targmnidnen literaturul
Zeglebs, droTa ganmavlobaSi bevri xmovnisa da Tanxmovnis gamoTqma Seicvala,
Tumca maTi daweriloba igive darCa. marTalia, es procesi berZnulSi Vs.-Si
ukve damTavrebuli Cans2, magram berZnuli Zveli gamoTqmis amsaxveli formebi
didxans darCa qarTulSi. axali gamoTqmis asaxva qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT
gacilebiT gvian, XI-XIIss-dan SeimCneva. es exeba berZnul -s, romelic i-d
iqca, aseve gadmoscemen -s v-d, -s R-d, -s -d, xolo X-s (romelic Zvel
wyaroebSi q-d gadmodioda) x-d. antonma, romelmac berZnuli TbilisSi myof
parTeni pamfiliis mitropolitTan iswavla3, albaT, aRiqva es cvlilebebi
da Tavis nawerebSi zemodasaxelebuli bgeraTa Semcveli sityvebi axleburi
orTografiiT daamkvidra. ,,martirikaSi mxolod aseTi formebi gvxvdeba: amin
(Zv. amen). ,,martirikis yvela Txzulebis bolos; ilia (Zv. elia): ,,da mas Sina
memxoloeba iliasi Tezbitelisa Ts Soris moigo... (125,21; 416,19). ierusalim//
ierosalim (Zv. ierusalem, 251,1; 132,28; da sxva), irodi (herode, 18,33; 19,20),
daniil (daniel) ,,STaagdes daniil barbarosTa... (397,20, 348,15 da sxv. mravali),
israil (Zv. israel, 411,2; 404,16; 404,12; 395,2 da sxv. mr. , isaia (Zv. esaia, 408,15;
415,4 da sxv. mravali), emmanuil (Zv. emanuel, 405,8), mixail (Zv.miqael, 282,2;
290,19) da sxv.
berZnuli -s Semcvel saxelebs, romlebic Zveladve qarTulSi b-Ti iyo
gadmosuli, antoni naklebad Sexebia, radgan aseTi formebi tradiciiT Zalze
ganmtkicebuli iyo qarTulSi. magram basili-s daweriloba ,,martirikis
mixedviT yovelTvis vasili-a: ,,hsTqua didman vasili... (XV, 452, 22 da
mravaljer) da vasiliko (379,9). aseve, viqtorios biqtorios nacvlad (343,2) da
agreTve xeruvimi (Zv. qerobini. 174,2; 119,12; 264,23). berZnuli `mabes~ qarTulad
gadmotanilia mavs: ,,da mavs mokiduleben... ...qmnisaTs ramesa (283,10).
,,martirikaSi ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba -s Semcveli berZnuli sityvebis R-d
gadmoRebis magaliTebi: doRmati (118,362), orRano (208,19) da sxv. rac Seexeba X-s
Semcveli sityvebis qarTulad x-Ti gadmoRebas, amis magaliTebi ,,martirikaSi
mravlad moipoveba. arxiepiskoposi: ,,qmnili antonis mier arxiepiskoposisa
(282,3 da xSirad); monarxia, monarxioba (138,21; 311,7; 259,23; 180,33; 181,7; 161,1
da sxv. mravali); patriarxi; arximandriti; ierarxi (352,23); mixail (282,2 da
sxv. mravaljer); ierixo: ,,viTarca nergni vardisani ierixosa Sina... 361,24
(dasaxelebuli da msgavsi formebi, albaT, ufro rusuli enis gavleniT aris
Semotanili).
1 a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 41.
2 iqve, gv. 42.
3 pl. ioseliani, ,,wyobilsityvaobis winasityvaoba. gv. V-VI.

218

morfologiis zogierTi sakiTxi

-s xmarebis Taviseburebani. Cven aq gvainteresebs, ra doziT xmarobs antoni
,,martirikaSi -s da ra Taviseburebebi axlavs mis gamoyenebas. xmovanfuZian
saxelTa saxelobiTSi, naTesaobiTSi da moqmedebiTSi (aqve Semova e.w. gamosvliTi
brunva da zogierTi sityva, romelic gaqvavebuli formaa erT-erTi am brunvisa).
1. winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom -s xmarebas ,,martirikaSi sakmarisi
Tavisebureba axlavs. xmovanfuZianTa saxelobiT brunvaSi zogjer
warmodgenilia, umetesad ki _ ara. amis mizezi antonis Teoriuli Sexedulebaa:
,,dasabam brunvaTa ars wrfelobiTi, romelica ufrore samarTal ars, raTa
ewodebodesmca saxelobiTi1. es Cans dadasturebuli magaliTebiTac:
,,xedua gonebisa sawyur [ars] da lmoba xedvaTa dacxromisa (15,16).
,,ese igi mama da sityua da sjuli... (15,20).
,,, ZmismoZuleba ese umagaliTo da umizezo... (18,17).
magram:
,,gangeba saRmrTo iyo maSin ganrineba nonasi... (397,1).
,,goneba hscnobs datevnisaebr, viTarmed... (15,14).
2. ,,martirikis teqstSi -s aucilebeli xmarebis principi gatarebulia erT
SemTxvevaSi: Tuki pirdapiri damateba xmovanfuZiani saxelia, igi saxelobiTSi
aucileblad -s dairTavs, es iqneba sazogado Tu sakuTari saxeli. amis mizezic
antonis Teoriuli debulebaa. cnobilia, rom antonma qarTul enaSi scada
daemkvidrebina e.w. SemasmenlobiTi brunva (sxva enebSi arsebuli braldebiTi
brunvis gavleniT), romlis saxelobiTisagan gasarCevad xmovanfuZian saxelebSi
-s darTva aucileblad miiCnia2 (xolo TanxmovanfuZianebs maxvili dausva).
swored aseTi saxelobiTia ,,martirikaSi warmodgenili -iT. es principi
mtkicedaa daculi ,,martirikaSi. uamravi magaliTebidan mxolod ramdenimes
warmovadgenT: ,,mohkal mama igi Seni moxucebuli da Zma Seni giorgi... (17,8).
,,moiRo Zleva orcTa zeda... (22,5).
,,vin udides Seamko samefo Tsi... (22,20).
,,vixile sfera Semkuli... (36,7).
,,winambrZol ganiCina... Salua... (310,3).
,,uar-hyav qriste igi Seni... (275,28) da mravali. naTqvamis kargi
dadasturebaa am ori magaliTis Sepirispireba: ,,moiyuana colad anna (23,24)
da mokuda dedofali anna (iqve). aseTi -iani formebi zogjer SeTanxmebulia
msazRvrelTan brunvaSi:
1 e. babunaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 85. aRsaniSnavia, rom samecniero literaturaSi
miTiTebulia, rom am ori brunvis funqcia erTi da igivea. lititeratura ix. wignSi: z.
sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 120.
2 e. babunaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 86-89.

219

,,...raTa hpovosmca dro marjue... (17,23).

,,...ekklesia wmida... Sehmoses... (304,80.
ZiriTadad ki SeTanxmebas adgili ara aqvs:
,,mkuleloba mamisa da Zmisa ayuedra mas... (19,30).
,,Seesma ufalsa ma tirilisa Cemisa... (243,17).
,,raTa... iTxovos misgan mSdoba... da dacua... ekklesiaTa... (79,3).
,,ixiles mefeTa... gandideba orebisa samefosa Tsisa... (70,8).
marTalia, ,,martirikis teqstSi Segvxvda ramdenime magaliTi, sadac
pirdapiri damatebis saxelobiT brunvaSi ar gvaqvs, magram es antoniseul wess
ar cvlis:
,,miiRe simaRle da Zali, dideba da pativi Seimose... (409,8).
,,hyo aRmodgineba... satrfialoTa cuarTa... (359,28).
3. Cveulebriv ixmareba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi xmovanfuZian
saxelTa mxolobiTSi:
,,upirates awmyosa drosa... (35,210 da ,,aeluebuli saRmrToTa
trfialebiTa (173,30) ,,martirikisaTvis Cveulebrivi formebia, magram
mravlobiT ricxvSi marTuli msazRvreli naklebad gviCvenebs -s naTesaobiT
brunvaSi da TiTqmis arasodes aris moqmedebiTSi: ,,dasasruli vnebisa
martlTasa... (170,5), magram aseTi formebi ufro naklebad gvxvdeba, vidre -s
gareSe: ,,megobar mefisa mefeTasa da uflisa ufalTasa da meufisa meufeTasa...
(302,24).
moqmedebiT brunvaSi ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba:
,,raTa aRTqmiTa... niWTa mravalTaTa ganeyenosmca (145,22).
,,ese damcueli sulisa dumiliTa bageTaTa... (112,23).
,,vcanT ganmartebiTa TqmulTa maT mamaTa CuenTaTa... (108,10).
,,gansniTa kavSirTaTa... gansueneba movigoT... (316,11).
4. Wreli suraTia -s xmarebisas ,,martirikis mixedviT:
a) e.w. gamosvliT brunvaSi:
,,xolo moseT... hsjuli igi werilobiTi icuala aRTqmad... (404,23).
,,moviseneT gamosula... samefoT... TsiT... (310.36).
,,vina grigori kappadokiisa samTavroT... moivlinebis... (377,8).
magram:
,,yrmaTa saSoT dedisaT atyueben... (107,3)
,,CrdiloT da samxriT inaismdgmelni... (124,10)
,,aRmovida mRmiT araratisaT... (399,21)
,,aRmoved... mRmiT glaxakobisaT da TiiT uyisaT aRhsdeg... (398,3).
b) nacvalsaxelebsa da udetrebSi:
,,aRasrulian ra locua ciskrisa... (201,5)

220

,,ganasrevdian ra isarTa... (149,20)

,,raTa yoveli muli modrkes... (244,27, magram yovelTvis raTamca)
,,ufrosTa amisTs... (242,22)
,,Tu viTar sadaT misrba eri... (232,8)
magram:
,,da rasa hsdroeb... (399,1,3)
,,racaRa Tana-medua yofad, vhyav... (408,31 da yovelTvis)
,,ra-me sargebel geyos Sen qriste Seni... (243,8)
,,visda hxedda aqaT sarkiT da saqmiT (380,14)
,,romelsa aqaT ganvidodes cxovarni (374,17)
,,vinaTgan dRe ars paraskevi... (244,14 da yovelTvis)
,,sadaT mosrba... bevroba ese aTeuli... (256,33).
5. SemTxveviTi unda iyos ramdenime magaliTi -s nacvlad i-s xmarebisa:
,,erToba cnobil samobasa Sinai da samobai erTobasa Sina amohxades... (159,22)
,,Seimoses mecniereba... (105,34).
moqmedebiT brunvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. 1. ,,martirikaSi emfatikuri
a TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba micemiTsa da naTesaobiT brunvebSi, rasac ver
vityviT moqmedebiTis Sesaxeb. marTalia, Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi gamosvliTis
mniSvnelobiT naxmari moqmedebiTi brunvis mxolobiTi ricxvi emfatikur a-s
ar dairTavda da es wesi daculia ,,martirikaSic: ,,esmaT ma suetiT gamo
(168,15), ,,aRmoved... mRmiT glaxakobisaT da TiiT uyisaT aRhsdeg (398,3),
,,yrmaTa saSoT dedisaT atyuebin... (107,3) da sxv. mravali, magram, rodesac
moqmedebiTi brunva gamoxatavs ubralo damatebas, ,,martirikaSi emfatikuri a
umetesad ar aris warmodgenili:
,,da esreT momgebelni sxeuliT da nebiT ucxoebisasa mivides wmidisa mimarT...
(196,10)
,,TmeniT dauTme ufalsa... (399,35)
,,miemsgavsa qristesa... saqmiT da sityT da gonebiT aRiarebda... (377,29)
,,aRmoSobs maT wyliT da suliT didsa mas Sina mdinaresa... (411,30)
,,eSuni velisani SesaxedaviT da nakueTiT da CueulebiT locTa miiyuanna...
(381,3)
gacilebiT naklebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac moqmedebiTSi dasmuli ubralo
damateba emfatikuri xmovniTac gvxvdeba:
,,krZaluleba... moigo sibrZniT da eseni WeSmaritebiTa... ganaSuena
sarwmunoebiTa... (377,25)
,,dafarul arian saidumlosa mis dumilisa almuriTa da bnelsa Sina umetes
saCinoebiT ufros hbrwyinuen... (372,21)

221

,,Sevida da mjdomareman mas Sina dayudebiT, marxT da locT da yovliTa

krZalulebiTa warvlo yovelni dReni... (96,11)
2. moqmedebiTi brunvis formidan zedsarTavebis warmoeba Zveli qarTulisaTvis
arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa, magram ,,martirikis Tavisebureba aseTi formebis
siuxvea. movitanT mxolod ramdenime magaliTs:
,,zargansaad iyo saSineleba igi mkulelobiTi, tyueobiTi da iavarqmniTi...
(259,7)
,,dahSirebasa Sina eseguarTa usjuloebiTTa saubarTasa miugo... (243,14)
,,miviRo piruelTa mamaTa patiJisa ZliTi sikudili... (244,20)
antoni uxvad awarmoebs aseT formebs da xSirad am TvalsazrisiT ,,Sesworeba
Seaqvs sxvadasxva wyaroebidan aRebul citatebSi:
,,romelman Semmosa me samoseli macxovarebisa da kuarTi mxiarulebisa...
(esaia 61,10). Cans, antons gadaukeTebia: ,,romelman Semmosa me samoseli
macxovarebiTi da kuarTi mxiarulebiTi1... (197,17).
erT magaliTSi aseTi forma ar gamoxatavs mosalodnel Sinaarss:
,,miiRoT yovelTa mefisagan Tavisufleba tyueobiTi da niWnica (261,1), e. i.
tyueobiTi naxmaria tyueobisagan sityvis SinaarsiT.
3. cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTulSi narTaniani mravlobiTis moqmedebiTi brunva
iSviaTad ixmareba. Sesabamisi Sinaarsis gadmosacemad zogjer eb-iani mravlobiTi
gamoiyeneba: mag.: savse TualebiTa (ezek. 10,12, Zvel nusxebSi).
antoni sxva xerxs mimarTavs: narTaniani moqmedebiTis gadmosacemad iyenebs
,,mier TandebuldarTuli naTesaobiTis narTaniani mravlobiTis formas:
,,Sekrul iyunes elni da ferni rkinaTa mier... (276,36, Sdr. ,,rkinebiTa).
,,da ferTa mier arawmidaTa dasTrgunvides da quabTa mier mZnuared
hqoldes... (133,34 Sdr. ferebiTa da quebiTa). magram Tu moqmedebiTi brunvis
mravlobiTs msazRvreli axlavs, maSin mier Tandebuli sazRvrulis win
gadmoinacvlebs:
,,hstanja maTgan mravalguarTa mier tanjuaTa mZnuareTa (146,37).
,,maSin mravalTa mier RoneTa aRiZra eSmaki... (144,35 da sxv.).
viTarebiTi brunvis sakiTxebi ,,martirikis mixedviT. ,,martirikaSi
viTarebiTi brunva Zalze xSiria. viTarebiTSi dasmuli saxelis sxvadasxva
SinaarsiT xmareba ,,martirikaSi did siWreles qmnis. e.w. masdaruli
konstruqciis sakiTxs Cven qvemoT SevexebiT, amjerad ki viTarebiTi brunvis
formaTa gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs.

1 citata damowmebulia bibliis baqariseuli gamocemidan (1743w.). safiqrebelia, rom

antoni am gamocemiT sargeblobs. asevea es adgili e.w. gelaTur bibliaSi, romelic
petriwonuli skolis warmomadgenlis Targmanad aris miCneuli.

222

,,martirikaSi viTarebiTSi dasmuli saxeli ZiriTadad Zveli qarTuli enis

normebis mixedviT aris gamoyenebuli. Cven mxolod im Taviseburebebs SevexebiT,
rac Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebelia an iSviaTia.
1. Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi dadasturebuli mimarTulebiTi brunvis
funqcia iyo, aReniSna mimarTuleba raime sagnisadmi: warvida mefisa, Seswira
uflisa da sxv. ,,martirikaSi am funqcias umravles SemTxvevebSi asrulebs
nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi:
,,moiwodebdes mTavrisad evstaTis... (223,25)
,,RaRad hyues uflisad metyuelTa... (167,5)
,,romelica movida wmidisad... (99,96)
,,Sehswirnes msxuerplni RmrTisad... (198,15)
,,misrulni nebsiT tkivilisad da sikudilisa pyrobilisad da daglaxakebisad
qristesTs... (86,9) da sxva uamravi.
arcTu cota magaliTebi gvxvdeba tradiciuli formebis xmarebisa: ,,romliTa
morCilebisa, netarisa da srulisa, simaRlesa aRvides (196,18).
zogjer erTsa da imave winadadebaSi orive formas SevxvdebiT:
,,mlocuelni warhsdges uflisad... viTarca mefisad da megobrisa Tsisa...
(199,9-10).
Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi mimarTulebis gadmosacemad, rogorc Cans,
mimarTulebiTSi dasmuli formebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda da amitom am funqciis
Sesruleba daekisra naTesaobiT brunvas mimarT (momarT) Tandebulis
darTviT: ,,mivida uflisa iSviaTi formis nacvlad momravlda ,,mivida
uflisa mimarT msgavsi formebi. ,,martirikaSi mimarT Tandebuliani
formebis xmarebis mravali magaliTia warmodgenili, magram maT nacvlad
nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTis xmarebis SemTxvevebi mainc metia. xSirad erTsa
da imave winadadebaSi orive formaa warmodgenili. sainteresoa, rom iakobiseul
,,SuSanikis wamebaSi aris: ,,ZRunad Tavsa Tssa Seswirvida mefisa mis mimarT.
antons gadaukeTebia: ,,ZRunad Tavsa Tssa Seswirvidao sparsTa mefisad (90,11).
sxva magaliTebi: ,,mihswerda epistoleTa monasterTa mimarT... da mravalmTisa
mamaTa da ZmaTad... (275,5); ,,romlisa mimarT gurwams, romlisa mimarT naTelgviRebies, romlisa mimarT viciT, romelsa vhmsaxurebT da romlisadca vesavT...
(162,30).
,,da siyvarulisa mimarT RmrTisa da moyuasTasa, romlisad mokidul arian
yoveli... (354,10). amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ,,martirikaSi dadasturebuli
mimarTulebiTis uamravi magaliTi mimarT Tandebuliani mimarTulebiTi
brunvis nacvlad ixmareba. gansakuTrebiT xSirad amave funqciiT ixmareba
,,martirikaSi nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi narTanian mravlobiTSi:

223

,,viTarmed maxarebelni barbarosTad da gandrekilTa morwmuneTaganTad

aRmoutevna man sityuani... (117,5)
,,miswerda epistoleTa... ZmaTad... (275,5-7)
,,pirsa cemad mtarualTad hbrZanebda... (161,32)
,,xolo mtarualni, romelTad brZanebul hyo tanjuad mowamisa... (315,29)
,,movida wmidisad mmadlobeli RmrTisadmi da wmidisa locuaTad... (99,26)
,,elni misni ganiuna glaxakTad... (89,8)
,,romelTadca iTqua... (197,22) da sxva mravali.
2. zogjer aseTive formiT gadmocemulia nanaTesaobiTari daniSnulebiTi1:
,,garna morwmuneTad upatiosnes wmidani sulni Tquenni... (264,12)
,,raoden saWiro ars da samar medarTa qristianeTad...
(181,34)
,,yovelni mowameni qristesni morwmuneTad... sayuarel... (138,15).
3. ara iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac mimarTulebiTi brunvis gadmosacemad
nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTs -dmi Tandebulic daerTvis:
,,romelTadmi simdidresa aRTqmida micemad... (222,9)
,,ganaRZebs sulTa CuenTa... axovnebaTadmi raJdenisa... (138,26)
,,miuSues... wadili... satrfialosadmi... (121,6 da sxva mravali.
Rac Seexeba viTarebiTi brunvis formebidan nawarmoeb zedsarTavebs, maT
Sesaxeb saubari qvemoT gveqneba.
saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi. ,,martirikis teqstSi metwilad narTaniani
mravlobiTi ixmareba. masTan SedarebiT eb-iani mravlobiTi umniSvnelo
odenobiTaa: cxenebi (20,19), medrebi (20,20), niSnebi (20,31), saswaulebi (20,31),
maxeebiTa (57,3), bevrebisa (226,18), ZalebiTa (30,28), Teslebsa (401,20) da albaT,
kidev ramdenime magaliTiT amoiwureba maTi ricxvi. ,,martirikaSi dasturdeba
oriode forma e.w. ormagi mravlobiTisa: ,,daadumnes pirebni uRmrToTani...
(136,24). aseTi formebi iSviaTad, magram mainc dasturdeba Zveli qarTuli enis
XI-XII ss. ZeglebSic, gansakuTrebiT petriwis TxzulebaTa enaSi2. aseTi formebis
gamoyenebis safuZveli Zvel ZeglebSi mTlad naTeli ar aris. ,,martirikis
Sesaxeb ki SeiZleba Semdegi iTqvas: antonis ,,gramatikaSi, saxelTa brunvaTa
paradigmebSi, mravlobiTi ricxvis e.w. SemasmenlobiT brunvaSi warmodgenilia
mariamebni forma3. ,,martirikidan damowmebuli forma ar aris SemasmenlobiTi
da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,gramatikaSi dadasturebuli formis msgavsi nimuSebi
SemasmenlobiTi brunvis mravlobiTi ricxvis funqciiT ,,martirikaSi saerTod
ar gvxvdeba, e.i. antonis zogierTi gramatikuli xasiaTis Teorias praqtikuli
1 b. gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaze, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebisa da nanaTesaobiTari
daniSnulebiTis adgili Zveli qarTulisa da qarTveluri enebis brunvaTa sistemaSi,
mravalTavi VI, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 123-135.
2 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 12.
3 e. babunaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 106.

224

gamoyeneba ar hqonia. amdenad, am ormagi mravlobiTis formis arsi CvenTvis

gaurkvevelia. saxelebis mravlobiT ricxvTan aris dakavSirebuli zogierTi
sakiTxi, romelic sintaqsSi unda warmogvedgina, magram amjerad Cven davarRvevT
am wess da msazRvrel-sazRvrulis mravlobiT ricxvSi SeTanxmebis zogierT
sakiTxs aqve warmovadgenT. amjerad Cven gvainteresebs brunvis rTuli formebi:
,,xolo mweralTa saweliwdoTa istoriaTaTa yovelTa... aRiares (44,29).
,,yovelTa maT mamaTa da ZmaTa yovlisa garehsjisa monasterTaTa... (200,36).
,,SempyrobelTa... ukuRmarT SemkruelTa elTaTa aRmokueTes ena... (396,4).
,,ixareben ...qalwulni SesakrebelTa Soris WabukTaTa... (397,6).
motanil da msgavs uamrav sxva magaliTebSi TvalSi gvecema TaTa daboloveba,
romelsac iyenebs antoni e.w. ormag da sammag brunvebSi, rac arabunebrivia Zveli
qarTuli enis ZeglebisaTvis, xolo ,,martirikisaTvis ki msgavs magaliTebSi
TiTqmis erTaderTi formaa. Zveli qarTuli enis klasikuri normis mixedviT
unda gvqonoda:
,,mweralTa saweliwdoTa istoriaTaman, ,,mamaTa da ZmaTa... garehsjisa
monasterTaman. sammagi brunvisaTvis gveqneboda TasaTa daboloeba. etyoba,
antoni Segnebulad ar icavs am normebs: man da s daboloebaTa gaCena misTvis
auxsnelia; Teoriulad, marTlac, ,,istoriaTaTa msgavsi formebi unda gvqonoda.
aqve gvinda movitanoT ,,martirikaSi daZebnili ricxvSi SeuTanxmeblobis
arcTu mravali magaliTi.
,,...amiT oTx-droeba weliwdeulni (14,3).
,,... romelTa yovelni hsjuli da winaswarmetyuelni mokidul arian... (353,30).
,,sulni ukue maTni netarni daweril asoebiTa yovlkeTilobisaTa... cxadad
winaSe angelosTa TsTa warkiTxul iqmnes (184,1).
zmnasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. 1. ,,martirikaSi erT-erT enobriv
Taviseburebad unda miviCnioT mimReobidan zmnebis warmoeba ara marto aRweriTi
formiT, aramed nasaxelari zmnebis formiT:
,,amwyalobela guli mSierTa mimarT... (273,15; Sdr. Zveli qarTulisaTvis
Cveulebrivi forma mwyalobel-hyo).
,,xolo aw dawesebulebs da Tanziarebulebs yovelTa wmidaTa Tana... (134,7
Sdr. dawesebul ars da Tanaziarebul ars).
,,Wabuki... mjdomarebs daRaTu siWabukisa cxensa zeda (43,23. Sdr. mjdomare
ars).
,,oqro gamocdilebs ufros oqrosa (46,6 Sdr. gamocdil ars).
,,romelica saTanadoebs gamoxatulad (108,32. Sdr. saTanado ars).
,,yovelsa Sina samedrisa simarjuesa aRmatebulebda (66,21. Sdr. aRmatebul
iyo). ,,mowame... simtkiciTa miuaxlebelobda sityuaTa maTTagas (65,27; Sdr.
miuaxlebel iyo).

225

,,emimlocuelebian mefeni epistolesa Sina... (281,17; Sdr. ,,mimlocuel

eqmnebian).
,,romelica naTesaobiT... da keTilmsaxurebiTa cxebulebda (19,66. Sdr.
cxebul iyo).
,,viTarmed meTanamdeba Tqmad da Znobad da galobad Ruawlisa misisa (15,5.
Sdr. Tanamdeb-meyo).
,,esguarni sibrZnismoyuareni zedwodebuleben... (129,32. zedwodebul-hyofen).
,,maSin mefe... myofebda simrTelisaTs haerisa... (54,25).
,,aramed palatisa Tsisa SinaTa TanxlebiTa myofobda... (47,27).
2. zmnebi nawarmoebia:
a) mimReobidan: ,,mgorualebs quaTaebr wmida mociquleba... (109,9; Sdr.
hgoravs).
,,zogad cxovrebulebdes netarni ese (198,6; Sdr. cxovrebdes).
b) ricxviTi saxelidan: ,,samobs mxoloobasa Sina... (162,30).
g) arsebiTi saxelidan: ,,sasenebeli mowamisa iekklesia... (227,30).
,,aekklesiebs solomon sxuasaca winadadebasa... (86,15).
,,ifqleben mowameni qristesni... (168,12).
,,andamatinebs simtkiciTa goneba misi... (110,1).
,,iRmerTsaxela viT xatman da zarman... (153,7).
,,da jerovan politikosobdes... (363,3).
d) zedsarTavebidan:
,,siyrmiTgan ixarba mosagebeli... (414,15).
,,da emkacroda yovelTa sulTa... (74,18).
,,misagebeli Zrfasobda... (33,3).
,,da eSesabamebis Tqmuli igi... (268,9).
,,romelnica eSesabamebian bunebasa... (129,18,19).
,,ilektrosferobs gonebisa Cemisa sarkesa Sina... (108,33).
,,nivTiereben glaxakTad... (109,4).
,,irisebr Wrelebs sisxli... (168,6).
,,erTiTa naTliTa eluareobdian... (193,22).
e) zmnizedidan:
,,tanjuani Zniadobdes... (33,3).
,,SeSua gonebasave Sina wyudeuli vawinaukme, viTarmed... (14,35).
,,da Tavsa Tssa amiT daaxlebda RmrTisad... (378,22).
,,esodeni, raodenica ekmavis Sesabam arsebaTa maTTa... (15,54; Sdr. kma-eyofis).
,,rameTu sofelsa ezeva axalnergi ese... (129,15 da xSirad).
v) sxvadasxva uaryofiTi formebidan:
,,univToben elni misni migebisa mimarT... (109,3).

226

,,ara iurwmunova ziarebiTa mparavTa... (89,18).

,,ugrZnobelobdes mis mier qmnilTa arsTagan rameTa... (87,2).
z) zmniswinidan:
,,awarmoa ra Zali... (237,22).
3. Tanmoba sawyisidan nawarmoebia zmna ,,aTanmebs, romelic dResac am
formiT ixmareba:
,,da... sxuaobiTa aTanmebs... (265,26).
4. ars damxmare zmnis gamartivebuli xmarebis SemTxvevebi ,,martirikaSi
iSviaTad gvxvdeba. ramdenime SemTxveva gvxvdeba ars damxmare zmnis xmarebis
nacvlad Sedgenil SemasmenelSi a-s warmodgnisa da isic yovelTvis romel
saxelad nawilTan.
,,...romela mamamZuZu baraTaSvili... (51,4).
,,...romela xedviTisaebr SeerTeba RmrTisa da kacisa... (382,2).
,,...romela sarwmunoeba saqmeTa mier cxoveli... (88,36).
,,...romela RmerTTmTavrobiTi samoba erTobasa Sina... (89,32).
,,...mivida Sirvanad, romela nawili romelime midiisa ... (398,24).
,,aRiwera wigni ese, romela martirika... (419,15 gadamweris anderZidan).
Sedgenili Semasmenlis Cveulebrivi formiT xmareba ,,martirikaSi ufro
xSiria:
,,romel ars Semoqmed... (349,35) da sxv.
5. am-TemisniSniani ramdenime zmnis fuZe uwyvetlis III piris mxolobiT da
mravlobiT ricxvebSi, winaaRmdeg Zveli qarTuli enis normebisa, warmodgenilia
imave formiT, rogorc I da II pirSi:
,,xolo odes-igi Sehkrvides wmidaTa maT da lodTa qviTa maTTa zeda...
moabemdes... (167,5).
,,xolo hsWamdes gulisxmis-yofasa da suemda niadag... (313,29).
6. ev-ze daboloebuli fuZedrekadi zmnebis II seriis mwkrivebSi xSirad iv
sruli saxiTaa SemorCenili:
,,moiZia... da ara ganabnivna... (131,19).
,,ukun-aqcivnes da moswydnes maTgan kaci sami aTasi... (71,23).
,,SeimusreniT da ganibniveniT... (43,22).
,,raTa gamoirCivnes aTormeti mowafeTagan... (107,19).
7. uwyvetlis I da II piri umetesad i-s gareSea warmodgenili:
,,viTarca SlTa guwyalobd da guzrdid... (92,5).
,,winaswar vxedevd ufalsa winaSe Cemsa maradis... (244,8).
,,Senve ukue hscevd... (91,15).
,,amier hsWuretd siRrmesa trfialebiTsa, hsjid survilsa Sursa... (335,18).
,,vhscxovrebd cnobadmde WeSmaritebisa... (241,6).

227

i ar ixmareba mravlobiT ricxvSic:

,,da qalaqsa amas hscevdiT... (264,33).
8. gvxvdeba ramdenime magaliTi wyvetilSi da uwyvetelSi gardauvali zmnebis
III piris mravlobiTSi axali qarTulis normebis xmarebisa:
,,ganaRa daSTen orni odes... (18,2).
,,arRara ganeSornes... aramed daadgren mas Tana... (348,1).
,,da iswavebden misgan... (348,3).
,,odes gamovidoden kacni saxlisagan, sadaca msxdomare viyuneT... (18,6).
9. Tu gadamweris Secdomad ar CavTvliT, uwyvetelSi od-is nacvlad Segvxvda
d:
,,maSin orcni igi wmidani mrCobliTa ivnebdes tkiviliTa... (32,30).
,,mdidarsa surda, swyurda da strfida... (151,27).
10. awmyos xolmeobiTis formebi ormagi piris niSniT mx. ricxvSi:
,,viTarca xilua mTiebisa pirisagan Tquenisa gamovalnn... (264,1).
,,aw Wiri gaqunn... (392,10).
zmna mxoloobiTSia, saxeli _ mravlobiTSi, amasTanave zogierT zmnas awmyos
xolmeobiTis ormagi piris niSani aqvs:
,,hborgann eSmakTa ZliT mZlavrni... martlTa zeda... (325,3).
,,mRudelni Seswiravnn... da ganhbann da aRadginebn... moaqcevnn da... hkurnebn,
sxuani hmsaxurebn... hgalobnn... hmsaxurebnn... (234,11-21).
miuxedavad motanili magaliTebisa, awmyos xolmeobiTis (da, saerTod, yvela
xolmeobiTis) formebi mxolobiT da mravlobiT ricxvSi teqstebSi umravles
SemTxvevaSi sworad aris naxmari:
,,sxuani aSinebed mas da hsTqed misda... (243,8) da sxv.
11. ,,martirikaSi i-niani vnebiTiTaa nawarmoebi zogierTi zmna, romelic Zvel
qarTulSi ufro xSirad d-oniani da e-niani vnebiTiTaa warmodgenili.
,,amisTs ganimarTlebis orgulobasa zeda mefisasa giorgi... (54,16).
,,romelica daimtkicebis wmidaTa miT vnebiTa misiTa... (44,10).
,,ase ukue wmidiTa vnebiTa misiTa daimtkicebis... (73,4).
12. brZanebiTis formebi martirikaSi xSiradaa aRreuli, Tumca maTi swori
xmarebis SemTxvevebi ara mcirea:
,,aRdegin RmerTi gonebasa Sina Wabukisasa... (43,20).
,,daimueniT mterni... SeimusreniT da ganibniveniT... (43,22).
magram arcTu iSviaTad aRreulia mravlobiTisa da mxolobiTis formebi:
,,daiwn da aRiocen werilni igi ciliswamebisani... (44,6).
,,dadumdin da dahscxerin cilismwamebelni... (43,2).

228

,,ixarebd udabnoni wyurielni garehsjisani da iSuebdin da hyuavodin viTarca

SroSanni... (207,1). (es citata isaia, 35,1-dan aris aRebuli, oRond navaraudeb
wyaroSi (baqaris biblia) subieqti udabno mxoloobiT ricxvSia) da sxva.
13. ganvixiloT mca nawilakis xmarebis SemTxvevebi: ,,martirikaSi sakmaod
bevri magaliTia am nawilakis sworad xmarebisa zmnis TxrobiT kilosTan, oRond
mca nawilaki umravles SemTxvevaSi daerTvis zmnas, iSviTad ki _ kavSirs:
,,raTa ara daviwyebiTa daifaramca Tqmadi ese... (14,22).
,,raTa ara keTil wesier aqundamca mdgmooba... (13,28).
,,raTa ganeramca igi elTagan misTa... (61,10).
,,raTa dautevemca qriste... (80,30).
,,raTa ferebiTa sityuaTaTa Suenier gamovixateTmca saSuali (169,32).
,,raTa vhsdegmca Sen Tana sitys-gebasa Sensa... (114,36).
,,raTa survili Cemi iyomca mziarebel Cemda wmidaTa vnebaTa SenTa... (115,33).
,,ara visme dautevebs, raTa ara esmamca saxareba misi... (233,16).
,,raTamca veziare saqmeTa... vasqenisaTa... (92,7).
magaliTebis didi raodenoba Cven imitom movitaneT, rom msgavsi SemTxvevebi
arcTu ise xSiria, xolo magaliTebi, romlebSic -mca nawilaki zmnis kavSirebiTis
formebTan ixmareba, uamravia:
,,raTa moiyuanosmca Tsda... (100,22).
,,raTa moiyuanosmca wmida igi palatad... (100,25).
,,raTa daayenosmca maTdami brZaneba ese... (50,30).
,,raTamca amiT saTno iqmnas mefisa... (90,15).
,,raTa movidesmca da hnaxos... (79,3).
,,raTa nayofi misi hmefobdesmca da saqadul iyos erisa... (22,18).
,,raTa ara ganvardesmca misgan... (74,19) da sxva mravali.
14. od-iani da d-oniani zmnebis uRvlileba uwyvetlisa da I kavSirebiTis
mwkrivebSi ,,martirikis mixedviT gansxvavebas ukve aRar gviCvenebs:
,,aw vityodeT, vhgalobdeT da mouTxrobdeT sxuaTa... (357,32).
,,RaRadebdes moyuasi moyusisa mimarT da ityodes... (344,8).
21. ,,martirikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba obieqturi wyobis zmnaTa vnebiTis iSviaTi
formebi:
,,gamomiZieT me da gepovo Tquen... (367,22).
,,meZiebelTa SenTa guepovne aRTqmisebr... (367,28).
15. zogjer mosalodneli -av TemisniSniani zmna warmodgenilia -eb TemisniSniT.
,,marTebs suli kacobrivi orcsa... (39,36).
mimReobis warmoeba. 1. moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobebi, warmoebuli moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnebidan, xSirad im Taviseburebas gviCvenebs, rom m-el mawarmoeblis
gverdiT m prefiqsiani warmoebac aqvT:

229

,,oradre nawilad ganmyofi yovelTa droTa... (21,14).

,,vina... bednierobaTa damtevi... (86,8).
,,ekklesiasa Sina damdebi... (85,12).
,,eseguari ukue ars mhazrueli, ganmzraxi da mhsjeli... (272,10).
,,Suenierebisa Ts Soris momgebi... (308,20).
,,momgebi krZalulebisa... moSiSi ars uflisa... (354,24).
asevea nawarmoebi mimReoba zogierTi nasaxelari saSualo gvaris zmnisagan:
,,vina mmefobica mamulsa zeda... (85,31).
,,evstaTi orciTa mmoqalaqobi qalaqsa mcxeTas... (218,25).
,,xolo mmTavrebman ara iurwmunova ziarebiTa mparavTaTa... (89,17).
gvxvdeba nebavs zmnisgan nawarmoebi mimReobis magaliTic m prefiqsiT
Sedgenil SemasmenelSi:
,,odes-igi mnebav ars suli (39,35).
am tipis mimReobis magaliTebi samecniero literaturaSi mimReobis uZveles
saxedaa miCneuli1, sakmaod gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove qarTulSi (amRebi,
gamcemi, damweri, mkiTxavi da sxv.) da ,,martirikaSic mravladaa warmodgenili,
magram amasTanave ,,martirikaSi m-el prefiqs-sufiqsiani warmoebis magaliTebic
xSirad gvxvdeba:
,,da yovelTave msoflioTa saSuebelTa mmarxuelni... (126,28).
,,vinaca mwyebelTa... xuaSiadi ganucxada saqmeman... (364,4).
,,eseguari ukue ars mhazrueli ganmzraxi da msjeli... (272,10, gvxvdeba
mmhazruelic 121,35).
,,mTanmaebeli moqmedTa maT erTi da igive simarTle ars... (266,1).
,,ararame mgamebelsa Tavisa Cemisasa... (25,77).
,,mhsmenelma mefisagan... warmosula hyo... (17,24).
,,mimlocvelman TsTa... spaTadmi... (21,1).
,,cremliT damltobelman queyanisaman... (20,35) da sxva mravali.
2. ,,martirikaSi zogierTi moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReoburi forma nawarmoebia
me prefiqsiT, romelic miCneulia uZvelesi viTarebis amsaxvelad da romlis
magaliTebi Zvel qarTul enaSi naklebad gvxvdeba (meot, meox, memRer, metex,
meryev da sxv.) da isic vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris mimReobebia2.
,,romelTa Soris doRmatistoriadre meqmi ars... besarion... (14,27 da xSirad).
,,xolo survili ese ars sulisa... meqonisa... (80,1 da Zalian xSirad).
,,romliTa ara meqonni nivTTani ganamdidres... (159,17).
,,eseni arasadaT meqon arian Semwed... (203,16).
1 arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi,
Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 126.
2 a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 597.

230

3. me-e prefiqs-sufiqsiani uCveulo warmoebis mimReobebi ,,martirikaSi

sakamrisadaa warmodgenili:
ese igi metrfeni ziarebisa vnebaTa misTani... (307,18).
,,Tanxadil-hyues ukue amaT evstaTica meTqueTa... (219, da sxva).
aRsaniSnavia me-e warmoebis nasaxelari zmnidan gakeTebuli sawyisis iSviaTi
formebi:
,,sada... medResaswauleba keTilsa mas Sina... (368,16).
4. ma- prefiqsiani warmoebis mimReobebi iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba ma-el
mawarmoeblis nacvlad:
,,da mZlavr maiZulebi codsa iZlia... (394,27).
,,viTarmed urwmunosagan mawarmosa warmo daayenos... (362,7).
,,gonebisa ganmabrwyini erTobiTiTa naTliTa... (86,4).
,,Sobisagan brmaTa ganmanaTlni... (107,7).
`mkelobelTa da koWlTa mavlinebi... (107,8).
,,masmevni wyalTa cxovelTa... (108,20).
5. ma-e prefiqs-sufiqsiani warmoeba qarTulSi, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdeba
(macne da macxone formebi zmnis piriani formebi unda iyos)1. ma-e prefiqssufiqsiani oriode formaa dadasturebuli ioane petriwis TxzulebebSi: mauwye,
macxovnisagan, warmomayene2. ,,martirikaSi iSviaTia aseTi mimReobebi:
,,ese mowameni... Tnier drosa ara macxadeni... (362,21).
,,siriaT aRmomzeni da Cuen SorisTa sibrZneTa ganmamzeni... (107,16).
6. ma-ar mawarmoebeli gamoiyeneba qvemoT motanil citataSi:
,,da yovelive amisTs TanmedroeTa masovarTagan uweries... (26,6).
ma-ar prefiqs-sufiqsiani mimReobis warmoeba dReisaTvis SemorCenilia
formebSi, romlebic warmoSobiT mimReoba; magram dRes mxolod arsebiTi saxelis
gageba aqvT: ma-cxov-ar-i, ma-Txov-ar-i da agreTve masovari mimReobidan
nawarmoeb sawyisSi maxsovroba.
7. vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris mimReobebSi Taviseburebebi arc ise cotaa,
magram movitanT mxolod ramdenime uCveulo warmoebis nimuSs:
,,hsjulvilni uflisagan saRmrToni brZanebani... (274,19).
,,oqrovilni kidobanni wamebisani... (106,32).
8. orgvar mawarmoebliTaa erTi da igive mniSvnelobis fuZe:
,,moaqusT... samoselni qsulni... (137,28).
,,uxu da Suenier qsovilni... (137,29).
9. Taviseburia momavali drois mimReobis zogierTi forma:
,,erTi ars awindeli sasityueli Cemi axalnergi... (122,1).
1 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 118.
2 iqve.

231

,,da nivTni sagaloboni iyunes mefeni... (85,24).

,,saracx ars Sekadrebad... (38,23).
aRsaniSnavia moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis fuZidan nawarmoebi formebi:
,,da esreT gankarguad Tqmadni sameTqueoni... (302,20).
,,samorkinalosad asparezisa... ganhmzadeboda... (393,32).
mosalodneli na prefiqsis nacvlad mimReoba nawarmoebia il sufiqsiT:
,,sisxliTa CemiTa davamtkico Sromili Cemgan ekklesia... (133,24), miuxedavad
imisa, rom na prefiqsic farTodaa gamoyenebuli ,,martirikaSi:
,,quemdebare vhyavT suli da namoqmedebni Cueni... (248,7) da sxva.
10. Cveulebriv zmniswinebiani mimReoba xSirad ,,martirikaSi zmniswinis
gareSea warmodgenili:
,,dakluli ese iremi mwuari da Wmuli Cuengan... (346,7).
11. CamovTvliT zogierT Taviseburi sityvawarmoebis nimuSebs yovelgvari
komentaris gareSe: ,,anu aRmonamorCad ityan wmidisa... (887).
,,xolo mizezi moswrafebisa da-Cem-Sorisebuli... (319,18).
daSorisebuli... (13,6), dasamtkic (45,3), Serabamebul (46,2), Senaborkili
(46,8), ,,gansakrvo arsa... (40,15,15).
12. yuradRebas iqcevs sagonisi (61,1), mimReobis forma. msgavs formebSi
sawyisis naTesaobiTi brunvidan nawarmoeb mimReobas xedaven (Sdr. saxnisi,
Sesatysi da sxv.)1.
13. gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa gamoyenebuli ,,martirikaSi sawyisis viTarebiTi
brunvidan nawarmoebi e.w. SesaZleblobis mimReoba2, romelsac momavali drois
gagebac aqvs: aseTi formebi uZvelesi droidan ixmareba Zvel qarTulSi, magram
aseTi formebis moZaleba iwyeba XI saukunis mwerlobaSi (giorgi mTawmideli,
efrem mcire, ioane petriwi). mimReobis aseTi formebis siuxve ,,martirikis
damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
,,rameTu ganxrwnadni arian, romelnime geslTagan SeWamadni da yovelni
mparavTagan daTxradni da warparuadni... (292,12).
,,mihsceniT... sicocxle daberebadi da argebadi da moifardeT ukudavebadi
da gebadi... (263,5-6).
,,werilni... ar adl Semusruadni... (264,21 da sxva uamravi).
14. mimReobis uaryofiTi formebidan aRsaniSnavia e.w. mokle formebidan
nawarmoebi uaryofiTi mimReobebi, romelTa raodenoba ,,martirikaSi sakmaoa.
,,romelica uvnebisagan moigebis sulisa... (356,35).
,,dagebadisa dauberebelisa da warudenisaTa mimarT aRlesvida... (334,6).
1 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 131.
2 iqve, gv. 106, 116. am sakiTxs samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba axlavs. a.
SaniZe aseT formebs warmoqmnaSi ganixilavs. Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tbilisi,
1976, gv. 50, $66.

232

,,gamosruli usityuTa velurTagan... (399.34).

,,romelTa daekueTa mhsgavsiTa usityurebiTa misiTa gardaqmna usityuad...
(402,12).
uaryofiTi mimReoba nawarmoebia ar nawilakiT:
,,miirTu sityuani arSesabamni yovlad didebulTa sakrvel-yofaTa SenTani...
(247,5).
,,mihsceniT... sicocxle daberebadi da argebadi da moifardeT ukudavebadi
da gebadi... (263,6).
sainteresoa Zris-umosenoba forma, sadac abstraqtuli saxeli nawarmoebia
Taviseburi uaryofiTi mimReobisgan Zrisumoseno: ,,Zrisumosenobasaca missa
hbaZda... (400,20).
udetrebis xmarebis zogierTi Tavisebureba. 1. Tandebulebi. a) Zveli qarTuli
enis ZeglebSi dadasturebulia mebr nawilakis xmarebis SemTxvevebi srulebiT
mniSvnelobiT: ,,daguaviwyda mebr, Tu queyanasa zeda varT (xanZTeli), ufro
xSirad ixmareba uaryofiT winadadebebSi: ,,viTar-me wigni icisa aman, rameTu
uswavie mebr ara? (i.7,15)1.
,,martirikaSi mebr mravalgzis gvxvdeba, magram ara nawilakis mniSvnelobiT,
aramed windebulad gamoyenebuli; mas aqvs ebr Tandebulis Sinaarsi, Tumca ebr
Tandebulis xmarebac ar aris SezRuduli.
,,da survili ese Cemi ars mebr uflebisa... (38,29).
,,romelica mebr keTilisa Cueulebisa... ganatfobdes... (158,24).
,,da mebr brZanebisa... daakldes... (261,7).
mebr arsebisa, mebr WeSmaritebiTisa cnobisa... mebr monebisa da uflebisa...
mebr mSobelobisa da Svilebisa... (29,15) da sxv. uamravi.
mxolod Sedeg magaliTebSi SeiZleba dagvebados eWvi, rom mebr ukudebuli
Tandebulis adgilze zis, Tuki mas pirvel sityvas mivakuTvnebT.
,,ara igaviTisamebr mhsgavsebisa mhsgavseben... varskulavni... (36,20).
,,romel ars enisamebr Cuenisa... (128,31).
am magaliTSi ki namdvilad mebr ukudebulia:
,,xolo wyalTacamebrve da esTa hqmna RmerTman sofeli ese... (284,23).
erT magaliTSi mebr saxeladaa qceuli da msazRvruls warmoadgens: ,,da
aqaT da iqiT xuTni Zrismoqmedni mebriTa ganCinebiTa ZeliTave sikudilad
daisjebodes... (149,18).
b) Tandebuli Ts. es Tandebuli Cveulebrivad ixmareba ,,martirikaSi, magram
iSviaTad is windebuladaa gamoyenebuli:
,,uyofda wyalobasa... Ts saqarTuelosa da kaxeTis aorebisa... (24,27).

a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 149.

233

g) garda Tandebuli mxolod axal qarTulSi ixmareba. iSviaTad is gvxvdeba

,,martirikaSi, magram windebulad (Zv. qarTulSi mas Tnier Seesatyviseba).
,,garda mefisa yovelni Tanad-momzraxaoben... (33,13).
d) xSiria Tandebul da-s xmarebis SemTxvevebi ,,martirikaSi Ts Tandebulis
mniSvnelobiT, rac dRes dialeqtebSia SemorCenili:
,,raoden kacTada SesaZlebel ars... (199,29).
,,viTarmed Cemda SeuZlebel ars... (117,25).
,,egsaxed macxovarebad yovlisa soflisada, raTa xati... ganaaxlos... (141,1).
da TandebuldarTuli nacvalsaxelebi xSirad mi Tandebulsac irTaven:
,,nurarad ficxel ubnob misdami... (92,22).
e) ,,martirikaSi arcTu iSviaTad Zveli da axali qarTulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mi Tandebuli daerTvis mimarTulebiTi brunvis aRmniSvnel
nanaTesaobiTar-viTarebiTis rogorc mravlobiTis, aseve mxoloobiTis formebs:
,,ganaRZebs sulTa CuenTa... axovnebaTadmi reJdenisTa... (138,26).
,,miuSues yoveli wadili trfialebiTi... satrfialosadmi... (112,6).
,,erTmaneTisadmi zavebulni... (14,7).
,,romelTadmi dedani daiyennes... (90,4).
,,locuaTa Semwirueli nivTTSemomqedebisadmi Seipyres... (133,2).
,,ityoda sxuaTadmica... (90,2).
,,misruli da saxleulTadmi TsTa... (147,11).
,,aqunda pasuxad yovelTadmi... (147,9).
2. kavSirebi. a) magra kavSiri uZveles qarTuli enis ZeglebSi ar ixmareba
(dRevandeli magram-is mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda garna, xolo, aramed). mxolod
oriode magaliTi dasturdeba ,,iovanesa da efTmes cxovrebaSi, magram ara
dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT1. samagierod Cveulebrivia magra-s dRevandeli
mniSvnelobiT xmareba petriwis TxzulebebSi2. aRarafers vambobT saero xasiaTis
XII-XIIIss. Zeglebze, romlebSic es kavSiri gavrcelebulia;
antonis ,,martirikaSi magra kavSiri xSirad ixmareba, misi Zveli
eqvivalentebis garna, xolo, aramed kavSirebis gverdiT:
,,iiZuleboda... magra igi... ego Seuryevelad... (64,30).
,,...sasurvel, erTi da igive, magra CueulebiT... viTame uganTsebules...
(138,16).
,,...magra wmidasa mas erTi aqunda pasuxi... (148,3).
,,magra aRiRo man... (63,8).
,,...magra uwyodeT ese... (202,32).
,,...magra azraxebda Sadiman warsulsa... (59,11) da sxva mravali.
1 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 41.
2 iqve.

234

b) ,,martirikis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia romel formis dRevandeli romis mniSvnelobiT xmareba, rac Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebidan dasturdeba ioane
petriwis TxzulebebSi1, xolo ufro Zvel ZeglebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba2.
,,winaswar hxedavs, romel axs dRe maTi... (254,3).
(Sdr. dRevandeli: winaswar grZnobs, rom axlos aris dRe maTi sikvdilisa).
,,xolo momzraxoben, romel Semdgomad raodenTame welTa... (47,24).
romel uamrav SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia mizezis garemoebiT damokidebul
winadadebebSi dRevandeli rom kavSiris mniSvnelobiT, romelsac mTavar
winadadebaSi yvelaze xSirad miT misamarTi sityva Seesatyviseba, xolo ufro
iSviaTad amad (dRevandeli qarTuli eniT imitom da amitom).
,,sanatrel arian brZenni ese miT, romel povnili igi sibrZne... miuTxres...
(255,18; Sdr. bednierni arian brZenni imitom, rom SeZenili sibrZne gadmosces).
,,ubrZana... warkueTad Tavi misi miT, romel nusada aRiRon qristianeTa
sxeuli misi... (226,28).
,,sadaRamca ipova maT Soris miT, romel sulni siwmidiTa... zesTa qmnilman...
(198,8).
,,damtkiceba hyo siyuaruliTa uqceveliTa miT, romel esvida igi saqmeTa
WeSmaritebasa... (212,15).
,,nucaRa uebul iqmnebi mefobisagan Senisa miT, romel ara maqus gulsa Sina
Cemsa Suri... (58,13).
,,keTil ukue arian... miT, romel... ganguaRZeben wadilad... (68,24).
,,ubnob misdami miT, romel buneba dedaTa ars sulmokle... (92,22).
,,vina Seuxebel sadame ars igi miT, romel ukeTu martiv ars, Seuxebelca
ars... (139,32).
,,vina saukuno ars miT, romel yovelTa maT erTTa arsebani saukuno arian...
(139,34).
,,ararame daWrani asoTani... miT, romel trfialebaman moiyuanna satkivarTa
ugrZnebelobad (190,24).
,,codua ars uRmrToeba amad, romel saTnoeba igi... ars dacua mcnebaTa...
(353,28).
,,gangeba saRmrTo iyo maSin ganrineba nonasi amad, romel mohqonda Cuenda
sityuani cxovrebisani... (397,1).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel qarTulSi rameTu-s ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad
hqonda dRevandeli rom kavSiris mniSvnelobac:
,,me gety Sen, rameTu Sen xar klde (maT. 16,18).

1 iqve.
2 S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriisaTvis... 1959, Tbilisi, gv. 23-29.

235

antonic xSirad xmarobs rameTu kavSirs rom-is mniSvnelobiT, Tumca aseTi

magaliTebi romel-Tan SedarebiT naklebia:
,,mis Tana gansueneba movigo miT, rameTu simarTliT miRebad wina-miZs
sikudili... (316,12).
,,yoveli martlTmoyuare uZReb ars hsenebisa mimarT maTisa miT, rameTu
hseneba vnebisa maTisa moseneba ars... vnebaTa iesusTa... (230,34).
,,xolo iyavn siyuaruli da mSdoba... miT, rameTu queyana qarTlisa sakuTar
Cemda vici... (56,33).
,,ara davarRvo igi CemTs... miT, rameTu uwyi igi Zed Cemda... (56,33).
antonisaTvis araa ucxo viTarmed kavSiris xmareba dRevandeli rom kavSiris
SinaarsiT.
,,patiosan ars winaSe uflisa sikudili wmidaTa misTa amisTs, viTarmed
sikudili wmidaTa sasmelad cxovrebisad ganasaja gulisxmisyofaman... (120,11).
,,mohswyda wmidani... amisTs, viTarmed ara Tavs-idues uaris-yofa qristes
RmrTisa... (70,5).
,,... ars gebad ukudavad amisTs, viTarmed igonebs igi, ganhsjis da
gamoaCinebs... (140,4).
amrigad, ,,martirikis mixedviT Cans, rom romel kavSiri dRevandeli rom-is
mniSvnelobiT yvelaze xSirad ixmareba. romel kavSiri romel nacvalsaxelidan
aris miRebuli. am nacvalsaxels antoni ,,martirikaSic iyenebs Tavisi
daniSnulebiT:
,,moiTria meci igi samWeduriTa miT, romeli miiRo uflisagan... (414,9).
3. nawilakebi. 1. sxuaTa sityvis o. ,,martirikaSi is gamoiyeneba citirebisas
da daerTvis zmnas, romelic iwyebs winadadebas:
,,hsweren kualad: ,,aRuteveso kaxTa yovelTa ma winaSe dedoflisa... (25,14).
,,hsweren, viTarmed: ,,icxoo Teimuraz mefed qisiys... (23,19).
,,momzraxoben... ganizraxao wmidaman arCil... (79,1).
,,hsTqua: warvideo mZlavrisad da viTxovo... (77,26).
,,uwyebul varT: ,,moiwiao ioanesa brZaneba... (107,18).
,,...aRwyuedil ariso qalaqi Cueni... (70,18).
,,...itys vaxuSti: warugzavnao rmali... mefesa luarsabs... (57,34).
,,...me varo, romelsa wamguara coli Teimuraz... (34,25). da sxva mravali.
saerTod, ,,martirikis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zogierTi nawilakis zmnaze
darTva, rogorc es mca nawilakTan dakavSirebiT ukve vTqviT, asevea zogjer ca
nawilakic:
,,da moagonebdaca mkulelobasa mamisa Zmisa... (20,3).
,,ufrTxodaca farulad, raTa... (61,2) da sxva mravali.

236

b) re nawilaki ,,martirikaSi Zalian xSiria, Tumca misi funqciis garkveva

Wirs, radgan igi Zveli da saSualo qarTuli enis ZeglebSi mainc specifikuri
mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda; martirikaSi misi moqmedebis sfero Zalian gazrdilia.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom re nawilaki, Cveulebriv,
ufroobiTi xarisxis formebs axlavs, radgan garda nairi, saxis mniSvnelobisa,
romelic mas zmnisarTebze darTuls aqvs (eg re), mas mcired, odnav mniSvnelobac
aqvs zmnebTan da zmnizedebTan xmarebisas1. ,,martirikaSi re nawilaks es
mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes zedsarTavis ufroobiT formebTan:
,,RmrTisa mier uadvilesre SesaZlebel ars... (175,20).
,,umwuerualesiTre trfialebiT Semsmel sasmelisa uflisasa... (230,16).
magram ufro gaurkvevelia misi funqcia moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi
dasmul zedsarTav saxelebTan. albaT, antoni mas imave mniSvnelobiT xmarobs,
rogorc is gamoyenebulia zogjer Zv. qarTuli enis zogierT ZeglSi (mag., ,,xolo
aqa gangrZobiladre mogTxra wignman: giorgi mTawmidelis Targmani ,,equsTa
dReTa 30,28, m. kaxaZis gamocema) zedsarTavis dadebiTi xarisxis formebTan
ufroobiTi xarisxis gamosaxatavad:
,,Sekrul iyvnes araTu bunebiTiTare hsjuliTa oden... (286,3).
,,WeSmaritiTare mhsjavriTa... (74,22), ,,axliTare ganaxlebiTa dabadebulsa
(137,9).
patiosniTare (40,17), uxilaviTare (40,32), SereuliTare (51,32), mravliTare
(58,4), mzakuariTare sixaruliTa (59,35), didiTare (18,26).
,,romliTaca bunebiTadre mtkicebdes goneba ganukrTomelad... (198,9).
,,didadre mdinared gamosrulman ganakruna Zalni zecisani... (263,11).
,,mkudarTa cocxladre warmomadgenni... (107,6).
,,raTa xati Tsi... uxrwnelebadre... moiyuanos... (111,32).
,,ufrTxodaca faruladre, raTa... (61,2).
,,uTanasworodre gamocdil iyo... (60,31).
,,mciredre (26,11), anazdadre (18,10), mnedre (60,4), mZafradre (32,25),
,,mravalTare iqmoda mogonebaTa... (175,14) da sxva mravali.
magram re nawilakis funqciis dadgena arsebiTi saxelis, ricxviTi saxelisa
da sawyisebis wrfelobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebTan Wirs;
,,zafxulre (54,26); ,,aRhsdga tabliTre (61,33); ,,ficiTare (29,7); ,,oradre
(21,14); ,,ganTsebiTre (30,30); ,,brZanebiTare (24,6); ,,madlobiTre (30,14); ,,zakTre
(23,4); ,,romelTa Soris doRmatistoriadre meqmi ars mamamTavari... besarion...
(14,26).

1 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 98. a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 662.

237

ukanaskneli magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom re nawilaki

,,martirikaSi ufro stilistikuri mosazrebiT ixmareba, vidre garkveuli
gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT da rom mas dakarguli aqvs gramatikuli funqcia.
g) nawilaki ye sakmao odenobiTaa warmodgenili ,,martirikaSi. is ixmareba
gardauvali orpiriani da gardamavali sampiriani zmnebis me-2 da me-3 iribobieqturi piris mravlobiT ricxvSi da inversiuli formebis me-3 subieqtur
pirSi1 iseve, rogorc qarTuli enis ramdenime dialeqtSi. rogorc cnobilia,
Zvel qarTul enaSi iribi obieqtis mravlobiToba ar aRiniSneboda, Tanamedrove
qarTulSi ki iribi obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba T.
antonis ,,martirika am sakiTxSi Wrel suraTs gvaZlevs. mis teqstebSi
mravladaa dadasturebuli samive SemTxveva erTi da imave formebisaTvis. 1.
Zveli qarTulis norma: ar aRiniSneba iribi obieqtis ricxvi. 2. mravlobiTis
niSnad gamoyenebulia T da v. 3. gamoyenebulia dialeqturi ye nawilaki. Cven
mxolod ori ukanasknelis magaliTebs vaCvenebT:
,,varskulavTa moZravTa aqusye TToeulsa RerZi Tsi... (36,9).
,,romelTa aqusye Tseba eseguari... (191,27).
,,rameTu maT Sinagan aqundaye dasaSretel cecxlisa wyali... (190.16).
,,romeli angelosTa hsurisye Seswavebad... (XIX, 589, 19).
,,hrwmenaye aRmTqmelisa mis mimarT... (166,29).
,,sircxliTa wiwneulebad moiyuanebdaye sakrueleba uRmrToebisa...
(19,26).
,,saWirod Semoudaye Soris iZulebad... (407,27).
,,Seuracxiesye borotad ganslua maTi... (158,1).
,,numca dagviwyebiesye hseneba Cemi locuaTa Sina... (97,12).
,,da moaqusye mowameTaTs... romelTame sityuani... (137,14).
,,ver dabrkolebel Sesulad didebasa Sina qristessa eqmnaye... (323,12).
,,aramed mouRebiesye suli Svilebisa... (254,12).
,,viTarmed daumtkicebiesye gansazRureba ese anu ganCena... (341,16).
,,vinaca sulman RmerTTmTavarman uqmnaye... wyaroTa simrgule... (360,7).
,,rameTu muRaban aCndaye maTi igi sxsa qadagebisa Sedgoma... (364,19) da sxva mravali.
magram: ,,amiT taf-WalaTa... aqusT Cueuleba... (201,12).
,, TT dahsjili ukue aqundaT gulissityua... (196,29).
,,aqusT sxuaoba queSeganwualebiTi... (36,32).
,,viTar ara sircxl giCnsT saxelisdebad RmrTad... (115,26).
,,rameTu cxovreba angelosebri moaqusT orcTa Sina... (108,28).
,,romelTame moaqusT... samoselni...
,,daRaTu ghsursT friad sikudili Cueni... (137,27).
1

a. SaniZe, anton I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze, 1964, gv. 76.

238

,,arRa mouRebiesT suli gonebisa... (254,110.

,,romelTaca... mougiesT saRmrTo ganbrwyinueba... (134,22).
,,xolo Tquen... uar-giyofiesT Semoqmedi Tqueni da SegiracxiesT ese keTilgonierebad... (279,20-21).
,,borcuTa da mTaTa zeda aRhyavsT mdinareni... (107,5).
,,sasmeli ese sikudilisa, romeli gipyriesT elTa Sina... (262,5).
,,Sesaxedavisa simwuane hsurisT TualTa brZenTasa... (361,16).
,,rameTu piriTa aRiarebdes ufalsa iesus da hrwmenaT guliTa... (362,28).
,,yovelTa meZiebelTa TsTa epoebisT RmerTi... (350,6).
rogorc vnaxeT, ,,martirikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aseTi paralelebi:
aqusT-aqusye, hrwmenaT hrwmenaye, giCnsT uCndaye, moaqusT moaqusye,
mouRebiesT mouRebiesye da sxva mravali. da mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom ye
nawilakiani zmnebi T-anian formebTan SedarebiT naklebia, dominirebs iribi
obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis is forma, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulenaSi
damkvidrda mcireodeni fonetikuri cvlilebebiT (aqusT-aquT, ghsursT-gsurT
da sxv.). am sakiTxSi, etyoba, antonma misi drois sasaubro enis gavlena ganicada,
Tumca saboloo arCevani dialeqturi formebidan ar gaukeTebia.
d) nawilaki sadame ,,martirikaSi Zveli qarTulis same nawilakis mniSvnelobiT
unda ixmarebodes; sadame-s dRevandeli qarTuli enis ki nawilakis Sinaarsi aqvs.
es ufro im magaliTebiT Cans, sadac sadame Tu kavSirTan erTadaa warmodgenili,
aq mas Tuki-s mniSvneloba aqvs.
,,xolo Tu sadame ara moklas, erCdesmca..., igi... (147,34).
,,Tu sadame SesaZlebel iyosmca... (148,5).
,,Tu sadame ara ismino... (243,10).
,,da Tu sadame ara mividemca... (59,17).
,,da Tu sadame STavcvneTca elTa Sina barbarosTasa... (70,19).
ufro Znelia sadame nawilakis mniSvnelobis dadgena Tu-s gareSe, magram Tu
sadame Zveli qarTulis same nawilakis eqvivalentia, igi imave mniSvnelobiT unda
ixmarebodes. es Cans orive formis Semcvel winadadebaTa SedarebiT:
aw ukue Tavisufal same arian Svilni (m. 17,26); ,,piri same cisa iciT
gamocdad (m. 16.3); ,,aha, viTar same uyuarda igi (i. 11,36). qvemoT CamoTvlil
winadadebebSi sadame marTlac amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba:
,,gina mowyale da saxier ars sadame bunebiT da amisTs uyuars wyaloba da
mhsjavri uflisa... (356,21).
,,xolo orad sadame wualebul SiSi uflisa... (354,26).
,,rad sadame ganaSoreb Cemgan colsa Cemsa...? (96,19).
Sdr. iakob xucesi: ,,gamomec coli Cemi, rad ganmaSoreb Cemgan? (Zv. qar.
agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1, 19,19).

239

`rameTu ixila man sadame Ts Soris mosruli satrfialo Tsi... (76,17).

4. sakavSirebeli sityva vina//vina. vina da misi variantebi Zv. qarTul
literaturul ZeglebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, romelTagan
ZiriTadia adgilis zmnizedis gamoxatva, magram ,,Zveli qarTulis mogviano
xanis enaSi (IX, X, XIss.) martivi winadadebebis farglebSi Tavisi ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobis lokalobis semantikis gadmocemis gverdiT iZens meore funqcias.
esaa kauzalobis semantikis gamoxatva. amgvarad, igi mizezis zmnizedacaa, udris
amitom, amis gamo1. petriwis TxzulebebSi vina im mniSvnelobiT, romelic mas
Zvel qarTulSi aqvs, iSviaTad ixmareba da ZiriTadad saidanac, ris gamoc, aqedan
gamomdinare, amgvarad, maSasadame mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari2.
antonis ,,martirikaSi vina (ufro naklebad vina), vinaca formebi Zalian
xSirad gvxvdeba, magram mas arc erTxel ara aqvs lokalobis semantikuri
mniSvneloba. is yovelTvis gadmogvcems amitom, amis gamo zmnizedis Sinaars.
xSirad vina-vinac, iwyebs winadadebas da logikuri daskvnis Sinaarss atarebs
(Sdr. am mniSvnelobiT misi xmarebis SemTxvevebi petriwis enaSi3):
,,...viTarmed saqmeni grigorisni iyunes niadag qristesTs, vina ara hsca
grigori adgili vnebasa gulficxelobisasa... (379,29).
,,movida RmerTi... da daemkdra mis Soris, vina SemZlebel iqmna amiT yovelTave
msaxurebaTa aRsrulebad... (414,18).
,,me mims Sen mier naTlisRebva da Sen Cemda moxuala? vina SeuZlebel arso
Cemda uaRresisa Zalisa Cemisa moRebisa Sekadrebad... (408,22).
,,vina Sewevnisagan gareganisa moklebulTa cixisSinaTa zavi iTxoves... (291,1).
,,vina esenica keTil arian, xolo vinaTgan keTil arian, maSasadame, sawadel
arian... (68,22).
,,vina Tana-guacs sikudili kacisa amis eseguari... (132,13).
,,vina saTanado ars Cuenda naturad wmidani mowameni qristesni... (158,10).
,,vina seneba misi qebiTurT... (267,21).
,,vina sakruel-hyofs ufali nebasa Tssa maT Soris (208,24).
,,vina vakurTxo ufali yovelsa Jamsa... (356,23).
,,vina miuzRoT martlTa... jildo... da SeuTxzaT grgni... (283,35).
igive mniSvneloba aqvs vinaca nawilakian formebs. amitomac igic daskvnis
Sinaarss aZlevs winadadebas. moviyvanT mxolod ramdenime magaliTs:
,,vinaca uwyebul hyues mefe... (280,29).
,,vinaca brZanebuli ganCineba mZlavrisa miiRo sixaruliT... (245,21).
,,...vinaca Seizraxnes msaxurni cecxlisani... (132,3).
1 S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 290.
2 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163.
3 iqve, gv. 164.

240

,,...vinaca dRes amas cxovrebisasa Seewia maT RmerTi, rameTu... (205,4).

,,vinaca mtarualni igi... miaqcivna karvebad... (151,33).
vina-s, vfiqrobT, zogjer SeiZleba hqondes radgan mizezis zmnizedis
mniSvnelobac. es moulodneli araa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom vinaTgan-s Zvel
qarTulSi radgan-is mniSvneloba hqonda:
,,xolo mowameTa WeSmaritebisaTa dadues suli Tsi misTs, romelmanca
hsTqua: ,,me var WeSmariteba, vina mowameTa friad Seiyuares igi... (267,11).
,,xolo qeba vinaTgan igi ars, romeli aRricxavs srulebaTa sxuaTasa
da seneba kostantinesi qebiTurT, vina saTanado ars aRricxua srulebaTa
misTa... (267,24).
,,vina ukueTu sadame ars suli, maSasadame, ukudavica miiRos adgili... (140,6).
5) maSasadame, sakavSirebeli sityva antonis wina periodis saeklesio
mwerlobis ZeglebSi ar ixmareba. petriwis enaSi bevri magaliTia dadasturebuli
am mniSvnelobiT maSa-s xmarebisa1. mis nacvlad Zvel qarTulSi vina, vidremde,
ukue ixmareboda. maSasadame antonis enaSi sasaubro enidan unda iyos Semotanili.
is Sedgenilia maSa da sadame nawilakebis SeerTebiT.
,,romelica ars... goneba da sityua da cxovel, maSasadame, ukudavica...
(139,16).
,,ara arian RmerTni ese martiv, maSasadame, SesaZlebel arian daxsnad
kerZoTad... (139,21).
,,vina ukudav sadame ars suli, maSasadame, ukudavica miiRos adgili... (140,6).
,,kualad, maSasadame, yoveli mcodueli krZalulebisad mcoduel
sarwmunoebisa mimarT... (354,8).
,,maSasadame, mcodueli sibrZnisad mcoduel krZalulebisad... (354,8).
,,maSasadame, netarsa da monasa uflisa RmrTisasa... verRara eZlo monebad...
(383,4).
,,vinaTgan keTil arian, maSasadame, sawadel arian... (68,23).
6) esTa viTarebis zmnizedis mniSvnelobiT Zalian xSirad ixmareba
,,martirikaSi esreT zmnizedis monacvled da ase, amnairad, amgvarad Tanamedrove
xmarebis zmnizedebis Sinaarsi aqvs.
,,da esTa SeaerTebs visme... (198,29).
,,...romliTa esTa Semkravs Cuen hsjuli bunebiTi... (285,33).
,,mizezman wmidisa wlisaman esTa Zruad iwyo... (23,17).
,,vina esTa moigonebisa... Semoqmedi... sul ars martiv... (356,9) da sxva
mravali.
magram:
,,esreT ZliTi-Zlad misrulni... mimadlebul iqmnes... (198,32).
1

d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 169.

241

rogorc Cans, esTa antonis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli siaxlea.

kompozitebi. ,,martirika kompozitebis siuxviT xasiaTdeba. antonis mier
gamoyenebuli Tu Sedgenili kompozitebis gamorCeva ,,martirikis teqstSi
advilia vizualuradac, radgan aq antoni xmarobs garemorTxmuls. Cven ar
SevudgebiT ,,martirikaSi kompozitebis saxeebis daxasiaTebas, aRvniSnavT
mxolod erT Taviseburebas: antonis midrekilebas rTuli sityvebis Seqmnisken.
Cven mxedvelobaSi gvavqs e.w. sammagi rTuli sityvebi:
,,keTil-meTn-mmkacre (37,4).
,,mklav-magar-kueTani (49,25).
,,uJam-udro-uweliwdoni (15,19).
,,Rno-smul-yofasa Sina (51,28) da sxv.
leqsika. ,,martirikis leqsikuri arsenali metad mdidaria. ,,martirikis
leqsika asaxulia leqsikonSi, romelic erTvis teqstis gamocemas, magram
cotaodeni ram mainc unda iTqvas sagangebod. aqve davZenT, rom antoni
SesaniSnavad icnobs Zveli qarTuli enis arqaul leqsikas da iyenebs mas.1.
antonis ,,martirikaSi moinaxeba leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic nasesxebia
berZnulidan, magram Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. Cven ver
vityviT, rom aseTi leqsika antonma pirvelma ixmara, magram nawili am leqsikisa
rom TandaTanobiT damkvidrda qarTul enaSi da dResac ixmareba, amaSi antonis
damsaxurebac udavoa. aseTi leqsika or nawilad unda warmovadginoT:
a) berZnulidan momdinare leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic ar damkvidrda
qarTulSi (berZnuli Sesatyvisobani ix. leqsikonSi).
avqsoni mwerali (369,1 da mravaljer).
antlia tolCa (265,9).
apodiqsika codna, romelic gamoricxavs sawinaaRmdegos arsebobas (407,24).
aRalma qandakeba (270,16).
gnomi Secnobis unari (325,23 da mravaljer).
epifania zedapiri (167,27).
vutmo balaxi (338,8).
Tronos taxti (330,12).
indalma saxe () (370,17).
irise cisartyela (168,6).
kentro centri (342,1; damkvidrda centris formiT gvian).
latria saRmrTo? (161,34).
limena navsadguri (160,14).
limo limonis xe (249,34).
mavi lurji (283,10).
peleRo zRva (Tu misi napiri) (190,18).

242

pinaqs sarCevi (418,22).

psixi suli (184,12).
sira rigi, wyeba (14,16 da mrav. ixmar. ,,vefxistyaosanSi).
solinari - wyalsadeni (162,5).
b) is leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic yvela antonis Semotanili Tu ar aris,
mainc am periodSi Cndeba saeklesio literaturaSi, damkvidrda qarTulSi da
dResac imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: aromati (188,35), atmosfera (13,,3), gnosi
(287,16), disko (383,16), egspedicia (338,26), ekvatori (191,32), ekliptiki (191,32),
Teoretika (355,24), idea (165,16), merediani (249,6), monarxia (259,23 da mrav.),
politikosi (moqalaqe, 326,31), praqtikosoba (327,3), provincia (260,28), sintaqsi
(327,18), sistema (184,7), sekundi (255,38), slogizmo (342,20), sxolastikosi
(325,37), fargali (358,17) da sxva.
2. unda gamovyoT is leqsika, romelic sxvaenovani warmoSobisaa, magram
antons rusulis gziT unda Semoetana (,,martirika daiwera antonis ruseTidan
dabrunebis Semdeg): ataki ( frang. attaque, 20,12 da xSirad), monarxia (berZ.
monarcha 259,23), muskuli (laT. musculus), provincial (laT. provincial; 260,28),
sekundi (laT. secunda 255,38), sfera (sphaera) da kidev bevri sxva, romelic Cven
SeiZleba pirdapir berZnulidan an laTinuridan Semotanili gvegonos, amas
gvavaraudebinebs angelos sityvis zogjer angel (427,8), angelTad formiT
xmareba (Sdr. rus. ).
3. aRniSvnis Rirsia is leqsika, romelic antonis Seqmnilia gramatikuli
kategoriebisaTvis, damkvidrda Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi da ,,martirikaSic
ixmareba: awmyo (193,31), namyo (19,30), myobadi (193,32), qvemdebare, sintaqsi,
winadadeba da sxva.
4. aqve unda davasaxeloT is sityvebi, romelTac antonis ,,martirikaSi
dRevandeli Sinaarsi aqvs, xolo Zvel qarTul enaSi gansxvavebuli niuansiT
ixmareboda: arseba (121,10), Tanamedroe (19,10), Tseba (191,27), Tanmaeba (84,4),
moqmedeba (19,7), moZravoba (179,1) da sxv.

sintaqsis zogierTi sakiTxi

,,martirikis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sintaqsis zogierT sakiTxze
saubari Cven morfologiaSi mogvixda (msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunvaSi da
ricxvSi SeTanxmeba, romel kavSiri daqvemdebarebul winadadebaSi, mca kavSiris
sintaqsuri funqcia da sxva) da aq aRar gavimeorebT. amjerad Cven mxolod
ramdenime sakiTxs SevexebiT:
1. masdaruli konstruqcia. rogorc cnobilia, viTarebiTSi dasmuli masdari
Zvel qarTulSi infinitivis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda iseve, rogorc sxva enaTa

243

infinitivi. viTarebiTSi dasmuli masdari xSirad rTuli winadadebis monacvlea

qarTulSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi misi Semcveli winadadeba hipotaqsur Sinaarss
gamoxatavda1.
,,martirikaSi masdarul konstruqcias antoni Zalian xSirad mimarTavs
rTuli winadadebis SemoklebiT miznis garemoebis gamosaxatavad. ,,daidua gulsa
Tssa dadebad suli Tsi (59,14) (Sdr. ,,daidva gulsa Tssa, raTa dasdvas
suli Tsi).
,,da mosrulsa mefesa awa Sah-abas Wamad Tevzi... (61,24); (Sdr... ,,raTa Wamos
Tevzi).
,,giorgi izraxa moxdad saxlsa Sina Tssa mefe da... Rnosmul-yofasa Sina
Cuenebad da Tsi... (51,26; Sdr... ,,raTa moxados... da aCuenos...).
,,coladca moyuanebad inebos igi (51,33). (Sdr. ,,inebos, raTa coladca
moiyvanos igi).
,,vevedrebiT simdabliT... micemad mefeTad samefoni Tsni (57,16).
,,efuca... aRsrulebad yoveli ese... (57,26).
,,viTarmed SesaZlebel ars Cemda Zri yofad... (59,37).
,,mawo uarisyofad qrist... (61,29).
,,da ayenebda xarksac micemad keisrisa... (220,32).
,,brZana Sepyrobad wmida igi... (81,11).
,,mnebavs aRwerad Ruawlni Senni... (92,6).
,,iyo... mecadin Tsdami midrekad gulni yovelTa qarTuelTani (51,12).
,,brZana mtarualTad uwyalod cemad piri da Rawuni misi... (148,8).
arcTu iSviaTia magaliTebi, rodesac antoni msgavsi SemTxvevebisaTvis iyenebs
ara viTarebiTSi dasmul sawyiss, aramed saxelobiTSi:
,,ara inebes... Sewynareba da datevebad qristes RmrTisa... (294,4).
,,brZana ganteveba disa misisa da Sepyrobadca giorgi... (54,23).
,,izraxes Sepyroba giorgisa da ganteveba disa misisa... (54,27).
,,ubrZana mTavarTa maT misula konstantines mimarT... (280,19).
,,cxadad uyues mowamesa qristessa ganCineba sikudilisa... (280,22).
,,SeuZlebel ars gandreka misi... (280,17).
,,ara Tavs-idva... gamosula... da SeerTebad msaxurTa Tana... (100,19).
,,ubrZana... waryuaneba evstaTisi... da idumal warkueTad... Tavi misi...
(225,26).
iwyebs zmnasTan ,,martirikaSi Cveulebriv viTarebiTSi dasmuli masdaria
warmodgenili:
,,iwyo kualad mowameman misda sityuad... (241,23).
,,esTa Zruad iwyo... (23,17).
1

d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 194.

244

,,wmidaman iwyo tirilad da godebad... (100,5).

,,iwyes vedrebad... (366,11) da sxva.
aqve unda ganvixiloT viTarebiT brunvaSi dasmul masdarTan damatebis
brunvis sakiTxi. Zvel qarTulSi masdarTan micemiTsa da saxelobiTSi dasmuli
damatebani normaluradaa miCneuli, e.i. masdars SenarCunebuli aqvs zmnuri
Zala. aseTi mdgomareoba SenarCunebulia XI saukunis ZeglebSic. ,,martirika
am sakiTxSi TiTqmis Zveli qarTuli enis mdgomareobas asaxavs, ufro sworad,
antoni cdilobs Tavis enas arqauloba SeunarCunos: jer movitanoT masdarTan
naxmari saxelobiTSi dasmuli damatebis magaliTebi:
,,saTanado ars Cvenda mevad Txroba marTali... (44,24).
,,ubrZana... cemad igini da aRparsuad Tmani... (222,5).
,,iTxoves ganTavisuflebad sapyrobiliT sanatrelni igi pyrobilni... (223,2).
,,marzpanman brZana ganTavisuflebad wmidani... (223,4).
,,hsZuls gonebasa Cemsa axlore mosulad sityuani Senni... (297,7).
,,esreT saTanado ars miRebad elmwifeba igi... (410,28).
,,izraxa moxdad... mefe da... Cuenebad da Tsi... (51,26).
,,Wamad Tevzi (61,27), ,,Wamad xorci (61,28), ,,yofad Zri... (59,37), ,,Sepyrobad
wmida igi (81,11), ,,aRwerad Ruawlni (92,6), ,,midrekad gulni (51,12), ,,micemad...
samefoni (57,16) da sxva mravali.
viTarebiTSi dasmul masdarTan micemiTis magaliTebi ,,martirikaSi ar
gvxvdeba, naTesaobiTis xmareba ki xSiria. es ukanaskneli formebi adreve
mkvidrdeba Zvel qarTulSi1 da misi xmareba arc ,,martirikaSia moulodneli.
,,Sah-abas mecadini gamoRebad cixisa... (46,30).
,,izraxa... maspinZel-yofad mefisa... (51,27).
,,mazraxebelTa... gantevebad qalisa saakaZisa... (54,19).
,,mokluad luarsabisa Semdgomad arwmuna Sah-abas... (64,23) da sxva.
2. pasiuri konstruqciebi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania ,,martirikis
enisa. aseTi konstruqciebi qarTuli enis bunebisaTvis ar aris Cveulebrivi,
magram berZnuli enidan naTargmnma literaturam kvali daamCnia qarTul
enas da aseTi konstruqciebic TandaTanobiT momravlda, gansakuTrebiT XIXII saukunidan. magaliTad, ioane petriwis naTargmn TxzulebebSi aseTi
konstruqciebis simravle berZnuli enis gavlenas miewereba2. ,,martirika
originaluri Txzulebaa, magram antoni Warbad xmarobs pasiur konstruqciebs
(da es, albaT, upirveles yovlisa ioane petriwis gavlena unda iyos):
,,rameTu maT mier ganefina saxareba qristesi... (106,20); (Sdr. ,,rameTu maT
ganfines saxareba qristesi...).
1 d. CxubianaSvili, infinitivis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 77.
2 d. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 197.

245

,,vinaca marzpanisagan brZanebul iqmna... (114,7).

,,monazonTagan vieTme... aRebul iqmnes... (116,11).
,,xolo netarisa xristoforos erwmuna ilarionis mier... (135,8).
,,mefisa mier kiTxul iqmna raJden... (144,11).
,,migebul iqmna mefe naculad kiTxvisa... WeSmaritisagan medrisa... (144,12).
,,esreT quaTa mier qolTa gantnul iqmna Tavi... (116,3).
,,brZanebiTa mefisaTa iguema friad da ganiCina, raTa warigzavnos igi
mTavrisad romlisame... (147,20).
,,rameTu ganigo CemTs qriste Cemisagan sikudili... (223,34).
,,da iqo igi yovelTa zecisa ZalTagan... (236,18).
,,da ukanasknel guezraxa TT Tavadisa mier Zisa Tsisa... (283,3).
,,mermeda sapyrobilesa Sina Seiyena... (316,27) da sxva mravali.
uzmno winadadebebi. uzmno winadadebaTa arsebobas Zvel qarTulSi berZnuli
enis gavlenas miaweren. Cveulebriv gamotovebulia ars meSveli zmna. Znelia
vilaparakoT antonis enaze uSualod berZnuli enis gavlenis Sesaxeb, magram
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igrZnoba garkveuli gavlena petriwisa, Tumca antonis
mier uSemasmenlo winadadebebis xmareba marto mimbaZvelobiT ar aris
gamowveuli. mas ritorikuli, intensiuri Txrobis gadmocemis specialuri
funqcia ekisreba. ,,martirikis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, uSemasmenlo
winadadebebi gamoyenebulia umetesad im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac antoni mimarTavs
,,Sesxmis Janrs, romelic TavisTavad moiTxovs amaRlebul, paTetikur weris
maneras da sagangebo literaturuli xerxebis gamoyenebas. erT-erTi aseTi
xerxTagani swored uSemasmenlo winadadebis gamoyenebac aris. meSveli zmnebis
an Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnuri nawilis CagdebiT miRebuli uzmno winadadebebi
didi odenobiT gvxvdeba: ,,maSin nadimni da nadirobani, sixarulni da RmrTisadmi
madlobani mefisagan da giorgisa, xolo ukeTurisa misganca, magra zakda
orgulebiT... (17,30).
,,maSin kueTebani saSinelni laxtTani da sazarelni igi Zgerebani SubTa da
orolTani, aRmowudani da mklavmagarkueTani rmalTani da amiT daTrgunuani da
waqeluani da aRwyuedani mZnuareni ucxoTeslTani da Zleva yovlad brwyinvale
da saxelovani mefisa... (49,24).
ZiriTadad uzmno winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli Sesxmis stiliT dawerili
adgilebi: ,,eha, sakrueli ese Secualeba! eha, uxrwnelisa amis keTildReobisa
dakueTeba da eha, winaTgamorCeva wmidisa Tsisa! eha, RmrTisa mimarTa
kadnierebisa simaRle mmarxuelobisamieri da krZalulebisa, mogebuli
orcTagan ganyrilisa sulisa!... (125,34). aseTi emociuri uzmno winadadebebi
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia ,,martirikisaTvis da didi raodenobiT aris

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masSi warmodgenili. xSirad aseT winadadebaTa rigs teqstis mTeli gverdi

uWiravs. Cven mxolod ramdenime aseTi magaliTis dasawyiss vaCvenebT:
1. mTavari da damokidebuli winadadeba Semasmenlis gareSea: ,,maSin Seginebani
qalwulTani, sikudilni moxucebulTani, viTar verSemZlebelTa tyueobaTa
da gardasaxlvisaTa, maSin sikudili mebrZolTa WabukTa armtevebelTa Tsda
tyueobad da gardasaxluad, maSin sikudili mRudelTa da diakonTa... da a.S.
(26,20).
,,martirikaSi mravlad moipoveba iseTi magaliTebi, rodesac intensiuri
Txrobis dros pirvel winadadebaSi aris warmodgenili zmna (damxmare), xolo
momdevno winadadebebSi igi igulisxmeba:
,,suli igi netari miiwia mun, sada-igi ars kadri umwvervalesi yovlad wmida
usaSualoTa saydarTa, sada uzesTaesi gonebisa kacobrivisa mRudelmTavrobiTi
Semwirueloba ZalTa, sada msaxurebiTi mdgomareoba mTavrobaTa, sada
saydari..., sada mhsgavseba..., sada savsebiT miReba jildosa, sada... da a.S.
(417,23).
aRsaniSnavia aseve ritorikuli mWermetyvelebis iseTi mravali magaliTi,
sadac antoni uzmno da zmnian winadadebaTa kombinacias iZleva: mTavari
winadadeba uzmnoa, xolo damokidebuli _ zmniani. Tavis mxriv, mTavari
winadadebebi TanwyobaSi imyofebian:
,,tkivil Cemda aRjuarua, raTa vhscxovrobde qristes Tana, Cemda sasurvel
gangmera, rameTu mwyuris satrfialosadmi Cemisa, Cemda ukue cecxli sawadel,
nivTi ganmleveli nawebTa CemTa, rameTu vstrfi, raTa ufros Sevhstrfode,
xolo sawyur sikudili, raTa ukudav viqmne ukudavisa Tana... (121,29).
xSiria magaliTebi, rodesac Tanwyobil winadadebaTa gabmul jaWvSi
pirvel mTavar winadadebaSi organuli warmoebis zmna aris warmodgenili,
momdevno mTavar winadadebebSi igive zmna mxolod igulisxmeba, TiToeuli
maTganis damokidebuli winadadeba ki zmniania: ,,romelnime vhsTqmideT
missa keTlSobilebasa da..., romelnime uzrunuelobasa missa yovlisaTs
msofliosa, rameTu man WeSmaritebiT Seiyuara ufali..., romelnime missa
nebasa..., rameTu da a.S. (268,14-270,31; es erTi winadadeba ramdenime gverdze
grZeldeba).
,,rameTu romelnime maTi ityoda: ,,RmerTo, RmerTo Cemo...., sxua - ,,me mZinavs
da...; sxua - ...,,(323,25-324,6).
,,martirikaSi yvela zemoT dasaxelebuli tipis uSemasmenlo winadadebis
raodenoba Zalian didia, magram Cven motanili magaliTebiT davkmayofildebiT.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi magaliTebi antonisaTvis ritorikuli
stilis erT-erTi saSualeba aris da amdenad is gansxvavdeba im uSemasmenlo

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winadadebaTagan, romlebsac petriwis TxzulebebSi vxvdebiT da romelTa

arseboba ZiriTadad berZnuli enis gavleniT aixsneba.
,,martirikis stilis Taviseburebani. Tuki Cven SevecdebiT miaxloebiT
mainc davaxasiaToT antonis enis stilistikuri Taviseburebani ,,martirikis
mixedviT, unda gavixsenoT is enobrivi Taviseburebani, romlebsac Cven ukve
SevexeT: es iqneba zogierT zmnaTa da saxelTa Taviseburi warmoeba, TandebulTa
Taviseburad gamoyeneba (erTi da imave Tandebulis windebulad da ukudebulad
gamoyeneba), mimReobaTa Warbad naxmari formebi da sxva Taviseburebani,
romelTa erToblioba ,,martirikaSi mis enobriv stils qmnis, magram ZiriTad
stilistikur Taviseburebebs daxasiaTebisas mainc sintaqsis sakiTxebi Seadgens.
1. winadadebis wevrTa rigi. qarTuli enisaTvis bunebrivia, rom martiv
winadadebaSi qvemdebare Semasmenelze win idges. Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi,
ra Tqma unda, arcTu iSviaTia am Tanmimdevrobis darRvevis SemTxvevebi, rac
ukve ama Tu im Zeglis stilistikur TaviseburebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
winadadebis mTavar wevrTa adgilis Senacvleba ,,martirikaSi logikuri
maxvilis gamoxatvas emsaxureba da wminda stilistikuri daniSnuleba aqvs.
,,da amisTs ganimarTlebis orgulebasa zeda mefisasa giorgi (54,16).
,,ese yovelni ukue warhmarTna Zelisa mier... ufalman... (150,9).
,,...romelmanca ivno orciTa Zelsa zeda ufalman... (150,10).
,,mrCobloba vhqmnaT siyuarulisa da erTobisa me da Sen... (24,2) da sxva
mravali.
amave mizans emsaxureba winadadebaSi wevrTa Tavisufali ganlageba:
,,ara Tanaswori aCuenes erTgulebrivi ganzraxua Teimurazs... (25,2).
,,viTarca angelosni RmrTisani Sekrebuleba igi qristeaneTa egreT hsCanan
TualTa CemTa winaSe... (214,10).
,,amas Sina Semdgomad dReTa raodenTame konstantine tfilisiT warigzavna
kruli samefod babilonurad qalaqad... (275,19).
,,bagrats Txovisaebr demur Tanawarsca Zali... (329,6).
,,grigoris Soris ugrZnobeloba ver dahsdua mterman... (379,26).
,,grigoris Soris ver hpova mterman adgili moSiSebisa... (380,1) da sxva
mravali.
2. ,,martirikis stilistikur TaviseburebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
o sxvaTa sityvis nawilakic. nawilobriv mis Sesaxeb saubari Cven ukve gvqonda,
magram aqac unda gavimeoroT, rom Cveulebriv, sxvaTa sityvis o winadadebis
bolo wevrs daerTvis _ ara marto zmnas, aramed sxva wevrsac.
,,martirikaSi o nawilaki yovelTvis zmnas daerTvis, xolo aseTi zmna
ki yovelTvis winadadebis TavSia dasmuli, rac winadadebas gansakuTrebul
intonacias sZens:

248

,,miarTueso laTinTa Sah-abass aTormeti aTasi Tumani... (34,3).

,,viyavo odesme TT menelsacxebel (!)... (244,35).
,,aRuteveso kaxTa yovelTa ma... (25,14).
,,miuwerao ese yoveli dedofalman... Zesa Tssa... (35,33).
,,SesZinao kualad mesamed yaenman... (25,21) da sxva mravali.
unda SevniSnoT, rom o nawilaki ,,martirikaSi yovelTvis ixmareba pirdapiri
Txrobis dros, antoni mas moxmobili wyaroebis citirebis dros iyenebs. citata
TiTqmis yovelTvis o nawilakiani zmniT iwyeba.
3. winadadebis wevrTa gaTiSva. stilistikur TaviseburebaTa Soris winadadebis
wevrTa gaTiSva ,,martirikis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa.
,,martirikis teqstis gagebas yvelaze ufro swored aseTi gaTiSvebis simravle
aZnelebs.
a) yvelaze mravalricxovania msazRvrel-sazRvrulis, es iqneba atributuli
Tu marTuli msazRvreli, gaTiSvis SemTxvevebi:
,,da trkciali mZnuare did-didTa mkmoluareTa Sirad gansrevda muguzTa...
(335,36).
,,da zrunva vhyoT sulierTaTs amieridan saqmeTa... (1,15,8).
,,Sesabamni RmrTismsaxurebisa Tsisani Sehswirna cremliT madlobani
RmrTisadmi... (23,11).
,,ara Tanaswori aCuenes erTgulebri ganzraxua Teimurazs... (25,2).
,,aRuteveso kacTa yovelTa ma winaSe dedoflis tirilisa... (25,14).
,,maSin orcni igi wmidani mrCobliTa ivnebdes tkiviliTa... (32,30).
,,univToTa moamrguala fargliTa garemo igi... (358,17).
,,ganRZebulsa eocna gonebasa... (85,34) da sxva uamravi.
b) aris ormagi gaTiSulis magaliTebic, rodesac ori sintagma erTimeores
TiSavs:
,,da amiT sityuaTa mizeziTa morwmuneTa mhsmenelTa mimarT vhsdga monadirebad
sagulisxmoTa sulTa maTTasa... (38,10).
gvxvdeba Sedgenili Semasmenlis gaTiSvis SemTxvevebic:
,,gamouTqmel ukue arian Sromani wmidisani... (101,4).
g) gansakuTrebiT Wirs teqstis Sinaarsis gageba, rodesac gaTiSulia
winadadebaTa nawilebi:
,,maSin mefe, dro iyo zafxulisa da, koJorisa zeda, anu Tavsa wavkisisasa
imyofeboda simrTelisaTs haerisa... (54,24).
,,da romelTaca TT erTisganisa guamisa, romelica gonebisaebr da sitysa da
sulisa samoba ars, TTkeTiloba igi erTi ixiles gangebulebiT orcielebrsa
ugiobelsa xrwnilebasa Sina yofa... (68,12).

249

,,ityan, viTarmed zedmhazruelman giorgi, Zmaman misman mrwemman, borotis

yofad, romelica mamasa ufro uyuardao, vidre daviTRa, awyina rame ZrisCueneba daviTs, romlisaTs daviT miuRo mefoba mamasa... (16,33). A
,,xolo Sah-abas Zri igi, romeli aqunda dafaruli gulsa Tssa mefeTa zeda
CuenTa, romelica adriTgan daemarxa, miiRo mizezi... (24,18).
d) xSiria Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvarovani wevrebiT gaTiSvis magaliTebi:
,,garna didsulTa mowameTa tkbiladre Sesues da sixaruliT sasmeli igi...
,,erTiTa naTliTa eluareobidan da samiTa erTiTa arsebisaTs... (193,22).
4. ritorikuli stili. ,,martirikis is adgilebi, sadac avtori mimarTavs
mowameTa Sesxma-qebas, amaRlebuli paTetikuri maneriTaa dawerili da
ritorikuli stilis mraval nimuSs Seicavs. uzmno winadadebebze saubrisas
Cven aRvniSneT, rom aseTi winadadebebis siWarbe, maTi monacvleoba zmnian
winadadebebTan qmnis Tavisebur kolorits da antonis enis stilisaTvis erTerT damaxasiaTebeli niSania. erTgvari intonaciiT dakavSirebul winadadebaTa
rigSi TiToeuli winadadebis TavSi erTi da igive Sorisdebulis, romelime
zmnizedis an nacvalsaxelis ganmeorebiT antoni aRwevs daZabuli, emociebiT
datvirTuli suraTis daxatvas. uzmno winadadebTa ganxilvisas aseTi magaliTebi
warmovadgineT. aq ki aseTi daniSnulebiT naxmar Cveulebriv winadadebebs
movitanT:
a) vinme//visme. ,,vin-me ukue esreT univTod mlocuel sxua viTar ese,
romelmanca moiRo Zleva orcTa zeda da, udides vhsTqua, bunebasa zeda? vin-me
sadame esreT Semoikriba erTbaSad Txova mecnier da keTilad da aRsrulebisa
uiWueli sasoeba? vis-me sadame hkdemoda erTa elisagan da pirisa mRudelTasa?
vin-me sadame ufro Seamkua da ganamdidrna wmidani ekklesiani? vin-me ufros
pativ-hsca yovelTa saxesa sibrZnis moyuarebisasa? vin-me ufro ganlina orcni
marxTa da... a.S. (22,4).
b) esreT. ,,esreT uar-iyofodes orcni wmidaTagans, esreT ijmnides wmidani
soflisagan, esreT qristes eziarebodes, esreT sarwmunoebasa missa mimarT
wmidaTa siyuaruliTa... ganaSuenebdes, esreT beWdiTa... cxovrebasa orcTa
Sina TsTa moigebdes, esreT sulTa TsTa wmidaTa gonebasa... iqmodes da...
amRudelmoqmedebdes...! (164,5-15).
g) maSin. ,,maSin Seginebani qalwulTani... maSin sikudili mebrZolTa WabukTa...
maSin sikudili mRudelTa... (26,20).
d) aha. ,,aha, gundi hrCeuli krZalulebisa...! aha, macxovrebloba
angelosebri...! aha, sxeulni dawulilebulni marxsa mier...! aha, nebsiT
saWurisni sasufevelisaTs caTasa! aha, mamakacni nebsiT ganmcemelni TavTa
TsTani...! aha, Sekrebuleba dabal-mzraxuelTa...! (192,13-22).

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e) dinamikur TxrobaSi zogjer warsuli drois moqmedeba gadmocemulia awmyos

mwkrivSi mdgari zmnebiT: ,,abo... Seiwynarebs siyuaruliT... saxarebasa..., aRiarebs
yovelTa gangebulebaTa misTa, erCis yovelTa mocemulTa mociqulTagan...,
miiRebs yovelTa hsjulisdebaTa mamobrivTa moZRurebaTagan..., Seiwynarebs
wmidasa samebas Ts Soris, adl iswaveben saRmrToTa... werilTa... (134,26-34).
Cven mxolod ramdenime tipiuri magaliTi vaCveneT, romlis msgavsi Zalian bevria
,,martirikaSi.
5. ,,martirikaSi gamoyenebuli mxatvruli Txrobis saSualebani. antoni
udaod Txrobis didi ostatia. ,,martirikis yvela TxzulebaSi Cans misi
didi erudicia da Txrobis logikuri siRrme, filosofiisa da dogmatikis
sakiTxebis Rrma codna da am codnis logikuri dakavSireba Txrobis ZiriTad
TemasTan. TiToeuli Txzulebis Sesavali warmoadgens antonis filosofiurdogmatikuri ganswavlulobis demonstrirebas, Tumca is TviTmizani ar aris da
yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mowamis sulier gancdebTan. romelime filosofiuri
Tu dogmatikuri debulebis warmosaCenad antoni SesaniSnavad iyenebs wyaroebs
(ZiriTadad Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebs), maT simboliur da alegoriul
mxatvrul xerxebs da yvelafers amas umorCilebs mTavari debulebis srulad
warmoCenas, xolo am ukanasknels organulad ukavSirebs ama Tu im moRvawis
Tu moRvaweTa jgufis Tavganwirvis mizezebs da amtkicebs maTi moqmedebis
gardauvalobas.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs antonis mxatvruli enac. antonis Rrma da rTuli
azrebi umetesad SesaniSnavi mxatvruli xerxebiTaa gadmocemuli, xSiria
avtoriseuli SeniSvnebi Txrobis procesSi, is xSirad gamoTqvams Tavis
damokidebulebas Txrobis obieqtTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi momentis
Sesaxeb, xSirad komentars ukeTebs saRmrTo wignebidan motanil citatebs, e.i.
ganmartavs maT mniSvnelobas. TiToeuli Txzulebis garkveul monakveTSi antoni
himnografis rolSi gvevlineba da sxvadasxva ritorikuli xerxis gamoyenebiT
qebas asxams Sesxmis sagans.
antonis mxatvruli Txrobis yvela momentis Cveneba gaWirdeba, amitom TiToorola magaliTs movitanT:
a) avtoriseuli SeniSvnebi:
,,xolo vgoneb amisTs Tnier iWsa, ese samoil igi ars, romelmanca
drosa mamaTmTavrobisa sxsa samoilissa, pativiTa arxidiakonman, saRmrToni
saidumloni ganumartna netarsa evstaTi da cnobad WeSmaritebisa moiyvana igi...
(227,17).
,,mecnier var Zalisa Cemisa, viTarmed ver SemZlebel iqmnen enani igi Tqmad...
(267,35).

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,,ese ukue winamdebareba Cemda galobad da qebad siyrmiTgan CemiT, viTarmed

uwinares monazonebad moslvisaca mieriT, odes-igi mwignobar viqmen, Tu hsTqua,
wiaRsave Sina dedisasa yofisa drosa uwyebul-qmnaman simneTa misTagan da
qristesTs ZlevaTa sasuruel Cemda hyues da adriTgan daidua Cem Soris...
(306,24-28).
,,saTanado vidremde ars Cemda ara datevebad evstaTi..., romelmanca Seamko
sisxliTa qalaqi, sada-igi viSev, da unjad... dadebiTa Tsisa... sxeulisaTa
ekklesia igi..., romlisa marTebiTi winamZRureba anu mwyemsoba miviRe
uRirsad... (211,13-17) da sxva.
b) avtori xSirad istorikos-komentatoris rolSi gamodis, ganmartebas
iZleva romelime Zveli Cveulebisa Tu istoriuli faqtis Sesaxeb: ,,da xuTTa
ZrismoqmedTa mis Tana ZeliTa sikudilsa ganaCinebdes, rameTu cnobadmde
WeSmaritebisa wmidisa mier da mociqulTa hsworisa konstantine TTmpyrobelisa
yovelsa sofelsa hsjulisagan mefobiTisa ZeliTa sikudilad daisjebodin
udides Zrismoqmedni... (148,34).
,,viTar-igi mZleni makedonelni, moqceulni indiaT nebiTa aleqsandre
didisaTa, elTa TsTa mier yuaviliTa grgnosan iqmnes. da alkiviados didisa
ZlevisaTs, romeli miiRo lakdemonelTa zeda, aTinelTagan TanmoqalaqeTa
TsTa ZrfasiTa oqrosa grgnosan iqmna... (284,1-6).
g) Zalian sainteresoa antonis erTi komentari, romelic CarTulia Salva
axalcixelis wamebis teqstSi: antoni saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
aRniSnavs, rom iovane aTabagi, romelic sardlobda qarTvelTa laSqars garnisis
brZolaSi jalaldinis winaaRmdeg da romelsac igi adanaSaulebs qarTvelTa
damarcxebaSi, am dros farulad ,,monazonqmnili iyoo da iqve komentars ukeTebs
am faqts;
,,romlisad umjobes iyo da Cuendaca sayoflad savane memxoloeTa, romliTa
ufrore Tavisuflad ganibertyda orcTa da sulsa... xolo Cuen nuTu
ganvereniTmca maSindelisagan yovlad mZnuarisa aRspobisa... (311,19-24).
d) antoni saRmrTo wignebidan zogierTi adgilis ganmartebasac iZleva:
,,vhsWame puri Cemi TafliT CemiT (qeba 5,1), ese igi SecualebiTa miT TqmuliTa:
xolo bunebisaTa sitkboebasa saTnosa Tssa adinebs siZe xilTagan da TT puri
igi cxovrebisa saxelsa Tssa zedwodebul-hyofs maT zeda... (250,18-21).
,,xolo kualad: ,,vhsu Rno Cemi sZiTa CemiTa (qeba 5,1). ese igi SecualebiTa
miT: patiosniTa bunebisa xilTaTa adinebs siZe xilTa maTgan... (iqve). ,,romelni
hyofen ,,erTsa dabeWdulsa wyarosa (qeba 4,12), ese igi erTsa da masve wmidasa
gulisxmis-yofasa, anu erTsa hazrsa wmidasa, romelman Sehkribna mraval=bevr
nakadulni igi erTad wyarod da dahSna, raTa ukudavisa siZisagan ucxoTa da

252

miuTualuelTa hazrTa da warmodgomaTa bnelTa da SereulTa da ganhsjaTa

cruTa ver ganaRon igi... (250,27-33).
e) ,,martirikaSi bevri adgili mxatvruli sityvis SesaniSnavi nimuSia,
sityvis namdvili ostatis naxelavi, raSic ramdenime ara sagangebod SerCeuli
adgilis motaniTac SeiZleba davrwmundeT:
,,da odes aRmobrwyindes mze sxeulsa Tualsa Sina, ugrZnobel iqmnen
TualTagan varskulavni... (87,4).
,,viTar-igi wmiersa Rrubelsa Sina anu wyliTa aRusebulsa burTsa Sina
brolisasa savsed mosrulman Saravandedman mziurman gamohscnes ferni Suenierni
sxuadasxuani... (237,31-33).
,,xolo borc ese yuavilovan hyo, rameTu dahsTesna mis Soris sityuani
saxarebisani da ara hsca adgili drosa aRmoslsa maTisasa ,,aRmosulad
ekalTa queynierTa zrunuaTa, raTa SeaSTuesmca nayofiereba Teslisa (maTe
13,7), `arcaRa utevna mosulad mfrinuelni aRkrebad da SeWmad, ,,romelni-igi
hfrinavnn (!) dRisi (fsal. 90,51), `vercaRa simWirseman sicxisa murualebisaman
ganamo, rameTu queyanasa Sina keTilsa daeba Ziri... (211,36-212,6).
,,da maT yovelTa Soris erToba mzisa, RmrTisa TToeulebiTa maTiTa
iqadagebis, viTar-igi mravalTa oqrosa WurWelTa sxuadasxuaguarad
danakueTTa elovneba oqrosmWedlisa misve da erTisa icnobebodes... (229,14).
,,xolo quaTa zeda TreviTa nawevarni dahsndebodian da kuerTxebiTa myovar
guemisa ZliT mguemelni mowamisani mouZlurdebodian... (146,22).
,,da esreT badesa wmidaTa sityuaTa misTasa Sewyudeulni simravleni
gulmxmelTa TevzTan miarTuna ujerkulod momavlinebelsa Tssa... (117,11).
,,maSin gansacdelTa siZneleni wmidisad da wmida moTmine gansacdelTad
daimrCobleboden... (27,12).
,,iqmna WeSmaritad niSan mSdobisa irised ganWrelebul: wiTlad sisxliTa
vnebisaTa wmidiTa, mzisfer yovliTa saTnoebaTa monebisa ZliT..., mwuaned
niadag areobiTa da dauberebeliTa keTilobisaTs Ts Soris mogebiTa, iisfer
mglovarebisaca Ts Soris qonebiTa... (78,25).
,,satanjuelni... nu dacxromadnia da moklebadni, romelica sisxlisa
moZravobisa Cuenisa dacxromisa drosa dahscxres igica... (292,20).
,,orTave ZmaTa maT axalcixelTa queSe gamouklnes cxenni... (312,17).
amrigad, anton bagrationis enis Sesaxeb ,,martirikis mixedviT aseTi zogadi
daskvna SeiZleba gavakeToT:
1. ,,martirika ZiriTadad Zveli qarTuli enis normebis dacviT dawerili
Zeglia. mTlianobaSi sworad aris naxmari antonis epoqisaTvis naklebad
mosalodneli awmyos, uwyvetlisa da wyvetilis xolmeobiTi mwkrivebis formebi,

253

yovelTvis daculia II kavSirebiTSi asaxuli obieqtis mravlobiTobis n-is Semdeg

kavSirebiTis mwkrivis e-mawarmoebeli, av da am TemisniSnian zmnaTa uRvlilebis
Taviseburebani uwyvetlis mwkrivSi, statikuri zmnebis awmyos formebi da
TurmeobiTis mwkrivTa warmoeba, umravles SemTxvevaSi Zveli qarTuli normebis
mixedviT warmodgenili wyvetilis mwkrivSi III piris mravlobiTobis piris
niSani gardauval zmnebTan da sxva. aseve ZiriTadad Zveli normebis mixedviTaa
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis (rogorc atributulisa, ise marTulisa) SeTanxmeba
ricxvSi da brunvaSi, masdaruli konstruqciebi, mimReoburi formebi, adamianTa
saxelebis moTxrobiTi da sxv.
2. Taviseburebebidan gamosayofia iseTi formebi, romlebic, albaT, petriwis
enis gavlenas unda mieweros: zogierT mimReobaTa Taviseburi warmoeba,
leqsikuri erTeulebi, zogi axali kavSiris damkvidreba (magra), Tandebulis
Taviseburi xmareba (mebr, Ts windebulad), uzmno winadadebebi, winadadebis
wevrTa gaTiSva da sxva.
3. is siaxleni da Taviseburebebi, romelTa arseboba ,,martirikaSi sasaubro
enisa da dialeqturi formebis gavleniT aixsneba, arcTu mcirericxovania: garda
Tandebuli, ye nawilaki, iribi obieqtis mravlobiTis T niSani en gardauval
zmnebTan, iSviaTi SemTxvevebi meSveli zmnis ars gamartivebisa, maSasadame
nawilakis Semotana, od da d savrcobiani zmnebis uRvlilebis gaTanabreba da
sxv.
4. Taviseburebani, romelnic antonma sxva enebis gavleniT Semoitana:
orTografiuli da diakritikuli niSnebi, axali asoebi (,) da sxva.
antonis enis TaviseburebebSi iSviaTad vnaxavT iseT formebs, romelTac
sporadulad mainc ar hqondes dasayrdeni antonis wina periodis mwerlobaSi.
antonis ,,danaSauli Zvel qarTul enaSi zogierTi iSviaTi formis mibaZviT
nawarmoebi formebis Warbad xmarebaa. ZiriTadi siaxle antonisa arabunebrivi
orTografiuli niSnebisa da zedmeti diakritikuli niSnebis xmarebaa (klebuli,
maxvili, qaragmis gansxv. niSnebi da sxv.). aqve unda aRvniSnoT zogierTi
arabunebrivi morfologiuri formis Seqmna da zogierTi rTuli winadadebis
arabunebrivi sintaqsuri wyobac.

254

originaluri hagiografiuli mwerlobis

zogierTi sakiTxi
qarTuli originaluri hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis Seswavlas
sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. maT Sesaxeb vrceli samecniero literaturac
arsebobs qarTul, rusul da ucxour enebze. Seswavlilia hagiografiul
TxzulebaTa ara marto istoriul-literaturuli problemebi, aramed
filologiur-teqstologiuri sakiTxebic.
bunebrivia, TiToeuli Zeglis mecnieruli damuSaveba upirveles yovlisa, am
TxzulebaTa teqstebis mecnierul publikaciebs emyareba. mecnieruli sizustiT
dadgenili da gamocemuli Zegli masze damyarebuli mecnieruli kvlevis sandoobis
sawindaria.
qarTuli hagigorafiuli calkeuli Txzulebis, Tu TxzulebaTa krebulebis
publikaciebsac Tavisi istoria aqvT. magram bolo wlebamde ar arsebobda
originaluri Zeglebis gamocemis sruli korpusi (m. sabininis `saqarTvelos
samoTxe, sol. yubaneiSvilis mier Sedgenili `Zveli qarTuli literaturis
qrestomaTia, `saunjis I t. da sxva aseTi gamocema specialur miznebs isaxavda,
arc erTi maTgani ar aris sruli, arc kritikuli.
hagiografiuli Zeglebis sruli korpusis gamocemis idea xelnawerTa
instituSi ganxorcielda. mis xorcSesxmas institutis TanamSromlebi il.
abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Seudgnen xelnawerTa institutis daarsebisTanave
(1958w.). am Sromis Sedgad gamoqveynda `Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebis oTxi tomi: I wigni daibeWda 1963 wels, II 1966 wels, III
1971 wels da IV 1968 wels. am tomebs mogvianebiT miemata VI wigni 1980 wels
da V wigni 1989 wels. am tomebSi Tavmoyrilia originalur hagigorafiul
TxzulebaTa yvela Janrisa (`wamebani, `cxovrebani) da redaqciis (kimenuri,
metafrasuli da svinaqsaruli) yvela Zegli. ase rom, es gamocema jerjerobiT
qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaTa erTaderTi sruli publikaciaa.
Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli iyo hagiografiul TxzulebaTa mxolod uZvelesi
Zeglebis teqstis gamocema (IIV tomi). rac VXIVss. qronologiuri CarCoebiT
ifargleboda. amasTanave gamocemul tomebs ar axlda araviTari filologiurteqstologiuri narkvevi (IV tomis garda) da leqsikon-saZiebeli. rac Seexeba
sacnobaro aparats, oTxive tomis simfoniis Sedgena ganzraxuli iyo korpusis
gamocemis damTavrebis Semdeg. filologiur-teqstologiuri gamokvlevis darTva
*

daibeWda: x.i. mravalTavi, XVII, Tbilisi, 1992, gv.

3-37.

255

ki saerTod ar iyo gaTvalsiwinebuli. radgan aseTi gamokvleva axlavs IV toms

(svinaqsaruli hagiografiis mimoxilva) da gvian damatebul tomebs (V tomi
XVIIIs. qarTuli hagografia da VI antonis `martirika), amitom gadavwyviteT
warmogvedgina Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis am dargis zogadi mimoxilvac, romelic
unda darToda qronologiurad yvelaze bolos gamosul `Zeglebis V wigns, rac
ver ganxorcielda teqnikuri mizezebis gamo. amitom gvixdeba misi gamoqveyneba
calke werilis saxiT `Zeglebis eqvstomeulis gamocemis damTavrebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
qarTuli hagiografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi sakmao sisruliT aris
damuSavebuli korneli kekeliZis, ivane javaxiSvilisa da maTi mowafeebis
mier, magram misi kvleva, ra Tqma unda, grZeldeba da qarTuli filologiuri
mecniereba bevri saintereso dakvirvebiT mdidrdeba. winamdebare narkvevs
imdenad mecnieruli kvlevis pretenzia ara aqvs, ramdenadac misi mizania zogadi
warmodgena Seuqmnas mkiTxvels hagiografiul korpusSi warmodgenil Zeglebze da
daanaxos mas originaluri hagiografiuli Zeglebis pozitiuri mxare bizantiuri
hagiografiis saerTo fonze. bizantiur hagiografiaze Tvalis gadavleba ki
originaluri hagografiis erovnuli xasiaTisa da misi originaluri gzebis
ZiebaTa CvenebisaTvis gamodgeba.
***
qristianuli erebis mwerlobis istoriaSi hagiografiuli dargis
literaturas erT-erTi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs. hagiografiuli literaturis
pirveli Txzulebebi bizantiur-romaur qristianul garemoSi Seiqmna da
TandaTanobiT gavrcelda danarCen qristianul samyaoSi, maT Soris qarTulSic.
qristianuli saeklesio mwerlobis istoriaSi hagiografia, kerZod misi
Tavdapirveli Janri `martirologia, anu qarTulad `wamebani, bibliologiuri
literaturis Semdeg qristianuli mwerlobis uZvelesi dargia, xolo istoriulliteraturuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mas didi kulturulistoriuli Rirebuleba aqvs.
hagiografiuli mwerlobis warmoSobas ZiriTadi Teoriuli safuZveli axali
aRTqmis literaturam, kerZod, saxarebam daudva. qristes da misi mowafeebis
cxovrebam da mowamebrivma aRsasrulma warmoSva mowameTa kultis dafuZnebis
idea, xolo maTi martvilobaTa literaturul damuSavebaSi saxarebis motivebisa
da literaturuli xerxebis garda gamoyenebulia warmarTuli berZnuli romanis
ZiriTadi elementebi. qristianobis warmoSobis pirveli wlebidanve qristes
mowamebrivi ideali yvela qrisitanis misabaZ magaliTad iqca, xolo mowameoba
qrisitanuli rwmenis aRiarebis WeSmarit gamoxatulebad. berZnul-romauli
warmarTuli imperia, romlis wiaRSi warmoiSva qristianuli religia, sakmaod

256

noyier niadags uqmnida axali religiis mimdevarT, sisruleSi moeyvanaT TavianTi

miswrafeba.
bizantiuri hagiografiuli mwerlobis magaliTi ar gamodgeba qarTuli
originaluri hagiografiuli mwrlobis warmoSobis asaxsnelad, qarTuli
hagiografia ar warmoSobila warmarTul samyaroSi. mirian mefis epoqaSi,
rodesac istoriuli cnobebiT iwyeba qristianobis Casaxva qarTul warmarTul
qveyanaSi, arc mowameobrivi faqtebia naxsenebi da arc qristianTa devnis
SemTxveevbia dadasturebuli (kolaelTa `wamebaSi moTxrobili suraTi,
warmarTi mSoblebis mier gaqristianebuli mcirewlovani Svilebis daxocvis
ambavi, romelic taos mTian sofel kolaSi momxdara daax. VIs., xolo aRwerilia
IXs. ZeglSi, aratipiuria da gviandeli. aseve gviandelia da saeWvoc wm. ninos
XIs. svinaqsaruli cnobac (Sin 4), rom man `mravalgzis wamebani (daiTmina)
mirian uRmrTosa elmwifisagan (Zeglebi, IV, 351). piriqiT loialuri
damokidebuleba axali sarwmunoebis mimarT Cans ninos mier nana dedoflis
moqcevis gadmocemaSi. saqarTveloSi qristianobis damkvidreba bizantiuri
qristianobis did gamocdilebas emyareboda da mis mier SemuSavebuli mzamzareuli
formebis gadmonergvas iTvaliswinebda. amitom martvilologiuri Txzulebebi
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod bizantiuri hagiografiis nimuSebiT unda
yofiliyo cnobili, rogorc es SuSanikis wamebaSi naxsenebi `wignni mowameTanidan Cans. saqarTveloSi hagiografiis originaluri Txzulebebis Seqmnas sul sxva
safuZveli hqonda, vidre bizantiaSi, sadac qristianobis Casaxvidan warmarTul
religiasTan brZolaSi mis saboloo gamarjvebamde oTxi saukune gavida da sadac
qristianul mwerlobas pirveli saukuneebidanve hqonda Tavisi literaturuli
tradicia evangeluri literaturis saxiT.
ueWvelia, saqarTveloSi qriastianul religias sabolood damkvidrebamde
warmarTuli sarwmunoebis daZleva mouxdeboda da ar SeiZleba es procesi
umtkivneulod warmovidginoT, magram am faqts ar ganupirobebia qarTuli
hagiografiis warmoSoba, Tumca ar SeiZleba am gardamaval periods qarTvel
qristianTa garkveuli nawilis sicocxle ar Seewira. saqme isaa, kidec rom
arsebuliyo wyaro, originaluri hagoigrafia ver Seiqmneboda am dros
saqarTveloSi qristianuli mwerlobis tardiciebis uqonlobis mizeziT:
saqarTveloSi qristianobis saboloo gamarjvebis Semdeg bizantiuri qristianuli
literatura da saeklesio organizacia erT-erTi wyaro da safuZveli iyo
nacionaluri saeklesio organizaciisa da saeklesio literaturis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebisaTvis.
faqtia, pirveli Cvenamde moRweuli originaluri hagiografiuli Txzulebebi
`martirologiuri xasiaTisaa da amaSi moulodneli araferia, radgan

257

qristianulma erebma hagiografiuli mwerloba yvelgan am JanriT daiwyes,. es

Janri emyareba ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi Seqmnil specifikur saSinao Tu sagareo
pirobebs: qristianobisa da qristianebisadmi dapirispirebuli antagonisturi
Zalebis arsebobas da mowameobis realur faqtebze daweril Txzulebebs
(calkeul qristianTa wamebis martooden faqti religiis istoriis kuTvnilebaa
da ara hagiografiuli mwerlobisa). qarTul qristianul saxelmwifoSi
originaluri martirologiuri mwerlobis warmoSobisaTvis Sinapolitikuri
pirobebi ar arsebobda. qarTuli hagiografiis arsebobis manZilze qarTuli
`martirologiuri hagiografiuli Txzulebebis Seqmnis safuZveli mxolod
mazdean da mahmadian dampyrobelTa mier Seqmnili politikuri situacia iyo,
romelsac upirispirdeboda qarTuli eklesiis religiuri da erovnuli
interesebi. qarTuli hagiografiis sawyisebic, romlis zusti drois dadgenisaTvis
jerjerobiT cnobebi ar mogvepoveba, albaT zemoT aRniSnul situaciebSi unda
veZeboT. saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom qarTuli originaluri sasuliero mwerloba
`martirologiiT daiwyo. amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs ara marto Cvenamde
moRweuli pirveli originaluri hagiografiuli Zegli `SuSanikis wameba,
aramed amaze migvaniSnebs iakob xucesis Txzulebis ideur-mxatvruli donec,
romelsac ueWvelad Zlieri da mdidari qristianuli literaturuli tradiciebi
unda uZRodes win. mxolod bizantiuri literaturuli tradiciebis mibaZviT
aseTi donis hagiografiuli Txzuleba ver daiwereboda. bizantiuri saeklesio
mwerlobisagan gansxvavebiT, martirologia qarTuli hagoiografiuli
mwerlobis sruluflebiani Janria `cxovrebis Janris gverdiT saeklesio
mwerlobis arsebobis mTel manZilze V saukunidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT.
ufro metic, hagiografiuli mwerlobis bolo periodSi (XVIIIs.), anu ufro
sworad, hagiografiuli mwerlobis xelaxla aRorZinebis xanaSi igi `cxovrebis
Janrze ufro gavrcelebulia. misi aseTi xangrZlivoba saqarTvelos istoriuli
mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

***
bizantiuri `martirologiis warmoSobis ZiriTad safuZvlad romaulberZnul warmarTul imperiaSi qristianTa devnis SemTxvevebs asaxeleben.
saqarTveloSi msgavsi faqti gamoricxulia hagiografiuli mwerlobis ukve
qristianul garemoSi warmoSobis gamo. magram ismis sakiTxi: idevneboda Tu ara
qristianuli sarwmunoeba saqarTveloSi araqristian dampyrobelTa mier wminda
sarwmunoebriv niadagze? iyo Tu ara qristianuli sarwmunoebis mtkiced dacva
mowamis sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi?

258

am sakiTxs uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT: arc mazdeanuri sparseTisa da

arc mahmadianuri arabeTis saqarTvelSi batonobis dros qarTvel qristianTa
dasjis mizezi ar yofila mxolod sarwmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba. SuSanikisa
(Vs.) da evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebis (VIs.) istoriaulad relur faqtebs,
romlebsac adgili hqonda mazdeanuri sparseTis saqarTveloSi batonobis dros,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavbuli safuZveli aqvT. SuSaniki Seewira sakuTar ojaxSi
warmoSobil ganxeTqilebas, romelsac SuSanikisaTvis sarwmunoebrivi safuZveli
hqonda, xolo varsqenisaTvis meuRlis urCoba da ojaxuri tradiciebis xelyofa.
SuSaniki ewama ara imitom, rom is qristiani iyo, aramed imitom, rom ar daemorCila
meuRles, ojaxis ufross, gamazdeanebul varsqens, romelsac amave dros
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri xelisuflebac epyra (am moments Cven xazi imitom
gavusviT, rom varsqenis dausjeloba mis mier Cadenili yovelgvari danaSaulebrivi
moqmedebisaTvis am xelisuflebiT iyo garantirebuli). qristianma qalma ar
moisurva qristianobis moRalate qmarTan cxovreba, xolo Seuracxyofilma
qmarma yvela xerxs mimarTa meuRlis ojaxSi dasabruneblad da imedi rom
gadaewura, amis Semdeg gawira igi samudamo patimrobisaTvis. niSandoblivia,
rom varsqens arcerTxel ar mouTxovia SuSanikisagan qristianobis daTmoba da
gamazdeaneba (Tumca, rogorc sparseTis mefisaTvis micemuli pirobidan Cans, igi
amas apirebda, Tuki SuSaniks sasaxleSi daabrunebda. amasve mowmobs varsqenis
moqmedeba Svilebis gamazdeaneba).
sul sxvagvari suraTia `evstaTis martvilobaSi. evstaTi mazdeani sparsi
iyo da saqarTveloSi igi Tavidan qristianobis siyvaruls ar unda moeyvana,
rogorc es Txzulebis avtoris tendenciur TxrobaSi aris warmodgenili.
sparselebis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi bevri sparseli Camosula ukeTesi
bedis saZebnelad. qarTul qristianul garemoSi mas gauCnda survili qristiani
gamxdariyo, risi mizezic SesaZlebelia, qristiani meuRlis SerTva yofiliyo
(saeklesio kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mas rom qristiani qali SeerTo TviTonac
qristiani unda gamxdariyo). swored sakuTari religiis Ralati iyo evstaTis
sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi da ara misi qristianoba. sparselebi rom loialurad
ekidebodnen maT mier dapyrobil qveynebSi adgilobriv religias, es kargad
Cans TviT `evstaTis wamebidan. qristianuli eklesiis Seviwrovebis arc erTi
magaliTi ar moipoveba arc `SuSanikis wamebaSi, arc `evstaTi mcxeTelis
wamebaSi da am periodis arc erTi sxva werilobiT wyaroSi. dampyrobluri
omebis dros dapyrobili saxelmwifos mosaxleobis represirebisa da darbevis
faqtebi politikur-ekonomikuri aqtia da ara religiuri. mahmadianur qveynebs
Soris warmoebuli omebis magaliTebi (iseve, rogorc qristianul saxelmwifoebs
Sorisac) adastureben am faqtebs. evstaTi, romelic sparsel mazdeanTa

259

dabezRebiT pirvelad sapyrobileSi Casves, qristianuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifo

xelisufalTa SuamdgomlobiT gaanTavisufles cixidan qristianobis daTmobisa
da mazdeanobis xelaxla miRebis garSe: `gamoiyvanes igini (evstaTi da kidev
5 gaqristianebuli sparseli) mier sapyrobiliT da movides igini vanad Tsa
qristianebiT1. amis Semdeg marTlac SeuZlebelia laparaki am dros saqarTveloSi
sparselebisagan qarTvel qristianTa devnis Sesaxeb. rodesac evstaTi meored
daabezRes, amasTan erTad daapatimres stefane da orive marzpanis veJan buzmiris
winaSe waradgines: `eseni arian axal qristianeni igi mcxeTelni moaxsenes.
`xolo veJan buzmir hrqua evstaTis da stefanes: `vinani xarT, anu romeli rCuli
gipyries? aRdges asurni mTavarni kacni stefanesTs da hrques: `ese kaci Cuen
viciT, Cueni mdaburi ars, mama da deda da Zmani da dani magisni qristiane arian
da egeca qristiane ars. xolo stefane maTiTa miT sityTa ganuteves2. mkafiod
aris naTqvami, rom qristianuli aRmsarebloba, Tuki is mamapapeuli rjulia,
araviTari represiebis mizezi ar aris.
qristianuli religiis legaluri mdgomareoba am drois sparseTSi, rac
sxvaTa Soris aRniSnulia `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi (`rameTu ganZaks
qalaqsa qristianeni ufros arian da episkoposni da mRdelni3), ar adasturebs
saqrTveloSi sparselebis mier qristianTa devnas. rogorc grigol manaWihris
martvilobaSi naTqvamia (somxuri teqsti gamosca ter-mkrtiCianma `araratSi
1901w. gv. 464-474) da rac aRniSnuli aqvs k. kekeliZes4: `meaTxuTmetesa welsa
mefobisa xvasro sparsTa mefisa, gamoica mefisagan brZaneba Tavis sabrZaneblisa
yvela qveynisadmi, rom vinc sparsTa tomisagan qristes aRmsarebeli aRmoCndeba,
Seipyran da cixeSi daamwyvdion, mkacri tanjviT RvTismsaxurebis dateveba
aiZulon da mzesa da cecxlsa Tayvani aceminon. rogorc Cans, am brZanebis
rezonansi aris evstaTi mcxeTelis xelmeored dapatimreba da sikvdiliT dasjac.
unda vivaraudoT, rom sparselebis religiuri loialobis Sedegad
sparselebis qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevis SemTxvevebi gaxSirda, risi
dasturic kargad Cans `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan: evstaTis pirveli
dapatimrebis dros misi bedi gaiziara Svidma gaqristianebulma sparselma. aseTi
magaliTebi bevri iyo sparseTis mier dapyrobil sxva qveynebSi.swored aseTma
SemTxvevebma gamoiwvia sparseTis mefis zemodamowmebuli brZanebac.
mazdeanuri sparseTis saqarTveloSi batonobis periodSi qrisitani qarTvelis
dasjis arc erTi faqti ar daiZebneba, romelsac safuZvlad mxolod qristianuli
aRmsarebloba edos. Cvenamde moRweuli am periodis hagiografiuli Txzulebebi
1
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 34 (qvemoT `Zeglebi~).
2
iqve, gv. 35.
3
iqve, gv. 31.
4 4 qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 510.

260

Zalze mcirea, sul sami: SuSanikis `martviloba, evstaTis `martloba, abibos

nekreselis `martloba. aqve unda movixsenioT raJdenis wamebis faqtic,
romlis Sesaxeb hagiografiuli Zegli Tavidan ar dawerila (aseTi Txzuleba
daiwera mxolod XVIIIs. besarion orbeliSvilis mier), magram mas axsenebs
vaxtang gorgaslis istorikosi. pirveli Zeglis Sesaxeb Cven ukve aRvniSneT;
evstaTi mcxeTeli sikvdiliT daisaja mazdeanuri sarwmunoebis Ralatis gamo.
raJdeni, romelic qarTul eklesiaSi cnobilia `pirvelmowamed, iyo sparseli
mazdeani da isic ganudga Tavis sarwmunoebas da es iyo sparselebis xelSi tyved
Cavardnili raJdenis sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi. dagvrCa abibos nekreselis wamebis
faqti, romelic, TiTqos, ewinaaRmdegeba zemoTqmuls. abibosi siriidan mosuli
erTi aTcamet mamaTagania, magram, rogorc amas k. kekeliZe amtkicebs, qarTveli
monofiziti iyo, Tanac qarTuli eklesiis erT-erT ierarqi, nekrsis episkoposi.
magram is sparselebma Caqoles ara qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmsareblobisaTvis,
aramed mazdeanuri religiis xelyofisa da SeuracxyofisaTvis: `xolo netari
abibos nekresel qalaqisa episkoposi, evisa kaxeTisa, aRiZra SuriTa saRmrToTa
da ver Tavs-idva ucxosa mis samsaxurebelisa maxlobelad misa yofad da
daasxa wyali xeneSi da daSrita igi. ese ra cnes uSjuloTa maT sparsTa, friad
guemes, kninRa vidre mokles netari igi1, xolo Semdeg sapyrobileSi Casves da
bolos `gantvines. marTalia, `abibos nekreselis wamebis uZvelesi redaqcia IX
saukunis Zeglad aris miCneuli da bevradaa daSorebuli masSi aRweril epoqas,
magram amas am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs da Tanac misi wyaro SeiZleba VIVIIss. Seqmnili hagiografiuli Zegli an istoriuli cnoba iyos.
faqtiurad suraTi ar Secvlila saqarTveloSi arabebis batonobis drosac,
Tumca Cvenamde am periodis `martviloba-wamebebma gacilebiT meti raodenobiT
moaRwia. TxzulebebSi aRwerili drois mixedviT (da ara TviT TxzulebaTa Seqmnis
TariRis miedviT) `martvilobebi aseTi TanmimdevrobiT dalagdeba: `daviT da
konstantines `wameba (737-741ww.), abos `wameba (786-790ww.), arCilis `wameba
(787w.Semdeg), kostanti kaxis `wameba (853-856ww.), gobronis `wameba (914w.).
amjerad Cven `martvilobaTa istoriul-literaturul sakiTxebs ar SevexebiT.
gvainteresebs mxolod qristianebis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da arabTa
damokidebuleba am religiisadmi, ufro zustad is, Tu ra safuZveli hqonda
qristian morwmuneTa dasjas, rac wyaro gaxda zemoT CamoTvlili `wamebebis
SeqmnisaTvis (imTaviTve an ufro gvian).
daviwyoT `abos wamebiT. aq zustad evstaTi mcxeTelis `wamebis analogiuri
SemTxveva gvaqvs. abo gaqristianebuli arabia, romelsac mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis
RalatisaTvis mohkveTes Tavi. magram danarCeni mowameebi: arCil mefe, daviT da
1

Zeglebi, I, 242.

261

konstantine, kostanti kaxi da miqael-gobroni xom erovnebiT qarTveli mowameebi

arian. Tuki arabebis saqarTveloSi batonobis xanaSi qristian qarTvelTa dvenas
ar hqonda adgili maTi sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis gamo, maS ram gamoiwvia
arab xelisufalTa mier maTi wamebis faqti? yvela CamoTvlili mowamis
dasjis safuZveli mcireodeni sxvaobiT erTi da igive iyo: dampyroblebisadmi
politikuri Seurigebloba da erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacva.
gavixsenoT: argveTis mTavrebi daviT da konstantine dasavleT saqarTvelos
arab dampyrobelTagan damcveli jaris meTaurebi arian, gaafTrebuli wina
aRmdegobis miuxedavad qarTvelTa jari damarcxda mtris Warb ZalebTan pirispir
brZolaSi, xolo mTavrebi tyved Cavardnen. daviT da konstantines sikvdiliT
dasja arabebis mier gamiznuli politikuri aqti iyo, msgavsi incidentis Tavidan
asacileblad. igive moxda arabTa mier samxreT saqarTveloSi yvelis cixis
garemocvis sastiki da mZime brZolebis Semdeg arabebma cixec aiRes da cocxlad
darCenili mecixovneni da maTi Tavkaci gobronic daatyveves. gobronisa da
kidev asocdarva qarTvelis daxocva dampyrobel arabTa Cveulebrivi damsjeli
operacia iyo da ara religiuri motivebiT gamiznuli aqti. qarTlSi arabTa
winaaRmdeg erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli ajanyeba, romelsac kostanti kaxi
Tavkacobda, damarcxda, xolo am politikuri aqtis meTauri sikvdiliT dasajes.
arab xelisufalTa mier arCil mefis dasjasac igive politikuri sarCuli unda
hqonoda, Tumca am TxzulebaSi, rogorc yvela martirologiur ZeglSi, morwmune
avtoris aqcenti mowamis religiuri aRmsareblobis dacvazea gadatanili.
X saukunis Semdeg saqarTveloSi martirologiuri hagiografiis Zegli aRar
dawerila XVIII saukunis dasawyisamde (daviT konstantines `martviloba XII
saukuneSi Zveli redaqciis `wamebis gadamuSavebad aris miCneuli da ara axal
Txzulebad). es aixsneba ara marto imiT, rom hagiografiis es Janri daCrdila
`cxovrebis Janrma X-XII saukuneebSi, anda imiT, rom XIII-XVIIss. saqarveloSi
mwerlobis krizisisa da daqveiTebis periodia, aramed imiTac, rom qristian
morwmuneTa sikvdiliT dasjis SemTxvevebi saqarTveloSi istoriuli wyaroebiT
ar dasturdeba (XIIIs. jalaledinis mier gaJletili Tbilisis mosaxleobis
nawili, an kidev XIVs. qvaTaxevs daxocili bermonazvnoba, iseve rogorc garejis
udabnoSi XVIIs. monazvnebis amowyveta, dampyrobelTa Cveulebrivi damsjeli
da mZarcveluri operaciebia da ara sagangebo qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg
Catarebuli aqti. es momentebi, romelTac mxolod istoriuli wyaroebi
ixsenieben gakvriT, hagiografiis sagani ar gamxdara anton I-mde XVIIIs. meore
naxevramde).
`wamebaTa ricxvSi unda movixsenioT Zvel qarTul literaturaSi cnobili
kidev ori Zegli `wameba yrmaTa wmidaTa ricxT cxraTa (kolaelTa wameba) da

262

`daviTis da tariWanis martviloba (Zeglebi, II, gv. 173-175; 183-191), romlebic

qalkedoniti somexi avtorebis mier Tavidanve qarTul enaze daweril IXs.
Txzulebebad miaCniaT. pirveli maTgani aRwers VIs. warmarTi mSoblebis mier
mcirewlovani gaqristianebuli bavSvebis Caqolvas, xolo meore warmarTi
biZis mier bavSvebis, Tavisi qristiani diswulebis daxocvis ambavs.
hagiografiuli mwerlobis xelaxalma aRorZinebam da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam sparsel mahmadianTa
mpyrobelobis xanaSi ( XVI-XVIIss.) isev aqtualuri gaxada martirologia.
grigol dodorqelisa da besarion orbeliSilis martirologiurma Txzulebebma
aaRorZina qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis es uZvelesi Janri. grigolis
`qeTevan dedoflis wameba, agreTve besarionis Txzulebebi `luarsab mefis
wameba, da `biZina, Salva da elizbaris wameba warmoadgenen axali tipis
martirologiur Txzulebebs, romelbic agrZeleben uZveles tradiciebsa da
amdidreben mas `cxovreba-moqalaqeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli literaturuli
xerxebiT da, rac maTavaria, istoriuli matianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SinaarsiT.
am TxzulebaSi mkveTrad aris xazgasmuli erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis
mebrZoli mefeebisa (qeTevani, Teimurazi, luarsabi) Tu mTavrebis (biZina, Salva,
elizbari) patriotizmi da qristianuli religiisaTvis Tavis ganwirva, magram
mainc arc erTi am mowameTagani ar Sewirvia sparsel mahmadian dampyrobelTa
mier qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa devnas iseve, rogorc zemoaRniSnul
sparsul-mazdeanur da arabul-mahmadianur garemocvaSi daRupuli qarTuli
eklesiis Zveli mowameebi. aq ufro TvalnaTliv Cans, rom yvela maTganis daRupvis
mizezi isev da isev sparseTis mzakvruli politikuri miznebi iyo, xolo maTi
qristianuli aRmsarebloba ukeTes SemTxvevaSi sababi maTi dasjisa.
yvela mowame, romelTa Sesaxeb saubari gvqonda, saqarTveloSi an
saqarTvelodan tyved wayvanili dampyrobelTa qveyanaSi ewama (kostanti kaxi,
qeTevani, luarsabi, biZina, Salva, elizbari), xolo ori mowamis moRvaweoba
dakavSirebulia qarTvelTa jvaris monasterTan ierusalimSi, romelTa `wamebebi
mokle svinaqsaruli redaqciis Txzulebebis saxiT aris Semonaxuli.jvaris
qarTvelTa monastris winamZRvris luka ierusalimelis wameba (1273w.) arabTa mier
monastris dasakuTrebisa da misi meCeTad gadaqcevis miznebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
e.i. religiur faqtorze ufro ekonomikur-politikuri sarCuli aqvs, xolo
nikoloz dvalis wameba (1314w.) ki imave arabebis mier Sedegia tipiuri fanatikosi
qristianis mier Segnebuli, gamiznuli moqmedebisa mowamebrivi sikvdilis
misaRwevad. `wamebaSi naTqvamia: `da kualad survili mouda, raTamca iwama
qristesTis1. man samjer agina da Seuracxyofa miayena mahmadianTa siwmideebs,
1

Zeglebi, IV, 349, 3.

263

igi samivejer daapatimres, magram samivejer gaanTavisufles: `mitropolitis da

qristianeTa mier sapyrobiliT gamoyvanebul iqmna1. mxolod amis Semdeg dasajes.
TviTSewirvis magaliTi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, kerZod, hagiografiaSi,
erTaderTia. religiuri fanatizmis es gamovlineba arabunebrivia qarTuli
eklesiisaTvis da palestinis qristianuli garemos gavlena unda iyos.
`mowameobis bolo faqti saqarTveloSi, romelic `wamebis Sedgenis
safuZveli gaxda, aris lekebis mier Sio garejelis da masTan erTad kidev oTxi
monazvnis daxocva 1700w. naTelia, lekTa Tavdasxmebi mxolod Zarcva-glejas
isaxavda miznad da ara religiur angariSsworebas.

***
amgvarad, qarTuli originaluri `wameba-martvilobis TxzulebaTa Seswavla
ar adasturebs saqarTveloSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, qristianuli sarwmunoebis
devnis SemTxvevebs. magram literaturaTmcodneobis sagani moRweuli
hagiografiuli Txzulebis literaturul-ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT kvlevaa
da ara marto is, Tu TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli istoriuli ambebi ramdenad
obieqturad aris asaxuli.
radganc saqarTveloSi qristianuli religiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
mogvixda saubari sxvadasxva aRmosavluri rligiis garemocvis pirobebSi da
amitom martirologiuri Txzulebebis zogadi mimoxilva dagvWirda, am sakiTxis
garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, Tvali gadavavloT am Janris qarTul saeklesio
mwerlobaSi aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis safexurebs, mis Taviseburebebsa da
tendenciebs, bizantiuri saeklesio mwerlobis analogiuri Janris TxzulebebTan
mimarTebas, msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs.
qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis pirveli Txzuleba `martviloba
wmidisa SuSanikisi `wamebis Janris yvelaze Taviseburi Txzulebaa qarTuli
mwerlobis istoriaSi. misi msgavsi `wameba mTlianobaSi arc bizantiurhagiografiuli unda arsdebobdes (calkeuli momentebisa da detalebis
gamoklebiT). es Txzuleba `arastandartulia martirologiuri hagiografiis
JanrisaTvis da misi tipiuri Zeglebisagan bevri ramiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca mTavari
rac martirologiur Janrs moeTxoveba sarwmunoebis siwmindis ukompromiso
damcveli wmindani qristianuli eklesiis interesebs ewireba am Txzulebis
ZiriTadi motivia. miuxedavad winamdebare naSromis xasiaTisa, Tavi aaridos ama
Tu im Txzulebis konkretul istoriul-litearturul sakiTxebze msjelobas da
mxolod JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saerTo momentebs miaqcios yuradReba, Cven
1

264

iqve, 349, 31.

mainc saWirod vTvliT ramdenime konkretuli SeniSvna gavakeToT am Txzulebis

aratipiurobis gamo.
1. SuSanikis `wamebis dasawyisi:~da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tqven aRsasruli
wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi, miaxlovebul msgavsebasac ver poulobs
saerTod hagiografiul literaturaSi, imdenad TavisTavadi da originaluria
igi.swored am dasawyisma warmoSva samecniero literaturaSi mravalgvari
varaudi Txzulebis Tavnaklulobisa Tu Janrobrivi Seusabamobisa da sxv. arada,
ra bunebrivad gamoxatavs es fraza avtoris xangrZliv Sinagan gancdasa da albaT
SiSsac, gaxdeba Tu ara SuSaniki is gmiri-mowame, romlis sarwmunoebisaTvis
Tavdadeba STamomavlobisaTvis magaliTis mimcemi iqneba, xolo iakobisaTvis misi
`wamebis aRweris obieqti; Tu is ver gauZlebs tanjvas, ver gamoiCens sulier
simtkices da amqveyniuri cxovrebisa da Svilebisagan ganSorebis SiSiT gatydeba
da dahyveba varsqenis nebas.es bunebrivi gancda unda yofiliyo avtorisa,
romlis Tvalwin gaiara am ojaxur-sarwmunoebrivi tragediis yvela detalma.
da ai yvelaferma ise Caiara, rom iakob xucesis yvela eWvi usafuZvlo Seiqna:
SuSaniki Seewira sarwmunoebriv principebs da pyrobelobaSi gardaicvala. mas
rom ukan daexia da varsqenTan dabrunebuliyo ojaxSi, an varsqens didsulovnad
gaeTavisuflebina igi sapyrobilidan da misTvis Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba
mieca, am SemTxvevaSi SuSaniki Tavisi principulobis damcvelad ki mogvevlineboda,
magram misi `coxvrebisa da wamebis daweris aucilebloba iakob xucesisaTvis
gamoricxuli iqneboda.swored avtoris am Tvalsazriss unda gamoxatavdes
Txzulebis es TiTqosda moulodneli dasawyisi winadadeba, romelic gansxvavdeba
saerTod hagiografiul TxzulebaTa standartizebuli dasawyisebisagan.
2. `SuSanikis wameba erTaderTi hagiografiuli Zeglia qarTul saeklesio
mwerlobaSi da iSviaTi, saerTod, hagiografiul literaturaSi, romelsac
safuZvlad daedva uCveulo mowamebrivi forma. Cveulebriv hagiografiul
`wamebebSi qristiani mowame msxverpli xdeba oficilur politikur-religiur
ZalasTan dapirispirebisa (zogjer ki oficialuri religiuri Tvalsazrisis
mqone mSoblebisa Tu axloblebisa. amis magaliTia qristiani kolaeli bavSvebis
Caqolva warmarTi mSoblebis mier da bizantiur hagiografiaSi dadasturebuli
msgavsi magaliTebi). SuSaniks, marTalia, upirispirdeba oficialuri Zala
varsqenis, qarTlis pitiaxSis saxiT, magram mis moqmedebas SuSanikis winaaRmdeg
ar udevs safuZvlad arc politikuri da arc religiuri motivebi, aramed
SuSanikis gadawyvetileba, aRar icxovros gamazdeanebuli meuRlis ojaxSi.
varsqenis erTaderTi mizani SuSanikis ojaxSi dabrunebaa. marTalia, es
konfliqti pirovnulia, magram mas sazogadoebrivi sarCuli aqvs: qristiani qali
mTeli Tavisi arsebiT darwmunebulia, rom gamazdeanebul meuRlesTan cxovreba

265

qristianuli sarwmunoebis siwmindis xelyofaa.

SuSanikis wamebis formac uiSviaTesia hagiografiuli literaturisaTvis:
Cvulebriv, mowames TaviskveTiT sjian (ufro iSviaTia jvarze gakvra, dawva an
Caqolva). SuSanikis `wameba erTaderTi nimuSia qarTul haiografiaSi da iSviaTi
gamonaklisi saerTod hagiografiul literaturaSi imiTac, rom misi gmiri
sikvdiliT ar dausjiaT. SuSanikis sikvdili sapyrobileSi mis ukompromisobis
gamoxatulebaa da ara gardauvalobis gamovlineba.
3. Cvens mizans amjerad ar Sedgens `SuSanikis wamebis kompoziciuri da
stiluri Taviseburebebis kvleva, romlis Sesaxeb mdidari literatura arsebobs,
ZiriTadad bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli, arc hagiografiis qristianulideologiuri safuZvlebis ganxilvas SevudgebiT, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom
Tavisi mxatvruli aqsesuariT, mTavari personaJis TvisebaTa aratrafaretuli
daxatviT, hagiografiuli gmiris idealizaciisaTvis standartuli xerxebis
ugulvebelyofiT, uaryofiTi personaJis realurTan miaxlovebuli ferebiT
daxasiaTebiT da dauStampavi literaturuli maneriT (avtori Tavisive
Txzulebis erT-erTi mTavri personaJia da Txroba pirvel pirSi mihyavs, rac
unikaluri SemTxvevaa qarTul hagiografiaSi) SuSanikis wameba erT-erTi
ubrwyinvalesi Zeglia ara marto qarTuli martirologiisa, aramed mdidari
bizantiuri hagiografiuli literaturis fonzedac.
hagiografiuli
literatura
savsea
fantastikur-zRapruli
saswaulmoqmedebis epizodebiT. am mxriv qarTuli hagiografia did TavSekavebas
iCens, Tumca am `modas ramdenime originalur ZeglSi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs (ZiriTadad `cxovreba-moqalaqeobebSi). ~SuSanikis wameba` am mxrivac
gamonaklisia.aseTi motivebi imdenad ar Seefereba iakob xucesis Txrobis realur
da dinamikur maneras, rom `SuSanikis wamebaSi saswaulis erTaderTi epizodis
arseboba (mogvi dedakacis gankurneba da gaqristianeba) samecniero literaturaSi
gviandel Canamatad gamocxadda, Tumca araa gamoricxuli, rom iakobma am epizdoiT
xarki mouxada im periodSi saeklesio mwerlobaSi gabatonebul qristianobis
propagandis xerxebs da am saswauliT migvaniSna SuSanikis wmindanobaze jer kidev
mis sicocxleSi.erTi sityviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ~SuSanikis wameba` pirveli
hagiografiuli Zeglia, igi yvelaze aratrafaretul da originalur Zeglad
darCa qarTul hagiografiul martirologiur literaturaSi, am Janris yvelaze
brwinvale literaturul nimuSad, Semdegdroindeli ~wamebis` ZeglebisaTvis
miuRwevel doned.marTalia, am SesaniSnavma Txzulebam da misma avtorma Tavi ver
daaRwies hagiografiuli trafaretulobis zogierT detals (`orcTa ganlevis
motivi, `matlebis daxvevis epizodi, damuSavebuli asketuri `cxovrebis
JanrSi) da bizantiur hagiografiaSi gavrcelebuli zogierTi sxva detalic

266

Seitana Tavis TxzulebaSi, magram yvelaferi sakuTar literaturul quraSi

gamoawrTo Tavisi didi niWis Sesabamisad.
bizantiuri hagiografia TiTqmis daclilia erovnuli TviTSegnebisagan, rac
berZnul-romauli imperiis mravalferovnuli SedgnilobiT da qristianuli
sarwmunoebis kosmopolituri bunebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, da zogadad
qristianobis apologetikas warmoadgens.mTel qarTul hagiografias da, kerZod,
originalur `martirologias wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs erovnuli TviTSegnebis
momenti.qarTul eklesiis mowameebi da maT Sesaxeb daweril TxzulebaTa avtorebi
pirvel yovlisa, qristiani qarTvelebi arian da qristianobis ideologiisaTvis
Tavdadeba maTSi Serwymulia erovnuli interesebis dacvasTan.~abo Tbilelis
wameba~ ara marto misi avtoris, ioane sabanisZis erovnuli mrwamsis
gamomxatvelia, aramed imdroindeli saqarTvelos yvela patriotuli Zalisa.
arabi mahmadianis, abos gaqristianeba da Tavganwirva qarTuli eklesiisaTvis,
romelic qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebisa da erTianobis safuZvelic iyo,
erovnuli saeklesio interesebis gaRvivebisa da gamocxadebisaTvis gacilebiT
didmniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda, vidre ramdenime qarTveli qristianis
wamebis faqti iqneboda (unda aRiniSnos, rom ioane sabanisZe abos gaqristianebaSi
da qristianobisaTvis TavganwirvaSi pavle mociqulis magaliTis paralels
xedavs: ~Sen miemsgavse ukanasknelsa mas mociqulsa pavles mamulTa maT SjulTa
da moZRurebaTa gangdebiTa da qrists Zisa RmrTisa aRsarebiTa, msgavsadve
misa Tavi mogekueTa`1).ucxo, Tanac saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli tomis Svilma,
mahmadianma abom, qristianobas Seswira Tavi: am faqtis fonze, marTlac, sagangaSo
mdgomareobis mauwyebelia ioane sabanisZis sityvebi: qarTvelebio `xuTasis
wlisa JamTa da uwinars-Ra Sjuldebul yofil [arian] wmidiTa madliTa naTlisRebisaTa. mieriTgan da vidre aqamomde naSobni qristianeTani gardagularZnnes,
romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina
umecrebiT, romelnime mzakuvarebiT da sxuani, romelni-ese varT morwmuneni,
mZlavrebasa queSe damonebul[ni] da naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni,
viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qenjnilni, Zr-Zrad zRueulni,
SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa2.
abo Tbilelis ~wamebis` kompozicia, romelic unikaluria qarTul
hagiografiul mwerlobaSi (winasityvaobis epistolaruli formiT gadmocema,
Txzulebis Sesavlispirveli Tavis homiletikuri, qadagebis formiT
warmodgena, ZiriTadi nawilis meore da mesame Tavebis martvilologiuri
Txzulebis Cveulebrivi kanonebiT dawera da daskvniTi nawilis meoTxe Tavis
1 Zeglebi, I, 77
2 iqve, 50.

267

~Sesxmis` formiT Camoyalibeba), originaluri meodiT aris Sedgenili: ioane

sabanisZem qarTvelebSi Seryeuli sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis saagitaciod yvelaze
aqtiuri forma qadageba airCia da didi ostatobiT gaaanaliza abos wamebis
mniSvneloba saqarTvelos erovnuli da religiuri simtkicis dacvisaTvis.
Cveulebrivi hagiografiuli SabloniT dawerli Txzuleba ki abos wamebis faqtis
aRwera iqneboda mxolod da meti araferi, iseve, rogorc es `evstaTis wamebaSi
aris mocemuli. `abos wameba~ pirveli hagiografiuli Zeglia, romelSic mTeli
siZleriT gaismis erovnuli interesebis damcveli xma.pirvelad am ZeglSi iTqva,
rom: ~ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed
Cuenca, SorielTa amaT mkdrTa... aha esera, qarTlisaca mkdrTa aqus sarwmunoeba
da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TT aqa mkdrTa da romelTame ucxoTa
da sxT mosrulTa Cuen Soris Jamad-Jamad, mowamed gamoCinebiTa qriste iesus
mier, uflisa Cuenisa...`1. iovane sabanisZis am sityvebis gamoZaxili _ berZnulromaul civilizaciasTan gaTanabrebisa da zogjer upiratesobis Tvalsazrisi
Semdeg saukuneebSi mTeli simZlavriT gaisma (giorgi merCule, ioane-zosime,
eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, efrem mcire, arsen iyalToeli, ioane petriwi,
nikoloz gulaberiZe, arsen bulmaismis Ze da sxv.).
qarTul martirologiaSi bizantiurTan sapirispirod, ZiriTadi motivi
sarwmunoebrivi idealebisaTvis Tavganwirva TiTqmis yovelTvis gadajaWvulia
erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivTan.aseTi erovnuli
suliskveTebiT iwereboda wamebani arabebis Zalmomreobis avbediT xanaSi (VIIIXss. kostanti kaxis, miqael-gobronis, arCil mefis, daviT da konstantines
wamebebi), aseve sparsel mahmadianTa saqarTveloze Semosevebis gviandel periodSi
(XVII-XVIIIss. qeTevan dedoflis, luarsab mefis, biZina, Salva da elizbaris
wamebani). qarTuli eklesiis es mowame-wmindanebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi,
upirveles yovlisa, samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis Tavganwiruli erovnuli
gmirebi iyvnen.

***
berZnul-laTinuri qristianuli martirologiuri literaturis didi
nawili, rogorc aRvniSneT, fantastikur, zRaprul motivebs da saswaulmoqmedebis
uamrav magaliTs iyenebs mkiTxvelis qristianuli religiis yovlisSemZleobaSi
darwmunebis mizniT.qarTul ~wamebaSi` es motivebi Seudareblad sustad
aris warmodgenili.fantastikur-zRapruli motivebis arc erTi magaliTi ar
dasturdeba qarTuli ~wamebis` arc erT ZeglSi. religiur saswaulTagan ki
1 Zeglebi, I, gv.55

268

mxolod iseTi magaliTebis motana SeiZleba, rac Zalze gavrcelebulia sarTod

qristianul mwerlobaSi da maTi Setana im rigis warmoudgene saswaulebSi,
romelTa magaliTebi mravladaa berZnul-laTinur hagiografiaSi, arasgziT ar
SeiZleba. magaliTad, naTlis svetis daSveba mowamis gvamze da wamebis adgilze
(abos, gobronis, daviT da konstantines, qeTevanis da sxva), SeiZleba iTqvas,
yvelaze didi saswaulia qarTul martirologiaSi. bizantiur hagiografiaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli motivi mowamis mier (sicocxleSi Tu
sikvdilis Semdeg) sneulTa gankurneba qarTul ~wamebebSi` epizodis saxiT
erTxel gvxvdeba (~SuSanikis wamebaSi` mogvi qalis gankurneba. am epizodsac
Camatebulad miiCneven).sxva TxzulebebSi mxolod zogadi gancxadebebia amis
Taobaze. msolod or svinaqsarul ZeglSi luka ierusalimelisa da nikoloz
dvalis ~wamebebSi`, romlebic sazRvargareTis keraSi, ierusalimis qarTvelTa
monasterSi Seiqmna, gvaqvs saswaulTa nimuSebi, romlebic ase Tu ise exmaurebian
bizantiuri hagiografiis msgavs magaliTebs (lukas ~Tavman mokveTilman piri
aRmosavleTiT qna da didni ganicinna da madloba Seswira RmerTsa`1. nikoloz
dvalis ~Tavman misman mokueTilman ma-yo Sdgzis, Tu `dideba Senda, qriste
RmerTo`2. naTlad Cans, rom ukanaskneli magaliTi pirvelis gameorebaa).
am faqtze yuradReba imitom gavamaxvileT, rom dagvenaxa: ~wamebis` Janris
TiToeul Txzulebas qarTulSi realuri istoriuli faqti udevs safuZvlad da
Txrobac, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, obieqtur-realur farglebSi mimdinareobs,
riTac is sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba bizantiur-romauli hagiografiis umravles
TxzulebaTagan.rogorc Cans, qarTul hagiografias gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs
qarTveli mkiTxvelis racionaluri buneba, fantastikur-saswaulebrivi
ambebisadmi undobloba.qarTul ~wamebaTa` Txrobis istoriulad sandooba
qarTuli martirologiis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli mxarea da misi udidesi
Rirseba.amitom aris, rom Zveli da axali Taobis zogi istorikosi qarTul
hagiografiul Zeglebs istoriul Txzulebebad miiCnevs3.

***
bizantiuri martirologiis uZvelesi primitiuli Txzulebebisagan
gansxvavebiT, qarTul `wamebebSi~ kargad Cans qristianuli mwerlobis garkveuli
dargebis ganviTarebis donec.qarTuli uZvelesi `wamebebis~ mixedviT vxedavT,
rom qristianuli polemikis dargi maRal donezea ayvanili (antimazdeanuri
1 Zeglebi, IV, gv. 348
2 iqve, gv. 350.
3 iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. Tb. 1945. m. lorTqifaniZe
adrefeodaluri xanis qarT. saistorio mwerloba tb. 1966

269

evstaTis ~wameba`, abibos nekreselis ~wameba` da antimahmadianuri - `abos wameba

da TiTqmis yvela danarCeni Zveli da axali `wamebis~ Zeglebi).homiletikuri anu
qadagebis dargis warmatebebze ki `abos wamebis~ mixedviTac SeiZleba msjeloba.
aseve SeiZleba aRiniSnos egzegetikuri mwerlobis Sesaxebac (evstaTi, abo da
sxv.), xolo qristianuli dogmatikis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi TiTqmis yvela
ZeglSia warmodgenili.wminda werilis Rrma codna `wamebaTa~ qarTvel avtorebs
saSualebas aZlevs TavianT TxzulebaSi kargad gamoiyenon alegoriul-simboluri
Sedarebebi da magaliTebi. `wamebebSi~ SedarebiT sustadaa warmoCenili kanonika
da liturgika (saeklesio mwerlobis es dargebi gacilebiT meti sisruliT aris
warmodgenili `cxovrebis~ JanrSi).amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom qarTuli
martirologiur TxzulebaTa gmirebi, e.i. mowameebi arasasuliero pirebi arian da
maTi moRvaweoba eklesiis Zireul saqmianobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli.marTlac
da sakvirvelia, rom qarTvel mowameTagan, romelTa Sesaxeb hagiografiuli
Txzuleba daiwera (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs erovnebiT qarTveli da araqarTveli
mowameebic abo, evstaTi, raJdeni), mcirericxovani gamonaklisis garda, saero
pirebi arian (gamonaklisia abibos nekreseli, luka ierusalimeli, nikoloz
dvali da Sio garejeli, romelTa wamebis mizezebze zemoT gvqonda saubari).
es kidev adasturebs im azrs, rom sxvadasxva sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis
ucxoeli dampyroblebis batonobis periodebSi qristianuli eklesiis msaxurTa
da Cveulebriv morwmuneTa devnas adgili ar hqonia.rac Seexeba mowame saero
qriastian pirebs, isini TavianTi politikuri Tu erovnuli Tvalsazrisis gamo
antagonistur damokidebulebaSi iyvnen ucxoel gabatonebul ZalebTan, rac
gaxda kidec safuZveli maTi wamebisa.

***
qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis Camoyalibeba, ra Tqma unda, bizantiuri
hagiografiis safuZvelze da mibaZviT moxda, magram qarTulma erovnuli SegnebiT
gamsWvalulma garemom mas sakuTari interesebi ukarnaxa da qarTuli hagiografiac
am interesebis gamomxatveli gaxda. qarTvel mowameTa erovnuli Rvawli kargad
aqvs SeniSnuli anton bagrations: ~vina saTanado ars Cuenda naturad wmindani
mowameni qristesni madlobad da qebad da ufrore Cuenni ganTsebiT, romelnica
iSunes mameulad mamulTa Sina CuenTa da saSoman adgilobiTman samSobloTa
adgilTa CuenTaman hSuna orcielad da aRzardna da mSobelni maTni iyunes
winaparni mamani Cuenni da aqaurman eklesiaman saxelsa zeda wmidisa samebisa
aRmoSuna da misca cnobani saRmrToTa gangebulebaTani da qristesTs sikudilad
aRlesa`1.
1 martirika, Zeglebi, VI, gv. 158.

270

erovnuli motivia xazgasmuli abibos nekreselis ~wamebaSi`: ~Cemi ars

mowame ese da ara sxsa, Cemisa amisgan saydrisa nayofi Suenieri`1 da gviandel
martvilologiur TxzulebaSi grigol dodorqelis qeTevan dedoflis
~wamebaSi`2 .amitom aris qarTuli ~wamebebi` saqarTvelos cxovrebis istoriulpolitikuri da erovnuli interesebis gamomxatveli problemebiT datvirTuli,
miuxedavad imisa, rom yela `wamebis~ arsi qriastianuli religiis safuZvlebis
dacvaa. aseTia qarTuli martirologia mTlianad, xolo bizantiurisa ki mxolod
mcire nawili.
qarTul martirologiur TxzulebaTa swored uZvelesi nimuSebi `SuSanikis
wameba~ da `abos wameba~ gamorCeulia ara marto qarTul, aramed, albaT, saerTod
hagiografiul mwerlobaSi, pirveli Tavisi originalur-mxatvruli RirsebebiT
da SinaarsiT, xolo meore amasTan erTad Tavisi srulyofili kompoziciuri
SedgenilobiT.danarCeni Zeglebi (evstaTi mcxeTelis, kostanti kaxis, gobronis,
abibos nekreselis, arCil mefis, daviT da konstantines ~waembebi`), marTalia,
saintereso istoriul cnobebs gvawvdian sxvadasxva periodis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
magram daStampuli mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebiT da kompoziciuri
wyobiT didad ar gansxvavdebian bizantiuri trafaretuli Zeglebisagan.aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom wminda werilis literaturuli xerxebisa da Sedarebebis
gamoyeneba iseve Cveulebrivia qarTul ZeglebSi, rogorc bizantiurSi.qarTuli
hagiografiuli literaturis bolo saukuneebis Zeglebi (qeTevanis, luarsabis,
biZina, Salva da elizbaris, raJdenis `wamebebi~) ZiriTadad agrZeleben wina
periodis tipiuri ~wamebis` tradiciebs, magram SeiniSneba `cxovrebis~ Janris
TxzulebaTa didi gavlenac da ~SesxmiTi` Janris hagiografiuli Zeglebis
gavlenis kvalic (luarsabisa da biZina, Salva, elizbaris ~wamebebi`, antonis
~martirika` mTlianad).
***
marTalia, qarTul martirologiur TxzulebaTa mniSvneloba Zalze didia
qarTuli literaturis istoriis, istoriografiisa da saerTod qarTuli
kulturis istoriisaTvis, magram qarTul hagiografiaSi centraluri adgili
mainc `cxovreba-moqalaqeobebs~ uWiravT.swored am JanrSi daiwera ubrwyinvalesi
Txzulebebis erTi wyeba (grigol xancTelis, efTvime mTawmidelisa da giorgi
mTawmidelis `cxovrebebi~), romelTa Sesadari qarTul martirologiur
literaturaSi mxolod `SuSanikis wameba~ da SesaZlebelia `abos wameba~ iyos.
rodesac Cven hagiografias or ZiriTad Janrad ~wamebad` da `cxovrebad~
1 Zeglebi, I, 241
2 Zeglebi IV

271

vyofT, amosavalia ara marto wmindanis aRsasrulis saxe (`wamebebSi~ wamebiT

sikvdili, xolo `cxovrebebSi~ bunebrivi gardacvaleba), aramed isic, rom aq
gvaqvs RmerTTan miaxlovebis ori sxvadasxva gza: pirveli, hagiografiuli
mwrlobis ideali mowameoba (qristes wamebis mibaZviT), romliTac qristians
SeuZlia miaRwios umaRles adamianur ideals, adamianur srulyofilebas (am
mxriv mas garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs `cxovrebis~ JanrTan), meore, am ideals
qristianma SeiZleba miaRwios yoveldRiuri mouRleli sarwmunoebrivi SromiT,
rogorc grigol xancTelis `cxovrebaSi~ aris naTqvami: `ese yovelsa Jamsa
iwamebodes saxelisaTs qristesisa~1 , anda iovane zedaznelis vrcel cxovrebaSi
`yovelTa dReTa ewamebian da SromaTa TsTa Semateben~2 .sxvagvarad, yoveldRiuri
saqmianoba sikeTisaTvis, brZola borotebasTan da urwmunoebasTan yoveldRiur
`wamebas~ utoldeba.amitom am ori sxvadasxva gziT saboloo miznis miRwevis
aRweras gansxvavebuli xerxebiT dawerili Txzulebebis forma Seesatyviseba.
`wamebisa~ da `cxovrebis~ Janris qarTul TxzulebaTa Sedarebisas irkveva,
rom `wamebis~ gmirebi ZiriTadad saero pirebi arian (gamonaklisia abibos
nekreseli, luka ierusalimeli, nikoloz dvali da Sio garejeli, Tanac
ukanaskneli sami mowamis Sesaxeb mxolod `wamebis~ svinaqsaruli Zeglebi
arsebobs), xolo `cxovrebisa~ mxolod sasuliero pirebi da Tanac mxolod
ber-monazvnebi, riTac TiTqos xazgasmulia, rom saero pirs mxolod mowamebrivi
gziT SeuZlia miuaxlovdes qristes ideals, xolo sasuliero pirisaTvis aseTi
idealis misaRwevad mowamebrivi gzac arsebobs (zemod dasaxelebuli magaliTebi)
da yoveldRiuri rudunebiT mTeli sicocxlis manZilze saRmrTo saqmeebis
keTebiT, sikeTisaTvis brZoliT da borotebis daTrgunviT, miwaze misi arsebobis
`mowamebrivi cxovrebis~ ganleviT miRwevis gzac.
`wameba~, rogorc wesi, erTpkaniani Txzuilebaa, romlis centraluri
momentia mowamis cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis aRwera, misi wamebis gamomwvevi
situaciebis daxasiaTeba da wamebis dros gamoCenili moTminebis, sarwmunoebrivi
simtkicis aRwera da bolos misi sikvdiliT dasjis faqti.rogorc wesi,
martirologiur TxzulebaSi an srulebiT araferia naTqvami mowamis ganvlili
cxovrebis Sesaxeb, an ramdenime fraziT aRniSnulia misi RvTismoSiSeba da RvTis
siyvaruli bavSvobidan dawyebuli sikvdilamde.am faqtis axsna albaT imiTac
SeiZleba, rom mowame gmiri hagiografiis interesis obieqti xdeba ara Tavidanve,
aramed mis mier mowamebrivi aRsasrulis miRebis Semdeg.mxolod misi mowameoba
ganapirobebs mwerlis interess, amis Semdeg iwyebs is fiqrs mowameze Txzulebis
daweris Sesaxeb, magram mas sakmao cnobebi ara aqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria
mowamis cxovrebis detalebi, epizodebi, romelTa mixedviTac TandaTanobiT
yalibdeba momavali potenciuri mowamis mtkice xasiaTi (gamonaklisia SuSaniki
da nawilobriv abo Tbileli).amitom martirologiur TxzulebaTa umravlesoba
sqematuri da Sablonuria mowmis cxovrebiseuli abebis, Cvevebisa Tu
1 Zeglebi, I, gv.257.
2 iqve, gv. 208.

272

fsiqologiuri niuansebis gadmocemaSi.individualuri xasiaTebis warmoCineba

hagiogarfiuli mwerlobis, gansakuTrebiT martirologiur TxzulebaTa
usustesi mxarea. `mowameTa~ erTi da imave xerxebiT dasxasiaTeba qmnis trafarets.
erTi mowame meorisagan TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdeba. es erTgvarovneba imiTac
aris gamowveuli, rom qristianuli religiis ideologiiT mowameoba adamianuri
srulyofilebis yvelaze maRali gamovlinebaa, adamianuri idealis umaRlesi
safexuria, RmerTis Semecnebis erT-erTi umTavresi gzaa da amitom aseT pirovnebas
mxolod idealuri sulieri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, mxolod saTnoebani (simdable,
mowyaleba, umankoeba, simSvide, marxuloba, siyvaruli, sasoeba) da ar SeiZleba
uaryofiTi Tvisebis niSan-wyali hqondes. qristianuli ideologia cnobs
idalurad dadebiT gmirs da masTan dapirispirebuli borotebis gansaxierebas
(sanam masze keTili ar gaimarjvebs da igi idelauri ar gaxdeba). amitom aris,
rom hagiografiuli Txzulebis gmiris Tvisebebi esadageba evangelisturi
wignebis Teoriul moTxovnilebebs da religiur idealebs. am meTodiT `mowamis~
daxasiaTebis uamravi magaliTidan, romelic yvela hagiografiul TxzulebaSi
gvxvdeba, movitanoT oriode `kostanti qarTvelis wamebidan~: `amas yovelsa
Tana friad moRuawe iyo igi naklulevanTaTs saaxlisa TsisaTa, rameTu esmina
Tqumuli igi pavles mociqulisa, viTarmed: `ukueTu vinme TsTa, da ufros-Ra
saxleulTa, ara moRuawe iyos, sarwmunoeba uvaruyofies mas da ars igi urwmunoTa
uZrsa~1 (tim. 5, 8), anda: `aqunda netarsa mas simdabl da Tavis-deba ufros
yovelTa kacTa, rameTu esmina sityua igi msnelisa da macxovrisa, viTarmed:
`iswaveT Cemgan, rameTu mSd var da mdabal~2 (maTe, II, 29).aseTi statikuri,
mxolod frazeologiuri daxasiaTeba tipiuria hagiografiul TxzulebaTaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki martirologiuri ZeglebisaTvis.wmindanis daxasiaTeba ara
amgvarad, aramed misi moqmedebiT garkveul konkretul situaciaSi, gacilebiT
iSviaTia da ZiriTadad `cxovreba-moqalaqeobebSi~ gvxvdeba.

***
qarTuli hagiogarfiuli mwerlobis `cxovreba-moqalaqeobis~ Janris
pirveli Txzuleba, romelic IXs.aris Sedgenili, qarTuli eklesiis istoriis
umniSvnelovanes movlenas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlasa
da sabolood damkvidrebas asaxavs. `moqceva qarTlisa~, romlis saTauri
gadmogvcems Zeglis ZiriTad Sinaarss, TiTqos ar unda iyos hagiografiuli
Txzuleba misi saTauris am Janrisadmi Seusabamobis gamo.Txzulebis Sesavali
nawilic istoriul-qronlogiuri xasiaTisaa, magram Zeglis meore nawili,
romelic organulad ukavSirdeba Txzulebis dasawyiss da romlis saTauria
`cxovreba wmidisa ninosi, adasturebs, rom Txzuleba saqarTvelos
1 Zeglebi, I, gv. 166
2 iqve.

273

ganmanaTleblis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb dawerili hagiografiuli

Zeglia.misi kompoziciuri originaloba, romliTac is arc erT `cxovrebas
ar hgavs (gavvixsenoT, rom pirveli qarTuli martirologiuri Txzulebac
`SuSanikis wameba aseve Taviseburia `wamebis Janris sxva TxzulebebTan
SedarebiT), unda aixnas TviT Txzulebis centraluri gmiris istoriuli misiiT.
marTalia, Txzulebis ZiriTadi nawili wm. ninos cxovrebasa da moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebul epizodebs uWiravs, magram Txzulebis ZiriTad saTaurSi aisaxa
umniSvelovanesi, saqarTvelos cxovrebis istoriuli Semobrunebis faqti,
nino ganmanaTleblis Rvawlis yvelaze didi Sedegi (grandiozulma Sedegma, ase
vTqvaT, daCrdila am Sedegis Semoqmedi).aRmosavleT saqarTvelos `moqcevis
istoriis sisruliT warmoCenam ki moiTxova istoriul-qronologiuri, ase
vTqvaT, dokumenturi xasiaTis eqskursic. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gviandelma
hagiografebma, leonti mrovelma da arsen iyalToelma, romlebmac `moqceva
qarTlisa safuZvelze daweres `ninos cxovrebis axali redaqciebi, uari Tqves
TavianTi wyaros istoriul-qronologiur nawilze.
`moqceva qarTlisas kompoziciuri originaloba Txzulebis dasawyisSi
istoriuli qronikis darTviT ar amoiwureba: originaluria kompoziciurad
wm. ninos cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodebis dalagebisa da Sinaarsis gadmocemis
xerxebic (sxvadasxva pirebis mier ninos cxovrebisa da qarTlis gaqriastianebis
sxvadasxva epizodebis Sesaxeb Txroba, romelSic xSirad ar aris daculi
qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba), rac uCveuloa hagiografiul TxzulebaTa
tipiuri nimuSebisaTvis.swored amitom gadaakeTes es Txzuleba Cveulebrivi
standartebis mixedviT jer leonti mrovelma ufro naklebad da Semdeg arsen
iyalToelma.es ukanaskneli wers:`ese netarisa ninos cxovreba Seuwyoblad
ganbneulad `qarTlisa moqcevasa Tana... aRreulad sweria... garna win ukuana da
ukuana wina, igive da erTi piri1.
amrigad, Tu Cvenamde moRweuli martirologiuri Txzuleba - `SuSanikis
wameba daiwera V saukuneSi, pirveli Cvenamde moRweuli `cxovrebamoqalaqeobis Zegli `moqceva qarTlisa (`cxovreba wmidisa ninosi)
mxolod IX saukunis II naxevarSi aris Seqmnili. am faqtze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom `cxovrebis Camoyalibeba qarTul hagiografiaSi gviandeli
movlena Cans, Tuki am Janris ramdenime Txzulebas dakargulad ar miviCnevT.
cnobilia, rom bizantiur saeklesio mwerlobaSi ~cxovrebis` Janris warmoSobis
safuZveli da mizezi samonastro organizaciis Camoyalibeba iyo (IIIs. II
naxevari). saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi ki aucilebeli ar iqneboda `cxovrebebi
imave safuZvelze Seqmniliyo, radgan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis
oficialur religiad gamocxadebidan (e.i. IVs. I naxevridan) samonastro
1

274

Zeglebi, III, 51.

cxovrebis dawyebamde (VIs. II naxevramde) or saukuneze meti droa da am xnis

manZilze qarTul eklesias albaT bevri iseTi gmoCenili sasuliero moRvawe
hyavda, romelTa cxovreba-Rvawlis aRwera SesaZlebeli iyo, hagiografiuli
Txzulebis sagani gamxdariyo. magram Cvenamde moRweuli `cxovrebebis mixedviT
Tavidanve SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom am Janris wamrmoSoba da ganviTareba mxolod
samonastro saqmianobasTan aris dakavSirebuli da am Janris yvela qarTuli
Txzuleba mxolod monasterTa gamoCenil moRvaweTa `cxovreba-moqalaqobas
aRwers (gamonaklisia `moqceva qarTlisa anu `ninos cxovreba da isic gasagebi
mizezebis gamo). arc erTi qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzuleba ar aris miZRvnili
qarTuli eklesiis e.w. `TeTri samRvdeloebis arc erTi warmomadgenlisadmi
(petre iberielis `coxvreba ZiriTadad petres samonazvno ambebs gviTxrobs:
`mis mier qarTvelTa monastrisa da sastumro saxlis mSeneblobis, ufro naklebs
ki misi saepiskoposo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.amasTanave is xom berZnul-siriuli
eklesiis episkoposia da ara qarTuli ekelsiisa da, Tanac, `petre iberielis
cxovreba naxevrad originaluri da naxevrad naTargmni Zeglia). amitom, Tu ki
Cven vifiqrebT, rom `cxovrebis Janris ramdenime Txzulebam Cvenamde ver moaRwia,
isic unda davuSvaT, rom is Txzulebebic qarTvel ber-monazonTa `cxovrebebi
iqneboda (uZvelesi Zeglebidan aseTebi SeiZleba yofiliyo `asurel mamaTa
Sesaxeb Seqmnili erToblivi Zegli an ramdenime maTganze dawerili calkeuli
Txzulebebi, gacilebiT adrindeli, vidre Cvenamde mosuli asurel mamaTa
cxovrebis e.w. arqetipebi Xs., xolo ufro gvian Seqmnili da aw dakarguli
IXs. Txzulebis `miqel parexelis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mowmoba moipoveba
qarTul wyaroebSi). ~moqceva qarTlisa Tuki Cven ara tipiur, originaluri
kompoziciis hagiografiul Txzulebad miviCnieT, mis Semdeg Seqmnili yvela
~cxovreba-moqalaqeoba` hagiografiis am Janris tipiuri nimuSia. `cxovrebamoqalaqeobis Janris TiTqmis yvela qarTuli Txzuleba X-XIss. daiwera
(gamonaklisia XVIIIs. pirvel naxevarSi Seqmnili besarion orbeliSvilis
`daZineba... ise wilknelisa, romelic sanaxevrod kompilaciuri, Tanac ufro
metafrasuli Zeglia, da amave saukunis bolos gabriel mciris mier dawerili
`cxovreba-moqalaqeoba... sqemosan onofresi, trafaretuli, mdare Rirsebebis
mqone Txzuleba). swored es saukuneebia qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis
ganviTarebis mwvervalic da misi daqveiTebis dasawyisic.XI saukunis Semdeg,
kerZod, giorgi mciris `cxovreba giorgi mTawmidelisas Semdeg qarTuli
hagiografiuli mwerlobis `cxovrebis JanrSi axali aRaraferi Seqmnila. XII
saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba zogierTi Zveli Zeglis gadakeTeba, gametafraseba,
romelTa literaturuli Rirebuleba sagrZnoblad CamorCeba wina saukuneebSi
Seqmnil qarTul TvalsaCino hagiografiul TxzulebaTa dones. X -XIss.
Seqmnili TiTqmis yvela `cxovreba qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis

275

SesaniSnavi nimuSia: `cxovreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi (Xs.), `cxovreba

da moqalaqoba... ioane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa misTa (Sio mRvimelisa da
daviT garejelisa, Xs.), `cxovreba da moqalaqoba ilarion qarTvelisa
(Xs.), `cxovreba... ioanesi da efTmesi (XIs.), xolo ori maTgani: Sroma
da moRuaweba Rirsad cxorebisa... grigolisi arqimandritisa, `xancTisa
da Satberdisa aRmaSenebelisa (Xs.) da `cxovreba da moqalaqoba.. giorgi
mTawmidelisa (XIs.) ki saerTod hagiografiuli mwerlobis Sedevrebi.
samonastro cxovreba, romelic ZiriTadi da, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
erTaderTi wyaroa X-XIss. qarTuli `cxovreba-moqalaqeobis SeqmnisaTvis,
yvelaze adre aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze,
warmoiSva VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi
gvidastureben, pirveli monastrebis daarseba siriidan mosuli ioane zedaznelisa
da misi mowafeebis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca maTi moRvaweobis
amsaxveli hagiografiuli Zegli, Cvenamde moRweuli masalebis mixedviT, mxolod
X saukunis meore naxevarSi Seiqmna (marTalia, abibos nekreselis wameba IXs.
Zegladaa miCneuli, magram is `wamebas warmoadgens).
samonastro mSeneblobis meore, ufro gviandeli kera, romelTanac
dakavSirebulia ori umniSvnelovanesi `cxovreba-moqalaqeoba serapion
zarzmelisa da grigol xancTelis `cxovrebaTa Seqmna, samxreT saqarTvelos taoklarjeTisa da samcxis provinciebSi warmoiSva VII-IXss.1 (samcxis samonastro
cxovrebis amsaxveli yofila aw dakarguli miqel parexelis `cxovrebac,
romliTac sargeblobda serapion zarzmelis `cxovrebis avtori).mesame kera,
romelmac X-XIss. ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli `cxovreba-moqalaqeoba
mogvca, aTonis mTis qarTuli monasteri iyo saberZneTSi, daarsebuli X saukuneSi
(ilarion qarTvelis, iovanesi da eqvTimes, giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebebi.
ierusalimis jviris qarTul monasterSi mxolod proxore qarTvelis
svinaqsaruli `cxovreba daiwera XIs. II naxevarSi).
saqarTveloSi daweril `cxovrebaTa Soris yvelaze adre `serapion zarzmelis
cxovreba aris Seqmnili (Xs. 20-iani wlebis bolos), Semdeg `grigol xancTelis
cxovreba (951 wels) da `ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis cxovreba (Xs.
II naxevarSi 955-980ww.)2. samive Txzulebis avtori, sabednierod, cnobilia.
`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis avtori basil zarzmeli, marTalia, serapionis
Zmiswulia, magram ar aris Tavisi biZis saqmianobis momswre da TviTmxilveli da
mainc `cxovreba dawerilia serapionis gardacvalebidan oriode aTeuli wlis
1 qarTul
saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo
kursebSi
mimdinare
literaturulsazogadoebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb saerTod da kerZod samxreT saqarTvelos
sazRvargareTis qarTuli kerebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis kerebi I (I da II nakveTebi) Tb. 1962, II _ 1980.
2 k. kekeliZe Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I 1980, gv. 150, 152, 161.

276

Semdeg, ase vTqvaT, `cxel kvalze.ufro meti dro, 90 weli, aSorebs `grigol
xancTelis cxovrebis avtoris, giorgi merCules, grigolis gardacvalebidan,
Tumca am garemoebas uaryofiTi kvali mainc ver daumCnevia basili zarzmelisa
da, gansakuTrebiT, giorgi merCules TxzulebaTa Rirsebebze.amasve ver vityviT
ioane zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa `cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am Txzulebis avtorad
TviT Zeglis saTaurSi arsen qarTlis kaTalikosia moxseniebuli. fiqroben,
rom es is arsenia, romelic 955-980-iani ww. iyo kaTalikosad, roemlic Tavisi
Txzulebis gmirebs daaxloebiT 400 wliT mainc aris daSorebuli, rasac,
SeuZlebelia, uaryofiTi gavlena ar hqonoda mis mier aRwerili Txzulebis
Sinaarsobriv sisruleze da Txrobis xarisxze.amas TviT avtoric ambobs: `ese
mciredi mravalTagan didTa saqmeTa davwereT mimyovrebisaTs Jamisa~1. amitom
aris, rom am ukanasknelSi masalis simcire Sevsebulia saswaulebis simravliT,
ganyenebuli msjlobebiT da locvebiT.

***
marTalia, Cven amjerad miznad ar dagvisaxavs, calkeul hagiografiul
ZeglTa konkretul sakiTxebs SevxebodiT, magram radgan e.w. asurel mamaTa
(ioane zedazneli, Sio mRvimeli da daviT garejeli), `cxovrebani~ erT Zeglad
movixsenieT, romlis saxelwodebaa `cxoreba... ioane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa
misTa, da es Zegli am moRvaweTa Sesaxeb daweril TxzulebaTagan yvelaze
uZvelesad davasaxeleT, am sakiTxs ganmarteba esaWiroeba, miT umetes, rom
samecniero literaturaSi amis Sesaxeb sapirispiro azrebia gamoTqmuli.
cnobilia, rom `asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis Seaxeb ramdenime sxvadasxva
redaqciis Txzuelba arsebobs: 1. ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelisa da daviT
garejelis SedarebiT mokle cxovrebebi, romlebsac samecniero literaturaSi
`arqetipebi ewoda. 2. ioane zedaznelis `cxovreba, romlis erTaderTi
nusxa Setanilia ana dedofliseul `qarTlis cxovrebaSi. es `cxovreba
bolonaklulia. dakargul nawilSi varaudoben amave redaqciis Sio mRvimelis
`cxovrebis arsebobasac, romelic iovane zedaznelis `cxovrebis gagrZelebas
warmoadgenda. 3. dasaxelebul moRvaweTa cxovrebis metafrasuli redaqciebi,
romelTa wyaroa e.w. `arqetipebi. metafrasuli redaqciis cxovrebebi rom
danarCenebze gviandelia, es eWvs ar iwvevs da amjeradac maT arc SevexebiT.
gasarkvevia, `arqetipi aris is uZvelesi redaqcia, romelic asurel mamaTa
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb daiwera pirvelad, xolo `qarTlis cxovrebaSi Setanili
iaone zedaznelis cxovreba da mis gagrZelebad nagulisxmevi Sio mRvimelis
cxovreba am `arqetipis gavrcoba-gadamuSavebas warmoadgens, Tu piriqiT,
1 Zeglebi I, 217.

277

`arqetipia Semoklebuli, daxvewili varianti `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli

nusxisa. orive varauds samecniero literaturaSi Tavisi damcveli hyavs (Cven
adrindel naSromSi upiratesoba ukanasknel SesaZleblobas miveciT1).
iovane zedaznelis vrceli cxovreba (`qarTlis cxovrebaSi Setanili
nusxa) ar SeiZleba XI-XII saukuneze adrindeli iyos, radganac is metafrasuli
redaqciisaa. amas adasturebs, jer erTi, misi saTauris Semdeg miwerili glosa:
`ganaaxla da ganavrco... qristes mier arsenic kaTalikozman. amasve amtkicebs
TviT `cxovrebaSi aRniSnuli faqtic: `xolo pirveli igi cxovreba da saqmeni
igi amis netarisani weril arian pirvelsa mas wignsa da Cuenda netar ars meored
aRwerad2. amasTanave Teologiur-dogmatikuri vrceli Sesavali, pasaJebi da
erovnul-stilsturi monacemebi ueWvelsa xdis am Txzulebis metafrasulobas
da mis `arqetipze aRmocenebis faqts. amasTanave vrceli Txzulebis saTauri
mianiSnebs, rom es Zegli mxolod ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas Seicavs (amis
damadasturebelia is faqtic, rom am cxovrebis aRwera avtorisaTvis uTxovnia
zedaznis monastris winamZRvars miqels, romelsac, bunebrivia, Tavisi monastris
damaarseblis cxovreba ainteresebda) da mis gagrZelebad ver vigulisxmebT
aw dakargulad miCneul Sio mRvimelis amave xasiaTisa da stilis cxovrebas:
`cxovreba... ioane zedaznelisa, romeli brZanebiTa RmrTisaTa da winamZrurobiTa
sulisa wmidisaTa moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT queynad qarTlisad aTormetTa
mowafeTa misTa wmidaTa Tana3. `arqetipis saTaurebi ki migvaniSnebs, rom
`cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa ioane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa
misTa, romelTa gananaTles queyana ese CrdiloeTisa marto ioane zedaznelis
cxovreba ki ar aris, aramed misi mowafeebisac, ZiriTadad Sio mRvimelisa da daviT
garejelisa, xolo danarCenis Sesaxeb mokle cnobebi (TaTa, ise wilkneli, ioseb
alaverdeli da sxv.) CarTulia Zeglis sxvadasxva adgilas. am ZeglSi, romelic
iwyeba ioane zedaznelis cxovrebiT, qvesaTaurebiT aris gamoyofili `cxovreba
da moqalaqoba Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa Siosi da evagresi4. eWvgareSea, rom
es ukanaskneli mTliani Zeglis Semadgeneli nawilia. amis dasturad SeiZleba
movitanoT iovane zedaznelis `cxovrebis bolo nawili, sadac araferia naTqvami
ioanes gardacvalebis Seaxeb, xolo bolo abzacSi laparakia imaze, rom `aw netarTa
mowafeTa misTaTs vityodiT-o da iqve TaTas mier monastris aSenebazea saubari
oriode winadadebiT, xolo Txzulebis bolo striqonebSi ki naTqvamia: `xolo
sxuani Semdgomad amissa movisenneT da RmerTsa vadidebdeT... uaSualod amis
Semdeg modis qvesaTauri `cxovreba... Siosi..., romlis dasawyisi ukavSirdeba
1
2
3
4

Zeglebi, IV, 31.

Zeglebi, I, 198.
iqve, 191.
iqve, 217.

278

da gulisxmobs wina nawils, ioane zedaznelis `cxovrebas, `xolo netari ese

da RmrTiv gangrZobili mama Cueni wmida Sio movida... da daemkdra dasavliT
kerZo dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas. swored am `cxovrebis bolo Txroba isev ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis ukanasaknel periods exeba, aRniSnulia misi moxuceba,
sikvdilis moaxlovebis winaTgrZnoba, mowafeebis moxmoba da maTi damoZRvra,
gardacvaleba da dasafalavebasTan dakavSirebuli saswauli. es detali
ueWvelad amtkicebs, rom iovanesa da Sios `cxovrebebi erTi Zeglis ori nawilia
da ara calkeuli Txzulebebi. igive unda iTqvas daviT garejelis cxovrebis
`arqetipis Sesaxebac, rom is `Sios cxovrebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da
ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis `cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilia da ara
damoukdiebeli Txzuleba, oRond am Zeglis SemadgenlobaSi Sios `cxovrebis
msgavsad qvesaTauriT gamoyofilia `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wmidisa mamisa
Cuenisa daviT garesjelisa1. amas adasturebs daviT garejelis `cxovrebis
dasawisi, romelic zustad Sio mRvimelis `cxovrebis stilSi iwyeba (amasTanave
orive nawilis saTauri identuria): `xolo ese wmida mama Cueni daviT warvida
adgilTa udabnoTa da urwyulTa sjad Tavisa Tsisa2. `xoloTi ar SeiZleba
daiwyos hagiografiuli Txzuleba, rogorc iwyeba Sio mRvimelisa da daviT
garejelis `cxovrebaTa mokle redaqciebi, agreTve abibos nekreselis `wamebis
SedarebiT moklesTan vrceli redaqcia. e.i. isini damoukidebeli Txzulebebi ki
ar arian, aramed erTi mTliani Txzulebis nawilebi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Sio
mRvimelis `cxovrebis arqetipSi araferia naTqvami Sios gardacvalebis Sesaxeb
(zustad iseve, rogorc ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi araferia naTqvami ioanes
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb da es faqti aRniSnulia `Sios cxovrebaSi). mosalodneli
iyo, rom Sios gardacvalebaze aucileblad unda yofiliyo saubari (winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi is iqneboda hagiogarfiuli TxzulebisaTvis uprecedento SemTxveva)
misi cxovrebis gagrZelebad nagulisxmev, romelime asureli mamis cxovrebaSi:
daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi ki Sios gardacvalebaze araferia Tqmuli. Sio
mRvimelis gardacvalebis faqti aRniSnulia abibos nekreselis `wamebis
SedarebiT vrceli redaqciis bolos: `xolo netarman Sio mRmesa mas Sina
pova zecisa igi margaliti (es winadadeba Sio mRvimelis `cxovrebis bolo
striqonebis zusti ganmeorebaa)... da iswrafda mislvasa mis winaSe, romeliigi moiquca man, miiyvana adgilsa mas, sadaca suroda, da Seisuena didiTa
gancxadebulebiTa...3. abibos nekreselis `wamebis mokle redaqciaSi msgavsi ram
ar aris,. amiT Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom iovane zedaznelis, Sio mRviemlis, daviT
1 Zeglebi, I, 229.
2 iqve.
3 Zeglebi, I, 248.

279

garejelis cxovrebaTa `arqetipebi da abibos nekreselis `wamebis vrceli

redaqcia (romelic warmoadgens `wamebis mokle redaqciis gavrcobas) erTi
Zeglis Semadgneli nawilebia da maTi calke Txzulebebad gamoyofa gviandeli
redaqtoris naxelavia1. amrigad, ioane zedaznelis `cxovrebis `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi Setanili teqsti arqetipis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli Txzulebaa
da misi dakarguli nawili Tu ki Seicavda Sios cxovrebasac (aseTi varaudi
gamoTqmulia2) da daviT garejelis cxovrebas (aseTi varaudi ar gamoTqmula),
isini iseTive metafrasuli, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli Txzulebebi unda
yofiliyo, rogorc ioane zedaznelis dasaxelebuli `cxovreba da Sesabamisi
`arqetipis safuZvelze dawerili, iseve, rogorc mogvianebiT `arqetipebis
safuZvelze kidev daiwera (XIIs.) iovane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis da daviT
garejelis metafrasuli `cxovrebani da abibos nekreselis `wamebis vrceli
redaqcia. amrigad, arsen II qarTlis kaTalikosis mier Xs. II naxevarSi dawerili
Txzuleba `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wm. m. C. ioane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa
misTa am moRvaweTa Sesaxeb dawerili Cvenamde moRweul ZeglTagan uZvelesia.
es Txzuleba erTi mTliani Zeglia, romelic aerTianebs ioane zedaznelis, Sio
mRvimelis, daviT garejelis `cxovrebebs da abibos nekreselis wamebas (es
ukanaskneli Tuki calke Txzulebad arsebobda, mxolod imitom, rom is `wamebis
Janrisaa). CamoTvlil mRvaweTa Sesaxeb calkeul TxzulebaTa Seqmna XIIs.
qarTvel metafrastTa saqmea.

***
ioane zedznelisa da misi mowafeebis `cxovreba ZiriTadad bizantiur
hagiografiaSi gavrcelebuli `cxovrebis tipisaa: Txrobis Tanmimdevroba
epizodebis qronologiuri principiT dalagebaSi gamoixateba, kompozicia
erTxazovania, yuradRebis centrSi yovelTvis Txrobis ZiriTadi obieqti
dgas. iSviaTia raime gadaxveva, ZiriTad kompoziciaSi axali epizodebis Setana
da Tu aseTi magaliTi Segvxvda (Sio mRvimelis `cxovrebaSi Txroba ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis bolo periodisa da misi gardacvaleba-dasaflavebis
Sesaxeb), isic qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis princips emorCileba da ar aris
ganpirobebuli kompoziciuri mravalplanianobiT. es Zegli kompoziciurad
martirologiis Janris tradiciebis gamgrZelebelia. ioane zedaznelisa da
misi mowafeebis `cxovreba gandegilobis mosurne meudabnoe berebis cxovrebis
amsaxveli Txzulebis tipiuri nimuSia: minimumdea dayvanili berebis kontaqti
1 ufro vrclad ix. e. gabiZaSvili, asureli moRvaweebis `cxovreba~, e.w. arqitipebis
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, macne, els, #4, 1982, gv.61-87
2 il. abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTacxovrebis wignTa redaqciebi, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. XXIV

280

gare samyarosTan, naTlad Cans maTi gulgriloba qveynis socialur-politikuri

cxovrebisadmi, maTi ZiriTadi mizania xorcieli bunebis usastikesi daTrgunva
da swrafva sulieri srulyofisaken. erTi sityviT, am Txzulebas, rogorc k.
kekeliZe aRniSnavs, axasiaTebs monofizit-sirielTa damaxasiaTebeli `pirdapir
fsiqo-paTologiuri saqcieli da arabunebrivi reJimi1 sapirispirod berZnuli
asketizmisa. qristianul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebuli `orcTa ganlevis motivi
qarTul hagiogarfiul Txzulebebidan yvelaze mZafrad swored am ZeglSia
warmodgenili, xolo danarCen TxzulebebSi ki _ sustad.
bizantiur hagiografiaSi, kerZod ki, meudabnoe berebis cxovrebis amsaxvel
TxzulebebSi, naklebad aris saubari maT miwier saqmianobaze, sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo Sromaze da saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobaze. isini umetesad inertuli,
sakuTar sulier samyaroSi Caketili pirebia da maTi ZiriTadi moRvaweoba gare
samyaroze saswaulebis saSualebiT zemoqmedebiT amoiwureba. nawilobriv aseTi
suraTi gvaqvs ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis `cxovrebaSic, magram es
ar aris qarTuli `cxovrebis Janris damaxasiaTebeli niSani. dasaxelebuli
Txzulebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela danarCen qarTul `cxovrebaSi bermonazvnoba udidesi potenciis Zalas warmoadgens, romelic Tamamd ereva qveynis
politikursa da socialur saqmeebSi eklesiis organizaciisa da struqturis
sakiTxebSi, warmarTavs saeklesio ganaTlebisa da saeklesio pirebis momzadebis
saqmes. niSandoblivia, rom grigol xancTelis moRvaweobis amsaxvel Txzulebas
`Sroma da moRuaweba... wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi
arqimandritisa, xancTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSenebelisa... ewodeba.
ioane zedznelis `cxovrebis Sepirispirebis Sedegad grigol xancTelisa da
serapion zarzmelis `cxovrebebTan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirveli qarTuli
samonastro cxovreba siria-palestinis samonastro cxovrebis gadmonergili
variantia da amitom misi tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
sxavadasxva kuTxeSi. e.w. `asurel mamaTa mier safuZvelCayrili samonastro
kerebi ara gvgonia, rom daarsebidanve gamoirCeodnen samonastro mSeneblobis
masStaburobiT an saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobiT. piriqiT, Cvens xelT
arsebuli masalebiT pirveli monazvnebi udabur adgilebSi gamoqvabulebsa
da mRvimeebSi atarebdnen cxovrebas. am adgilebSi samonastro kompleqsebis
Seqmna da maTTan dakavSirebuli samwignobro kerebis aRmoceneba mogvianebiT
moxda iq miZalebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan gamosuli ber-monazvnebis
iniciativiT. zogierTi am keraTagani (mag.: gareja da SiomRvime) mogvianebiT
erovnuli interesebiT gamsWvaluli saganmanaTleblo centrad iqa. SeiZleba
1 k. kekeliZe, sakiTxi siriul moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi Zveli
qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, I, 33.

281

Tamamad iTqvas, rom qarTul erovnul samonastro cxovrebas safuZveli samxreT

saqarTveloSi, jer tao-klarjeTSi, Semdeg ki samcxe-javaxeTSi Caeyara, rom
swored saqarTvelos am provinciebSi aRmocenebulma da droTa ganmavlobaSi
farTo masStabiT gavrcelebulma samonastro qselma fesvi gaidga saqarTvelos
farglebs gareTac. unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreT saqarTveloSi grigol xancTelis
moRvaweobis dawyebamde samonazvno cxovrebis forma gandegilobiT, qvabSi
dayudebiT amoiwureboda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi `siriel mamaTa moRvaweobis
msgavsad. amis kargi magaliTia erTi epizodi grigol xancTelis `cxovrebidan:
xancTaSi grigolis mosvlamde dayudebuli iyo beri uediosi, romelmac Seityo
ra iq xalxmravali monastris aSenebis gadawyvetileba, sTxova grigols da mis
mowafeebs: `xolo ese aRmiTquT, romel Cemda sikudidmde ara ganhmravldeT
adgilsa amas Sina1. igive iTqmis miqel parexelis moRvaweobazec, romelic
kldis napralSi (parexSi) iyo dayudebuli. mis mier Tavisi mowafis serapion
zarzmelis gagzavna samonastro adgilis mosaZebnad da monastris asaSeneblad,
grigol xancTelis samonastro mSeneblobis gavlena unda yofiliyo, romlis
mowafedac miqaeli Tvlida Tavs2. sazRvargareTis ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi
qarTuli samonastro kolonia samxreT saqarTvelos samonastro organizaciis
bazaze aRmocenda, magaliTad, saberZneTSi aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri daaarsa
klarjeTis `oTxTa eklesiidan aq mosulma ioane aTonelma. ierusalimSi jvaris
qarTvelTa monasteri aaSena klarjeTis wyarosTavis monastridan Camosulma
proxore qarTvelma, antioqiis Sav mTaze qarTvelTa samonastrro organizaciis
gamoCenili moRvaweebi da mwignobrebi giorgi mTawmideli (romelic Semdeg
aTonis mTaze moRvaweobda) da efrem mcire samcxidan iyvnen gamosulni da sxva
mravali. amitom iyo, rom ucxoeTis qarTuli samonastro kerebi ZiriTadad taoklarjeTisa da samcxis samonastro gamgrZelebelni da damcvelni iyvnen. amitom
iyo, rom grigol xancTelisa da Semdeg misi mowafeebis mier daarsebul monastrebSi
grigolis mier Camoyaliebuli mkacri da mtkice samonastro organizacia,
yoveldRiuri saqmianobisa da moqmedebis tradicia, eklesia-monastrebis Senebis
dauokebeli survili, ganaTlebuli samonastro kadrebis momzadebaze mudmivi
zrunva, saeklesio wignebis wera da SeZena, biblioTekebis Seqmna da msgavsi mravali
sasicoxlo Tu ufro wvrilmani saqmianoba sazRvargareTis bevri qarTuli
samonastro koloniis samoqmedo programad iqca. aseTi erovnuli ideologiiT,
saganmanaTleblo da saamSeneblo saqmianobis udidesi mniSvnelobis SegnebiT
aris gamsWvaluli yvela `cxovreba, romelic samxreT saqarTvelos samonastro
mSeneblobas agviwers (giorgi merCules `grigol xancTelis cxovreba, basili
1 Zeglebi, I, 255, 37.
2 iqve, gv. 281.

282

zarzmelis `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba) da is `cxovrebebic, romlebic

aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi Seiqmna da mis saliteraturo saqminobis
Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs (eqvTime mTawmidlis `ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba,
giorgi mTawmidelis `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba da giorgi mciris `giorgi
mTawmidelis cxovreba).
didi gansxvaveba aris VI saukuneSi asurel mamaTa mier aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da grigol xancTelis mier VIII_IXss. samxreT saqarTveloSi
daarsebuli samonastro kerebis ara marto organizaciasa da saqmianobaSi,
aramed am TxzulebaTa Sorisac, romlebic am kerebis damaarsebelTa saqmianobis
Sesaxeb mogviTxroben. grigol xancTelisa da serapion zarzmelis `cxovrebebi
Tvisobrivad axali safexuria ioane zedaznelisa dam is mowafeTa `cxovrebasTan
SedarebiT. es naTlad Cans am ZeglTa kompoziciuri struqturis, ideologiuri
gaazrebis, daxvewili enisa da mxatvruli arsenalis mixedviTac.
serapion zarzmelis `cxovreba da gansakuTrebiT ki, grigol xancTelis
`cxovreba gamoirCevian wina periodis qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaTaTvis
uCveulo kompoziciuri struqturiT: adrindeli ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sworxazovani kompoziciis, erTplaniani, qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT
warmoebuli siuJeturi Txrobis sapirispirod, dasaxelebul ZeglebSi centra
luri personaJis Seaxeb Txrobis ZiriTadi Tema gaSlilia mravalricxovani,
novelis tipis TxrobiTi epizodebis fonze, romelTa centrSi umetesad, ra Tqma
unda, mTavari gmiri dgas, magram, xSiria iseTi epizodebic, sadac Txrobis aqcenti
gadatanilia Txzulebis ama Tu im meorexarisxovan personaJze, Txzulebis
centraluri personaJi ki meore planze dgas (`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebidan
giorgi CorCanelis serapionTan da mis mxlebel berebTan Sexvedris epizodi,
miqel parexelis mier serapionis ukangamoxmobis epizodi, giorgi CorCanelis
memkvidreebSi warmoSobili ganxeTqilebis epizodi da sxv. mravali. `grigol
xancTelis cxovrebidan Txroba gabriel dafanCulis vinaobis Sesaxeb da
misi grigolTan Sexvedris epizodi, febronias damkvidreba klarjeTSi da misi
urTierToba grigolTan, zenon didisa da misi dis samijnuro ambebi, marto
mRvdlis cxovrebis epizodebi da sxva mravali). zogjer romelime aseT novelaSi
saerTod ar Cans mTavri personaJi da Txroba exeba Txzulebis meorexarisxovan
pirs an pirebs (Txroba opizis monastris pirvel mSenebelTa Sesaxeb, miqelis
damkvidreba parexSi da sxva serapionis `cxovrebidan. grigol xancTelis
`cxovrebaSi ki mravalia iseTi epizodebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad moTxrobilia
grigolis mowafeTa saqmianobisa da maT mier moxdenili `saswaulebis Sesaxeb,
Tumca ar viciT, romeli maTgania Tavdapirveli `cxovrebiseuli da romeli bagrat
erisTavT-erisTavis mier Semdeg Camatebuli). aseT mravalsiuJetian TxzulebebSi

283

darRveulia moqmedebis tradiciuli qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobac. aseT

SemTxvevebSi Tavdapirvel poziciaze dabrunebisaTvis am TxzulebaTa avtorebi
iyeneben SemdgomSi `cxovrebis JanrSi trafaretad qceul frazebs: `xolo Cuen
kualad aRvideT pirvelsave sityuasa da Zalisaebr vipyraT wesi Txrobisa,
`amier kualad vipyraT neSti igi Txrobisa da pirvelsave sityuasa aRvideT da
sxva mravali serapionis `cxovrebidan, `aramed aw pirvelsave sityuasa mivideT,
`aramed aw kualad neSti igi pirveli ganvaaxloT da sxv. (grigol xancTelis
cxovrebidan, Tumca am TxzulebaSi aseTi wiaRsvlebisa da TxrobaSi gadaxvevebis
umravlesi magaliTebi msgavsi SeniSvnebis gareSea gakeTebuli).
ilarion qarTvelis, eqvTimes da iovanes, giorgi mTawmidelis ufro gviandeli
`cxovrebebic imeoreben zemoxsenebul TxzulebaTa kompoziciur wyobas, Tumca
es sustadaa gamxatuli `ilarion qarTvelis cxivrebaSi, ufro reliefurad ki
Cans `eqvTimesa da ioanes cxovrebasa da `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi.
aTonis mTis qarTul monasterSi Seqmnili hagiografiul TxzulebaTa
cikli qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis `cxovrebis Janris ganviTarebis
bolo etapia (ufro gviandeli, petre iberielis XIII saukuneSi siriuli enidan
gadmoTargmnil-gadmokeTebuli `cxovreba, agreTve XVIIIs. dawerili ise
wilknelisa da onofres `cxovrebebi hagiografiuli mwerlobis ganviTarebad
ver CaiTvleba). ilarion qarTvelis, efTvime da iovane aTonelebis da giorgi
mTawmidelis `cxovrebebi sruliad axal furcels Slis qarTuli saeklesio
mwerlobis istoriaSi. am Txzulebebis ZiriTadi Temaa bizantiaSi qarTuli
eklesia-monastrebis daarsebis istoriisa da am kerebSi gaCaRebuli udidesi,
erovnuli TviTSegnebiT gaRvivebuli kulturuli da literaturuli saqmianobis
aRwera. Tu ilarionis `cxovreba am istoriuli mniSvnelobis wamowyebis
pirvel nabijebsa da pirvel warmatebebs exeba, efTvime mTawmidelisa da giorgi
mTawmidelis `cxovrebebi mTeli masStaburobiT gadagviSlis saberZneTSi,
aTonis mTaze mtkiced fexmokidbulsa da berZnul saxelmwifo da saeklesio
wreebSi didi avtoritetis mqone qarTuli samonastro koloniis mesveurTa
yoveldRiur Rvawls qarTuli eklesiis simtkicis, saeklesio kulturisa da
ganaTlebis amaRlebis, originaluri Tu Targmnili saeklesio saprogaramo
Txzulebebis Seqmnis saqmeSi, mogviTxrobs im udidesi sulieri potenciis mqone
adamianebze, romelTa gasaocari Sromisunarianoba, dafuZnebuli maT udides
talantze, gamWvalulia mSobliuri qveynisa da xalxis msaxurebis SegnebiT.
amrigad, qarTuli `cxovrebis erT-erTi umTavresi da damaxasiaTebeli
niSania qmediToba, miwieri cxovrebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemebiT
daintereseba, Sromisa da garjis apologia, amqveyniuri cxovrebis politikursocialuri da religiur-sarwmunoebrivi idealebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZola,

284

rac Serwymulia qristianuli religiis dogmatikur principebTan. bizantiur

hagiografiaSi, ber-monazonTa `cxovrebebis udides nawilSi ki gamosWvivis
umoqmedoba, sakuTar `me-Si CaRrmaveba, mxolod sulieri swrafva RmrTisaken,
yovelgvari cxovrebiseulis uaryofa, yovelgvari xorcielis daTrgunvis
ideologia (movigonoT mTeli armia ber-monazvnebisa, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
svetebze dayudebuli, TorneebSi Camjdari, mRvimeebSi sakuTari surviliT
gamoketilni). bizantiur saeklesio litearturaSi gansakuiTrebiT aRiarebuli
iyo e.w. salosebis `cxovrebaTa cikli, romelic fsiqiurad daavadebul bermonazonTa kontigents maTze gadmosuli saRmrTo madlis gansakuTrebul
gamovlinebad miiCnevoda. qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobisaTvis ucxoa am tipis
`cxovreba. esec erTi sagulisxmo niSania qarTuli hagiogarfiuli mwerlobis
dasaxasiaTeblad. qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis damaxasiaTebeli
zemoaRniSnuli motivebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels erovnuli Rirsebis dacva,
erovnuli interesebi warmoadgenda. erovnuli TviTSegnebis xma, romelic ioane
sabanisZis `abo tfilelis wamebaSi gaisma, mTeli simZlavriT moedo qarTuli
saeklesio mwerlobis momdevno periodis yvela ubans, gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTul
hagiografias. `moqceva qarTlisas (cxovreba wmidisas ninosi) Seqmnas
swored erovnuli sarwmunoebrivi safuZveli hqonda: qarTvelebs aRar undodaT
somxebTan saziaro ganmanaTlebeli hyolodaT grigol parTevelis saxiT, rogorc
es somxuri wyaroebis gavleniT iyo miCneuli adrindel qarTul ZeglebSi, da
sakuTari nino ganmanaTlebeli daayenes pirvel planze. saqarTveloSi qristianul
siwmideTa arsebobis mtkiceba am ZeglSi (`kvarTi uflisa, wmida Zelis, anu juaris
samsWualni da qristes `ferTa ficarni) erovnuli siamayis gamoxatulebaa.
erovnuli siamayiT JRers giorgi merCules sityvebi: `qarTlad friadi qveyana
aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli
aResrulebis1, romelic TiTqos gamoZaxilia sabanisZis sityvebisa: `ara xolo
Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cuenca, SorielTa
amaT mkdrTa... aha esera, qarTlisaca mkdrTa aqus sarwmunoeba da wodebul
ars dedad wmidaTa...2. TiTqosda protestia gamoTqmuli berZenTa misamarTiT,
romlebic `fiqrobdnen, rom barbarosebs (maT Soris qarTvelebsac) ar SeuZliaT
sakuTar enaze gadaiRon miRwevebi bizantiuri kulturisa da arc aqvT amis ufleba,
vinaidan, maT Soris ganmtkicebuli SexedulebiT, mwerloba SesaZlebelia mxolod
sam enaze, romlebzedac aRniSnuli iyo braldeba jvarcmuli qristesi, ese igi
berZnuls, romaulsa da ebraulze3. berZnebTan kulturul-saeklesio sferoSi
1
Zeglebi, I, 290.
2
iqve, 55.
3
k. kekeliZe, kulturuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis anarekli Zv. qarTul
literaturaSi, etiudebi... IV, 112.

285

gaTanasworebis ideam mtkiced moikida fexi X-XIss. qarTul mwerlobaSi. jer

kidev ioane-zosimem X saukuneSi (`qeba qarTlisa enisa) qarTuli ena aramcTu
berZnulis Tanasworad gamoacxada, aramed misi upiratesobac ki aRniSna: `yoveli
saidumlo amas Sina damarxul ars-o, da qarTuli ena zogad saqristiano enad
iwinaswarmetyvela: damarxul ars ena qarTuli dRemde meored moslvisa misisa
sawamebelad, raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa-o1. qarTuli
enisa da, saerTod, qarTuli erovnuli prestiJis saerTaSoriso done xazgasmulia
ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaSic: imperatirma basili makedonelma Tavisi ori
vaJis aRzrda miando ara berZnebs, aramed ilarionis qarTvel mowafeebs: `locva
yavT amaTTs, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT wignni da ena Tqueni, raTa iyvnen ege
Svilni locvisa Tquenisani2. hagiograf avtorTa aseTi gancxadebebi usafuZvlo
ar aris da liton frazeologias ar warmoadgenen. maTi safuZvelia erovnuli
kulturis is didi miRwevebi, rac gamovlinda nacionaluri Sinaarsis hagiografiis
SeqmnaSi, erovnuli saeklesio moRvaweTa da mniSvnelovan movlenaTa aRmniSvnel
qarTul dResaswaulebSi, welTaRricxvis qarTuli sistemis `qarTvelTa
saTualavis SeqmnaSi, liturgikuli nacionaluri himnografiis CamoyalibebaSi
da sxva mravali. kekliZis samarTliani TqmiT, `am xanSi qarTvelebi dasdgomian
RvTismsaxurebis sruli gaerovnulebis gzas ara marto enis mxriv, aramed
SinaarsiTac3. bizantielebTan kulturuli metoqeobis tendencia gansakuTrebiT
kargad Cans aTonis mTis qarTvel moRvaweTa `cxovrebebSi: `cxovreba ioanesi
da efTmesi erovnuli Tavmomwoneobis grZnobiT aRniSnavs, rom aTanase didma
Tavisi lavris mfarveloba iovane qarTvels miando, da rom efTvimesac `aqunda
zrunvaca didisa lavrisa, rom efTvime mTawmideli aTonis mTis monastrebis
yvela winamZRvris pirveli mrCeveli da damrigebeli iyo, rom `arca proti (e.i.
aTonis mTis yvela monastris meTauri), arca sxuani mamasaxlisni Tnier misisa
brZanebbisa araras iqmodes da iSTi dR gardadis, romelsa aTi anu aTxuTmeti
mamasaxlisi ara movides maT winaSe4. gorgi mTawmideli gansakuTrebuli erovnuli
siamayis grZnobiT gvamcnobs, rom efTvimes ubrwyinvalesi literaturuli
memkvidreoba `viTar nest oqrosa ma-maRali, oxris yovelsa queyanasa, ara
xolo qarTlisasa, aramed saberZneTisasaca5. swored efTvime mTawmidelisa da misi
mowafeebis didma ganaTlebam da literaturulma saqmianobam, romelic `oxris
yovelsa qveyanasa, aTqmevina giorgi mciris `cxovreba giorgi mTawmidelisas
mowmobiT antioqiis patriarqs Teodosis giorgi mTawmidelis misamarTiT Semdegi
sityvebi: `patiosano mamao! daRacaTu naTesaviT xar qarTveli, sxTa yovliTa
1
2
3
4
5

286

iqve.
Zeglebi, II, 33, 15.
k. kekeliZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 114.
Zeglebi, II, 81.
iqve, 41.

swavlulebiTa sruliad berZeni xar1 da `Cuenive swori xar2, radgan berZenTa

warmodgeniT qarTvelebi `naTesavi ars umecari3, magram giorgi mTawmidlis
ganswavlulobam, qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis Rirsebebis warmoCinebam da misi
zogierTi upiratesobis gamoaSkaravebam berZnul eklesiasTan SedarebiT imave
Teodosi patriarqs qarTveli beris upiratesobac ki daanaxa TavisianebTan
SedarebiT: `xedavTa bersa amas, viTar marto esodensa simravlesa gueurvis.
vekrZalneT, nuukue winaaRmdgomi SeguemTxos da ara xolo Tu sityT, aramed
saqmiT guamxilos Zleuleba Cveni da dagmrwmenes da dagmremlnes4.
erovnuli memkvidreobisa da Rirsebis dacvis aucileblobiT iyo gamsWvaluli
qarTvel ber-monazonTa brZola berZenTa momxveWelobis winaaRmdeg ulumbosa da
Sav mTaze (ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba5, arsen iyalToelis ninos `cxovreba6)
da aTonis mTaze (ioanesa da efTvimes cxovreba7, giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba8),
mahmadian dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg sinaze da ierusalimSi (luka ierusalimelis
wameba). erovnuli suli, sakuTari da xalxis interesebi amoZravebda yvela
gamoCenil qarTvel moRvawes saqarTvelos monastrebSi da sazRvargareTis
saganmanaTleblo kerebSi literaturul Tu praqtikul saeklesio da
sazogadoebriv saqmioanobaSi. yvelaferi es metnaklebi sicxadiT fiqsirebulia,
qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi, gansakuTrebuli sisruliT ki
`cxovreba-moalaqeobebSi, rolmebic Cveni kulturul-literaturuli warsuli
ubrwyinvalesi matianea.
hagiografiuli mwerlobis Zeglebis Seqmna moiTxovs ara marto gmiris Sesaxeb
arsebuli faqtiuri masalis codnas, an Tvalis nanaxisa da gagonilis ubralo
fiqsirebas, aramed Txzulebis weris im ostatobasac, romelic saSualebas
miscems avtors sainteresod warmoudginos mkiTxvels Tavisi ideali, idealuri
`mowame da `moRvawe. cxadia, avtoris niWi ZiriTadad gansazRvravs Txzulebis
Rirsebas, magram Txzulebis av-kargianoba bevrad aris damokidebuli avtoris
mier moxmobil wyaroTa Rirsebebze, Tu ra masala gamoiyena man, rom realuri
faqtis siuJeturi ConCxisaTvis xorci Seesxa: sazogadoebrivi da saeklesio
cxovrebis realuri ambebis gadmocemas misca upiratesoba Tavis TxzulebaSi, Tu
hagiografiul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebul Sablonur yalibebsa da saswaulebis
moarul siuJetebs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

iqve, 151.
iqve, 153.
iqve, 152.
iqve, 155.
iqve, 20
Zeglebi, III, 49.
Zeglebi, II, 93
iqve, gv. 149.

287

***
sxvadasxva drois qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad vxvdebiT gulistikiviliT
naTqvam sityvebs, rom bevri saeklesio moRvawis `cxovreba da `wameba
aRuwereli darCa da bevri maTganis saxeli daviwyebas mieca (ilarion qarTvelis
`cxovreba1, grigol xancTelis `coxvreba2, nikoloz gulaberiZis `sakiTxavi
sveticxovlisa3). da marTlac, TvalSi sacemia qarTul hagiografiul
TxzulebaTa simcire: 14 saukunis ganmavlobaSi (V-XVIIIss.) hagiografiuli
mwerlobis yvela JanrSi erTad mxolod ramdenime aTeuli Txzuleba Seiqmna. aseT
simcires martooden Zeglebis garkveuli odenobis Cven dromde miuRwevlobiT
ver avxsniT, Tumca es momentic angariSgasawevia. wyaroebis miTiTebiT aRwerili
yofila miqel parexelis `cxovreba, romelmac Cvenamde ver moaRwia. dakarguli
hagiografiuli Txzulebebi sxvac iqneboda, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobebic ar
Senaxula. amis magaliTad `grigol xancTelis cxovrebac gamodgeba: qarTuli
hagiografiis am ubrwyinvalesi Zeglis (romelic amave dros moculobiTac
yvelaze didia) daweris dRidan [951w.] mis aRmoCenamde [1845w.], mTeli cxra saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, qarTul wyaroebSi misi xsenebis kvalic ar Canda. am movlenis erTerTi mizezi k. kekeliZes ase aqvs axsnili: `pasuxismgeblobis Segneba mwerlobis
wminda movaleobisaTvis imdenad maRali iyo xolme, rom momzadebuli pirnic
ki gaurbodnen mas xSirad. daeWveba Tavis codna-momzadebaSi, Tavis unarsa da
ZalaSi, Segneba Tavis uRirsobisa xels uSlida ama Tu im pirs samwerlo asparezze
gamosuliyo4. aRniSnulis tipiuri magaliTia giorgi merCules sityvebi: `xolo
yoveli ver SeuZle aRwerad umecrebisa gziTa, rameTu vhgonebd cxorebisa
amis dawera brZenTagan da srulTa mamaTa, romelnica iyvnen JamTa CuenTa: didi
sofron, sanatreli mama, Satberdisa eklesiisa ganaxlebiT aRmaSenebeli da
ukunisamde grgni misi, da RmerTSemosili mama ilarion parexeli da qristes
mRdelTmoZRuarni Rirsni giorgi mawyuereli episkoposi da stefane mtbevari
episkoposi pirveli da sxuani msgavsni maTni. da viTarca maT netarTa daiZines,
maSinRa reca ganmeRiZa ucebsa amas da friad codvilsa el-yofad da aRwerad
cxovreba da saswaulni ese, romel aw gesmnen5. albaT, bevri Txzuleba ver
daiwera avtoritetTa winaSe aseTi gaubedaobis gamo da imis molodinSi, rom
isini dawerdnen Tanamedrove gamoCenil pirTa cxovrebebs.
bevri dRes CvenTvis cnobili hagiografiuli Txzuleba, romelTa gareSe
1
2
3
4
5

288

Zeglebi, II, 10, 15.

Zeglebi, I, 249, 10.
saqarTvelos samoTxe, m. sabininis gamocema, tfilisi, 1982, gv. 104-105.
k. kekeliZe, SemoqmedebiTi procesi Zv. qarTuli literaturaSi... etiudebi, II, 208.
Zeglwebi, I, 294.

qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis istoria warmoudgenelia, dawerilia, ase vTqvaT,

iZulebis wesiT da ara avtoris sakuTari iniciativiT: abo Tbilelis `wameba
ioane sabanisZes samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis avtoritetulma moTxovnam
daawerina, gobronis `wameba stefane mtbevarma aSot kurapalatis davalebiT
Seqmna, giorgi mTawmidels ioane da efTvimes `cxovrebis el-yofa `mamaTa misTa
sulierTa ubrZanes, xolo giorgi xucesmonazoni (mcire) giorgi Seyenebulis
ganmeorebiTma epistolem aiZula daewera giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovreba da a.S.
k. kekeliZis SeniSvniT, saeklesio mwerlobis saerTod da, kerZod, qarTuli
hagiografiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi damabrkolebeli mizezi agreTve unda
yofiliyo erTi qristianuli debuleba, romelic solomonis igavSi asea
formulirebuli: `brZnad metyueleba vercxli ars wmida, xolo dumili
oqro rCeuli. rogorc Cans, `dumilis filosofia da `rCeuli oqros Ziebam
bevri Txzuleba daaklo qarTul hagiografias, xolo vinc ki Rvawli dasdo mis
gamdidrebas, etyoba, giorgi merCules Semdeg Tvalsazriss iziarebda: `aramed aw
me vinaTgan ver Zal-mic mouklebelad locva da sulelTa yovelTa udares var,
naklulevaneba Cemi ara miflobs dumilad da zogs-rame umjobesad Semiracxies,
raTa vityodi Rirsad cxorebasa RmerTSemosilTa kacTasa1.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom qarTul mwerlobas bevri daaklo saeklesio wesma,
romliTac mwerlobis ufleba, mxolod sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa
privilegias Seadgenda. es privilegia ganmtkicebuli iyo saeklesio
kanonmdeblobiTac: meeqvse msoflio krebam 64 kanonis saxiT am sakiTxs Semdegi
formulireba misca: `viTarmed ara ums eriskacsa saerod aRZrva sitysa anu
swavla erisa da esreT mizidva Tavisa mimarT Tsisa pativisa moZRurebisasa.
es kanoni emyareba pavle mociqulis korinTelTa mimarT I epistolis [12, 12; 12,
27] grigol nazianzelis komentars: `ganwesebasa SeudgeT, Zmano, ese wesiereba
davicvaT, romelime Cuengani iyavn yuri, romelime ena, sxua el da sxua
sxua rame aso. romeli aswavebdin, xolo romelime iswavebdin... nu yovelni
varT ena ganmzadebul, anu yovelni mociqul, nu yovelni winaswarmetyuel,
nu yovelni gamovsTargmanebT2... am dogmiT eriskaci SeiZleba iyos `yur da
araviTar SemTxvevaSi `ena. es Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia grigol xancTelis
`cxovrebaSic: guaram mefem kiTxvaze, saeklesio wignebiT ganswavlulma
eriskacma Tu `ixilos rame keTili wesi, romel qristianobasa Seundos da Cven
Soris ara iyos, ginaTu wignTagan wmidaTa gulisma-yos da TaviT TsiT ersa
uswavlelsa auwyebdes, keTil arsa anu ara? episkoposTa uaryofiTi pasuxi
miiRo, romelSic warmoCenilia marTlmadidebluri eklesiis konservatuli
1
2

Zeglebi, I, 248.
didi sjuliskanoni, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 394.

289

buneba: `weril ars: trTi ganwesebuli eyofinnavsa, ukeTu daumZimo, dainTqas

da ukeTu subuqad iyos, qarTa da RelvaTa waritacon~ egreca tvirti Sjulisa
da wesi qristeanobisa, romeli aw queyanasa Cuensa upyries, friad keTil ars da
RmerTi dajerebul ars. da amisTs Cven varT Tavsmdebni. xolo eriskacTaTvis
`umjobes dumili ars, magram Tu dumuli ver SeZlos, yoveli moaxsenos Tavis
episkoposs da, Tu saWiro iqneba, `man aswaos Tssa samwysosa1. erTi mxriv,
mwrlobis sasuliero wodebis privilegiad gamocxadeba [Tumca am statusis
darRvevis SemTxevvebic gvaqvs qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi bagrat erisTavTerisTavs grigol xancTelis `cxovrebaSi ramdenime saswauli CauTavs, xolo
daviT aRmaSenebelma `galobani sinanulisani dawera], meore mxriv sasuliero
pirTa fsiqikaSi ganmtikebulma Tavisi uRirsobis Segnebam, avtoritetTa winaSe
mowiwebam, `dumilis filosofiam, agreTve Tezisma `brZenTa maqebrad brZeni
ums, an rom SevcvaloT es debuleba: `wmindans maqebrad wmindani ums, da
msgavsma debulebebma daabrkola qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis ganviTareba
da nawilobriv ganapiroba hagiografiul TxzulebaTa simcire.
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela qarTuli
hagiografiuli Txzuleba sasuliero piris dawerilia [am poziciebidan sakamaTo
aRar unda iyos, rom ioane sabanisZec sasuliero piria]. SeiZleba iTqvas isic,
rom Tavisi uRirsobis Segnebisa da Tavmdablobis gamo ar gamoamJRavna Tavisi
vinaoba zogierTi hagiografiuli Txzulebis avtorma [evstaTi mcxeTelis
`wameba kostanti kaxis `wameba, `moqceva qarTlisa da sxv.]. avtorTa
erTi wyebis vinaoba CvenTvis cnobili gaxada im faqtma, rom maT davalebiT
daawerines hagiografiuli Txzuleba da `maiZulebelTa vinobis aRniSvna maT
savaldebulod miiCnies, amasTanave Tavisi vinaobis gamJRavnebac mouxdaT [ioane
sabanisZe, stefane mtbevari, giorgi mTawmideli, giorgi mcire...]. erTma nawilma
Tavi gagvacno im mizeziT, rom maT aRiares TavianTi `kadniereba, rom gabedes
Tavisi gmiris `cxovrebis aRwera, Tumca isini, rogorc Cans, gamouvalma
mdgomareobam aiZula: visac xelewifeboda maTi coxvrebis aRwera, maT raRac
mizezebis gamo ar SeusrulebiaT es movaleoba, arada am moRvaweTa saqmeebi ar
SeiZleboda STamomavlobas ar gaecno [giorgi merCule, basil zarzmeli da sxv.].
zogi avtoris vinaoba TanmedroveTagan an gviandeli drois TxzulebaTa mixedviT
aris dadasturebuli [grigol dodorqeli, besarion orbeliSvili da sxv.],
nawilisa ki im garemoebiT, rom maT adre arsebuli Txzuleba gadaumuSavebiaT da
am faqtis aRniSvna aucileblad miuCnebviaT [leonti mroveli, arsen iyalToeli,
Teofile xucesmonazoni, romanoz mitropoliti, besarion orbeliSvili, anton
pirveli da sxv.].
1

290

Zeglebi, I, 289-290.

qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaTa avtorebi SeiZleba ramdenime kategoriad

davyoT: avtorebi, romlebic TavianT gmirTa saqmeebis monawile da TviTmxilvelni
iyvnen [iakob curtaveli, giorgi mcire, gvinadelTagan gabriel mcire onofres
`cxovreba da `porfires mosaxsenebeli], avtorebi, romlebic TavianTi gmirebis
Tanamedroveni iyvnen [ioane sabanisZe, stefane mtbevari, evstaTi mcxeTelis
`wamebis avtori, kostanti kaxis `wamebis avtori]; avtorebi, romlebmac aRweres
axlo warsulis movlenebi, jer kidev cocxali avtoris zogierTi Tanamedrovis
mexsierebaSi [basili zarzemli, giorgi merCule, giorgi mTawmideli, grigol
dodorqeli, besarion orbeliSvili luarsabis `wameba, `wameba biZina, Salva
da elizbarisi]. ufro metia im TxzulebaTa ricxvi, romelTa avtorebma Soreuli
warsulis Sesaxeb cnobebi werilobiT wyaroTa da zepir gadmocemaTagan Sekribes
[`moqceva qarTlisa-s avtori, daviT da kostantines `wamebis avtori, arsen
kaTalikosi asurel mamaTa `cxovreba, leonti mroveli da arsen iyalToeli
- `ninos cxovreba, efTvime mTawmideli da Teofile xucesmonazoni ilarion
qarTvelis `cxovreba. besarion orbeliSvili ise wilknelis `cxovreba,
arCil mefisa da raJdenis `wamebebi, makari mesxi petre qarTvelis `coxvreba
da sxv.]. TviTmxilvel avtorTa iakob xucesisa da giorgi mcires TxzulebaTa
maRalmxatvruli Rirsebebi da istoriuli ueWveloba am avtorTa aucielbel
talantTan erTad swored am movlenebis SuagulSi maTma trialmac ganapiroba.
daaxloebiT igive unda iTqvas im TxzulebaTa mimarT, romlebic Tanamedrovea,
magram ara TviTmxilvelTa mier arian Seqmnili [gansakuTebiT abo Tbilelis
`wameba.]. didi RirsebebiT gamoirCevian is Txzulebebic, romelbic maTSi
aRweril movlenebidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg daiwera [gansakuTrebiT grigol
xancTelis, serapion zarzmelis, efTvime da iovanes cxovrebebi da XVIII
saukunis rigi Txzulebebisa]. rac Seexeba Txzulebebs, romelTa avtorebic didi
droiT arian dacilebuli am TxzulebebSi aRwerili ambebisagan, isini faqtebisa
da movlenebis cocxali ferebiT gadmocemaSi bevrad CamorCebian danarCen
Txzulebebs.
amrigad, qarTuli originaluri hagiogarfiuli mwerlobis warmodgenili
zogadi da albaT arasruli mimoxilvidanac Cans, rom hagiografiul ZeglebSi
erovnuli kulturisa da literaturuli tradiciebis saintereso suraTia
mocemuli. TiToeuli Txzulebis gamowvlilviT Seswavla, maTi jer kidev
gamouvleneli kavSirebis migneba winare literaturul tradiciebTan da
agreTve sasuliero mwerlobis sxva dargebTan, kidev ufro naTlad dagvanaxvebs
hagiografiul TxzulebaTa literaturul-istoriul Rirebulebas.

291

- ,,
.

292

Zveli qarTuli kanonikuri mwerloba

kanonika saeklesio samarTlis im kanonebis erTobliobaa, romelic
sakanonmdeblo saeklesio organoebis mier aris miRebuli qristianuli eklesiis
aRmocenebis droidan da gansazRvravs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos, eklesiis da
misi wevrebis urTierTvaldebulebebs da eklesiis organizaciis, aRmsareblo
bisa da disciplinis yvela niuanss. amdenad kanonika iuridiul mecnierebis
obieqtia, magram kanonikuri samarTlis Zeglebis warmomavlobis, maTi Camoyali
bebis wyaroebis Zieba, maTi filologiur-teqstologiuri da terminologiuri
sakiTxebis kvleva Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis sferos ganekuTvneba.
amdenad kanonikuri mwerlobis sruli Sinaarsi SeiZleba ganisazRvros iuridiul
da istoriul-filologiur mecnierebaTa erTobliobiT.
amjerad Cven SevexebiT qristianuli eklesiis samarTlis im naTargmn da
originalur literaturul Zeglebs, romelTac ganapirobes qarTuli kanonikuri
samarTlis Camoyalibeba.
kanonikuri samarTlis Camoyalibebis dro, Tundac misi sawyisi etapi
gulisxmobs qristianuli eklesiis simwifis garkveul dones, amitom bizantiis
saeklesio mwerlobaSi pirveli kanonikuri krebulebis Sedgena qristianobis
oficialur saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis Semdeg xdeba da misi aRmoceneba
nikiis I msoflio krebis (325 w.) kanonebTan wina da momdevno periodis
adgilobrivi krebaTa (ankviriis _ 314; neo kesariis _ 314-325; agr. Rangris
_ 340 w). kanonTa SeerTebiT unda momxdariyo. aqedan dawyebuli saeklesio
kanonebis krebulTa Sedgeniloba IV-IX ss. ganmavlobaSi icvleboda masSi
Sesuli axali kanonikuri masalis (adgilobrivi da msoflio krebebis, agreTve
gamoCenil saeklesio mamaTa Sromebidan amokrefili kanonebis) masSi Setanis
Sedegad manam, sanam ar Camoyalibda qristianuli eklesiis saboloo kanonikuri
kodeqsi e.w. 883 w. 14 titlovani (nawiliani) nomokanoni, romelic 920 wlidan
zogadqristianuli saxelmZRvanelod iqmna damtkicebuli saeklesio samarTlis
dargSi da iTargmna TiTqmis yvela qristianul enaze, maT Soris qarTuladac
`didi sjuliskanonis~ saxelwodebiT XI s. miwuruls, an XII s. pirvel wlebSi.
sanam am umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, vnaxoT kanonikuri
mwerlobis rac tradiciebi arsebobda saqarTveloSi am Zeglis Targmanebamde.
qarTuli kanonikuri samarTlis CamoyalibebaSi Teoriulad TavianTi wvlili
unda SeetanaT erTi mxriT bizantiuri saeklesio mwerlobidan naTargmn
kanonikuri xasiaTis Txzulebebs, xolo meore mxriT adgilobriv saeklesio
tradiciebze aRmocenebul originalur kanonikur Zeglebs, magram samwuxarod
* ibeWdeba pirvelad.

293

IV-X ss. periodis qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebSi rogorc pirvelis, aseve

meoris arsebobis mxolod savaraudo kvali-Ra aris SemorCenili.
dRes mxolod varaudis doeze SeiZleba laparaki Zvel saqarTveloSi
adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa mowvevis periodulobis Sesaxeb (rogorc
es xdeboda bizantiur saeklesio samyaroSi _ yvela adgilobrivi eklesia
valdebuli iyo saeklesio kreba moewvia weliwadSi orjer, ukidures SemTxvevaSi
erTxel mainc, romelzedac ganixileboda wlis ganmavlobaSi wamoWrili eklesiis
organizaciuli da disciplinaruli sakiTxebi (didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 219-220;
252; 273, 373, 423; 159-160). _ dogmaturi sakiTxebis ganxilva sagangebod mowveul
msoflio saeklesio krebebze xdeboda), magram aseTi krebebis mowveva araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos. xolo aseT krebebze kanonmdeblobis
miReba albaT saeklesio krebis rangze iqneboda damokidebuli _ yvela
adgilobrivi kreba kanonebs ver miiRebda da albaT eklesiis mimdinare wvrilman
sakiTxebs wyvetda, magram saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobil gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis sagangebo saeklesio krebebs rom TavianTi saqmianoba `Zeglisweris
anu kanonikuri dadagenilebebis saxiT ar CamouyalibebiaT, Zneli dasajerebelia.
iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT aseTi krebebi aucileblad iqmneboda mowveuli:
1) qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT. 2) dvinis 607
wlis krebaze somexTa mier saqarTvelos eklesiis mwvaleblobaSi braldebis
sapasuxod. 3) VIII-IX ss-mde saqarTveloseklesiis episkoposTa colianobis
gasamarTleblad. misive azriT, saeklesio kanonmdebloT unda damTavrebuliyo
saeklesio krebebi, romelTa mowveva werilobiTi wyaroebiT aris dadasturebuli.
javaxeTSi IX s. Sua wlebSi mowveuli kreba qarTlis kaTalikosad arsenis
xeldasxmis kanonierebis gansaxilvelad _ grigol xanZTelis `cxovrebaSi 2.
Rrtilis kreba bagrat IV-is dros da a.S.).
amrigad, originaluri saeklesio kanonSemoqmedebidan XI s. bolomde qarTul
saistorio wyaroebs arc erTi Zegli ar Semounaxavs. pirveli saeklesio kreba,
romlis kanonmdeblobam `Zeglisweris~ saxiT Cvenamde srulyofilad moaRwia
aris 1105 w. mowveuli ruis-urvnisis kreba.
axla vnaxoT, qarTul, Zvel X saukunemdel werilobiT wyaroebSi aris Tu
ara cnobebi qarTulad bizantiuri kanonikuri Zeglebis arsebobis Sesaxeb,
radgan TviT am Zeglebis TargmanTa Semcveli qarTuli xelnawerebi ar Cans.
sanam am sakiTxs SevexebodeT, vnaxoT ra saxis saeklesio samarTlis krebulebi
arsebobda bizantiur mwerlobaSi qristianobis damkvidrebis droidan, ra
wyaroebis safuZvelze adgendnen maT da ra cvlilebebi xdeboda am krebulTa
Sinaarsoblivi Sevsebisa da maTSi Sesuli wyaroebis sistematizaciis Sedegad.
erTi sityviT, bizantiuri kanonikuri samarTlis ra Zeglebisa da ra wyaroebis
Targmna iyo mosalodneli berZnulidan qarTulad X saukunemde.

294

pirvel kanonikur krebuls bizantiur saeklesio mwerlobaSi `pontos

krebuls~ uwodeben, romelic nikiis I msoflio saeklesio krebis kanonebis
bazaze Sedga masTan ankviriis (314), neokesariis (314-325 ww.) da Rangris (340 w.)
adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebis mierTebiT IV s-Si. yvela es kreba pontos diocezSi
iyo mowveuli; aqedan krebulis saxelwodebac. qalkedonis IV msoflio kreba
(450 w.) sargeblobda specialuri `kanonTa wigniT~, romelic kanonTa uwyveti
saTvalaviT Seicavda `pontos krebuls~ da antioqiis (341 w.), laodikiis
(343 w) adgilobriv krebaTa da konstantinopolis II msoflio krebis (381 w.)
kanonebs, rogorc es aRniSnulia qalkedonis krebis aqtebSi. ar Semonaxula
Cvenamde iseve, rogorc dasaxelebuli ori krebuli, arc e.w. 60-nawiliani
(titlovani) kanonikuri krebuli, romlis Semadgenoloba qalkedonis krebis
`kanonTa wignTan~ SedarebiT gamdidrebuli iyo mociqulTa, sardikiis (343
w.), efesos III da qalkedonis IV msoflio krebaTa kanonebiT (krebuls 535 w.
axlos Sedgenilad miiCneven). es pirveli sistematuri xasiaTis kanonikuri
krebuli iyo, sadac saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis dasaxeleba-dajgufebuli iyo
60 nawilad (titlosad), 60 saeklesio sakiTxis Sesabamisad, xolo TviT kanonTa
sruli teqstebi warmodgenili iyo krebulis ZiriTad nawilSi. fiqroben, rom
am krebulSi, bolos damatebis saxiT erTvoda samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan
amokrefili kanonebis krebuli (Collectio XXV capitulorum) eklesiis sakiTxebze.
pirveli kanonikuri krebuli, romelmac Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaRwia
aris ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovani (nawiliani) sistematuri kanonikuri
krebuli, Sedgenili 566 wlamde (cnobebi zemoxsenebuli 60-titlovani krebulis
Sesaxeb swored aqaa daculi).
am krebulSi 60 _ titlovan krebulTan SedarebiT damatebiT aris Setanili
basili didis mier amfiloqe ikonielis mimarT miwerili II da III epistoleTa
safuZvelze Sedgenili 68 kanoni. amasTanave, sistematuri nawili dayofilia 50
titlosad (albaT iustiniane didis digestonebis mibaZviT). krebuls bolos
erTvis damatebis saxiT iustinianes novelebidan gamokrebili samoqalaqo
kanonebis krebuli saeklesio sakiTxebis Sesaxeb (Collectio 87 capitulorum),
romelic 565-578 ww. Seudgenia imave ioane sqolastikoss.
am ori krebulis gaerTienebiT ucnob avtors daax. 582-602 ww. Seudgenia
formiTa da SinaarsiT sruliad axali kanonikuri krebuli `50 titlovani
nomokanoni~ aseTi principiT: TiToeuli titlosis (nawilis) qveS miTiTebulia
saeklesio kanonebi (teqstis gareSe), xolo Semdeg warmodgenilia am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo kanonis sruli teqsti. krebuls bolos erTvis
Collectio 87 capitulorumidan 22 Tavi, romelic avtors titlosebSi ver
gaunawilebia.

295

50-titlovanma nomokanonma dasabami misca ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis

prototips _ 14 titlovani krebulis Camoyalibebas. igi imeorebs Tavisi
ZiriTadi wyaros masalas da damatebiT Seaqvs: 419 w. karTagenis krebis kanonebi,
basili didis kidev 23 kanoni da sxva saeklesio mamaTa kanonikuri epistoleebi
(dionise alesandrielis, petre aleqsandrielis, grigol neokesarielis,
grigol noselis, timoTe, Teofile da kirile aleqsandrielebis, genadi
konstantinopolelis, martvili aleqsandrielis). am krebulis Semdgenlis
damsaxurebad iTvleba dasaxelebuli masalisaTvis analitikuri saZieblebis
sistemis Camoyalibeba, rac ucvlelad gadavida ZiriTad kanonikurs kodeqsSic.
am krebulis Sinaarsoblivi Sevsebis gziT sabolood 883 w. Camoyalibda 14
_ titlovani nomokanoni; damatebiT masSi Sevida; VI (trulis) da nikiis VII
msoflio krebaTa kanonebi, konstantinopolis 861 w. da konstantinopolis 879
w, adgilobrivi krebaTa kanonebi. agreTve aTanasi aleqsandrielis, grigols
nazianzelis da amfiloqe ikonielis kanonikuri epistoleebi. amasTanave am
krebulis Semdgenels mouxdenia aRniSnuli masalis ganawileba sistematuri
nawilis titlosebSi (TavebSi). masve gadausinjavs titlosebSi warmodgenili
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba: moZvelebuli da Zaladakarguli amouRia, xolo maT
nacvlad axali Seutania.
swored 14 _ titlovani nolokanonis 883 wlis redaqcia, romelsac zogjer
foto patriarqis nomokanonsac uwodeben da romelis 920 wlidan qristianuli
eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsi gaxda, aris arsen iyalToelis mier XI s.
miwuruls, an XII s. pirvel wlebSi qarTulad Targmnili `didi sjulis kanonis~
berZnuli dedani.
aris Tua ara bizantiuri saeklesio samarTlis zemoT warmodgenili umTavresi
Zeglebidan romelime maTganis qarTulad Targmnis Sesaxeb miniSneba an kvali X
s. CaTvliT arsebul wyaroebSi? (TviT am Zeglebis qarTuli TargmanTa teqstebis
arsebobaze Cvenamde moRweuli qarTul xelnawerebSi laparakic zedmetia).
uZvelesi cnoba, romelic TiTqos CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs exeba, aris
VII s. somxuri wyaro _ `epistoleTa wigni~, konkretulad ki kirion qarTlis
episkoposis epistole abraam somexTa kaTalikosisadmi, romelSic naTqvamia,
rom sakamaTo sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad man aTargmnina da ugzavnis `oTxTa
krebaTa wignebs~. iv.javaxiSvilma am krebebSi igulisxma pirveli oTxi msoflio
krebis kanonebi da daaskvna, rom `VI-VII ss. saqarTvelos eklesias msoflio
krebebis Zeglis weraTa wigni hqonia~ (Sromebi, VI, Tb. 1982, gv. 44) da qarTuli
kanonikuri mwerlobis dasawyisad dasaxelebuli dro miaCnia (adgilobrivi
krebaTa savaraudo `ZegliswerebTan erTad) k.kekeliZem `oTxTa krebaTa
wignebSi~ sarwmunoebis simbolo anu `mrwamsi~ igulisxma, romelic, marTlac,
nikiis I, konstantinopolis II, efesos III da qalkedoniis IV msoflio krebebze

296

Camoyalibda. es varaudi `epistoleTa wignis srul xelnawerSi warmodgenilma

am krebaTa `mrwamsis~ teqstma daadastura (ix. epistoleTa wigni, gamosca
z.aleqsiZem, Tb. 1968, 100-111), xolo iv.javaxiSvili da k.kekeliZe dasaxelebuli
epistolis mxolod naklul nusxas icnobdnen).
v.beneSeviCi, romelsac ekuTvnis `didi sjulis kanonis~ Semcveli saeklesio
muzeumis (A) qarTuli xelnawerTa aRwerilobis pirveli cda (. ,
1914-1917, . II da V) fiqrobda, rom es Zegli qarTulad X s-mde iTargmneboda,
magram igi ar icnobda gelaTur (quT. 25, XII s) nusxas, romlis anderZSi Zeglis
mTargmnelad arsen iyalToeli (XI-XII ss.) aris dasaxelebuli. (amasTanave
k.kekeliZem daarRvia misi sami ZiriTadi argumenti Zeglis X s-mde TargmnasTan
dakavSirebiT _ Zv. qarTuli literaturis istoria I, Tb. 1980, gv. 562).
iv.javaxiSvilma ki es mSvenivrad icoda da amitom beneSeviCis sawinaaRmdegod
Cvenamde moRweul `didi sjulis kanonis~ arseniseul Targmans ver miiCnevda
X s. adre naTargmn Zeglad, magram man dauSva SesaZlebloba, rom arseniseul
Targmanamde unda arsebuliyo am Zeglis IX s. adrindeli Targmani, romelic mis
arsebobaze miniSnebulia grigol xanZTelis `cxovrebis~ im adgilas, romelic
javaxeTis saeklesio krebas exeba da romelic daax. IX s. Sua wlebSi unda
Semdgariyo (sityvebi: `iciT yovelTa kanoni Sjulisa, rameTu ara brZanebs
episkoposisa da kaTalikozisa mZlavrebiT dajdomasa~ _ Zeglebi, I, gv. 288, 1315; anda `wmidaTa mociqulTa da RirsTa maT mRdelTmoZRuarTa gansazRvrebulsa
kanonsa Sina arave brZanebul ars eriskacsa, viTarmca~ _ Zeglebi I 289, 1-9)
jer erTi, am dros (IX s. Sua wlebi) `didisjulis kanonis~ dedani _ 14 titl.
nomokanoni 883 w. redaqciiT berZnuladac ar arsebobda. e.i. qarTulad unda
arsebuliyo VII s-is nomokanonis~ Targmani, meorec, motanili zogadi sityvebis
Tqma SeeZloT am Zeglis qarT. Targmanis arsebobis gareSec. aseve myifea
v.beneSeviCisa da iv. javaxiSvilis sxva argumentebic da ver amtkiceben X s.
bolomde romelime bizantiuri saeklesio samarTlis Zeglis qarTuli Targmanis
arsebobas. pirveli kanonikuri samarTlis krebuli qarTulad Seadgina efTvime
mTawmidelma X s. bolos mis mier berZnuli enidan naTargmni da gadmokeTebuli
Txzulebebis safuZvelze da mas `mciresjulis kanoni~ uwoda.
amrigad, qarTuli kanonikuri mwerlobis istoria unda daviwyoT, samwuxarod
gvian, X s. miwuruliT da mas safuZveli Cauyara efTvime mTawmidelma Tavisi
`mcire sjuliskanoniT~, radgan adrindeli naTargmn da originalur Zeglebs
Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT (Tu isini saerTod arsebobdnen; am SemTxvevaSi eklesia
xelmZRvanelobda albaT bibliur wignebSi warmodgenil calkeuli debulebebiT
kanonikur sakiTxebze, bizantiuri saeklesio kanonmdeblobis calkeuli
debulebebis zepiri gadmocemebiT da adgilobriv dauwereli CveulebiTi adaTwesebze damyarebuli kanonmdeblobiT, romelic saeklesio kanonis Zala hqonda)

297

_ `guaqus mocemuli Cuenda uwereli rveuleba, romeli ZaliTa swor ars

sjulisa~ _ basili didi, epistoli diodores mimarT didi sjuliskanoni 498).
`mcire sjuliskanoni~. kanonikur krebuls, romelic Seudgenia efTvime
mTawmidels X s. bolos berZnulidan mis mierve Targmnili da gadmokeTebuli
xuTi, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis kanonikuri Txzulebis
safuZvelze (msgavsi Sedgenilobis krebuli arc erT sxva enaze. da upirveles
yovlisa berZnulad ar arsebobs) qarTul samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia
`mcire sjuliskanonis~ saxelwodebiT. sinamdvileSi es saxelwodeba, romelic
mTel krebuls mieca, warmoadgens krebulSi Setanili TxzulebaTagan pirvelis
saTauris mcire modifikacias, rogorc es Cans TviT efTvimes sityvebidan: `Rirs
viqmen me, glaxaki efTme, Targmanebad berZnulisagan mciresa amas rCuliskanonsa,
wmidisa mis meequsisa krebisa mier aRwerilsa~ (k.kekeliZe, istoria I. 1980,
gv. 211) krebulis Sedgeniloba aseTia (mcire sjuliskanonis el. giunaSvilis
gamocemis mixedviT, Tb. 1977 w.).
1. `wesi da gangeba da rCuliskanoni meequsisa krebsa as sameocdarvaTa
wmidaTa mamaTa, romelni Sekrbes kostantinopoles, axalsa hromsa, kostantine
RmrTismsaxurisa mefisa Ze, Zmiswulisa Zisa herakle mefisa~ gv. 15-85.
2. `kanonni SecodebulTani, aRwerilni netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ioanes mier,
kostantinopovlel mTavarepiskoposisa, romelsa mmarxvel ewodeboda~ gv. 8699.
3. `kanonni SecodebulTani, ganwesebulni netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane
mmarxvelisa mier, kostantinepolel patriarqisa~ gv. 100-117.
4. `kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cTomaTani, viTarca wmidaman Cuenman basili
ganawesna~, gv. 118-123.
5. `Zegliswera sarwmunoebisa, romeli aRweres wmidaTa mamaTa
kostantinepoles SekrebulTa wmidaTa xatTa TayuaniscemisaTs, romel-ese
warikiTxvis sofiawmidas pirvelsa kriakesa wmidaTa marxvaTasa~, gv. 124-133.
TiToeuli aq warmodgenili Txzuleba, damoukidebuli Zeglia, romelTac
bizantiur mwerlobaSi TavTavianTi dednebi Seesabameba, magram TiToeulis
qarTuli Targmani zogi Zirfesvianad gansxvavdeba dednisagan zogi ki
metnaklebad. es mTargmnelis mier Setanili cvlilebebia, rac naTeli gaxdeba
TiToeuli Targmanis zogadi ganxilvis Sedegedac.
meeqvse msoflio saeklesio kreba, romlis `wesi da gangeba da rCuliskanoni~
(e.i. kanonebi) warmodgenilia `mcire rjuliskanonSi pirvel statiad, mowveuli
iyo konstantinopolSi 681 wels konstantine pogonatis (668-685) imperatorobis
dros monoTelituri mwvaleblobis dasagmobad, magram saeklesio kanonebi ar
gamoutania (iseve, rogorc wina, 553 wlis V msoflio konstantinopolis krebas).
amitom 691 w. iustiniane II-is iniciativiT moiwvies q. konstantinopolSi,

298

trulis (gumbaTian) sasaxleSi saeklesio kreba, romelsac eswreboda msoflios

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis 170 episkoposi, VI msoflio krebis saxeliT
daamtkica 102 saeklesio kanoni da amitom aris es kreba, romelic ufro
xSirad samecniero literaturaSi trulis krebis saxeliT moixsnieba, da misi
kanonebi arc Tu iSviaTad VI msoflio krebis mier miRebul saeklesio kanonebad
wodebuli.
amrigad, efTvime mTawmidelma, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs (~Rirs-viqmen me,
glaxaki ese da narCevi yovelTa moweseTa efTme Targmanebad berZnulisagan
qarTulad mciresa amas rCuliskanonsa~), Targmna qarTulad VI msoflio
krebis e.i. `kanonni kosntantinopolis gumbadsa Sina sameufosa palatisasa
SekrebulTa wmidaTa mamaTani iustinianes Ze keTilad msaxurisa da qristes
moyvarisa mefisa Cuenisa~ (didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 365). efTvimes Targmnili
teqsti rom SeudaroT am kanonTa berZnuli dednis teqsts, anda am teqstis
zust qarTul Targmans, romelic XI s. miwuruls Seasrula arsen iyalToelma,
saocar suraTs vnaxavT _ Zneli dasajerebelia msoflio saeklesio krebis mier
dadgenili, bizantiis imperatorisa da 170 episkoposis (Tu misi warmomadgenlis)
xelmowerili da damtkicebuli kanonTa teqstisa da maTi Tanmimdevrobis ase
Secvla, Tanac am kanonebis VI msoflio krebis kanonebad saxeldeba:
1. berZnul dedanSi (da arsenis TargmanSi) VI msoflio krebis kanonebs
(ufro zustad `trulisas~) zemoT motanili saTauris Semdeg warmodgenilia
krebis mesveurTa vrceli epistole iustiniane imperatorisadmi, romelSic sxva
mraval sakiTxTan erTad saubaria am krebis mowvevis gadaudebel mizezebze da
krebis mowvevis organizaciaSi imperatoris damsaxurebaze. efTvimes TargmanSi
es teqsti ar aris da mis adgilas warmodgenilia VI msoflio krebis (681 w.)
aqtebidan amonawerebi: wina msoflio krebaTa dogmatur da disciplinarul
sakiTxebze miRebuli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva da maT mier dagmobil
mwvleblobaTa da maT ideologTa ganqiqebis Sesaxeb, agreTve VI msoflio krebis
mowvevis Sesaxeb monoTelitTa mwvaleblobis dasagmobad.
2. am Sesavlis Semdeg calke saTauriT aris gamoyofili `Tavni
rCuliskanonisani~, romlis pirveli Tavi albaT romelime gadamweris mier
SecdomiT aris danomrili, radgan igi warmoadgens mokle Sesavals (sul 6
striqons) uSualod kanonebis teqstis win: SesavalSi aRniSnul mwvaleblobaTa
da gandgomilebaTa Sedegad saeklesio kanonebic `daisnes da ugulebel-iqmneso
da amitom `ganvaaxlebT da ganvamtkicebT wesTa da kanonTa, romelni daexsnes
wmidaTa mociqulTa da saRmrToTa maT didebulTa krebaTa~ (gv. 23). amis Semdeg
warmodgenilia meore Tavis teqsti, romelsac Seesatyviseba berZnul dedanSi
pirveli kanoni:

299

`wesi keTil ars yovladve, romeli

iwyebdes sityuasa gina saqmesa, raTa
RmrTisagan iwyos da RmrTisa aRasrulos,
viTarca RmrTismetyueli grigol itys,
viTarmed `dasabam da dasasrul yovlisa
saqmisa da sitysa Senisa RmerTi iyavn.

`wesi rCeuli yovlisave

sityuad
da
saqmed
damwyebelisa
RmrTisagan
dawyeba
RmrTisa
Tana
gansueneba ars misaebr
RmrTismetyuelisa.

amis Semdeg efTvime `amdidrebs~ dedanSi warmodgenil mxolod msoflio

krebaTa mier Sesrulebul saqmianobaSi adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebisa
da saeklesio mamaTa naSromebidan saeklesio kanonikur kodeqsSi Setanili
kanonebis aRniSvniT, rac berZnul dedanSi meore kanonSia warmodgenili da a.S.
mxolod es Sedarebac sakmarisia, rom warmovadginoT Tu rogor eqceva efTvime
Tavis wyaros. mas gamoutovebia dednis 16-e, 26-e, 29-e, 34-e, 38-e, 39-e, 45-e, 48e, 52, 63-e, 64, 71-e, 80-e, 97-99-e da 100-101-e kanonebi, xolo daumatebia Tavis
TargmanSi basili didisa da sxva mamebis kanonmdeblobidan masala, agreTve sxva
wyaroebidan amokrefili masalebidan Camoyalibebuli kanonebi, zogic mas TviTon
dauweria (mc. sjuliskanoni, gv. 5) trulis krebis mier dadgenili kanonebi,
romlebic efTimes Tavis TargmanSi Seutania, gadakeTebulia redaqciuladac da
frazeologiurad, Sig CarTulia axali masala da a.S.
efTvimes mier Cadenili `mkrexelobis~ mizani gasagebia: man VI krebis (trulis)
krebis kanonmdeblobis bazaze Seadgina saeklesio kanonTa saxeldaxelo kodeqsi,
raTa nawilobriv mainc amoevso is sicariele, romelic iyo saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi saeklesio samarTlis mxriv.
`mcire sjuliskanonis~ momdevno sami statiis qarTuli Targmanebi erTi
saerTo Tematikis irgvliv dadgenil kanonmdeblobas warmogvidgens, Tumca
TiToeul maTgans aqvs damoukidebeli saTauri am Tematikis dasaxelebiT da
maT avtor-Semdgenlebze miTiTebiT. pirveli oris saTauri TiTqmis identuria
_ orives `kanoni SecodebulTani~ ewodebaT da avtoric erTidaigivea
konstantinopolis VI s. patriarqi iovane, `mmarxvelad~ wodebuli (582-595),
Tumca Sinaarsoblivad teqstebi gansxvavebulia da Tu aq ori damoukidebeli
Txzuleba ara gvaqvs, meore pirvelis gagrZelebas hgavs. mesame statia, romelsac
`kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cTomaTani~ ewodeba, avtorad basilis asaxelebs `viTarca
wmidaman mamaman Cuenman basili ganawesna da titulaturis mixedviT basili dids
unda gulisxmobdes. samive statiis saTauri fsevdoepigrafikulia, radgan arc
pirveli ori statiaa VI s. avtoris dawerili da arc mesame _ IV s-Si (sxvaTa
Soris e.w. basilis avtorobiT warmodgenili teqsti uTiTebs wina statiebze:
`da sxuaTa maT didTa codvaTa: kacisklvaTa da mruSebisa da mamaTmavlobisa da
pirutyuebisa da mwamlvelobisa da sxuaTa eseviTarTa kanonni zemo werilni

300

arian~ (mc. sjuliskanoni, gv. 49). Tu es sityvebi efTvimes CarTuli ar aris,

am statiaTa berZnuli dednebic erT krebulSi Tanaarsebobas gulisxmobs.
qarTuli Targmanis teqstSi, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba cnobili
berZnuli teqstisagan, rac efTvimes mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi Cveulebrivi
movlena iyo, efTvime SeniSnavs, rom `ese iovane mmarxveli meequsisaca krebisa
(romels gulisxmobs: 681 w. Tu 691 w. krebas? _e.g.) Semdgomad iyo mravliTa
JamiTa romelman-igi friad subuqad ganawesna kanonni SecodebulTani
ufros sxuaTa mamaTa~ (mc. sjuliskanoni, gv. 86 _ msgavsi SeniSvna berZnul
teqstebs ar axlavs) rogorc cnobilia, fsevdoavtorTa dasaxeleba berZnul
teqstebsac axasiaTebT, Tumca es mxolod efTvimes gamWriaxma Tvalma SeamCnia,
magram ar Secvala tradicia. Tumca man, rogorc Cans, viRac sxva, gviandeli
ioane mmarxvelis arseboba mainc dauSva, Tumca is, rom igi konstantinopolis
patriarqadacaa moxseniebuli, Tavis komentarSi ar axsena, radgan aseTi
patriarqi VIII-X ss. ar arsebula. basili didis avtoroba mxolod ase SeiZleba
gavamarTloT: ucnobi redaqtori krebs ZiriTadad debulebebs basili didis
epistolaruli kanonmdeblobidan iRebs (`didi sjuliskanoni~, gv. 472-503)
da umatebs mas sxva iseTi `cdomilebaTa~ Sesaxeb sasjelebs, rac basilis ara
aqvs Tavis kanonmdeblobaSi. amitom daasaxela IX-X ss. ucnobma Semkrebelredaqtorma am kanonmdeblobis avtorad basili didi.
samive statiis kanonmdebloba met-naklebi sisruliT exeba ZiriTadad
saeklesio sasjelis Semsubuqebas iseTi Secodeba-cTomilebaTaTvis rogoricaa:
nebsiTi da uneblie kaciskvla, ukanono seqsualuri kavSirebi (siZva, mruSoba,
uasakoTa ganxrwna), seqsualuri paTologia (eliT dacema, mamaTmavloba,
pirutyveba anu pirutyvTa Tana dacema da sxv. msgavs). ukanono qorwinebebi
(naTesavebs Soris, mwvaleblebTan da sxv.) da a.S.
cnobili faqtia, rom kerZo piris kanonmdebloba marTlmadideblur eklesiis
samarTalSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tuki is msoflio saeklesio krebis mier ar
aris damtkicebuli (aseTia saeklesio mamaTa kanonmdebloba), xolo saeklesio
samarTlis kodeqsidan, rogorc Tematikur masalas gamokrebdnen da praqtikuli
gamoyenebisaTvis krebulebs adgendnen. amitom aris, rom `SecodebulTa kanonis~
Semdgeni jer erTi avtoritetis saxels amoefara, meorec mas avtorobis
pretenzia ara aqvs: `xolo ese kanonni ara Cem mier ganwesebul arian, aramed
wmidaTa mociqulTa mier da wmidaTa krebaTa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa basilis
mier~, anda: `aw ukue ese zemoxsenebulni romelnime aRwerilni rCuliskanonsa
Sina da romelnime uwerelni codvani da Tu viTar ganwesebul ars pirvelTa
mamaTagan TiToeulisa codvisa kanoni, esera aRmiweries me glaxaksa amas da
uRirssa (gv. 98-99).

301

am sami statiis saerTo Tematika afiqrebinebs k.kekeliZesa (istoria, gv. 211)

da h.g. beks (Kirche und theologische Literatur im Byzantinischen Reich, Mnchen, 1959,
424), rom es erTi Txzulebaa, gayofili sam nawilad.
`mcire sjuliskanonis~ bolo nawili `Zegliswera sarwmunoebisa~
aris 843 w. konstantinopolis adgilobrivi krebis mier xatTmbrZolobis
winaaRmdeg gamotanili kanonebis berZnulidan efTvimes mier Sesrulebuli
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisufali Targmani (rac naTelia misi meore, arsen
iyalToelis mier dednis midevnebiT Sesrulebul TargmanTan SedarebiT,
romelic Setanilia SiomRvimis tipikonSi _ H-349, XIII s.), amasTanave masSi
CarTulia xatmebrZoleobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli vrceli traqtati, rac
ar aris berZnul dedanSi da, amdenad, arsenis TargmanSic. eqvTimes TargmanSi
damatebulia krebis mowvevis istoriis amsaxveli Sesavalic, rac ar aris
berZnul dedanSi. berZnuli, qarTulis msgavsi Sedgenilobis krebulebi,
gansxvavebiT qarTulisagan, `Zeglisweras~ ar Seicaven. efTvimes mier misi `mcire
rjuliskanonSi~ Setana saqarTvelos eklesiaSi xatmebrZoleobis mwvaleblobis
sakiTxis aqtualobiT unda iyos nakarnaxevi (gavixsenoT ruis-urbnisis krebis
`ZeglisweraSi~ mogvianebiT (1105 w.) dafiqsirebuli kanoni xatmebrZoleobis
winaaRmdeg).
`mcire sjuliskanonis~ teqstis gamocema ganxorcielda orjer:
1) n.zaozerskisa da a. xaxanaSvilis mier: , . 1902.
(gamocemulia `kanoni SecodebulTani da `kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cTomaTani~)
2) el.giunaSvilis mier (sruli krebuli, xuTive nawili), Tbilisi, 1972 w.
`didi sjuliskanoni~. marTlmadidebluri qristianuli eklesiis samarTlis
ZiriTadi kodeqsi _ 14-titlovani (anu nawiliani) berZnuli nomokanonis
883 wels sabolood Camoyalibebuli redaqcia XI s. bolos (an XII s. pirvel
wlebSi) qarTulad pirvelad Targmna arsen iyalToelma (`pirvelad~ vambobT
imitom, rom zogierTi mecnieri _ (v.beneSeviCi da iv.javaxiSvili) _ fiqrobda,
rom am Zeglis pirveli Targmani X s. adre Sesrulda, rac ar gamarTlda).
mTargmnelis vinaoba Semounaxavs qarTuli Targmanis erT xelnawers _ quT.25,
XII-XIII ss. (`qristianeTa winamZRuari didi ese da samoqalaqo sjuliskanoni
saukunod mosenebulisa da Cuen qarTvelTaTs friad WirTa Tavsmdebelisa
arseni iyalToelisa Targmnuli. saukuno yos RmerTman seneba misi! _ didi
sjuliskanoni, gv.431-540, sqolio). Zeglis Targmani Sesrulebulia 1105 wlamde,
radgan am wels mowveuli ruis-urbnisis `Zegliswera~ aSkarad sargeblobs
`didi sjuliskanonis~ qarTuli Targmanis teqstiT (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT).
saubari berZnuli dednis Camoyalibebis istoriis Sesaxeb Zalian mokled Cven
zemoT gvqonda da aq aRar gavimeorebT (igi yalibdeboda IV-IX ss. ganmavlobaSi)
da misi qarTuli Targmanis daxasiaTebaze gadavalT.

302

`didi sjuliskanonis~ teqsti, romelic aTamde XI-XIV ss. xelnawerebs

SemounaxavT, sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1) Sesavali nawili, 2)
sistematuri nawili da 3) ZiriTadi, kanonTa teqstis nawili. TiToeul nawils
arc Tu martivi Sedgeniloba aqvs, amitom warmovadgenT maT.
Sesavali nawilis pirvel statiaSi _ `Sekreba kanonTa saeklesioTa
ganyofili aToTxmet nawilad~ _ TiTqos am krebulis Sedgenisa da Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb unda iyos saubari, magram moulodnelad `aToTxmeti~ mTargmnelis (an
gadamweris?) Secdoma aRmoCnda: berZnuli aq n tit (`50 nawils~) uCvenebs, rac
mTargmnelma ver gaigo, ver amoicno masSi iovane sqolastikosis 50-titlovani
kanonikuri krebulis Sesavali da Secdomad miiCnia da radgan igi 14-titlovan
nomokanons Targmnida, `50~ `aToTxmetad~ gadaakeTa da dednis `Secdoma~
gaaswora. sinamdvileSi berZnul dedanSi yvelaferi sworadaa: 14_titlovani
krebulis Semdgenelma isargebla ioane sqolastikosis mier Sedgenili
50-titlovani krebulis ara marto SedgenilobiT, aramed garkveuli doziT
am masalis sistematizaciis principiTac, amitom man saWirod CaTvala Tavisi
naSromisaTvis daerTo winamorbedi kanonikuri krebulis winasityvaobac,
rogorc es yvela berZnul xelnawerSia. aq warmodgenilia 50-titlovani
krebulis Sedgenis principi da Sedgeniloba.
Sesavali nawilis meore statia `Sesavali zandukisa TavTasa~ ki uSualod
14-titlovan nomokanonis uZvelesi redaqciis (VII s.) da mis safuZvlze
14-titlovani nomokanonis 883 w. redaqciis formirebaze mogviTxrobs e.i. es
`Sesavali~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, rac samecniero literaturaSi mxolod
1829 wels SeamCnies (rozenkamfma _ didi rjuliskanoni, gv. 41).
qarTuli xelnawerebidan mxolod uZvelesi (A 124, XI s.) singuriT yofs or
winasityvaobas, romelTa daweris dros ori saukune mainc aSorebs erTmaneTs.
TiToeuli maTgani Tavisi krebulis Sedgenis istorias, principebsa da
Sedgenilobas gvamcnobs.
Sesavali nawilis mesame statia `Tu romelTa krebaTagan da pirTa anu raodenni
kanonni Sekrebul arian awindelsa amas Sina wignsa~ ara `nomokanonis saboloo
redaqciis Sedgenilobas CamoTvlis, rogorc es saTauris mixedviT SeiZleba
gvegonos, aramed misi winamorbedi VII s. 14-titlovani krebulis Sinaarss da misi
adgili zemoT motanili ori krebulis gaerTianebuli winasityvaobis pirveli
nawilis Semdeg unda yofiliyo da misi gadatana 883 w. redaqciis krebulis
winasityvaobis Semdeg, romeliRac berZnuli xelnaweris gadamweris TviTneboba
da saqmeSi gauTviTcnobiereblobis Sedegi unda iyos, rac gadmovida qarTul
TargmanSic. sxvaTa Soris mxolod am masalis mixedviT SeiZleba 14_titlovani
nomokanonis Tavdapirveli, VII s. Sedgenilobis aRdgena, radganac mis berZnul
xelnawerebs dRes veRar vxvdebiT.

303

sistematuri nawili ori ganyofilebiT aris warmodgenili: pirvel

ganyofilebaSi gaerTianebulia 14 nawili (anu titlosi) da TiToeuli nawili,
romelsac sakuTari saTauri aqvs, warmogvidgens saeklesio sakiTxTa garkveul
wres, ase vTqvaT mTavar Temas, xolo am nawilTa met-naklebi raodenobis
TavebSi dasaxelebulia calkeuli dakonkretebuli sakiTxebi (mag. nawili d (4):
kaTakumevelTaTs da naTlisRebisa: Tavi a (1): viTarmed ara jer-ars Semdgomad
orTa SdeulTa marxvaTasa Sewynarea naTlisRebad. Tavi b (2) mfucavTaTs,
Tavi g (3) Tu viTar jer ars naTliscema da a.S. sul iz / 17 Tavi (am nawilebis
gamo uwodeben `14-nawilian did sjuliskanons~ anda `14-titlovan nomokanons).
sistematuri nawilis meore ganyofilebaSi Tavidan aris ganmeorebuli
pirveli ganyofilebis monacemebi da Semdeg TiToeuli Tavis dasaxelebis qveS
warmodgenilia im krebaTa da wm. mamaTa kanonTa dasaxeleba, romelic pasuxobs
ama Tu im nawilis garkveul TavSi dasmul sakiTxs, xolo am kanonTa teqstebis
moZebna daubrkoleblad SeiZleba `didi sjuliskanonis~ ZiriTad nawilSi (mag.
aviRoT igive d(4) nawilis Tavi g(3) `Tu viTar jer-ars naTliscema: mociqulTa
kanonni mT(49), n(50); meequsisa krebisa kanoni nT(59)~ da a.S. aqve warmodgenilia
am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis sruli teqsti: `xolo meaTe
ganweseba mervisa nawilisa pirvelisa wignisa kodikosi brZanebs da a.S. erT
xelnawerSi (H-1670, XII-XIV ss.) sistematuri nawilis I ganyofileba ara aris
(marTlac zedmetia). sistemur nawilSi qarTuli Targmanis mimarTeba wyarosTan
aRnusxulia `didi sjuliskanonis~ gamocemis narkvevSi, gv. 48-64.
`didi sjuliskanonis~ ZiriTadi, mesame nawili aerTianebs saeklesio kanonebis
teqstebs im wyaroebis saxeldebiT, romelmac isisni daadgina. warmovadgenT maT
Semoklebuli saTaurebiT im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es `did sjuliskanonSia
a(1) kanonni wmidaTa mociqulTani (85 kanoni), 2. nikeis I msoflio kreba (325 w.
20 kanoni.). 3. ankviriis (314 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (25 kanoni.). 4. neokesariis
(314-325 ww.) adgilobrivi kreba (15 kan), 5. Rangris (340 w.) adgilobrivi kreba
(21 kanoni.). 6. antioqiis (341 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (25 kanoni.). 7. laodikiis
(343 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (59 kanoni.). 8. konstantinopolis (381 w.) II msoflio
kreba (7 kanoni.). 9. efesos (431 w.) III msoflio kreba (8 kanoni.). 10. qalkedonis
(451 w.) IV msoflio kreba (30 kanoni.). 11. sardikiis (343 w.) adgilobrivi
kreba (20 kanoni.). 12. karTagenis (419 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (138 kanoni.). 13.
konstantinopolis (394 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (1 kanoni.). 14. konstantinopolis
meeqvse (trulis) msoflio (691 w.) kreba (102 kanoni.). 15. nikeis (787 w.) VII
msoflio kreba (22 kanoni.). 16. konstantinopolis I-II (861 w.) adgilobrivi
kreba (17 kanoni.). 17. konstantinopolis (879 w.) adgilobrivi kreba (3 kanoni.).
18. dionise aleqsandrielis (+265 w; 4 kanoni.). 19. petre aleqsandrielis (+311;
15 kanoni.). 20. grigol neokesarielis (+270; 1 kanoni, epistole). 21. aTanase

304

aleqsandrielis (+373; 2 kanoni, epistole). 22 basili didis (+379; 91 kanoni).

23. grigol noselis (+395; 8 kanoni.) 24. grigol nazianzelis (+389; 1 kanoni.).
25. amfiloqe ikonielis (+395; 1 kanoni.) 26. timoTe aleqsandrielis (+385; 15
kanoni. (kiTxva-migeba). 27. Teofile aleqsandrielis (+412; 14 kanoni.). 28. kirile
aleqsandrielis (+444; 7 kanoni.) 29. genadi konstantinopolelis (+571; 1 kanoni,
Epistole). 30. martviri episkoposisa antioqelisa (1 kanoni, epistole).
31. aTanase aleqsandrielis (+379; 1 kanoni, epistole; ix. zemoT missive 21).
(`didi sjuliskanonis gamocemaSi am Zeglis ZiriTad kanonTa teqstebis nawilSi
aRricxulia gansxvavebuli detalebi qarTul Targmansa da berZnul gamocemebsa
Tu xelnawerebs Soris _ ix. gv. 64-72).
`didi sjuliskanonis~ arsen iyalToeliseuli Targmani mogvianebiT,
daaxloebiT XIII s-Si gamxdara, ase vTqvaT, reviziisa da Sevsebis sagani, rasac
am Zeglis ori XIII da XIII-XIV ss. qarTuli xelnawerebi gviCveneben. saqme isaa,
rom arsenma berZnuli dednis sistematur nawilSi warmodgenili samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobis teqsti sruli moculobiT ar Targmna, ufro sworad Targmna
mcire nawili albaT imitom, rom bevri maTgani ukve moZvelebuli iyo da
xmarebidan amoRebuli TviT imdroindel bizantiaSi, xolo saqarvelos
eklesiisaTvis maT praqtikuli mniSvneloba arc eqneboda. amitom arsenma maTi
mcire nawili mainc Targmna Txzulebis Camoyalibebis istoriis nimuSebis
saCveneblad da samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis wignebze (novelebi, digestoni,
kodeqsi da a.S.) konkretuli miTiTeba mxolod aqa-iq mogvca (dedanSi
dawvrilebiT aris miTiTebuli TiToeuli maTganis wigni, misi nawili, ganwesebis
nomeri da a.S.). swored arsenis mier ugulebelyofili es teqstebi zedmiwevniTi
sisruliT gadmoiRo ucnobma qarTvelma `pedantma~ mTargmnelma, rac moculobiT
vrcel naSroms warmodgens (xelnaweri, quT 17, XIII s. didi sjuliskanonis
gamocemaSi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis is teqsti, rac gviandeli Targmania,
petitiT aris awyobili). `didi sjuliskanonis~ teqstze muSaoba amiT ar
damTavrebula: erTi XIII-XIV ss. xelnaweri (H-1670), romelsac es `Sevsebuli~
didi sjuliskanonis teqsti gadauweria, xelaxla Seudarebia berZnuli dednis
romeliRac xelnawerTan, Seuvsia (petresa da pavles saxeliT cnobili,
apokrifuli ori `ganwesebiT~) da usworebia qarTuli teqsti (gansakuTrebiT
`didi sjuliskanonis~ Sesaval nawilSi). amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul
xelnawerebSi `didi sjuliskanonis sami redaqcia gvaqvs daculi: 1. pirveli
arsen iyalToelis Targmani (Zveli 8 xelnaweri) 2. quT. 17, XIII s. xelnawerSi
warmodgenili da 3. H-1760, XIII-XIV ss. nasworebi.
`didi sjuliskanoni~ _ qristianuli eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis
es qarTuli Targmani umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia, romlis wyalobiTac efTvime
mTawmidelis `mcire sjuliskanoniT~ safuZvelCayrili qarTuli kanonikuri

305

mwerloba qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis srulfasovani dargi gaxda. XII

s. Semdeg arc erTi qarTuli kanonikuri Txzuleba ar Seqmnila, romelic mis
debulebebs ar iTvaliswinebdes. am Zeglis qarTulad Targmna, Cveni azriT,
saqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio krebis, 1105 wels mowveuli
ruis-urbnisis krebis mowvevis TadarigTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli da
SesaZloa, daviT aRmaSeneblis brZanebiT arsen iyalToelma igi Targmna Sav mTaze
moRvaweobis bolo periodSi kaliposis qarTvelTa monasterSi (ruis-urbnisis
`Zeglisweris~ sinodikonSi arseni ase moixsenieba: `sjulierisa moRvawisa,
arseni monazonisa, kaliposelisa~), Camoitana saqarTveloSi da ruis-urbnisis
krebamac kanonmdeblobaSi am ZegliT ixelmZRvanela (dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb
qvemoT).
`didi sjuliskanonis~ teqstis jerjerobiT erTaderTi gamocema xelnaweris
institutis TanamSromlebma ganaxorcieles (`didi sjuliskanoni, gamosacemad
moamzades e.gabiZaSvilma, e.giunaSvilma, m.dolaqiZem da g.ninuam, gamokvleva da
redaqcia e.gabiZaSvilisa, Tbilisi, 1975 w. gamokvleva 3-99 (rus. reziumeTurT),
teqsti 100-559 (ruis-urbnisis Zeglis weriT), leqsikoni _ g.ninuasi, gv. 560583; iurid. terminebi _ m.dolaqiZisa, 584-609; saZieblebi _ e.giunaSvilisa 611625.
bizantiuri mwerlobis kanonikuri Zeglebis Targmna, romelic jer-jerobiT
xelmisawvdomi wyaroebis mowmobiT efTvime mTawmidelma daiwyo da berZnuli
14-titlovani nomokanonis arsen iyalToeliseuli TargmaniT _ `didi
sjuliskanoniT~ dagvirgvinda, amiT ar amowurula. am ZiriTadi saeklesio
kodeqsis sakanonmdeblo masalis pirdapiri gamoyenebiT, Tu misi gaTvaliswinebiT
saeklesio praqtikuli saWiroebisaTvis da morwmuneTa kerZo moxmarebis mizniT
bizantiur mwerlobaSi dgeboda patar-patara kanonikuri krebulebi sxvadasxva,
konkretuli `profilis~ sakiTxebis irgvliv, rogorc nomokanonis saeklesio
kanonmdeblobidan, aseve misi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan saeklesio sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. zogi aseTi krebuli qarTuladac uTargmniaT. Targmnilia apokrifulad
miCneuli ramdenime kanonikuri Zeglic, zogierTi krebis ramdenime kanonis
vrceli komentari da a.S. Zalian mokled TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb.
`saxsniloni sulmcireni didTa rCuliskanonTagan gamocemulni~ _
saxelwodebidanac Cans, rom saeklesio marxvaTa Sesaxeb (maTi raodenoba da
vadebi da sxva sakiTxebi) gamokrebilia `sjuliskanonidan~ _ krebuli (A-1096,
50-56), romelic albaT Targmnilia, magram masSi Setanilia qarTuli masalac:
vrclad aris laparaki `alajoris (somxuri eklesiis) marxvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb:
`alajorisa kriake msgefsamdi xsnili ars yovelTa kacTa qristianeTagan da
vinc imarxvides eriskaci orciTa, moweseni wueliTa da kuercxiTa krul, wyeul
da SeCuenebul iyvnen SdTa krebaTa madliTa~ (k.kekeliZe, istoria I, 565).

306

`dayenebulTa da ujeroTa qorwineba-mzaxlobisaTs da gangdebulTa~

_ miaxlovebiT XIII-XIV ss. unda iyos naTargmni, arc Semdgeneli da arc
mTargmneli cnobili ar aris. misi pirveli nawili amoRebulia imperator
basili makedonelis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis wignidan `proxironis meSvide
nawilidan (titlosidan; qarTul TargmanSi pirvel nawils aweria: `tintlosi
meSde~) da garkveulia sami saxe sisxliT naTesaobisa _ `aRmarTi~ e.i.
aRmavali, `STamarTi~ e.i. daRmavali da `mguerdilobiTi~ e.i. gverdiTi. saubaria
naTlisRebiTi da SvilobilobiTi naTesaobis Sesaxeb da maT Soris qorwinebis
SesaZlebloba-SeuZleblobis irgvliv. meore nawilis saTauria: `xarisxisaTs
naTesaobisaTa mesamisagan wignisa institutonTasa~ e.i. iustiniane didis
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis Zeglis `institucionis mesame wigni, romelSic
aRwerilia eqvsi xarisxi TiToeuli zemodasaxelebuli sisxliTi naTesaobis
sami saxisa (A-85, 48-50. Camatatebulia XVI s. xeliT).
gacilebiT gvian 1785 w. ioane qsifilinos-papuwiSvilma berZnuli enidan
qarTulad Targmna manuel qsanTinosis (XVI s.) mier sxvadasxva kanonikuri
Zeglebidan gamokrebili msgavsi Txzuleba: `qorwinebisa TavTaTs~ (A-711).
Txzulebis pirveli nawili, Sedgenili maTe blastaris `sntagmis~ mixedviT,
exeba naTesaobis xuT saxes (sisxlis, mZaxlobis, samnaTesaobis, naTlisRebis da
Svilobilobis), xolo meore nawilSi warmodgenilia diagramebi _ Tu romel
naTesaobaSi, romel xarisxamde SeiZleba qorwineba da romelic TviTon Seudgenia
qsanTinoss.
kanonikuri mwerlobis XI s. Zeglad aris miCneuli XII s-Si naTargmni
Txzuleba `kiTxvani monazonisa visnime, romelTa asna gamosca petre patriaqman
xartofilaqsman~. Zegli exeba saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebis iseT
kanonikuri sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rac nomokanonSi ar Sesula1.
anton I 1776 w. somxuri enidan Targmna (Tu aTargmnina) efesos III msoflio
krebis aqtebi (A-618)2. aRsaniSnavia, rom es pirveli SemTxveva qarTulad
msoflio saeklesio krebis aqtebis sruliad Targmnisa (nawyvetebi VI msoflio
krebis aqtebidan Targmna efTvime mTawmidelma da Seitana `mcire sjuliskanonis~
SesavalSi da maqsime aRmsarebelis `cxovrebaSi~).
kanonikuri xasiaTi aqvs liturgikul Zegls `aRsareba keTilTa saqmeTa
winaaRmdgomad codvisaTa~ (A-711), romelic berZnulidan ioane qsifilonospapuwiSvils uTargmnia 1785 w. Txzuleba Svidi nawilisagan Sedgeba da TiToeul
maTganSi is codvebia CamoTvlili, romelic win aRudgeba: 1) sarwmunoebis
keTil saqmes, 2) sasoebas, 3) siyvarulas da a.S. Txzuleba Seqmnilia monaniebis
institutis gasaZliereblad.
1
2

., , XI ., , VIII, IV-14, 1909.

I.Rcker, Ephesinische Konzilsakten in armenisch-georgischer berlieferung, Mnchen, 1930.

307

`didi sjuliskanonis~ erTaderT XIII-XIV s. nusxas (H-1670) Semounaxavs ori

kanonikuri, apokrifuli Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani: `ganwesebani pavlesni
saeklesioTa kanonTaTs (17 kanoni) da `ganwesebani wmidaTa mociqulTa petre da
pavlesni~ (17 kanoni _ didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 226-230). es aris e.w. `mociqulTa
dadgenilebebis~ rvawigneulis merve wigni, romelic VI krebis me-2 kanoniT
akrZalul wignebad aris gamocxadebuli da bolos, `didi sjuliskanonis zog
xelnawers Tavis damatebiT nawilSi Seutania daaxloebiT XIII-XIV ss.-Si
naTargmni ramdenime saintereso kanonikuri Txzuleba:
1) `kanoni meequse karTagens SekrebilTa mamaTa, raTa sacxebeli xucesTa
mier ara iqmnebodis~ (A-76, 251-254, XVI s. xeliT).
2) kanoni meSde karTagens Sina ZrTa Sina STavrdomilTa dagebisaTs (A76, 255-260).
3) karTagenis Sinasa wm. krebisa kanoni ormeocdamesame `SemnanebelTaTs~ (A76, 260-280).
4) kanoni sameocdamecxre wm. mociqulTa orSabaT-paraskevTaTs (A-76, 280299). aq warmodgenilia dasaxelebul kanonTa dawvrilebiTi komentarebi1.
ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~. pirveli saeklesio kreba saqarTveloSi,
romlis kanonmdeblobam aris srulad moaRwia Cvenamde `Zeglisweris~
saxiT, mowveuli iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis inciativiTa da brZanebiT (`romel
moswrafebiT Semokreba ubrZane Sen~) 1105 w. ruisisa da urbnisis eparqiebis
momijnave teritoriaze (`maxloblad saepiskoposTa _ ruisisa da urbnisisa~),
amitom igi cnobilia ruis-urbnisis krebis saxeliT. am krebis mier dadgenili
kanonebi daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio farTomaStabiani
reformebis erTi nawilia, romelsac safuZveli unda daedo ara marto
eklesiis srulyofili organizaciisaTvis, aramed eris eTikur-moraluri
aRorZinebisaTvis, rac saxelmwifos politikuri Zlierebis sawindari iqneboda.
samecniero literaturaSi am krebis mowvevisa da, TavisTavad cxadia, misi
`Zeglisweris~ Sedgenis TariRad wyaroebis arapirdapiri Cvenebis mixedviT 1103
weli damkvidrda, magram bolo xanebis gamokvleviT am TariRma ori wliT gvian,
1105 wels gadaiwia2.
ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba ar iyo rigiTi adgilobrivi kreba, is
`sagangebo da gansakuTrebuli yriloba yofila~3, amitom etyoba mis organizebas
mraval detalSi msgavseba msoflio krebaTa mowvevis organizebasTan4, rac Cans
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis am krebis `Zeglisweris~ SefasebaSic:
1
2
3
4

gamocemulia: k.kekeliZe, etiudebi IX, 1963, gv. 31-122.

e.gabiZaSvili, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 14-19.
iv.javaxiSvili, Sromebi, VI, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 54.
e.gabiZaSvili, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 20-28.

308

`Zegli Suenieri WeSmaritisa sarwmunoebisa aRweres mimdgomi da mowame

wmidaTa aTormetTa krebaTa~1.
`Zeglisweris~ avtoris sakiTxis dasma uxerxulic ki aris, radgan nebismieri
saeklesio krebis mier (msoflio iqneba is Tu adgilobrivi) SemuSavebuli
kanonmdebloba koleqtiuri, krebaze damswre mamebis gansjis Sedegia da maT
ar SeiZleba konkretuli avtori hyavdes (aravis uZebnia, magaliTad, nikeis
I msoflio krebaze dadgenili 20 kanonis teqstis avtori), magram Cvens
SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs arastandartuli viTareba: `Zegliswera~ aris kanonikuri
Zegli, romelic aerTianebs oTx nawels: 1. sakmaod vrceli Sesavali warmoadgens
erTgvar traqtats Teologiur-filosofiuri TvaliT danaxuli samyaros,
adamianisa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mokle
istoriis Sesaxeb. 2. kanonTa teqstebi. 3. qeba anu Sesxma calke gamoyofili
saTauriT `mefesa daviTs monazoni arseni~ 4. sinodikoni anu mosaxseneblebi:
`mravalJamieri~ cocxal, krebaze damswre samefo ojaxis wevrTa da sasuliero
ierarqiis warmomadgenlebisa da `saukuno seneba~ gardacvlilTa. rogorc
vxedavT Sesavali nawili da `Sesxma~ individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia,
xolo kanonTa teqstebi da sinodikoni ki _ koleqtiuri sja-baasisa, magram maTi
azrobriv-frazeologiuri formulireba Sesavlisa da `Sesxmis avtorsave unda
ekuTvnodes, xolo vin aris es piri, Cans `Sesxmis~ saTaurSi _ `monazoni arseni~.
konkretulad romeli arseni igulisxmeba aq, dRemde sakamaTo gaxda _ arsen
iyalToeli, arsen vaCesZe, arsen beri, arsen kaliposeli. Cveni azriT es aris
sjulieri moRvawe `arsen monazoni, kalipoeseli, rogorc es man Tavisi xeliT
Cawera `Zeglisweris~ sinodikonSi, igive arsen iyalToeli, romelic sul cota
xnis win iyo siriaSi, antioqiis maxloblad mdebare Savi mTis qarTvel monazonTa
monastris, kaliposis wevri da romelmac Targmna `didi sjuliskanoni~
`Zeglisweris~ kanonebis debulebaTa ZiriTadi wyaro, SesaZlebelia kaliposis
monasterSive2.
`Zeglisweris~ Semadgeneli nawilebi erTmaneTTan logikurad aris
dakavSirebuli da erTidan meoreze gadasvla originaluri da ostaturia.
Txzulebis SesavalSi moTxrobili Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis mokle
Sinaarsi, qristianobis damkvidrebis istoria bizantiaSi da saqarTveloSi
da mis mier SemuSavebuli saeklesio kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi kodeqsis
Sinaarsis sruli CamonaTvali, ruis-urbnisis krebis mowvevis mizezebisa da
miznebis warmoCena emsaxureba `ZeglisweraSi~ warmodgenili kanonmdeblobis
iuridiul safuZvlebis Cvenebas da imis naTelyofas, rom iuridiuli normebi
1 qarTlis cxovreba I Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 328.
2 dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. e.gabiZaSvili, ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~,
Tbilisi, 1978 w. gv. 29-72.

309

aucilebelia sazogadoebis gasajansaReblad. Txzulebis SesavalSi dasmul

sakiTxTagan Cven gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba 1. aq pirvelad aris
wamoWrili daviT aRmaSeneblis `ganRmrTobis~ anu Teozisis idea: `keTilad
ebaZva Sursa Cuenica ese grgnosani mrCobil-marjuene da Seyuarebuli grgni
Tavisa da sasurveli Ze daviT~ (gv. 183), rac `SesxmaSi~ ufro naTladaa
warmoCenili: `bunebiT RmerTi, madliT RmerTqmnulTa Soris~ (gv. 194,18). 2.
nino ganmanaTlebelTan dakavSirebuli detalebi. 3. qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi
siwmidis Tezisi (`garna araTu ubiwoebasa qarTvelTa sarwmunoebisasa biwi
rame Sehxeboda, nu iyofin ese! ara gecruvneT Sen, siwmidiT mSobelo Cueno
kaTolike eklesiao, arca gangceT Sen, siqadulo Cueno marTlmadideblobao,
romlisa arca ganmcemelqmnil varT~). 4. saintereso msjelobis sagani gaxda
samecniero literaturaSi (k.kekeliZe, iv.javaxiSvili) `Zeglisweris~ SesavalSi
warmodgenili mociqulTa, krebaTa da wm. mamaTa kanonebis CamonaTvalis e.i.
saeklesio samarTlis kodeqsis Sedgenilobis gansxvaveba `didi sjuliskanonis~
ZiriTad nawilTan _ kanonTa teqstebTan. es gansxvaveba ki, marTlac, TvalSi
sacemia. saqme isaa, rom `Zegliswera~ am sias iRebs ara `didi sjuliskanonis~
ZiriTadi teqstidan, aramed misi Sesavali nawilidan, sadac mocemulia
`Zeglisweris~ msgavsi sia, rac SeumCneveli darCaT mkvlevarT. 5. SesavalSi
warmodgenili ramdenime krebis kanonTa raodenoba da Tematikac sinamdviles ar
Seesabameba da Secdomebis mizezebi jer kidev saZiebelia.
`Zeglisweris~ ZiriTadi nawili uWiravs krebis mier dadgenil kanonmdeblobis
teqstebs, romelic kanonebad ar aris dayofili arc erT xelnawerSi da amitom
maTi gamoyofa da kanonTa ricxvis dadgena mkvlevarTa Soris uTanxmoebis sagania.
am Zeglis pirvel, (d. baqraZis 1863 w.) da meore (T. Jordanias 1882 w.) gamocemebSi
teqsti kanonebad dayofili ar aris. zogi 15 kanons gamoyofs, zogi 16-s da zogic
17-s. ukanasknel gamocemaSi teqstis Sinaarsoblivi danawilebis safuZvelze
gamoyofilia 19 kanoni1. kanonTa Sinaarsi mravalferovania, magram originalobiT
gamoirCeva pirveli kanoni, romelsac kanonis forma ara gvaqvs da faqtiurad
saqarTvelos eklesiaSi Catarebuli mniSvnelovani sakadro cvlilebis Sesaxeb
reziumes msgavsi mokle Txrobaa: 1. `da pirvelad episkoposni vinme ver RirsebiT
Semosrulni pativsa mRdelTmTavrobisasa da uRirsni ganvkueTeniT
da nacvalad maTda sxuani davadgineniT~2. e.i. ar Cans daskvniTi, sasjelis
nawili. danarCen kanonebSi mocemulia SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli debulebebi
da maTi darRvevisaTvis Sesabamisi sasjelis zomebi aseTi TanmimdevrobiT:
2. sasuliero ierarqiis yovel safexurze xeldasxmisaTvis saWiro asaki,
3. erTi pirisaTvis TiToeul Tanamdebobaze daniSvnebs Soris aucilebeli
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 549-556.
2 e.gabiZaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 94.

310

Sualedi. 4. xeldasmis wesis aRsruleba mxolod giorgi mTawmidelis `didi

kurTxevanis~ mixedviT. 5. xeldasxmisaTvis qrTamisa da `safasis aRebis
anu `simoniis~ dagmoba. 6. samRdelo WurWelTa xelSeuxebloba. 7. eklesiis
sakurTxevlis gareT naTliscemis, qorwinebisa da monazonis sqemis kurTxevaTa
akrZalva. 8. gvirgvinTa kurTxevis dResve aucileblad ziarebis saidumlos
aRsruleba. 9. meore qorwinebis anu `meoreTa grgnTa makurTxevel~ xucess
ekrZaleba qorwilis sufraze (`samxrad~) misvla. 10. qalis saqorwino asakis
(12 weli) gansazRvra, manmade ki, Tu igi mcireasakovania, dawindvis ritualis
Sesruleba, Tu ki mSoblebs es surT. 11. xorebiskoposis kandidatis mRvdelTa
an diakonTagan gamorCevis prerogativa kaTalikosisa da episkoposebis
uflebamosilebaa. 12. monastrebSi moZRvarTa ricxvis gansazRvra. 13. `krebulTa
dasxdomisa~ (e.i. sufris gaSlis) da savaWro fardulebis eklesia-monastrebis
ezoebSi akrZalvebis Sesaxeb. 14. erTdroulad sulTa ramdenime Sesawiravis,
`winadagebis~ akrZalva erT sakurTxevelSi ramdenime mRvdlis SesrulebiT. 15.
somex monofizitTa (`xaCecarTa~) marTmadideblurad monaTvlis ritualis
aRsruleba (ra Tqma unda, visac survili hqonda), 16. qristianis sxva religiis
wevrTan an mwvalebelTan qorwinebis akrZalva (Tu isini marTlmadidebelni ar
gaxdebian), 17. warmomadgenlobiTi (`kides-kide~) qorwinebis (roca jvarisweraze
saqmros an sapatarZlos magivrad misi warmomadgenelia) akrZalva. 18. sodomuri
codvis, mamaTmavlobis dasjis ukiduresi zomis dadgena (`cocxliv jojoxeTad
STamxdeli risxva~), 19. xatTmebrZoleobis wvalebis dagmoba.
`Sesxma. daviT mefes _ monazoni arseni, romlis saTauric singuriT (wiTeli
melniT) aris naweri yvela xelnawerSi, dasawyisSive xazs usvams, rom krebis mier
dasxmuli kanonebi mefis samsjavrozea gamotanili: `amaTda momarT rasa ity,
rasa sibrZnis-hmoyvareb Sen?~ da epiTetebisa da atributebis niaRvris Semdeg,
romlebiTac mefes miewereba sulieri da usulo bunebis saocrebaTa yvela
Tviseba, yvela drois miTiur da realur gamoCenil pirovnebaTa yvela Rirseba,
isev ekiTxeba mefes: `saTno-uCnan eseni myudroebasa Sensa? gansvenebul arsa amaT
zeda siborotisa sulTa mdevneli daviTiani suli Seni? romelni igi aw ZRunad
mogarTuna Sen mwyobrman SenTa amaT nazirevelTa simravlisaman~. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom `Sesxmas~ aq igive daniSnuleba aqvs, rac msoflio krebaze krebis
mier bizantiis imperatorTaTvis (romlebic krebaTa mowvevis iniciatorebi
iyvnen) epistolis mirTmevas, romelSic Sejamebuli iyo qristianobis ganvlili
periodis umTavresi movlenebi (Seadare `Zeglisweris~ Sesavals) da romelsac
erTvoda krebis mier gamotanil kanonTa teqstebi e.i. krebis `Zegliswera~ (mag.
trulis krebis (691 w.) mier dasxmul 102 kanonis teqstebs win uZRvis: `miwerili
wmidisa amis krebisa keTilad msaxurisa mefisa iustinianes mimarT, romelsa
Seudgines maT mier dasxmulni kanonni~ _ didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 365).

311

`Zeglisweris~ IV nawili, sinodikoni anu mosaxseneblebi warmoadgens samefo

ojaxis cocxal wevrTa da krebis saqmianobaSi monawile sasuliero elitis
warmomadgenlebis `mravalJamiers~ da saqarTvelos eklesiis gamorCeul
gardacvlil pirTa `saukuno senebas~. sinodikoni `Sesxmis~ uSualo
gagrZelebaa da erTidan meoreze gadasvla originalurad aris gakeTebuli:
mosaxseneblebi unda dawyebuliyo saqarTvelos mefis `mravalJamieriT~, magram
aq erTi uxerxuloba Seiqmna: daviTi ki iyo saqarTvelos oficialuri mefe,
magram cocxali iyo agreTve mamamisi _ giorgi II, gadamdgari, magram mainc
formaluri mefe. aq `Sesxmis~ avtorma originaluri gadawyvetileba miiRo: man
qeba daamTavra krebis monawileTa saxeliT daviTisadmi mimarTuli `RaRadisiT~:
`daviT keTilad msaxurisa da RmrTivdacvulisa mefisa Cuenisa mravalca arian
wlebi~, xolo sinodikoni daiwyo giorgi mefis moxseniebiT, Semdeg umcrosufrosobiT axsena mariam bizantiis dedofali, daviTis mamida, da Semdeg, isev
gaimeora daviTis mosaxsenebeli mTeli misi samefo titulaturiT.
sinodikonSi, rogorc cocxlebSi aseve gardacvlilTa Soris bevri cnobili
saeklesio moRvawea moxseniebuli: krebis Tavmjdomare _ saqarTvelos patriarqi
ioane (safareli), mwignobarTuxucesi giorgi monazoni (male _ Wyondidelic),
arsen kaliposeli (igive iyalToeli); gardacvlilebSi ixseniebian: efTvime
da giorgi mTawmidelebi, daviT tbeli da stefane sananoisZe, saba sulaisZe,
anton tbeli, efrem mcire, efTvime grZeli), magram jer kidev sabolood ar
aris dadgenili vinaoba Semdeg pirTa: cocxlebSi moxseniebuli `wmida beri
da sulieri mama Cueni~ evstrati monazoni, romelic kaTalikosis Semdeg
moixsenieba, xolo gardacvlilebSi _ ioane rexuesZe, miqael Wua da giorgi
beri.
`Zeglisweris~ sinodikoni krebis dadgenilebaTa damtkicebis funqcias unda
asrulebdes (rasac asrulebda msoflio da, zogjer, adgilobriv saeklesio
krebebze imperatorisa da episkoposebis xelmowerebi).
erTi sityviT, ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~ qarTuli kanonikuri
mwerlobis Zeglia, romelmac udidesi roli iTamaSa qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
da saeklesio Zlierebis saqmeSi da gavlena iqonia qarTuli kanonikuri
mwerlobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. amitom saWiroa mokled visaubroT mis
wyaroebze da gansakuTrebiT mis mimarTebaze `did sjuliskanonTan~.
`didi
sjuliskanonisa~
da
`ruis-urbnisis
krebis
`Zeglisweris~
urTierTmimarTeba.
am ori Zeglis teqstologiuri mimarTebis sakiTxi specialuri kvlevis
sagani ar yofila, dabrkoleba `didi sjuliskanonis~ teqstis bolo xanebamde
gamoucemloba iyo. dRes es problema Seswavlilia da daskvnac aseTia:
`Zegliswera~ iTvaliswinebs da teqstobrivadac eyrdnoba `didi sjuliskanonis~

312

qarTuli Targmanis teqsts1. sanam am debulebisaTvis dasamtkiceblad faqtobriv

masalas da sxva argumentebs movitandeT, vnaxoT, ra iyo cnobili am sakiTxebis
irgvliv samecniero literaturaSi.
k. kekeliZem aRniSna, rom `Zegliswera Sedgenilia, rodesac qarTul enaze
`didi Sjuliskanoni kidev ar iyo Targmnili arsen iyalToelis mier. amiT
aixsneba, rom Sedgeniloba Sjuliskanonisa, ZeglisweraSi aRnusxuli, sxvaa
vidre arsen iyalToelis TargmanSi~2. k. kekeliZis ZiriTadi argumentis Sesaxeb
msjeloba Cven `Zeglisweris~ Sesaval nawilTan dakavSirebiT gvqonda da vaCveneT
am gansxvavebis mizezi: `Zegliswera ar gulisxmobs arsenis Targmanisagan
gansxvavebuli `didi sjuliskanonis~ qarTul Targmanis arsebobas. (arada v.
beneSeviCisadmi miweril kerZo werilSi k. kekeliZe `Zeglisweris~ wyarod `did
sjuliskanons~ asaxelebs, Tumca es debuleba mas arc erT Tavis SromaSi ar
Seutania).
am ori Zeglis mWidro kavSiri xelnawerebSic igrZnoba: `didi sjuliskanonis~
yvela xelnaweri (erTis garda) damatebis saxiT Seicavs `Zeglisweras~ e.i. es
xelnawerebi arc erTi ar aris 1105 w.-ze adrindeli, magram erT xelnawerSi (A124) `didi sjuliskanonis~ teqsts ar erTvis `Zegliswera~, vfiqrobT, im mizeziT,
rom am xelnaweris gadaweris dros `Zegliswera~ jer kidev ar arsebobda e.i.
igi 1105 welze adrindelia (daaxloebiT XI s. miwuruls). es ki mianiSnebs, rom
`didi sjuliskanoni~ XI s. bolos SeiZleba iyos Targmnili da, rogorc zemoT
vTqviT, SeiZleba misi Targmani arsenma Seasrula ruis-urbnisis krebis mowvevis
TadarigTan dakavSirebiT, rom krebis mier gamotanili debulebebi `didi
sjuliskanonis~ kanonmdeblobas dafuZneboda. xolo `Zeglisweris~ darTva
`didi sjuliskanonis~ xelnawerze rom iyo gamiznuli, erTi kanonis teqstic
uTiTebs: `xolo qrTamisaTs da safasisa, romelsa miiReben elTdamsxmelni
elTdasxmulTagan zemoTganisa wmidaTa mociqulTa da mamaTa mocemisaebr
ganCinebad vikadrebT Cuenca~ (Zegliswera, gv. 126). `zemoTgani~ `Zeglisweris~
teqstis win moTavsebul `didi sjuliskanonis~ mociqulTa da krebaTa kanonebs
gulisxmobs amave xelnawerSi. anda eklesiis WurWelTa xelSeuxleblobis
kanons (VI) `ganvawesebT SedgomiTa wmidaTa kanonTa~ e.i. `Zeglisweris kanoni
gamotanilia `didi sjuliskanonis~ kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT. aseve, XIII
kanoniT, romelic krZalavs saero puris Wamas eklesia_monastrebSi: `wmidaTa
mamaTa da krebaTa mier gankanonebis Tanamdeb iqmnneT...~ da sxv. zemodasaxelebul
magaliTebSi rom `didi sjuliskanoni~ igulisxmeba, amis mtkice sabuTi
`Zeglisweris~ SesavalSia warmodgenili: `ese arian Sekrebani wmidaTa da
saeklesioTa kanonTani, dabeWdulni Tnier yovlisa Sematebisa da moklebisa da
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 75-81; e.gabiZaSvili, Zegliswera, gv. 44-51.
2 k.kekeliZe, Zv. qarT. lit. istoria, I, Tbilisi,, 1980, gv. 311.

313

maTi mecniereba da Sedgoma da mtkiced pyroba ums yovelTa winamZRuarTa

qristianobiTisa marTlmadideblobisaTa: mRdelmTavarTa da mRdelTa da
diakonTa da Cuen Soris moZRurad saxeldebulTa maTca monazonTa da erTbamad
yovelsa savsebasa marTlmadidebelTa eklesiisasa~ (gv. 182). es sityvebi rom
`didi sjuliskanonis~ qarTul Targmans gulisxmobs, ueWvelia, radgan am
Zeglis berZnuli dednis aseTi zedmiwevniTi codna rom qarTvel `mRdelTa
da diakonTa~ da sxvaTa moeTxovebodes, isic ase kategoriulad, ara gvgonia.
aseve, arc Tu iSviaTia teqstobrivi siaxlovis magaliTebic (Zeglisweris fraza
`viTarca smon mog petre mociqulisagan~ _ `didi sjuliskanonis~ teqstis
TiTqmis ganmeorebaa: `viTarca simon mog Cem petresagan~); aseve, Sinaarsoblivi
msgavsebaa `Zeglisweris~ mexuTe kanonisa da mociqulTa 29 kanonis teqstebs
Soris, `Zeglisweris XIII da VI msoflio krebis 76-e kanonis teqstebs Soris
da sxv.
kidev erTi xelSesaxebi magaliTi, romelic gviCvenebs, rom `Zegliswera~
sargeblobs
saxeldobr
`didi
sjuliskanonis~
qarTuli
TargmaniT:
`Zeglisweris~ SesavalSi CamoTvlilia `didi sjuliskanonis Sedgeniloba,
maT Soris aris dasaxelebuli `filoTeos aleqsandrielisa RmrTisa
gamoCinebisaTs Tqumulisagan~. aseTi dasaxelebis sityva berZnul nomokanonSic
aris da `didi sjuliskanonis~ ZiriTad teqstSic, magram avtorad yvelgan
Teofile aleqsandrieli sweria, rac erTi da imave saxelis sxvadasxva formaa.
magram sainteresoa saidan gaCnda `filoTeosi~ forma. am formiT es saxeli
mxolod `didi sjuliskanonis Sesaval nawilSi 14-titlovani nomokanonis
Semadgenlobis CamonaTvalSi aris moxseniebuli.
sxva magaliTi: `Zeglisweris meore kanonSi dadgenilia saeklesio
ierarqiis sxvadasxva safexurze kandidatTa asakobrivi cenzi: `episkoposi
ocdaaTxuTmetisa wlisa, mRdeli ocdaaTisa wlisa, diakoni ocdaxuTisa
wlisa da wignismkiTxveli rvisa wlisa eldasxmul iqmnebodian~. arc
berZnul nomokanonSi, arc qarTul `didi sjuliskanonSi~, arc erT saeklesio
kanonSi ar moipoveba ase Tavmoyrili asakobrivi monacemebi. erTi detali
adasturebs, rom `Zeglisweram es masala aiRo `didi sjuliskanonis~ qarTuli
Targmanis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis teqstidan: `didi sjuliskanonis
sistematuri nawilis I nawilis 28-e Tavis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis teqstSi
vkiTxulobT: `ara jer ars, raTa iyos uknines ocdaaTi wlisa, romelsa-igi
elni daesxmodian xucad, da diakoni ocdaxuTisa wlisa da wignismkiTxveli
_ rvisa, xolo episkoposi _ ocdaTxuTmetisa~ (didi sjuliskanoni, gv.
133). amasTanave wignismkiTxvelis asakis rva wliT gansazRvra, rac Secdomaa,
gadmosulia `ZeglisweraSi~ `didi sjuliskanonis~ motanili adgilidan, radgan
berZnul nomokanonSi 18 welic gvxvdeba (aTonis sintagma, II, 338) da ocic (Pitra-s

314

gamocema, II). e.i. arsenma Targmanis dros meqanikuri Secdoma dauSva, xolo
Semdeg es Secdoma `ZeglisweraSic~ gadmoitana.
albaT sxva magaliTebis daZebnac SeiZleba, magram motanilic adasturebs,
rom `Zeglisweris~ umTavresi wyaro `didi sjuliskanonis~ arseniseuli
qarTuli Targmania (sxvaTa Soris arsenma `ZeglisweraSi~ ZiriTadad Tavisi
Targmnili Txzulebebi gamoiyena: giorgi amartolis `xronografi~, miqael
fselosis `pirmSosaTs,~ `dogmatikonis~ `SeCuenebani iakobitTa yovelTa
erTbunebianTani, romelTa Tana arian somexnica~; da, agreTve, Tavisi moZRvris,
efrem mciris `uwyeba mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisa~ da sxv.). `Zeglisweris~
mier `didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli TargmaniT sargeblobis faqti, rogorc
Cans, SeamCnia am Zeglis erT-erTma gadamwerma (H-1670), romelmac aseTi SeniSvna
gaakeTa sistematuri nawilis bolos: `srulad gaqus ricx kanonTa zandukisa.
aqaTgan kiTxvad iwye sjulTa RmrTisaTa da Semdgomad qarTvelTa krebulisaTa
maTve msgavsTa maTgan nakrebisaTa~.
`qarTvelTa krebul~-Si ueWvelad `Zeglisweris~ teqsti igulisxmeba, xolo
`maTgan nakrebi ki gulisxmobs `Zeglisweris kanonebis `didi sjuliskanonis~
qarTuli TargmaniT sargeblobas.
marTalia, `Zegliswera~ Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli saeklesio sakanonmdeblo
Zeglia, saeklesio krebis mier miRebuli da damtkicebuli, magram qarTuli
kanonikuri mwerlobis pirvel Zeglad unda CavTvaloT efTvime mTawmidelis
`[epistole], romeli miuwera efTme didsa bersa giorgis~ da misi redaqciuli
saxesxvaoba `kiTxva-migeba, romeli mosca Teodore sabawmidelsa efTme
mTawmidelman~1, Tumca orive TiTqmis identur ZeglSi bevri liturgikuli
sakiTxiebicaa. upirvelesad Zegli (Tu Zeglebi) pirvelad Zvel qarTul
mwerlobaSi warmogvidgens arakanonikuri saeklesio wignebis CamonaTvals
(`wignni, romelTa eklesia ara Seiwynarebs, arian yovelni, romelni
mwvalebelTa mier daiwernes~) da krZalavs maT gamoyenebas, rac efTvimes
bizantiisa da romSi mravlad arsebuli msgavsi `indeqsebidan~ (mag. gelasi
romis papis _ V-VI ss. dekretaliebi) ecodineboda da Seufardebia qarTuli
sinamdvilisaTvis. am ZeglSi sxva kanonikur da liturgikul sakiTxebzec aris
gacemuli pasuxi: sauflo dResaswaulTa muxldrekisa da marxvis akrZalva,
moZRvarTa da mowafeTa damokidebulebis reglamenti, krulebis dadebisa da
moxsnis uflebebi, sqemis kurTxeva, marxvaTa Sesrulebis ganawesi, mamasaxlisisa
da dekanozis movaleobani da sxv. es Zegli dawerilia efTvimes winamZRvrobis
wlebSi (1005-1019 ww.), mamamisis ioane mTawmidelis gardacvalebis Semdeg
1 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gamosca i.dolaqiZem, Tbilisi, 1970. I red. 5-11; II
red. 12-18; xelnawerebi A-737, 293-336 (XIII s.); A-450, XVII s. 562-569; k.kekeliZe,
istoria I gv. 431-434.

315

(`uwinares mravlisa Jamisa, sicocxlesave mamisa Cemisada moewera muniT stefane

ebiskopossa da ekiTxa~), e.i. 1005 wlis Semdeg.
1263 w. saeklesio krebis epistole daviT ulusadmi, ufro zustad
`ultimatumi (`saqarTvelosa eklesiaTa davhbeWdavT, xucesTa davayenebT
wirvisa da naTlvisa da samkudroTa ziarebisagan~) imdenad aris kanonikuri
samarTlis Zegli, ramdenadac kreba mouwveviaT da es gadawyvetileba dauweriaT
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefis ulu-daviTis (1247-1270 ww.) mier saeklesio
sakuTrebis kanonmdeblobis xelyofis mizeziT, rac saeklesio miwebis gayidvagasaCuqrebaSi gamoixateboda. agreTve protestis mizezi iyo eklesiis mier
zogierTi saero da sasuliero pirisaTvis dadebuli sasjelis samefo karze
gasaCivrebis Semdeg mefisagan maTi gauqmeba da, saerTod, mefis eklesiisadmi
mesakuTruli damokidebuleba. samwuxarod, es dokumenti bolonakluli
unda iyos, radgan teqsti TiTqos dasrulebulia, magram krebis monawileTa
xelmowerebi ar Cans. arada patriarqisa da masTan Sekrebili aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos eparqiaTa mwyemsmTavarTa dasturi maTi xelrTvebiT unda
damtkicebuliyo1.
`samarTali kaTalikosTa~ _ am saxelwodebis dakanonebas moiTxovda iv.
javaxiSvili (`samarTali kaTalikosisa~-s nacvlad). Zegli im saeklesio
krebis kanonmdeblobas warmogvidgens, romelic daaxloebiT 1543-1549 wlebSi
saqarTvelos kaTalikos malaqias (1531-1549) da afxazeTis kaTalikos evdemon
I CxetiZes (1543-1578) mouwveviaT dasavleT saqarTveloSi (`SevkribeniT
yovelni episkopozni afxazeTisani~) iq gavrcelebuli da damkvidrebuli
`mravalTa uwesobaTa da ujeroTa saqmeTa~ aRmosafxvrelad2. saeklesio krebam,
romlis dadgenilebebs yvela damswre mRdelTmTavris xelmowera erTvis,
miiRo sakanonmdeblo teqsti, romelic muxlebad anu kanonebad dayofili da
danomrili ar ars, rac, rogorc yovelTvis msgavs SemTxvevebSi (ruis-urbnisis
krebis `Zegliswera~ da sxv.), mecnierTa kamaTis sagnad iqca _ ramden kanonad
unda daiyos teqsti da ra principiT. iv .javaxiSvilis mier Catarebulia analizi
ufro sarwmuno Cans: teqsti 23 kanons Seicavs da gamotanilia iseT danaSaulTa
amosaZirkvad, rogoricaa: adamianis gayidva, eklesiaTa gaZarcva _ xatebisa da

1 cent. saarq. samarT. arqivi fondi 1448, sabuTi #6501, dedani, e.i. 1263 w. gamocemulia
xuTjer T.Jordania, qronikebi II, 163-166; g.gozaliSvili, saistorio moambe, I, 1925,
220-223; iv.javaxiSvili, Sromebi; i.doliZe, samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 161-164; qarTuli
sitoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, gamosces T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilima,
Tbilisi, 1984.
2 am Zeglis damoukidebeli xelnawerebi ar aris. igi yovelTvis CarTulia vaxtang VI
sakanonmdeblo krebulis xelnawerebSi. gamocemulia i.doliZis mier. qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi, gamosca i. doliZem, 1963, gv. 393-397 da krebulebi: samarTali vaxtang
VI-isa.

316

saeklesio sxva nivTebis moparva-`mkrexeloba~, kaciskvla, qurdoba, mefisadmi

Ralati, kaTalikosisa da episkoposis gineba, rZlis SerTva.
kanonTa teqsts uZRvis mokle Sesavali krebis mowvevis mizezebze da
iniciatorebis Sesaxeb. aseve bolosityva dadgenilebaTa aRsrulebis sikeTeze
da aRusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi _ krulva-wyevla. krebis mesveurTa mowmobiT:
`davideviT sjuliskanoni da Cuenca imisgan gadmoviReT da, rac imisgan ar
gadmoviReviT, Cuen Cueni magieri ara Segvimatebia ra da sjuliskanonic ase
brZanebs~, anda: `vinca es mociqulTa da wmidaTa krebaTagan ganwesebuli da Cuen
mier damtkicebuli rjuli da wigni gaaTaos~, riTac `did sjuliskanonze
unda iyo miTiTebuli (`mcire sjuliskanonSi~ mociqulTa kanonebi ar aris).
magram gakvirvebas iwvevs sasjelis zogierTi iseTi zoma, romelic ar SeiZleba
saeklesio kanonmdeblobaSi, kerZod, `did sjuliskanonSi~ iyos miRebuli:
xelis mokveTa, dakirva, mamulidan gaZeveba da a.S. (aq gvian mimatebuli ucnauri
teqstic aris `romelman ubralod coli daagdos, SeCuenebul ars wmidaTa
mociqulTagan da sikudiliTa ganipatiJos~ _ viRacis mware xumrobas hgavs!).
aseTi sasjelebis miReba krebis mier, xom ar mianiSnebs, rom igi zogjer sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeebsac ixilavda?
`mcneba sasjulo~ aris kanonikuri epistole, romelic antioqiaierusalimis patriarqs mixails 1470-1474 ww. miucia afxazeTis eklesiisaTvis
kaTalikosad mis mier ioakime bedielis xeldasxmasTan dakavSirebiT. marTalia,
rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, es epistole berZnul enaze daiwereboda, magram
radgan igi qarTulad gamoqveynda da qarTuli eklesiis problemebze msjelobs,
igi qarTuli saeklesio-sakanonmdeblo Zeglad unda CaiTvalos1. (`ese qarta
TquenTs (e.i. qarTvelebisaTvis _ e.g.) aRvswere~). epistoleSi igrZnoba Zveli
tradiciis aRorZinebis survili, roca saqarTvelos da amdenad afxazeTis
qristianuli eklesia antioqiis eklesiaze damokidebulad iTvleboda.
epistolis SesavalSi gansazRvrulia afxazeTis sakaTalikosos teritoria:
`da episkopozi lixTamerisa, Woroxsa aqaT, ovseTsa aqaT, zRa pontos aqaT,
sada didisa biWuintisa samzRuari miawevs, episkopozni ama ierusalimisa
marjuenisagan kaTalikozisagan ikurTxeodian~.
epistolis sakanonmdeblo nawili muxlebad dayofili ar aris _ igi Sinaarsis
mixedviT am Zeglis gamomcemlebma dayves2.

1 xelnawerebi: cssa fon. 1448. sab. #5020, dedani (e.i. XV s.) etrati, gragnili, 6 kefi,
nusxuri; Sd-2920 (xelnawerTa instituti) piri, mxedruli.
2 Zeglis pirvelma gamomcemelma T. Jordaniam igi 19 muxlad dayo: qronikebi, II, 294297; xolo i. doliZem _ 43 muxlad: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, 221-233. arsebobs
muxlebad dauyofeli teqstis gamocemac: s. kakabaZisa, mcneba sasjulo, 1913 w. (calke
amonabeWdi).

317

Zegli iwyeba mowodebiT `mamaTa da ZmaTa~ mimarT, daemorCilon kaTalikosis

locva-kurTxevas, xolo urCni, sasulierni da saeroni (maT Soris mefeTa,
mTavarTa da a.S. misamarTiTac) SeCvenebul da wyeul iqnebiano.1 momdevno teqstSi
ki saubaria iseT danaSaulebze, rogoricaa: patronisadmi Ralati da orgeloba,
ukanono qorwinebebi da mruSoba, siZva, mkvlelobebi, marxvis darRveva, uqmeTa
ar dacva da a.S.
teqstis didi nawili Cveulebrivi damoZRvris STabeWdilebas tovebs da
saeklesio sasjelTa nacvlad mxolod grZeli da zogjer ucnauri wyevlakrulvaa mocemuli. ZeglSi gvxvdeba gameorebis SemTxvevebi erTi da igive
sakiTxze, mcireodeni gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT, msjeloba aris orjer da samjer
da oTxjerac. mag. `uxuedri colis SerTvis~ Sesaxeb _ me-9; 35-e 38-e, me-40;
oTxSabaT-paraskevis marxvis Sesaxeb _ me-14, 37-e 39-e )
`rjulisa da mcnebis dadeba kaTalikozis mier gergetel saydris SvilTaTs~,
rac teqstis gamomcemelTagan micemuli dasaxelebaa sabuTisa, misi Sinaarsidanaa
aRebuli (`ese rCuli da mcneba dagide Tquen, gergetel saydris SvilTa~). es
Txzuleba XVI s. saeklesio kanomdeblobis mokle Zeglia, micemuli konkretuli
eklesiisadmi da misi iurisdiqcia mxolod masze vrceldeba. gamomcemelni
mis teqsts 4 muxlad yofen, romelTac saeklesio klasikuri kanonis Sinaarsi
ara aqvT: es ufro mowodebaa am eklesiis msaxurTa da mrevlis mimarT `raca
samasdaaTurametTa mamaTa rjuli gaaCines~ (laparakia marxvis dReebze) asre
SeinaxeT Tquen~, aseve, uqme dReebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi: `rasaca avsa
uzams (albaT Tavis Tavs?!), ubralod viyuneT~. da aqve miTiTebulia ucnaur
sasjelze, ufro swored `jarimaze~: `Tquen saydris Svilni Semcode oTxi
aTasi Tanga qrTami daiurvos~. Semdegi `damoZRvra~ aseTia: `iyueniT saydris
Svilni erTsulobiT: ufrosni _ ufrosad da umcrosni _ [umcrosad];
mRdelni _ mRdelTa wesiTa da erisagani _ erisagani wesiTa~. sainteresoa
bolo meoTxe muxli: `romelmanca xucesman abjari aiRos, vinca naxos, waarTs
da jurumica (konfiskacia) azRvevinos queyanaman~. Cans, rom aseTi `danaSauli~
da `sasjeli~ adaTur, anu `CveulebiT sjuls~ iTvaliswinebs.
1702 wels aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos evdemozTan Semokrebili
episkoposebis saeklesio krebas samonastro wesisa da rigis Taobaze ramdenime
kanoni (5) daudgenia. kanonebi, ZiriTadad, daviT-garejis monastrebis berTa
sxva monastrebSi gadasvlas gmobs. monastridan gamosvla mxolod monazonis
episkoposad xeldasxmis an winamZRvrad daniSvnasa da msgavs SemTxvevebSia
dasaSvebi. aseve akrZalulia dasjili da `gamovardnili~ beris Sewynareba.

1 bolo gamocemaSi _ i. doliZis, qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi III, gv. 223-225. teqstis es
nawili 7 muxlad aris dayofili.

318

1748 wels TbilisSi samefo palatSi erekle II-is iniciativiT mowveulma

saeklesio krebam anton I-is TavkacobiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yvela
eklesiisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo 27 kanoni daadgina (`daamtkicnes da daweres
kanoni ese kz (27) TavTaveonad~). Tumca teqstSi kanonebis numeracia ar aris
warmodgenili da kanonebis gamoyofa abzacebis mixedviT xerxdeba. kanonebi.
ZiriTadad, eklesiis Sinaganawess, RvTismsaxurebis ritualisaTvis saWiro
WurWelTa da nivTTa reglamentacias, disciplinas, eklesiis Sida mowyobas,
saeklesio samoss, sasuliero pirTa qorwinebasa da msgavs sakiTxebs exeba.
krebam akrZala, agreTve, saeklesio miwebis misakuTreba da eklesiaSi sisxliani
Sesawiravi.
sainteresoa erTi detali: kreba krZalavs meoTxe da mexuTe qorwinebebs,
maSin, rodesac saeklesio samarTliT akrZalulia mesame qorwineba da meoTxe,
mexuTe qorwinebaze saerTod ar aris saubari. aq ki akrZalva meoTxedan iwyeba.
saeklesio dadgenilebebs bolos erTvis xelmowerebi: erekle wers: `warvweren~,
xolo anton I da episkoposebi `ganvsazRvren (e.i. davamtkice) da warvweren~.
1862 w. erekle II-isa da ioseb kaTalikosis mier mowveulma saeklesio krebam
punqtobrivi dadgenilebebi daugzavna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eparqiebs.
dadgenilebebi originaluria da Sinaarsobrivadac `Sinauruli~.
`pirveli ese rom episkoposman Tavis samwysoSi uaRsarebo aravin daagdos,
meored, ese: sauflosa dResaswauls da kviras wirvis mousmenlad nuravis
gauSvebT mesamed: Tu wmidaT episkopozT TqvenTa samwysoTa Sina urCni vinme
gyvandesT, Cven mogvasenoT da egeviTarTa Cuen davsjiT~ da a.S. am stilSi
grZeldeba saubrebi imis Sesaxeb, rom eklesiaSi daZvelebuli, damwvari an
dangreuli unda ganaxldes, trapezs Casacmeli unda hqondes, barZim-feSxumad
gatexili xis WurWlis xmareba ar SeiZleba, Tu moxucebuli mRvdels trapezis
msaxureba ar SeuZlia, mis bedze episkoposman izrunos, ucodinaris mRvdloba
ar SeiZleba... `meaTed: romelic rom Cven ver movigoneT, episkoposT marTebsT
maradis mRviZare yofa~. da bolos episkoposma Tavis `samwysosa wmidas
eklesiaSi Seslva, dgoma da pirs jvaris dawera aswavlos~1.
`episkoposTa mimarT~. am Zegls sayovelTaod cnobili `sayovelTao~ an
`mrguliv mosavleli epistolis forma da Sinaarsi aqvs. igi warmoadgens
saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis anton I-is epistoles gagzavnils erekle IIisa da Tavisi saxeliT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yvela eparqiis episkoposisadmi,
romelSic vrclad aris Camoyalibebuli episkoposisadmi wayenebuli yvela
moTxovna, Tu rogor unda aswavlides da amowmebdes igi sakuTari eparqiis
mRvdlebs da sxva sasuliero pirebs, maT movaleobaTa Sesrulebas. Sinaarsob
1 gamocemulia: i.doliZe, qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 848-850; xeln. Ad 856 (xel.
inst.), dedani e.i. 1762 w.

319

rivad es epistole hgavs ioseb kaTalikosis 1762 w. zemoTmotanil epistoles

anu dadgenilebebs, magram gacilebiT mravalferovania da kvalificiuri. teqsti
gamomcemlis mier dayofilia 35 muxlad. Tanac gamomcemeli Zegls sakuTar
dasaTaurebas aZlevs: `mcneba mRudelTaTvis~, rac mTlad zusti ar unda iyos1.
originaluria am ZeglSi erTi mcneba: uqme dRes SromisaTvis `misi namoqmedi
cecxliT dawvan; im kacs ormoci joxi dahkran, Tu glexi iyos~, aseTive
sasjelia `pirutyvis borotis sityviT Segineba~. aseT sasjels saeklesio
kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs. epistoles xels aweren anton kaTalikosi da
erekle mefe, romelic Tavis xeliT umatebs aseT gafrTxilebas: `Cuens xalxs
vafrTxilebT: marTalia, CvenSi aseTi Secodebani `arc yofila da arc aris~-o,
magram `Tu vinme amisTana saqmis mqneli gamoCndes an momwamlvelni an kacis
Semkruelni, an RmrTis didad ganmarisxebelisa da miutevebelis finTisa da
myralisa mamaTmavlobis mqmnelni mamalni anu dedalni _ eseni unda Zaliani
da saandazos jajebiT (tanjva) daiocnen~, da avalebs episkoposebs _ yvelani
gaafrTxilon.
kanonikuri epistolis forma da Sinaarsi aqvs afxazeT-imerTa kaTalikosis
maqsimes mier 1777 w. ori monastris winamZRvrisadmi gagzavnili epistoles,
romlis mizania am monastrebSi, udabnosa da erkeTSi kaTalikosisadmi morCileba
sufevdes da RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba, sasuliero pirTa saqmianoba
da saqcieli miRebuli wesebis mixedviT ganisazRvrebodes, uqme dReebSi
mrevli saeklesio wirva-locvas ar daakldes. specialurad aris yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli mkiTxavTa SeCvenebaze: `da nurc mkudars damarxaven mkiTxavs,
aramed viTarca ZaRli gancofebuli, egreT Seracxon~.
teqsti epistolisa gamomcemlis mier aris dayofili 10 muxlad2.
bolos, im saeklesio krebis Sesaxeb, romelmac 1755 wels anton I-is eklesiidan
gankveTa daadgina misi kaTolikobis gamo, da 1756 w. krebis dadgenileba,
romelmac antoni, monaniebis Semdeg, aRadgina marTlmadideblobaSi. pirvelma
krebam 1755 w. 12 dekembers gankveTa marTlmadidebluri eklesiisagan mas Semdeg,
rac TviTon antonma aRiara gakaTolikeba (igi 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda
kaToliked) mis TanamozreebTan, 5 mowafesTan erTad. magram imave wlis 16
dekembers mowveul krebaze man aRiara Secodeba xelweriliT da sinanulis
kanoniT 18 TviT dasajes (e.i. imdenive xniT, ramdeni drois ganmavlobaSi igi
kaTolike iyo), xolo am drois gasvlis Semdeg 1756 w. 4 aprilis krebam Seiwynara
da wirvis ufleba aRudgina, kaTalikosoba ki aRar aRudgina da ruseTSi wasvlis
neba darTo. samive krebis ganCineba kanonikuri samarTlis Zeglia3.
1 i.doliZe, qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 871-877; xeln. A-317, 180-186.
2 iqve, gv. 914-916.
3 m. qavTaria, XVIII s. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1977, gv.
17-19; xeln. H-1334, 201 r-v.

320

saeklesio samarTlis Zeglebze saubari sruli ar iqneba, Tu aq Cven ar

CamovTvaleT mainc is saero kanonmdeblobis Zeglebic, romlebic met-naklebi
doziT exebian eklesiis iseT sakiTxebs, rac saeklesio samarTals ganekuTvneba:
`elmwifis karis garigeba~ (XIV s.), `wesi da gangeba mefeTa kurTxevisa~ (XV
s.), vaxtang VI samarTlis krebulSi Setanili `samarTali bagrat kurapalatisa~
(XI s.), giorgi brwyinvalis `Zeglisdeba~ (XIV s.), `beqa-aRbuRas samarTali~
(XIV s.), vaxtang VI `dasturlamali~ (XVII s.) da sxv.
kanonikuri samarTlis Zeglebad unda miviCnioT is sigel-gujrebi, romlebic
saxlmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobas awesrigebdnen da, amdenad, kanonikur
normebsac Seicaven (wyalobis, erTgulebis, Sewirulobis, gamosaRebis wignebi,
gamosavlis davTrebi, iadgarebi da a.S.)
aqve SeiZleba vaxsenoT liturgikuli Zeglebi, saeklesio tipikonebi,
`gangebani~ da a.S., romlebSic bevri saeklesio samarTlis sakiTxi aris
ganxiluli.

321

kanonikuri samarTlis wyaroebi *

zogadi mimoxilva
rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebriv organizms, eklesias aqvs Tavisi zustad
gansazRvruli kanonebi, romlis mixedviT cxovrobs da viTardeba es organizmi
da romliTac myardeba urTierToba mis wevrebs Soris.
kanonikuri mwerloba sawyisebs or ZiriTad wyarodan iRebs. pirveli da
umTavresi werilobiTi wyaro qristianuli literaturis is saprogramo
Zeglebia, romlebic axali aRTqmis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, radgan
saxarebebsa da e.w. mociqulTa epistoleebSi qristianuli yofis umTavres
sakiTxebTan erTad warmodgenilia qristianuli eklesiis iuridiuli
cxovrebis ZiriTadi monaxazebic. ara marto pirveli iuridiuli Zeglebi,
aramed eklesiis mTeli Semdegdroindeli kanonikuri moRvaweoba axali aRTqmis
wignTa zogadqristianul moZRvrebas eyrdnoba da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT aris
gansazRvruli. pirveli werilobiTi saeklesio kanonebi xSirad aramarto
Sinaarsobrivad gamomdinareoben saxarebis, ,,saqme mociqulTa da ,,mociqulTa
epistoleebis calkeuli adgilebidan, aramed frazeologiur msgavsebas iCenen
maTTan. ar aris ugulvebelsayofi kanonikuri samarTlis zogierTi sakiTxis
Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi wignis gaTvaliswinebiT gadawyvetis faqtebic.
saeklesio kanonmdeblobis meore zogadi wyaro is dauwereli iuridiuli
normebia (,,uwereli sjuli, ), romlebic damkvidrebuli
iyo im uZveles qristianul eklesiebSi da romelSic Tavis droze mociqulTa
samoRvaweo asparezs warmoadgendnen. aseT eklesiebSi, gadmocemebis safuZvelze,
tradiciulad SemuSavebuli saeklesio normebi TandaTanobiT gavrcelda
qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva kuTxeebSic da zogi maTgani SemdegSi
werilobiTi saeklesio kanonis wyaro da safuZveli gaxda. aseTi formis
kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb cnobilia basili didis sityvebi: ,,guaqus
mocemuli Cuenda uwerel-Cueuleba, romeli ZaliTa swori ars sjulisa,
misTvis, rameTu wmidaTa kacTa mier mocemul arian Cuenda egeviTarisa mis
Cueulebisa wesni.2 ,,uwerel CueulebaSi, anu ,,sjulSi igulisxmeba Cveuleba,
tradicia (), romlis wyaros warmoadgens ama Tu im qristianul sazogadoebaSi
xangrZlivi drois manZilze SemuSavebuli uSualo rwmena. rac aucileblad
iTvleba am sazogadoebisaTvis, da gadmocemiT ( ), romelic eyrdnoba im
piris avtoritets (ZiriTadad mociqulni da maTi uaxloesi mowafeebi), visganac
momdinareobs es gadmocema.
* ibeWdeba pirvelad. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo didi sjuliskanonis Sesaval nawilad,
magram teqnikuri mizezebis gamo ar daibeWda.
2 ,,didi sjuliskanoni, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 498.

322

orive zogadi wyaros safuZvelze aRmocenebulma kanonikurma samarTalma

Tavisi konkretuli da srulyofili gamoxatuleba werilobiT saeklesio
kanonebSi hpova. radgan `saRmrTo werilsa da saeklesio CveulebebSi mocemuli
ZiriTadi saeklesio kanonebi dawvrilebiT ar moicavdnen yvelafers, rac
saeklesio cxovrebis yvela kerZo SemTxvevas exeboda, amitom saeklesio
sakanonmdeblo organoebs unda mieRoT detaluri disciplinaruli kanoni
saeklesio cxovrebis yvela SemTxvevisaTvis, magram amave dros is SeTanxmebuli
unda yofiliyo `wmida werilis ZiriTad kanonTan.
IV-IX saukuneebis saeklesio kanonmdebloba swored kanonikuri samarTlis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis naTeli suraTia.1
werilobiTi saeklesio kanonebis kodifikacia, dawyebuli IV s. dasawyisSi,
mxolod IX saukunis bolos damTavrda qristianuli sarwmunoebis ZiriTadi
kanonikuri kodeqsis CamoyalibebiT, romelic dRes XIV titlovani nomokanonis2
883 wlis redaqciiT aris cnobili. saeklesio kanonTa swored dasaxelebuli
krebuli gaxda misi qarTuli Targmanis _ `didi sjuliskanonis wyaro.
winamdebare narkvevis mizani aris ZiriTad kanonikur krebulSi Sesuli
kanonikuri samarTlis konkretul wyaroTa istoriul-filologiuri mimoxilva
da TviT kodeqsis Camoyalibebis safexurebis gaTvaliswineba. kanonikuri
samarTlis konkretul wyaroebs ki mociqulTa, msoflio da adgilobriv
saeklesio krebaTa da e.w. wm. mamaTa kanonikuri epistoleebi ekuTvnian,
romlebsac Zalian mokled ganvixilavT amave TanmimdevrobiT.

I. mociqulTa kanonebi
kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTad kodeqsSi pirvel adgilze Setanili
mociqulTa saxeliT cnobili saeklesio kanonebi samecniero literaturaSi
Cvenamde moRweul uZveles saeklesio samarTlis werilobiT Zeglad iTvleba.
dasaxelebuli kanonebi warmoadgenen mokled formulirebul disciplinarul
normebs Cveulebriv im sasjelis aRniSvniT, romelsac am normebis darRveva
iTvaliswinebs.
1 kanonikuri samarTali farTo gagebiT _ igive saeklesio samarTalia, xolo viwro
gagebiT saeklesio samarTlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili da moicavs
ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi Sesul saeklesio kanonmdeblobas (,
, , 1887, .9-10). amjerad Cveni msjelobis sagani iqneba kanonikuri
samarTali misi viwro gagebiT.
2 saxelwodeba `nomokanons Cven vxmarobT mTliani krebulis aRsaniSnavad da ara
marto samoqalaqo kanonebis Semcveli misi sistematuri nawilisa, rogorc es zogjer
samecn. literaturaSi gvxvdeba. amasTanave `nomokanonis qveS yovelTvis mxolod
berZnul kanonikur krebuls vgulisxmobT, xolo misi qarTuli Targmanis aRsaniSnavad
`didi sjuliskanons vxmarobT.

323

am kanonebis Camoyalibebis zusti dro im redaqciiT, romelmac Cvenamde

moaRwia, sabolood jer kidev ar aris garkveuli da ukanaskneli saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi mecnierebis azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania.1
kanonebis Sinaarsisa da maTSi gaTvaliswinebuli epoqis tradiciaTa mixedviT,
mociqulTa kanonebi sxavadsxva dros ekuTvnis. uZvelesi unda iyos is kanonebi,
romlebic zust SesatyisobaSia Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebTan, anda mTlianad
eyrdnobian am wignebs.2 SedarebiT mogviano periodSi unda SeedginaT kanonTa
is wyeba, romlebic gamoxataven II da IIIs. I naxevris saeklesio moRvaweTa
TxzulebebSi dadasturebul movlenebsa da urTierTobebs.3 mociqulTa kanonebis
didi nawili unda ekuTvnodes IIIs. II naxevars. mTlianad mociqulTa kanonebi
nikiis I msoflio krebamde unda Camoyalibebuliyo, rac ZiriTadad aRiarebulia
kanonikuri samarTlis istoriaSi.
mociqulTa kanonebis Camoyalibebis geografiac mravalferovani unda iyos,
rasac zogierT kanonSi dadasturebuli faqtebi mianiSneben. mag. me-7 kanoni
aRdgomis dResaswaulis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb gamoxatavs dasavleTis, kerZod,
romis eklesiis Cveulebas, romelic IIs. bolos miRebuli iqna aRmosavleTis
bevr eklesiaSi.4 37-e kanoni saeklesio krebis yovelwliurad mowvevis
Sesaxeb aRmosavluri, kerZod siriuli warmoSobisa unda iyos, radgan
am kanonSi SemorCenilia Tvis siriuli saxeli (). 46-e kanoni
eretikosTa monaTvlis Sesaxeb gviCvenebs afrikeTis, kerZod, karTagenis
eklesiis praqtikas. 70, 71 kanonebs da sxv., romlebic krZalaven ebraelebTan
urTierTobas da maT mibaZvas, SesaZloa palestinuri warmoSoba hqondeT, sadac
qristianebs ebraelebTan meti Sexebis wertilebi hqondaT, vidre sxvagan. 51,
53 da 64 kanonebi, romlebic kicxaven zogi qristianis zizRs qorwinebisa da
xorciani saWmelebisadmi, agreTve romlebic mimarTulia TviTdasaWurisebis
winaaRmdeg, aleqsandriuli da, nawilobriv, siriuli warmoSobisa unda iyos,
radgan mimarTulia gnostikosTa (enkratitebis, markionetTa da montanistTa)
1 literatura am sakiTxis irgvliv Tavmoyrilia: .,
, , 1893, . 171-173.
2 mociq. 48-e kan. = maTe V, 32; me-19, 17. kanonebi 17, 25, 42, 43, 44, 61, 80 = 1 tim. III, 2-13
tit. I, 5-9; I pet. V, 1-14; III ioane 1-10. 84-e kan. = gamoslv. XXII, 28; I pet. II, 17; I tim. II,
2 32-e da 75-e kan. = I tim. II, 4. me-10 = I kor. V, 11-13. II sil. III, 14. kan. 12, 13 = II korin.
III, 1. me-18 = levit. XXI, 7, 13, 14. 57-e = levit. XIX, 14. 63-e saq. mociq. XV, 29; Sesaq.
IX, 4. 81-e = maT. VI, 24. kan. 82, 83 = maT. XXII, 21.
3 kanonebi: 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 24, 31, 39, 49, 70 Sead. klimenti romaelis, egnate antioqelis,
polikarpe smirnelis da iustine filosofosis Sromebs. kanonebi: 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 64,
69 tertulianisa da irineos lionelis Sromebs. kanonebi: 21, 22, 25, 27, 34, 37, 38, 52, 62
da sxv. origenis, kipriane karTagenelis, firmiliane kesarielis, korneli romaelisa
da sxv. Sromebs.
4 . , , V, 22 (rus. enaze).

324

winaaRmdeg da ebrZvis iseT ukidures mimdinareobebs, romlebic origenis

TviTdasaWurisebis TeoriaSi gamoixata.1
pirveli sami saukunis qristianuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba rom ZiriTadad
mociqulTa kanonebze iyo damyarebuli, Cans iqidanac, rom am periodis saeklesio
praqtika srul SesatyvisobaSia mociqulTa kanonebSi werilobiT Camoyalibebul
kanonmdeblobasTan. IVs. saeklesio moRvaweebi, msoflio da adgilobrivi
saeklesio krebebi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir miuTiTeben mociqulTa zogierT
kanonze, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo normaze. marTalia, es miTiTebani uSualod
mociqulTa kanonebs ar asaxeleben, magram gamoTqmebi, romelTac nikeis I
msoflio krebis kanonebSi vxvdebiT: `mRdelobad moiyvanebs kanoni (1kan.),
`daicveboded maTTs wesi kanonisa (me-5 kan.), `Zvelnive wesi ipyroboded (me6 kan.), `amas ara SeuTqs kanoni saeklesio (me-10 kan.), `Zvelnive da kanonebrivi
sjuli damarxul iyavn awca (me-13 kan.), unda gulisxmobdes ara Zvel saeklesio
praqtikas, rogorc mag. amas Drey fiqrobs,2 aramed werilobiT Camoyalibebul
mociqulTa kanonebs, rac naTelia imiTac, rom yoveli aseTi miTiTeba Sesatyviss
poulobs mociqulTa konkretul kanonSi (nik.1=moc. 21-23, 2=80, 5=32 da a.S.).
damowmebuli adgilebis `kanoni ar SeiZleba gulisxmobdes nikeis krebaze
adrindeli adgilobriv krebaTa dadgenilebebs, radgan aseTi krebebis
gadawyvetilebani exeboda romelime garkveuli provinciis an qristianuli
qveynis eklesiis mxolod kerZo adgilobriv sakiTxebs da pretenzia ar
hqondaT zogadqristianuli iseTi savaldebulo normisa, roemlsac TavisTavad
gulisxmobs termini `kanoni.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nikeis me-15 kanonis zogierTi berZnuli teqsti
pirdapir asaxelebs mociqulTa kanons .3
antioqiis 341 wlis adgilbrivi krebis kanonebi aramarto miuTiTeben
mociqulTa kanonebze - `wesi saeklesio (3, 23 kan.), `pirvelTaganve
damtkicebulisaebr kanonisa mamaTa CuenTasa (me-9 kan.), `pirvelive amisTs
ganCinebulisaebr sazRvrisa mamaTasa (21-e kan.) da sxv., aramed am krebis
kanonTa udidesi nawili sityva-sityviT imeorebs, avrcobs da komentars ukeTebs
Sesabamis mociqulTa kanons.4
konstantinepolis meore msoflio krebis (381w.) romaleTa eklesiisadmi
gagzavnil epistoleSi, romelSic laparakia episkoposis TviTneburad erTi
eparqiidan meoreSi gadasvlis akrZalvaze, miTiTebulia ara marto nikeis I
msoflio krebis me-15 kanonze, aramed `Zvel dadgenilebebzedac ( )
1 ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 173-174.
2 Drey, Neue untersuchnngen ber die Constitutionen und Kanones der Apostell, Tbnngen, 1882.
3 aTenis sintagma, t.II, gv.
4 dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb: . , , . .
, 1882, I, 597.

325

da eWvis gareSea, mxedvelobaSi mociqulTa me-14 kanoni aqvs, radgan nikeis

krebaze miRebuli sxva Zveli kanonebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb cnobili ar aris.
Rangris adgilobrivi kreba (340w.) ki pirdapir asaxelebs `samociquloTa
mocemaTa mier ganwesebulTa qmnasa (21-e kanoni moc. 51. kan.), xolo
konstantinepolis 394w. adgilobrivi kreba zustad `mociqulTa kanonebs
asaxelebs. aseTive miTiTebani aris basili didis kanonebSic (me-3, me-12 da
sxv.) V-VI saukuneebis msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa kanonebSi mociqulTa
kanonebis damowmeba Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
amrigad, azri, rom mociqulTa kanonebi Sedgenilia IV-Vss. saeklesio
krebaTa kanonebis (nikiis I, antioqiis, laodikiis, neokesariis, qalkedonisa da
konstantinepolis ramdenime krebis) kompilaciiT,1 miuRebelia, xolo piriqiT
sargeblobis faqtebi ki sarwmuno, rogorc amas jer kidev Beveregii amtkicebda.2
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze saeWvoa am kanonebis sruli saxiT
(85 kan.) SekrebaSi klimenti romaelis (I sauk.) roli, rasac amtkicebda
marTlmadidebluri eklesia da rac fiqsirebulia kidec mociqulTa bolo 85-e
kanonSi. unda daveTanxmoT azrs, rom mociqulTa kanonebi II-IIIss. adgilobriv
saeklesio krebaTa da zogierT episkoposTa mier sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva
adgilas miRebuli kanonebis werilobiT Camoyalibebuli kanonikuri krebulia,3
romelSic, albaT, bevri ram Sesulia dauwereli, anu gadmocemiTi da CveulebiTi
kanonmdeblobidanac, radgan krebuls mociqulTa saxeli miekuTvna.
ioane sqolastikosis 50-titlovan VIs. kanonikur krebulSi pirveladaa
warmodgenili mociqulTa kanonebis sruli raodenoba 85,4 rac krebulis
Semdgenels Cvenamde armoRweuli 60-titlovani krebulidan auRia. aseTi
raodenoba mociqulTa kanonebisa daamtkica trulis (konstantinepolis) 692
wlis krebam, ramac bolo mouRo yovelgvar eWvsa da gaurkvevlobas am kanonTa
kanonikurobis aRiarebaSi. es kanonebi Setanilia XIV titlovani nomokanonis
yevla redaqciaSi.
bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom mociqulTa kanonebis mravalricxovan
gamocemaTagan saukeTeso ekuTvnis kardinal Pitra-s, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia
am Zeglis Semcveli berZnuli xelnawerebis umravlesoba.5
erT-erT berZnul kanonikur krebulSi, saxeldobr, ZiriTadi kanonikuri
kodeqsis safuZvelze Sedgenil e.w. `kanonTa sinopsisSi, romelic kanonTa
Semoklebul teqstebs Seicavs, mociqulTa kanonebis gverdiT Setanilia
1 Drey, dasax. naSromi, gv. 403.
2 Beveregii, Codex Canonum Ecclesiae London, 1678.
3 P. de Marca, De Concordia sacerdottii et imperii, Paris, 1704, libri II, c. 2. Beveregii, das. naSromi.
4 uZveles laTinur krebulSi, romelic dionise mcires Vs. mijnaze berZnulidan
uTargmnia, Setanilia mociqulTa 50 kanoni.
5 Pitra, Iuris ecclesiastici graecorum historia et monumenta I, 1864.

326

17 kanoni, warwerili pavle mociqulis saxeliT, 17 kanoni petre da pavle

mociqulebis erTobliv Semoqmedebad miCneuli da 2 kanoni _ yvela mociqulis
kuTvnilebad gamocxadebuli. am 36 kanonis wyaro `mociqulTa dadgenilebebis
is 8 wigneulia, romelic 691 wlis `trulis krebam Semdegdroindel eretikul
gadakeTeba-CamatebaTa gamo arakanonikurad miiCnia da akrZala (me-2 kanoni).
marTalia, es kanonebi XIV titlovan nomokanonis berZnul teqstis gamocemebSi
ar gvxvdeba, magram am faqtis aRniSvna saWirod vcaniT imitom, rom dasaxelebuli
36 kanonidan pirveli 34 qarTuli `didi sjuliskanonis zogierT xelnawerSi
XII-XIVss. (da ara arsen iyalToeliseuli) TargmaniT aris warmodgenili, e.i.
gviandel danamats warmoadgens.

II. msoflio saeklesio krebebi da maTi kanonmdebloba

msoflio saeklesio kreba saeklesio kanonmdeblobis umaRles organos
warmoadgenda. aseT krebebze SemuSavebuli saeklesio kanonebi kanonikuri
samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi konkretuli wyaroa. msoflio kreba ewodeboda
SesaZleblobis farglebSi qristianuli samyaros yvela kuTxis TvalsaCino
da saeklesio Tanamdebobriv pirTa Sekrebas zogadqristianuli gadaudebeli
sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad. aseT krebaTa mier sanqcirebuli dadgenilebani
savaldebulo norma iyo msoflios qristianuli eklesiebisaTvis.
msoflio saeklesio kreba ar iyo mudmivad moqmedi saeklesio organo,
ufro zustad, misi mowvevis aucilebloba ar iyo gansazRvruli garkeuli
periodulobiT, rogorc amas adgili hqonda adgilobriv saeklesio krebebTan
dakavSirebiT. is warmoadgenda sagangebo organos, romlis mier SemuSavebul
kanonmdeblobas hqonda ara marto saeklesio, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobac, radganac msoflio krebis kanonebi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
uflebebsac iZenda.
msoflio krebis mowvevis organizatori eklesiasTan erTad saero
xelisuflebac iyo. ufro metic, msoflio krebis mowveva mxolod bizantiis
imperatoris sanqciiT SeiZleboda. marTalia, formalurad imperatori ar ereoda
krebis sxdomebis mimdinareobis saqmeebSi, magram msoflios krebaTa istoriis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom krebis saboloo Sedegebze imperators
xSirad gadamwyveti gavlena hqonda. formalurad samoqalaqo xelisuflebis
mTavar sazrunavs krebis finansuri mxarisa da usafrTxoebis organizaciis
uzrunvelyofa Seadgenda, magram xSiri iyo maTi Zalismieri Careva eklesiis
ierarqiul-organizaciul da sarwmunoebriv saqmeebSic. imperatoris uflebas
Seadgenda agreTve msoflio krebis mowvevis droisa da adgilis gansazRvra.
konstantine didma TavisTavs eklesiis sagareo samqeTa episkoposi uwoda,1 xolo
impeartorma iustiniane II-m trulis krebis aqtebs xeli ase moawera: `gavecani
1

Evsebius, Vita Const., Lib. IV, c. 24

327

da Tanaxma var da ara `davamtkiceo, rogorc Cveulebriv awerda xels krebaze

damswre yvela episkoposi, radgan krebaze gadamwyveti xmis ufleba mxolod
episkoposebs an maTi saxeliT krebaze damswre ufro dabali ierarqiis saeklesio
pirebs hqondaT da es ufleba formalurad imperators ar gaaCnda.
amrigad, msoflio saeklesio kreba saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mSvidobiani
TanamSromlobis Sedegia. amitom qristianuli sarwmunoebis saxelmwifo
religiad aRiarebamde aseTi krebebis mowveva SeuZlebeli iyo. aseTi
SesaZlebloba 313 wlidan (313 wlis milanis ediqtiT qristianobis nebadarTul
organizaciad aRiareba) gaCnda da 325w. nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio
krebis mowveviT dagvirgvinda.
msoflio saeklesio krebaTa mowvevis ZiriTadi mizezi yovelTvis qristianuli
eklesiis wiaRSi mwvaleblobaTa aRmoceneba iyo, xolo mizani _ maTi aRmofxvra
da maT mimdevarTa saeklesio sarbielidan Camocileba. Svidive msoflio kreba
naTqvamis naTeli dadasturebaa.
mxolod msoflio krebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda sarwmunoebs dogmatis
gansazRvra, romelic srul TanxmobaSi iqneboda `saRmrTo werilisa da uZvelesi
saeklesio tradiciebTan, da maTi rwmenis simbolos formiT Camoyalibeba.
marTalia, msoflio krebaTagan umetesobam mravali saeklesio kanoni gamoitana
eklesiis struqturis, mmarTvelobisa da disciplinaruli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb,
magram msoflio krebis umTavresi sazrunavi sarwmunoebriv-ideologiuri
asparezi iyo da amdenad qristianuli eklesiis meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi
saeklesio kanonmdebloba TiTqmis meore planze idga. es V da VI msoflio
krebebis istoriebidanac Cans, romlebsac arc erTi disciplinaruli kanoni ar
SeudgeniaT da mxolod wminda dogmatikuri saqmianobiT dakmayofildnen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod msoflio krebis sanqciiT SeiZleboda zogierTi
mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis kanonebis zogadqristianuli
mniSvnelobis aRiareba. igive iTqmis eklesiis mamaTa zogierTi kanonikuri
epistolis Sesaxebac.
msoflio krebis Tavmjdomaris sapatio ufleba ekuTvnoda im episkoposs,
romlis kaTedrasac msoflio eklesiis danarCen kaTedrebs Soris privilegiuri
mdgomareoba eWira, Tuki aseTi episkoposi TviTon ar iyo krebis msjelobis
sagani (mag. efesos III msoflio krebas Tavmjdomareobda kirile aleqsandrieli,
radgan krebaze konstantinepolis patriarqis nestoris gankveTis sakiTxi idga).
Tu msoflio krebas imperatori eswreboda, mas krebis sapatio Tavmjdomaris
pativi hqonda miniWebuli. marTalia, romis papi, Cveulebriv, msoflio krebebs
ar eswreboda, magram zogjer misi warmomadgenlebi (legatebi) misi saxeliT
Tavmjdomareobdnen.
Cvenamde moRweulma xuTi msoflio krebis (III, IV, V, VI, VII) aqtebma, e.i. krebis
yvela sxdomis detalurma stenografiulma oqmebma, TavisTavad dasva sakiTxi
maTi warmoSobis mizezebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa unda
virwmunoT, rom nikeis I da konstantinepolis II msoflio krebebs aseTi aqtebi

328

ar SeudgeniaT, radgan Cvenamde moRweul wyaroebSi maTi kvali ar aris. fiqroben,

rom aqtebis Sedgenis tradiciisaTvis safuZveli efesos III msoflio krebas unda
Caeyara. saqme isaa, rom efesos kreba daiwyo da damTavrda ganxeTqilebiT. efesoSi
paralelurad ori, erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdegeTa, kreba moqmedebda. pirveli _
nestorianobis mowinaaRmdegeTa kirile aleqsandrielis meTaurobiT, xolo
meore _ nestoris damcvelTa, ioane antioqielis TavmjdomareobiT. orive mxare
cdilobda mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas da imperatoris mxardaWeris mopovebas,
amitom TiToeuli maTgani awarmoebda TavianTi krebis sxdomebis mimdinareobis
Caweras da agzavnida konstantinopolSi, imperatoris samsjavroze. Cvenamde
moRweul msoflio krebis pirvel aqtebs swored imperatorisadmi kirile
aleqsandrielis mier gagzavnili Canawerebis krebuli warmoadgens.1 efesos
krebis mier gansakuTrebuli viTarebis gamo Sedgenilma aqtebma udidesi
samsaxuri gauwia istorias safuZveli daudo momdevno msoflio krebaTa
aqtebis Sedgenas.2
marTlmadidebluri eklesia aRiarebs 7 aseT msoflio krebas, romelTac sul
mokled SevexebiT.
nikeis pirveli msoflio kreba. pirveli qristianobis istoriaSi msoflio
kreba warmoadgens umagaliTo da udides movlenas saeklesio cxovrebaSi.
pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis devnis gamo
adgilobriv eklesiaTa gaTiSulobis epoqaSi nikeis kreba iqca im faqtorad,
romelmac safuZveli daudo qristianuli centralizmis Camoyalibebas.
nikeis krebam, rogorc pirvelma umaRlesma sakanonmdeblo organom, gadasinja
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi faqtiurad izolirebul adgilobriv eklesiebSi
Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi, Tavisi uflebamosilebiT daamtkica misaRebi
Cveulebebi, xolo qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis Seurigebeli adaT-wesebi
ukuagdo, gaarkvia da naTeli gaxada zogierTi disciplinaruli da ritualuri
bundovanebani.
nikeis krebam Seadgina qristianuli sarwmunoebis pirveli rwmenis simbolo
_ samebis dogmati, romelic safuZvlad daedo qristianuli sarwmunoebis
dogmatikas.
nikeis krebis dadgenilebani da saeklesio kanonebi saxelmZRvanelo da
samagaliTo norma gaxda Semdegdroindel msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa
saqmianobisaTvis.
I msoflio kreba Sedga biTviniis mTavar qalaq nikeaSi3 325 wlis maisSi
konstantine didis brZanebiT, rac emyareboda marTlmadidebluri msoflios
1 msoflio krebaTa aqtebis Svidi tomi, Targmnili laTinuridan, gamocemulia yazanis
universitetis mier: , .I-VII, , 1859
2 .. , , 1904, . 25
3 rogorc fiqroben, Tavdapirvelad ganzraxva iyo aseTi krebis ankviraSi mowveva. am
krebisa da saerTod msoflio krebaTa dogmatikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb ix. .. ,
, . I-II, , 1901

329

episkoposTa Txovnas aseTi krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb, radgan am dros warmoSobilma

arianulma moZRvrebam1 sagrZnoblad Searyia marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
safuZveli.
krebam, romelsac 300-mde episkoposi eswreboda,2 ariozi da misi momxreebi,
romelTac ar aRiares danaSauli, gankveTa eklesiidan. umTavresi sakiTxis
garda, krebam sabolood daadgina aRdgomis dResaswaulis aRniSvnis yvela
qristianisaTvis savaldebulo dRec. agreTve, gaarkvia egvipteli episkoposis,
melites gandgomilebis sakiTxi da kanongareSe gamoacxada igi.3
dasaxelebuli sakiTxebi krebis iuridiuli saqmianobis farglebs scildeba
da am krebis mier bolo sxdomaze SemuSavebul me-20 disciplinarul saeklesio
kanonSi ar aisaxa (Tumca melites sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda iyos gamotanili
20 kanoni, romelic ganzogadebulia).
nikeis krebis Sesaxeb mravali wyaro arsebobs, magram ar SeiZleba maT erTnairi
mniSvneloba mieniWos krebis istoriis gasaTvalisiwneblad. bevri ram pirveli
msoflio krebis Sesaxeb daiwera ara istoriuli, aramed praqtikuli, umetesad
polemikuri mizniT. amas ar SeiZleba kvali ar daemCnia wyaroebisaTvis, radgan
praqtikuli miznebi gavlenas axdendnen Txrobis sisruleze da obieqturobaze.
yuradRebis gareSea datovebuli zogierTi istoriuli mniSvnelobis detali,
zogic calxmrivad da tendenciurad aris gaSuqebuli.4
eWvi ar aris, nikeis I msoflio krebis mier dadgenili 20 saeklesio kanonis
WeSmaritebaSi, romelTa teqstma Cvenamde Tavdapirveli saxiT moaRwia, xolo
arianobis, aRdgomisa da melites Sesaxeb sarwmuno wyaroebiT nikeis krebis
Tanamedrove avtorTa SromebiTaa cnobili.
konstantinepolis meore msoflio kreba. nikeis krebam, marTalia, sastiki
ganaCeni gamoutana arianul moZRvrebas, magram arianoba mainc sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda. is safuZveli gaxda iseT axal moZRvrebaTa warmoSobisaTvis, rogoric
iyo makedonianizmi, anu naxevradarianizmi, sabelianizmi, markelianizmi,
evnumianizmi, apolinarizmi, fotianizmi da sxv., romelTac gavrceleba
moipoves aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva eklesiaSi. arianobisa da misi monaTesave
1 ariozi ar cnobda qristeSi RvTaebriv bunebas da mama RmerTTan qristes Tanaarsobas.
2 nikeis I msoflio krebis monawileTa zusti ricxvi cnobili ar aris. krebis monawile
evsebi kesarieli ( , . III, .8), evstaTi antioqieli (, . .
. I, .8) da aTanase aleqsandrieli (., . II, .313, mini, t.25, gv.428) daaxloebiTac
ver gviCveneben igiveobas am ricxvis aRniSvnaSi (Sesabamisad 250-ze meti, daaxleobiT
270, daaxloebiT 300). am krebis monawileTa tradiciulad SemuSavebuli 318 ricxvi
simboluri unda iyos da exmaurebodes bibliis siuJets.
3 episkoposi melite ar cnobda petre aleqsandrielis memkvidreebs aleqsandriis
saeklesio kaTedraze da Tavi provinciis mTavar episkoposad gamoacxada, risTvisac
gaasamarTla nikeis krebam.
4 dawvrilebiT ix. .,
, , 1888. agreTve, , I, , 1859.

330

moZRvrebebis gavrcelebas xeli Suwyo konstantine didis memkvidris, konstantis

arianobisadmi simpatiebma. dasaxelebul moZRvrebaTagan marTlmadidebluri
eklesiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi makedonianizmi iyo, radgan is emyareboda am
moZRvrebis mamamTavris, makedoniosis (konstantinepolis mTavrepiskoposi 342346ww.) avtoritets.
dasaxelebul moZRvrebaTa winaaRmdeg radikaluri zomebis miRebis saWiroebam
gansazRvra meore msoflio krebis mowvevis aucilebloba. Tumca krebis
saswrafod mowvevis saWiroebaSi aranaklebi roli Seasrula gadaudebelma
saorganizacio sakiTxebma, romlebic ZiriTadad konstantinepolis saeklesio
kaTedras exeboda. sakiTxi rom naTeli iyos, mokled SevexebiT am krebis
istorias: 379w. grigol nazianzelma konstantinepolis kaTedra daiWira. manamde
is formalurad sasimiis episkoposad iTvleboda. grigolTan daaxloebulma
maqsimem, warmoSobiT aleqsandrielma, petre aleqsandrielis daxmarebiT,
romelsac undoda, rom konstantinepolis kaTedraze Tavisi erTguli kaci
hyoloda, moindoma kaTedris daWera. farulad moxda kidec es kurTxeva petre
aleqsandrielis mier sagangebod gamogzavnili ori egvipteli episkoposis
monawileobiT. am incidentma xalxSi da saeklesio wreebSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia
da maqsime gaaZeves. konstantinepolis meore msoflio krebaze, romelic Teodosi
imperatoris brZanebiT 381 wels Seikriba 150 episkoposis monawileobiT,
wamoiWra rigi sakiTxebisa, romelTagan ramdenime zemoaRniSnul incidentTan
iyo dakavSirebuli: 1) maqsimes xeldasxma krebam ukanonod scno, rac aisaxa
kidec am krebis meoTxe kanonSi; 2) akrZala ramdenime provinciis episkoposis
Careva sxva olqis saeklesio sakiTxebSi (albaT, petre aleqsandrielis Sesaxeb)
me-2 kanoni; 3) kanonierad flobs Tu ara konstantinepolis kaTedras grigol
nazianzeli, radgan nikeis me-15 kanoni krZalavs episkoposis erTi kaTedridan
meoreze gadasvlas. es sakiTxi krebis monawileebis azrTa sxvadasxvaobis
sababi gaxda. krebam jer daamtkica grigolis kandidatura konstantinepolis
kaTedraze. rodesac krebis Tavmjdomaris meleti antioqielis gardacvalebis
Semdeg grigolma daikava es posti, kreba amboxebul krebulad iqca da amis mizezi
meletis memkvidris arCevis sakiTxi gaxda. krebis monawileTa umravlesoba
moiTxovda, rom aRmosavleTis eklesiis am upirveles kaTedraze ar asuliyo
pavle, dasavleTis eklesiis warmoamdgeneli, radgan aRmosavleTis eklesiis
uflebebi ufro mizanSewonilad miaCndaT. grigoli ki dasavleTis winaSe
daTmobaze midioda. grigolis avtoriteti sagrZnoblad Seirya. man gadawyvita
daetovebina krebac da konstantinopolic, magram xalxis survilma da krebis
avtoritetul wevrTa mxardaWeram gadaaTqmevina es gadawyvetileba. axali
ganxeTqileba daiwyo krebaze egvipteli (timoTe aleqsandrielis meTaurobiT)
da makedonianeli episkoposebis Camosvlis Semdeg. maT gaaRvives Zveli

331

uTanxmoebani da gaaprotestes grigolis konstantinepolis kaTedraze arCevis

gadawyvetileba, nikeis me-15 kanonis safuZvelze.
sakiTxis saboloo gadaWramde grigoli gamovida krebaze da mtkiced uari
Tqva kaTedraze, warmoTqva Tavisi cnobili sityva1 da datova konstantinopoli.
kaTedraze dasves samoqalqo piri konstantinepolis pretoris movaleobis
Semsrulebeli nektari, romelic TviT imperatoris kandidatura iyo. nektari
gaxda am krebis rigiT mesame Tavmjdomare.
krebaze
marTlmadidebelTa
garda
mowveulni
iyvnen
makedonieli
epirkoposebic. es iniciativa grigol nazianzels ekuTvnoda, romelic fiqrobda
am naxevrad arianelTa Semorigebas. es mizani hqonda Teodosi imperatorsac,
radgan saxelmwifos Zlierebis sakiTxi didad iyo damokidebuli eklesiis
erTianobaze. magram rwmenis simbolos sakiTxSi ar moxerxda SeTanxmeba da
maT datoves kreba. albaT, krebis mier dogmatikis sakiTxebSi miRweuli
Sedegebi saxarbielo ar iyo da aman gamoiwvia imeratoris 383w. aqti,2 romelic
mwvaleblebis sastik devnas acxadebda.
14-titlovani nomokanonis berZnul xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi, agreTve
am Zeglis sxva enebze TargmanebSi konstantinepolis meore msoflio krebis
Svidi kanoni miewereba. arc erTi istorikosi, romelic ki am krebas Sexebia, ar
asaxelebs kanonTa ricxvs, xolo Tu laparakia kanonTa Sinaarsze, msjeloba
mxolod pirvel oTx maTgans gulisxmobs. qalkidonis meoTxe msoflio krebaze
meore msoflio krebis kanonebi waikiTxes saerTo saTauriT `
, kanonebad dayofis gareSe da ara ise, rogorc nikeisa da
antioqiis krebaTa kanonebis wakiTxvis dros.
aseTi faqtebis safuZvelze fiqroben, rom am krebis dadgenilebaTa kanonebad
dayofa gviandeli movlena unda iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, konstantinepolis II
msoflio krebis dRes cnobili kanonebidan yvela erTnairi siZvelisa ar unda
iyos. am eWvs aZlierebs Semdegi: iovane sqolastikosis (VIs.) 50 titlovan
krebulSi II msoflio krebis mxolod eqvsi kanonia Setanili, magram iovanes,
rogorc Cans, eWvi epareboda me-6 kanonis am krebisadmi kuTvnilebaSi, radgan
krebis monawileTa xelismowerebi me-5 kanons mosdevs, xolo me-6 kanoni
xelismoweraTa Semdeg erTvis. uZveles laTinur TargmanSi, romelbic 500w.
maxloblad Sesrulebulia dionise mciris mier, II msoflio krebis mxolod
pirveli oTxi kanonia Setanili, rac aseTive Sedgenilobis berZnul dedans
unda gulisxmobdes. safiqrebelia, rom me-5 da me-6 kanonebi konstantinepolis
382w. adgilobriv krebaze unda SeedginaT da Semdeg daematebinaT II msof. krebis
kanonebisaTvis, miT umetes, rom es adgilobrivi kreba TiTqmis II msoflio
1
2

I, .229-262
Pitra, II

332

krebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. ufro gviandeli unda iyos me-7 kanoni.

14-titlovan nomokanonamde es kanoni ar gvxvdeba arc erT Zvel kanonikur
krebulSi. dasaxelebuli kanoni zustad aris ganmeorebuli VI msof. krebis
95 kanonSi, II msoflio krebis kanonze miuTiTeblad. II msoflio krebis me-7
kanoni sityvasityviT emTxveva 14-titlovani nomokanonis zogierT nusxaSi
(agreTve `did sjuliskanonSi) Setanil antioqiis episkoposis martvirisadmi
konstantinopolidan (daax. 459w.) gagzavnil epistoles da, rogorc fiqroben,
warmoadgens am epistolis Semoklebul variants (epistoleSi metia Sesavali).
meore msoflio krebis kanonebidan mniSvnelovania me-3 kanoni, romelSic
pirveladaa dasmuli konstantinepolis saeklesio kaTedris upiratesobis
sakiTxi aRmosavleTis sxva kaTedrebTan SedarebiT da romis eklesiasTan
gaTanabrebis cda, romelic momdevno saukuneebSi kidev ufro gaRrmavda.
es tendencia, gamowveuli konstantinepolis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis
dedaqalaqad gadaqcevis gamo, ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre saukuneebiT
ganmtkicebuli saeklesio tradiciebi saeklesio ierarqiis sakiTxSi.
3. efesos mesame msoflio kreba. meore msoflio krebis mowvevidan ormocdaaTi
wlis Semdeg qristologiis gadaudebelma sakiTxebma moiTxova axali, rigiT
mesame msoflio krebis mowvevis aucilebloba. qristianobis wiaRSi Vs. I
naxevarSi gamoCnda axali eretikuli moZRvreba nestorianobis saxelwodebiT,
romlis mamamTavari antioqiis erT-erTi monastris berobidan imperator
Teodosi II mier konstantinepolis patriarqad aRzevebuli nestori (428431ww.) iyo. dedaqalaqis mcxovreblebi nestoris xeldasxmas didi sixaruliT
Sexvdnen, radgan maT axsovdaT am kaTedraze iovane oqropiris mosvla imave
antioqiidan. marTlmadidebluri eklesiis erT-erT udides kaTedraze ayvanam
nestors saSualeba misca Tavisi moZRvreba mowrmuneTa farTo auditoriis
winaSe eqadaga (pirvelad man es anastasi mRvdels miando, romelic nestorTan
erTad antioqiidan movida), ramac sul male qristianul samyaroSi SeSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. mesame msoflio krebis mowvevis iniciatori da nestorianobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis meTauri aleqsandriis patriarqi kirile aleqsandrieli
(+444w.) iyo.
kirile aleqsandrielisa da romis papis kelestines cdam, nestori
daeyoliebinaT Tavisi moZRvrebis nebayoflobiT uaryofaze, nayofi ar gamoiRo.1

1 kiriles da nestors Soris mimoweridan sayuradReboa kiriles bolo epistole

nestorisadmi, romelsac bolos 12 punqtiani anaTema erTvis. es dokumenti, romelmac
didi kamaTi gamoiwvia, sabolood daamtkica efesos krebam da igi aRiarebul iqna
nestorianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis saxelmZRvanelo programad da efesos krebis mier
miRebuli rwmenis simbolos erT-erT wyarod (am masalis qarTuli Targmani gvaqvs A-266,
S-1463 xelnawerebSi).

333

imperator Teodosi meoris brZanebiT msoflio kreba 431w. ivnisSi efesos

RvTismSoblis taZarSi dainiSna. mesame msoflio kreba, romelsac 200 meti
episkoposi eswreboda, 22 inviss gaixsna da imave wlis 31 ivliss gamarTa Tavisi
meSvide, ukanaskneli sxdoma. krebas Tavmjdomareobda kirile aleqsandrieli,
romelsac am krebaze romis papis kelestines xmac hqonda, radgan krebaze Tavidan
romis papis legatebi ar eswrebodnen isini gacilebiT gvian Camovidnen efesoSi.
krebam pirvelsave sxdomaze samjer gaugzavna mowveva nestors, romelic efesoSi
sagangebo dacviT iyo Camosuli, magram igi ar gamocxadda. krebam pirvelsave
sxdomaze dagmo nestoris mwvalebluri moZRvreba da igi eklesiisgan gankveTa.
nestoris gankveTidan 5 dRis Semdeg efesoSi Camovida iovane antioqieli
mitropolitTa da episkoposTa didi amaliT, kerZo saxlSi gaxsna damoukidebeli
kreba, romelsac Tavisi momxre 43 episkoposi eswreboda da uaryo kirile
aleqsandrielis TavmjdomareobiT mowveuli krebis kanoniereba, xolo kirile
aleqsandrielsa da efesos episkopos memnons apolinaruli mwvaleblobis
qadageba daswama da isini eklesiisgan gankveTa.
kiriles momxreTa dasacavad efesoSi papis 3 legatic Camovida, romlebmac
xeli moaweres efesos didi krebis mier nestoris winaaRmdeg gamotanil
dadgenilebebs. iovane antioqiels samjer gaegzavna mowveva krebaze dasaswrebad,
raTa mas kirilesa da memnonisadmi wamoyenebuli braldeba sajarod, krebis winaSe
daemtkicebina, magram igi ar gamocxadda im motiviT, rom es kreba SeTqmulTa
TviTnebur krebad miaCnda.
mesame msoflio krebam Tavis mexuTe sxdomaze (17 ivliss) iovane antioqieli
kirilesa da memnonis SeuracxyofisaTvis Tavis momxre episkoposebTan erTad
gankveTa.
aseTi areulobisa da aurzauris gamo, imperatorma efesoSi didebuli iovane
gamogzavna brZanebiT, rogorme moerigebina mowinaaRmdege mxareebi. iovanem
patimrobaSi aiyvana kirile, memnoni da nestori, radgan Serigebis cdam uSedegod
Caiara. konstantinepolis mrevlma imperators epistole gaugzavna kirilesa
da memnonis dasacavad. gandegili dalmatic, konstantinepolis samonazvno
cxovrebis erT-erTi gamoCenili avtoritetTagani, Tavis samyofelidan 48 wlis
ganmavlobaSi pirvelad gamovida da didi amaliT gaemarTa imperatoris karisaken
kirilesa da memnonis dasacavad. imperatorma gadawyvita efesodan gamoewvia
8-8 delegati TiToeuli banakidan da piradad gadaeWra es sakiTxi. Sexvedra
qalkedonSi Sedga. imperatorma xuTjer mousmina orive mxares da darwmunda
kiriles TavmjdomareobiT Sekrebili krebis simarTleSi. man kiriles momxre
deputatebi konstantinopolSi miiwvia da aarCevina konstantinepolis axali
patriarqi maqsime, xolo manamde nestors brZaneba gaugzavna, dabrunebuliyo
imave monasterSi, saidanac is gamoiwvia. kirile aleqsandrieli didi pativiT

334

dabrunda aleqsandriaSi, xolo iovane antioqielma gulwrfelad aRiara Tavisi

danaSauli da kiriles Seurigda.
efesos krebis werilobiTi wyaroebis gacnoba naTels xdis am krebis did
mniSvnelobas momdevno msoflio krebaTa istoriisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, I
da II msoflio krebaTa aqtebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da, rogorc mkvlevarTa
umetesoba fiqrobs, arc arsebula, Tuki Cven `aqtebSi vigulisxmebT ara
marto krebaTa mier SemuSavebul kanonebs da krebasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnil
masalas (mag.: sxavadsxva saxis epistoleebs, dadgenilebebs dogmis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT da sxv.), aramed krebis sxdomaTa srul, ase vTqvaT, stenografiul
Canawerebs, rogoricaa III-VII msoflio krebaTa aqtebi. samecniero literaturaSi
gamoTqmulia azri, rom istoriisaTvis fasdaudebeli msoflio krebaTa aqtebis
Seqmnis tradicias efesos krebam daudo saTave. im gansakuTrebul garemoebaTa
Sedegad, romelSic am krebas uxdeboda muSaoba. kirile aleqsandrielma
efesos msoflio krebis pirveli sxdomis damTavrebisTanave, romelzedac
nestori gaasamarTles, saWirod cno Seetyobinebina imperatorisaTvis pirveli
sxdomis mimdinareobisa da misi Sdegebis Sesaxeb; epistole mTavrdeboda
Semdegi sityvebiT: `krebis saqmianobis sruli da naTeli warmodgenisaTvis
[epistoles] vurTavT krebis aqtebs.1 es iyo pirveli nimuSi im masalisa, romlis
analogiurma dokumentebma bolos Sedagina efesos msoflio krebis aqtebi,
romelmac Tavis mxriv tradiciad aqcia msoflio saeklesio krebebze aqtebis
Sedgenis aucilebloba. krebis danarCeni sxdomebis oqmebsac hqonda SeniSvnebi,
rom yvelaferi es ecnobeba imperators.2 amasve akeTebda iovane antioqeli, rac
Cans kirile aleqsandrielis sityvidan.3 rogorc Cans, Tavdapirveli mizani aseTi
aqtebis Sedgenisa mowinaaRmdege mxareTa mier imperatoris winaSe sakuTari
simarTlis damtkicebas iTvaliswinebda. kirile, rogorc Cans, imperatorisadmi
gagzavnili aqtebis aslebs itovebda, albaT, imitom, rom vinmes TviTneburad
ar Seesworebina dedani. amasTanave, is aslebs Tavis momxreebsac ugzavnida4 T.
Mommsen erT-erT SromaSi,5 romelic romis senatis sxdomaTa oqmebis Sedgenis
tradiciebs exeba, paralels avlebs msoflio krebaTa aqtebTan da gamoTqvams
varauds, rom xom ar daiwyes msoflio krebaTa da, kerZod, efesos krebis aqtebis
Sedgena romis senatis sxdomebis analogiiT. rusi kanonistis, a. lebedevis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `efesos saeklesio ganxeTqilebam didi samsaxuri gauwia

1
2
3
4
5

, .I, .248
iqve, gv. 282, 286, 356
iqve, gv. 287
iqve, t. III, gv. 85
T. Mommsen , Rmisches Stadsrecht, III, Leipz. 1888, 1015-1016

335

istorias: rom ara es sarwmunoebrivi brZola, ar iqneboda es aqtebic da,

SeiZleba, momdevno msoflio krebaTa aqtebic ki.1
aRmosavluri eklesiis kanonikur krebulebSi efesos msoflio krebis 8 kanonia
Setanili. pirveli eqvsi maTgani exeba ara disciplinarul sakiTxebs, rogorc
Cveulebriv saeklesio krebaTa kanonebis absoluturi umaravlesoba, aramed
sarwmunoebis dogmis sakiTxebs nestoris moZRvrebis dagmobasTan dakavSirebiT.
meSvide kanoni danarCenebze adrea krebis mier gamotanili I sxdomaze, xolo
danarCenebi krebis bolo sxdomaze. gamotanilia, marTalia, kerZo SemTxvevasTan
dakavSirebiT, magram aqvs zogadi kanonis forma da exeba nikeis krebis mier
dadgenil rwmenis simbolos Seucvlelad dacvas. meore kanoni kviprosis eklesiis
avtokefaliis dacvas exeba da gamotanilia am eklesiis damoukideblobaze
antioqiis eklesiis mier xelyofis cdis winaaRmdeg. mas kanonikuri mniSvneloba
aqvs da amitomaa aRmosavlur kanonikur krebulebSi Setanili krebis epistole
pamfiliis eklesiis mimarT, pamfiliis episkoposobidan evstaTis gadadgomis
gamo. zogierT marTlmadideblur kanonikur kodeqsSi (slaur Si da ruminulSi) es epistole me-9 kanonadaa Setanili, xolo umetesobaSi ki
_ rogorc krebis epistole. dionise mciris laTinur krebulSi da dasavleTis
sxva kanonikur krebulebSi Setanilia efesos krebis mxolod pirveli eqvsi
kanoni, xolo ori bolo kanoni krebis epistoliTurT laTinur krebulebSi
aRar Seitanes, albaT, radgan kerZo sakiTxebs exeba.
efesos krebis aqtebSi krebis mier gamotanili kanonebi erTvis krebis
epistoles, mimarTuls yvela qristianuli provinciisa da qalaqis yvela
sasuliero pirisadmi da morwmunisadmi, romelic mTavrdeba sityvebiT:
`vauwyebT Tquensa siwmidesa da siyuarulsa, viTarmed..., xolo pirveli
kanoni sityvebiT: `ukueTu mitropoliti samTavrosa gandga wmidisagan da
msofliosa krebisa... da epistoleSi, krebis aqtebis mixedviT, CamoTvlilia
yvela is 43 episkoposi, romlebic iovane antioqielis meTaurobiT ganudgnen
msoflio krebas da TavianTi kreba gaxsnes.
aTenis sintagmaSi am epistolis mxolod bolo nawilia moTavsebuli
sityvebidan: `xolo vinaTgan wmidasa amas krebasa ver mowevnulTa, xolo
qarTul TargmanSi _ mTlianad, oRond episkoposTa saxelebis CamoTvlis gareSe
da epistolec pirvel kanonTanaa SeerTebuli.
qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio kreba. Vs. pirvel naxevarSi warmoSobilma
axalma moZRvrebam monofizitobam, romlis ideologi frigiis qalaq dorileis
monastris arqimandriti evtiqi iyo, kidev erTxel SeaSfoTa marTlmadidebluri
qristianuli eklesia.
1 . , , . . , 1904,
.25

336

am moZRvrebis Sesaxeb cnobili gaxda konstantinepolis erT-erT adgilobriv

krebaze, romelic Teodosi II mciris mefobaSi flaviane konstantinepolelis
TavmjdomareobiT, efesos krebidan 8-10 wlis Semdeg Sedga. episkoposma evsebi
dorielma krebas acnoba mis eparqiaSi axali mwvalebluri moZRvrebis gavrcelebis
Sesaxeb. krebam evtiqi moiwvia, raTa pirvelwyarodan SeetyoT am moZRvrebis
arsi. magram arqimandriti TviTon ar gamocxadda, misi ideebis damcvelad
krebas ewvia meore arqimandriti abrami. krebis daJinebiTi moTxovnis Sedegad
evtiqi iZulebuli gaxda mowveva mieRo, Tumca manamde izruna imperatorTan
daaxloebuli pirebis mfarvelobis moepovebaze. evtiqi krebam mainc gankveTa
da aukrZala yovelgvari urTierToba marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan. evtiqis
saCivarma, rom misi gankveTa mxolod flabiane konstantinopolelis piradi
mtrobis Sedegia, romis papis leon didis reaqcia ar gamoiwvia. samagierod
imperatorma yurad iRo evtiqis Txovna da msoflio krebis mowvevis Tadarigs
Seudga. 449w. efesoSi Sedga saeklesio kreba, romelsac msoflio krebis roli
unda eTamaSa, magram Tavisi Zaladobisa da ukanonobis gamo sabolood ,,yaCaRuri
krebis saxelwodeba daimkvidra. evtiqis mfarvelma dioskore aleqsandrielma,
kiriles memkvidrem aleqsandriis kaTedraze, SeiaraRebuli meomrebisa da evtiqis
momxreTa damxarebiT krebis monawileebs xeli moawerina sufTa pergamentze,
romelzedac Semdeg evtiqis gamarTleba da flabiane konstantinepolelis
gankveTa unda SeetanaT. borkildadebul flabianes TviT dioskorem cemiT suli
amoxada. romis papisa da saeklesio wreebis aRSfoTebis miuxedavad Teodosi
imperatorma, intrigebis qselSi gaxveulma, oficialuri ediqtiT daadastura
flabianesadmi gamotanili ganaCeni da efesos ,,yaCaRuri kreba nikeis msoflio
krebis Tanasworad gamoacxada.
Teodosis gardacvalebis Semdeg markiane imperatoris mxardaWeriT da
leon didis, romis papis, TaosnobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda qalkedonis meoTxe
msoflio krebis mowveva aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis mizniT. kreba 451w.
8 oqtombers gaixsna anatoli konstantinepolelis TavmjdomareobiT da
630 episkoposis monawileobiT. krebam gamoaaSkarava evtiqis monofizituri
moZRvrebis eretikuli xasiaTi da mis mfarvel dioskore aleqsndrielTan erTad
is eklesiidan gankveTes.1
qalkedonis krebam umTavresi sazrunavis damTavrebis Semdeg bevri kerZo
da saorganizacio sakiTxi gadaWra, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi
disciplinaruli kanonebis dadgena iyo. krebis me-15 sxdoma specialurad am
sakiTxs mieZRvna da 27 kanoni Camoayaliba. kanonTa es ricxvia Setanili ioane
sqolastikosis 50 titlovan kanonikur krebulSi. XIV titlovani krebulis I
redaqciaSi krebis aqtebidan 28-e kanoni daumata, romelic aRrmavebs II msoflio
1

t. III, gv. 192

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krebis me-3 kanons konstantinepolis kaTedris romis eklesiasTan Tanabari

uflebebis Sesaxeb. 14-titlovani nomokanonis saboloo redaqciaSi ki (umetesad
daunomravad) am krebis kanonebs kidev ori amonaweri daemata krebis meoTxe
sxdomis aqtebidan. zogierT nusxebSi es damatebani 29-e da 30-e kanonebadaa
danomrili.
konstantinepolis mexuTe msoflio kreba. efesos meore msoflio krebis mier
miRebulma zomebma nestorianuli moZRvrebis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvra ver SeZlo.
nestoris mimdevrebma, romelTac msoflio krebis dadgenilebiT da imperatoris
ediqtiT TavianTi moZRvris Txzulebebis gavrcelebisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCeni
emuqrebodaT1, sxva xerxs mimarTes: maT daiwyes gavrceleba iseTi Txzulebebisa,
romlebic nestorianul azrebs Seicavdnen. upirveles yovlisa nestorianuli
azrebis gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo Teodore momfsvestelis Txzulebebma.
Teodore nestoris ufrosi Tanamedrove da maswavlebeli iyo. jer kidev efesos
msoflio krebam dagmo Teodore momfsvetelis mier Sedgenili rwmenis simbolo2,
romelsac igi nikeis simbolos mixedviT Sedgenilad asaRebda, da am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT Tavisi meSvide kanoni gamoitana3, magram misi moZRvrebisa da
pirovnebis Sesaxeb mas konkretuli dadgenileba ar gamoutania, albaT im
motiviT, rom mas didi Rvawli miuZRoda evnomianosTa da apolinarTa moZRvrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. rodesac nestorianelebma naxes, rom nestoris gankveTis
Semdeg misi wignebi aikrZala, rom ar mospobiliyo wyaro, saidanac xalxs
nestorianuli azrebis SeTviseba SeeZloT, daiwyes Teodore momfsvestelis
nestorianuli ideebiT gaJRenTil TxzulebaTa gamocema da gavrceleba ara marto
berZnulad, aramed siriul, somxur da sparsul enebze. meore avtori Teodore
kriteli episkoposi iyo, romelmac kirile aleqsandrielis cnobil 12 anaTemas,
mimarTuls nestoris moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg4, romelic efesos msoflio krebam
daamtkica, daupirispira amdenive anaTema, mimarTuli kirile aleqsandrielis
dogmaturi mrwamsis sawinaaRmdegod. qalkedonis krebam Tavis me-8 sxdomaze
ganixila Teodores sakiTxi. Teodorem anaTema gamoucxada nestors, ramac ixsna
is krebis mier SeCvenebisagan.5 mesame Txzuleba _ epistole, miwerili mari (an
marina) sparsis mimarT, ekuTvnoda edesis episkoposs ivas, romelic Teodore
1 evtiqis moZRvrebas didi rezonansi hqonda. aleqsandrielma monofizitebma krebis
damTavrebis Semdeg Tavisi patriarqi airCies da droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoayalibes
kopturi eklesia (saxelwodeba kopturi enisagan modis, romelzedac RvTismsaxurebas
isini asrulebdnen). somxuri eklesia dvinis 536w. krebaze gaemijna qalkedonis krebas.
siriaSi da mesopotamiaSi monofizitebma miiRes iakobitebis saxelwodeba, iakob bardais
(541-578ww.) saxelis mixedviT, romelmac maT seqtas Camoyalibebuli saxe misca (
. dasax. naSromi, gv. 209).
2 . II . . 492-494.
3 iqve, t. I, gv,
4 Pitra, I, gv. 517, qarT. teqsti, gv.
5 , . I .

338

momfsvestels did saeklesio moRvawed da marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mamad

acxadebda da Cirqs cxebda Tavis winamorbed episkoposs edesis kaTedraze,
rauls, romelmac ivas sityvebiT, usamarTlod gamoucxada anaTema Teodores.
am epistolem mravali morwmune Teodore momfsvestisa da nestoris moZRvrebis
mimdevari gaxada. am epistolis gamo episkopos ivas sakiTxi konstantinepolis
patriarqis davalebiT gaarCia beritis adgilobrivma krebam da radganac ivam
anaTema gamoucxada nestorsa da mis moZRvrebas, mas dautoves episkoposobis
pativi. samagierod, sastikad dauwyes devna mas aleqsandriis patriarqma
dioskorem da misma momxreebma, radgan misi moZRvreba ewinaaRmdegeboda evtiqis
monofizituri moZRvrebis arss.
Tavisi kaTedridan efesos yaCaRuri krebis mier gandevnilma da dilegSi
jdomiT gawamebulma ivam TxovniT mimarTa am dros Sekrebil-qalkedonis krebas,
gaerCia misi sakiTxi. krebam ganixila beritis adgilobrivi krebis aqtebi da iva
aRadgina Tavis uflebebSi, xolo dasaxelebuli epistolis Sesaxeb krebas ar
gamoutania raime garkveuli dadgenileba, amitom am epistoliT bevri qristiani
sargeblobda, ramac xeli Seuwyo masSi gatarebuli qristianuli dogmis
sawinaaRmdego azrebis gavrcelebas.
swored dasaxelebul avtorTa Txzulebebis SemweobiT nestorianuli
moZRvrebis xelaxali aRorZinebis mtkivneuli sakiTxi gaxda konstantinepolis
msoflio krebis mowvevis sababi. mexuTe msoflio krebis aqtebidan naTelia, rom
ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romlis irgvlivac mimdinareobda msjeloba, e.w. ,,sami Tavis
sakiTxi iyo. ,,sami Tavi gulisxmobda swored zemoT dasaxelebul avtorebsa da
maT Txzulebebs:
1. Teodore momfsvetelis TxzulebebSi gatarebul mwvaleblur azrebs,
romelTa rezumirebuli Sinaarsi mis mier Camoyalibebuli rwmenis simboloSi
iyo mocemuli.
2. Teodorite kritelis kirile aleqsandrielis nestorianobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli 12 anaTemis sawinaaRmdegod da gasabaTileblad dawerili 12 anaTema
da sxva Txzulebani.
3. iva edeselis epistole mari (an marina) sparsis mimarT.
mexuTe msoflio kreba Seikriba konstantinopolSi 553 wels imperator
iustiniane I-is brZanebiT. krebas Tavmjdomareobda konstantinepolis patriarqi
evtiqi. krebam meoTxe da mexuTe sxdomebze imsjela Teodore momfsvetelsa
da Teodorite kritelis Sesaxeb, xolo meeqvse sxdoma mTlianad iva edeselis
dasaxelebuli epistolis ganxilvas miuZRvna. merve sxdomaze gamoqveynda
ganaCeni: samive episkoposi miuxedavad imisa, rom isini didi xnis gardacvlilebi
iyvnen, maTi Txzulebebi krebam SeaCvena da anaTema gamoucxada.
mexuTe msoflio krebas disciplinaruli kanonebi ar Seudgenia.

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6. konstantinepolis meeqvse msoflio kreba. qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio

krebis mier SeCvenebuli (gankveTili) evtiqis monofizituri moZRvreba male
wyaro gaxda axali mwvaleblobis warmoSobisa, romelic monoTelitobis
saxeliTaa cnobili. axali moZRvreba kompromiss warmoadgenda monofizitebisa
da diofizitebis Sesarigeblad. monofizitobis sawinaaRmdegod da diofizitebis
msgavsad qristeSi ganxorcielebis Semdeg ori bunebis arsebobis daSveba, xolo
monofizitebis msgavsad, da diofizitebis sawinaaRmdegod, qristeSi erTi nebisa
da energiis aRiareba nakarnaxebi iyo ara marto religiur ganxeTqilebaTa
aRmofxvris cdiT, aramed saxelmwifos mtkice politikuri erTianobis
miznebiTac. SemTxveviTi araa, rom bizantiis imperatorTa mTeli Taoba (herakle,
konstantine da konstanti 622-680ww.), herakledan dawyebuli konstantine
pogonatis mefobis dasawyisamde, axali moZRvrebis mimdevarTa da aqtiur
mebrZolTa rigebSi aRmoCnda.
qalkedonis krebam mizans ver miaRwia. evtiqis monofizituri moZRvreba
ver aRmofxvra. piriqiT, qristianuli samyaro dapirispirebul or uzarmazar
banakad iqca da qalkedonitTa da monofizitTa Soris gaafTrebuli brZola
gaCaRda. qalkedonis krebis Semdeg monofizitTa iseTi Zlieri kerebis
arseboba alqsandriaSi, siriaSi, somxeTSi da sxv. sruliad ar tovebda iseT
STabeWdilebas, rom monofizitoba sasikvdilod ganwirul moZRvrebas hgavda.
amitom gaxda saWiro unionaluri politikis gatareba rogorc religiuri, aseve
politikuri xaziT. aseTi politikis Sedegi iyo monoTelituri moZRvrebis erTerTi medroSis, kiros faziselis samyaros centrSi aleqsandriaSi patriarqad
da amave dros egviptis politikur ganmgeblad gadmoyvana imperator herakles
mier. monoTelituri moZRvrebis mamamTavrad Teodore faraneli monofiziti
episkoposi iTvleba, xolo misi aqtiuri damcvelni da gamavrcelebelni iyvnen
sergi konstantinepolis patriarqi, iakobitTa wreSi aRzrdili sirieli da
kiros jer faziseli, Semdeg aleqsandrieli patriarqi, romelsac ekuTvnis 9
punqtisagan Sedgenili anaTema sarwmunoebis dogmis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
qristianuli mrwamsis damcvelad maT winaaRmdeg gamodioda sofroni. jer
kidev roca is beri iyo, man epistoleebiT mimarTa sergi konstantinepolelsa
da kiros aleqsandriels, xolo roca ierusalimis patriarqi gaxda, moiwvia
episkoposTa kreba, romelmac gamoaaSkarava monoTelitTa arsi da SeaCvena isini.
sergim iCivla pap honoriusTan da sofrons axali eretikuli azrebis gavrceleba
daabrala, romelic or nebasa da or moqmedebaSi gamoixateboda. papis gulgrili
pasuxi sergis, kirosisa da sofronis mimarT, rac gamoixateboda moTxovnaSi, rom
SeewyvitaT yoveli kamaTi axal sakiTxebze, gaxda sakmarisi, rom monofizitebs
honoriusis saxeli maTi moZRvrebis damcvelis rolSi gamoeyenebinaT. sergi
konstantinepolelis memkvidreebi am kaTedraze pirosi, pavle da petre,
iseve, rogorc imperator herakles memkvidreebi _ jer Svili konstantine da

340

Semdeg SviliSvili konstanti monoTelitobis erTgulni darCnen. miuxedavad

imisa, rom romis papis, martine I-is iniciativiT mowveulma lateranis krebam
sastiki ganaCeni gamoutana ukve gardacvlil Teodore faranels, kiros
aleqsandriels, sergi da piros konstantinepolelebs, agreTve cocxal pavle
konstantinepolels (isini eretikosebad gamoacxada) da aRiara qristeSi ori
neba da ori moqmedeba. konstanti imperatori aramarto sastikad gausworda
monoTelitebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi papis mokavSires da damxmares, maqsime
aRmsarebels da mis or TanamoRvawesTan, aramed TviT papi daapatimra da eqsoria
uyo xersonSi, sadac mas xangrZliv da Seviwrovebul cxovrebaSi aRmoxda suli.
konstantis mokvlis Semdeg taxtze asuli konstantine, pogonatad wodebuli,
Tavisi winaprebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas Seudga: jer pap domnTan, xolo Semdeg
mis memkvidre agaTonTan daiwyo molaparakeba monoTelitobis gasanadgureblad
msoflio krebis mowvevis sakiTxze.,
meeqvse msoflio saeklesio kreba Sedga konstantinepolSi, samefo TaRebian
palataSi 681 wels, romelsac agaTon papis 4 legatidan 3 Tavmjdomareobda.
meeqvse msoflio krebam anaTema gamoucxada monoTlituri moZRvrebis ukve
didi xnis win gardacvlil beladebs: Teodore faranels, kiros aleqsandriels,
sergi, piros, pavle da petre konstantinepolelebs da warmoidgineT romis pap
honoriussac ki! da mTeli sisastikiT dagmo es moZRvreba. sxvaTa Soris, krebaze
gamoaSkaravda antioqiis imdroindeli patriarqis makaris, monoTelituri
midrekilebani, risTvisac is mis or mowafesTan, stefane da polixroni
xucesebTan erTad gankveTili iqna. imperatorma konstantinem specialuri
ediqtiT daamtkica krebis gadawyvetilebani.
meeqvse msoflio krebas disciplinaruli kanonebi ar Seudgenia. misi
saqmianoba mxolod dogmatikis sakiTxebiT amoiwura. dogmatikis sakiTxebSi man
qristeSi ori nebisa da ori moqmedebis dogma daakanona.
7. e.w. ,,trulis saeklesio kreba. mexuTe da meeqvse konstantinepolis msoflio
krebaTa dRis wesrigi isev axal eretikul moZRvrebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis
programiT iyo Sevsebuli, oRond wina msoflio krebebisagan gansxvavebiT, maT
saeklesio disciplinaruli kanonebi ar SeumuSavebiaT, dasaxelebul krebaTa
saqmianoba wminda dogmatikuri sakiTxebis kvleva-ZiebiT amoiwureboda. magram
qristianul eklesiaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba msoflio krebis avtoritetiT
Sedgenil iseT saeklesio kanonmdeblobas moiTxovda, romelic meoTxe msoflio
krebis Semdeg saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravalwaxnagovani krebebiT Seryeul
saeklesio disciplinas ganamtkicebda, aRadgenda da daamtkicebda wina
saukuneebis msoflio da umniSvnelovanes adgilobriv krebaTa kanonmdeblobas.
swored am mizniT meeqvse msoflio krebis mowvevidan aTi wlis Semdeg, 691w.,
konstantinepolis samefo palatis TaRebian darbazSi () iustiniane IIis mefobis dros mowveuli iqna 227 episkoposisgan Semdgari saeklesio kreba,

341

romelic samecniero literaturaSi ,,trulis krebis saxels atarebs. Tumca

uZveles wyaroebSive mas meeqvse msoflio krebis saxelwodebiTac ixsenieben,
riTac xazgasmulia am ori krebis iuridiuli (da ara istoriuli) gaigiveba.
marTlac, ,,trulis kreba VI msoflio krebis organul gagrZelebas warmoadgens.
ufro metic, ,,trulis krebas zogjer mexuTe-meeqvse krebas uwodeben, radgan
mas miaweren V-VI msoflio krebaTa mier saeklesio kanonmdeblobis sferoSi
daSvebuli xarvezebis Sevsebas. amitomaa, rom trulis kreba VI msoflio
krebisagan ver iqneboda aRiarebuli msoflio krebis uflebebSi.
trulis krebis mier gamotanil 102 saeklesio kanons aRmosavleTis
qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. krebam
Caatara kanonikuri samarTlis wyaroebis revizia da ukuagdo erT-erTi aseTi
wyaro, ,,mociqulTa dadgenilebebad saxelwodebuli (me-2 kanoni), daamtkica da
praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis sanqcia misca manamde kerZo pirebis iniciativiT
Sedgenil kanonikur krebuls, romelic samecniero literaturaSi 14-titlovani
sintagmis, xolo Semdeg XIV titlovani nomokanonis saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili da ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis prototips warmoadgens (me-2kan.).
trulis krebam Seaswora da Seavso manamde arsebuli saeklesio kanonebis
mTeli wyeba (14,16,25,29,30 da sxv.), gamosca axali kanonebi, romelTagan zogi
mimarTulia romis (13,55,67,73,82) da zogi somxur (33,56) eklesiaTa Cveulebebisa
da praqtikis winaaRmdeg.
dasavleTis eklesia ar cnobs ,,trulis krebis yvela kanonis sakanonmdeblo
Zalas, gansakuTrebiT im kanonebisa, romlebic romis eklesiis winaaRmdeg arian
mimarTuli, agreTve romlebic samRvdelo pirTa qorwinebas exeba (mag. 30-e) da
kidev, romlebic amtkiceben konstantinepolis eklesiis Tanabar uflebebs romis
eklesiasTan (kan. 36-e). romis eklesia saerTod akritikebs ,,trulis krebis
mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis Sedgenilobas,
radgan masSi, garda karTagenis krebis kanonebisa, araa Setanili dasavleTis
eklesiis krebaTa arc erTi kanoni, xolo saeklesio moRvaweTa kanonebSi,
garda aRmosavleTis eklesiis mamebisa, arcerTi romaeli mRvdelmTavrebisa da
dasavleTis eklesiis moZRvarTa arcerTi kanoni.
8. nikeis meSvide msoflio kreba. qristianuli religiis istoriaSi
ukanaskneli, rigiT meSvide msoflio saeklesio kreba e.w. xatmebrZoleobis
winaaRmdeg Seikriba. kedrenis istoriis mowmobiT, xatmebrZoleobis
eresiarxad vinme ebraeli, saxelad sarantahiqi aris dasaxelebuli, romelmac
pirvelma STaagona arabTa mefe izidas, gaenadgurebina xatebi, rogorc
kerpTayvanismcmelobis naSTi. axalma eretikulma moZRvrebam male pova
gavrceleba da konstantine nakolieli episkoposisa da vinme vezeris STagonebiT
imperatorma leon isavrielma sastiki omi gamoucxada xatTayanismcemlobas.
man daarbia ara marto monastrebi da eklesiebi, aramed kerZo saxlebic da

342

yvelgan mospo xatebi da sakulto skulpturuli gamosaxulebani. imperatori

sastikad uswordeboda yvelas, vinc ki misi brZanebebis SesrulebaSi odnav
winaaRmdegobasac ki gauwevda. iovane damaskels xatebis dasacavad dawerili
TxzulebebisaTvis marjvena xeli mohkveTes, xolo qristianuli, tradiciuli
dogmebis damcveli konstantinepolis patriarqi germane kaTedridan Camoagdes
da mis magivrad kaTedraze imperatoris Tvalsazrisis gamtarebeli anastasi
aiyvanes. saqmes ar uSvela arc grigoli papis mier romSi Sekrebilma krebam da
mis mier imperatorisadmi gagzavnilma epistolem da arc papis anaTemam, arc
imperatorisaTvis italiaSi xelisuflebis CamorTmevam (ra Tqma unda, papis
mxolod formaluri dadgenilebiT).
leon isavrielis memkvidre konstantine, kopronimad wodebuli, mamaze Sors
wavida xatebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi. man konstantinepolSi moiwvia kreba,
romelsac 300-ze meti episkoposi eswreboda. krebam gamoitana dadgenileba
xatebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, rasac imperatoris ZaldatanebiT xeli moawera
damswre episkoposTa nawilma, xolo vinc winaaRmdegi iyo, araadamianurad awames.
konstantinepolis kaTedraze gardacvlili anastasis nacvlad xatmebrZoli
konstantine beri airCies. krebam gankveTa da anatTema gamoucxada germane
konstantinepolels, giorgi kviprelsa da ioane damaskels xatTa Tayvaniscemis
yvelaze ufro Tavgamodebul damcvelebs.
arc leon meoTxis xanmokle mefobas Seucvala raime xatebis winaaRmdeg
brZola mimdinareobda mTeli sisastikiT. mxolod misi gardacvalebis Semdeg
taxtze asulma misma meuRlem irinem da Svilma konstantinem gadawyvites,
sarwmunoebis es mtkivneuli sakiTxi msoflio krebaze ganxiluliyo.
konstantinepolis patriarqma pavlem uari Tqva kaTedraze, rogorc codvilma,
radganac man xeli moawera konstantine kopronimis mier mowveuli krebis
dadgenilebebs xatebis mospobis Sesaxeb. amis gamo sasjeli unda moixados da
nebayoflobiT epitimia daadvas Tavis Tavs romelime monasterSi ganmartoebiT.
imperatorebma axlad arCeul tarasi konstantinepolels daavales msoflio
krebis mowvevis Tadarigi.
romis pap adrianesadmi tarasis mier gagzavnili epistolis pasuxad
man krebaze dasaswrebad Tavisi legatebi gamoagzavna konstantinopolSi.
xatmebrZolebi, romlebic didi xania konstantinopolSi batonobdnen, Seudgnen
xalxis amxedrebas mosalodneli krebis winaaRmdeg da droebiT mizansac
miaRwies, kreba ramdenime xniT gadaido, xolo Semdeg gadawyda misi nikiaSi da ara
konstantinopolSi mowveva. kreba gaixsna 787 wlis 24 seqtembers da gagrZelda
erTi Tve. krebis 8 sxdomidan 7 gaimarTa nikeaSi, tarasi konstantinopolelis
TavmjdomareobiT, xolo bolo sxdoma konstantinopolSi _ imperatorTa
monawileobiT da TavmjdomareobiT. wyaroTa Cvenebis safuZvelze, krebis
monawile episkoposTa ricxvi meryeobs 330 da 367-s Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom

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krebam didi humanuroba gamoiCina: visac xeli hqonda mowerili kopronimis

mier mowveuli krebis dadgenilebebze xatebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da amis Sesaxeb
gulaxdilad ganacxada da Sewyaleba iTxova yvelas epatia. warmoidgineT,
rom bevri maTgani, romlebmac xucesisa da eposkoposobis pativi xatmebrZolTa
seqtaSi yofnis dros miiRes, datovebuli iqnen TavanT xarisxSi, Tuki maT sxva
raime danaSaulic ar hqondaT Cadenili.
krebam sayovelTaod aRadgina xatTayvanismcemloba da gankveTa mwvaleblobis
eresiarxebi konstantinepolis yofili patriarqebi anastasi, konstantine
da nikita. krebam garda ZiriTad dogmatikur sakiTxSi miRebuli dadgenilebisa,
SeimuSava 22 disciplinaruli kanoni. aRmosavluri eklesiis yvela kanonikur
krebulSi nikeis VII msoflio krebis kanonebis swored es ricxvia Setanili.

III. adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa kanonmdebloba

adgilobriv saeklesio krebebs, rogorc saeklesio sakanonmdeblo organos,
gacilebiT ufro Zveli istoria aqvs, vidre msoflio krebas. es faqti did
axsna-ganmartebas arc moiTxovs, radgan, rogorc zemoT iTqva, msoflio krebis
mowveva SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod IV saukunis pirveli naxevris Semdeg, roca
qristianobam oficialuri legaluri mdgomareoba moipova konstantine didis
mier gamocemul milanis 312w. ediqtis safuZvelze, xolo manamde 3 saukunis
ganmavlobaSi naxevrad aralegalur mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da, miuxedavad
amisa, am xnis ganmavlobaSi mainc moaswro TiTqmis sabolood Camoeyalibebina
Tavisi iuridiul-organizaciuli saxe, raSic garkveuli roli iTamaSa am
periodis adgilobriv krebaTa mier miRebulma kanonmdeblobamac.
adgilobrivi kreba eklesiis mudmivad moqmed periodul organos
warmoadgenda, sawinaaRmdegod msoflio krebisa. mociqulTa kanonebSi da nikeis
krebis kanonebSi naTlad Cans tradicia, rom TiToeul eparqias (ufro gvian
mitropolias) weliwadSi orjer unda moewvia kreba mtkiced dadgenil vadebSi,
xolo VII saukuneSi e.w. trulis 691 wlis krebam sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo
adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa wlis ganmavlobaSi mowvevis raodenoba erTamde
daiyvana.
msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa
sakanonmdeblo kompetenciaSi. jer erTi, msoflio kreba uflebamosili iyo
Camoeyalebebina mTeli qristianuli samyarosaTvis savaldebulo sarwmunoebrivi
dogmatis formula, xolo adgilobriv krebas aseTi formulis SemuSavebis
ufleba ar hqonda. meorec, disciplinaruli kanonebis CamoyalibebaSic maT Soris
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa: rogorc iTqva, msoflio krebis mier dadgenili
disciplinaruli kanonebi savaldebuloa yvela qristianisaTvis, xolo
adgilobrivi krebis kanonmdeblobas mxolod adgilobrivi, viwro eparqialuri

344

mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tuki amis sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs ZiriTad kanonikur

kodeqsSi Setanili 10 adgilobrivi krebis kanonebi (ix. qvemoT), es mxolod
imitom, rom am krebaTa kanonebma sayovelTao zogadqristianuli mniSvneloba
miiRo mxolod msoflio krebaTa sanqciiT (ix. VI ms. kr. 2kn. VII ms.kr.).
rac Seexeba TviT kanonebis Sinaarss, msoflio da adgilobriv krebaTa
Soris gansxvaveba TiTqmis ar SeimCneva. ufro metic _ adgilobrivi krebis
zogierTi kanoni, romelic eklesiis organizaciis sakiTxebs exeba, xSirad ufro
mniSvnelovania (mag. antioqiis 34kan.), vidre msoflio krebis iseTi kanonebi,
romlebic mxolod kerZo SemTxvevis gamo aris gamotanili (mag. III ms. krebis
TiTqmis yvela kanoni)1 da piriqiT. adgilobrivi krebis kanonTa moqmedebis
xangrZlivoba da moqmedebis sfero gacilebiT SezRudulia, radgan romelime
konkretuli kanoni SeiZleba Seasworos an gaauqmos amave eparqiis momdevno
adgilobrivma krebam.
adgilobriv krebaTa istoriis Zveli kanonisti mecnierebi iwyeben e.w.
ierusalimis mociqulTa krebiT, romelic TiTqosda 46w. Sedga da Seadgina
saeklesio kanonebi. sxva cnoba I-II saukunis adgilobriv krebaTa Sesaxeb,
romlebmac saeklesio kanonebi Seadgines, qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi
cnobili ar aris.2 rogorc fiqroben, I-II saukuneebis saeklesio kanonmdebloba
kmayofildeboda uZvelesi droidan momdinare tradiciuli anu CveulebiTi
kanonmdeblobiT.3
pirveli adgilobrivi kreba, romelmac 2 kanoni ganawesa, aris karTagenis
kreba episkopos agripines TavmjdomareobiT daaxloebiT 218-222ww.4 Tumca
ucnobia krebis monawile episkoposTa raodenoba da agreTve krebis werilobiTi
saqmianoba. am krebis Sesaxeb cnobilia mxolod kvipriane karTagenelis
epistolidan kvintis mimarT. ufro meti cnobebia Semonaxuli adgilobriv
krebaTa Sesaxeb TviT kvipriane karTagenelis moRvaweobis periodidan. es
cnobebi ZiriTadad mis werilebSia daculi. 251 wlis karTagenis kreba, romelic
ixilavda qristianobis devnis periodSi sxvadasxva codviT dacemul qristianTa
sakiTxs, kviprianes mowmobiT, erT-erTi xalxmravali kreba yofila. krebas
gamoutania dadgenilebebi, romelic gragnilis saxiT daegzavna karTagenis
eklesiis eparqiebs. am gragnils Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.

1 . , . 1891, 188.
2 II sauk. adgilobrivi krebebidan Hefelle asaxelebs 17 adgilobriv
krebas, romelTa Sesaxeb met-naklebadaa cnobebi Semonaxuli,
Tumca romelime maTganis mier saeklesio kanonebis dadgenaze
arsad miniSnebac ki ar aris. ix. Hefelle, Concilengeschichte, B. I, p. 81-93.
3 . dasax. naSromi, gv. 114-115
4 Hefele, dasax. naSromi, It. gv. 94.

345

255 wlis, isev kviprianes TavmjdomareobiT mowveuli, karTagenis krebis erTi

kanoni krebis aqtebis fragmentiTurT aramarto dadasturebulia VI msoflio
krebis me-2 kanonSi, aramed Setanilia 14-titlonomokanonis zogierT nusxaSi.1
(trapezundis nusxa, romelic safuZvlad udevs aTenis sintagmis gamocemas,
SedarebiT gviandeli viTarebis amsaxveli Cans). dasaxelebuli kreba, romelsac
32 episkoposi eswreboda, agreTve karTagenSive Sekrebili ori adgilobrivi kreba
256w., romelTagan pirvels 71 episkoposi, xolo meores 87 episkoposi eswreboda,
ZiriTadad ixilavda sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad sworia is saeklesio praqtika,
romelsac isini misdevdnen eretikosebis da maT mier monaTluli mrevlis
marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi xelaxla miRebisas monaTvlis dros, TavianTi
eWvis Sesamowmeblad erTdroulad 18 episkoposma mimarTa kviprianes werilobiT,
ramac gamoiwvia aRniSnuli krebis mowvevis saWiroeba. wina epoqaSi amgvar
sakiTxebSi gasarkvevad rekomendebuli iyo, miemarTaT im uZvelesi eklesiis
praqtikisaTvis, romelic mociqulTa mier daarsebulad iTvleboda. IIIs. meore
naxevarSi aseTi saSualeba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. romis episkoposma stefanem
kviprianes miuTiTa romis eklesiis Cveulebaze, romelic stefanes mtkicebiT
mociqulTa gadmocemebs eyrdnoboda, razedac kviprianesgan aseTi pasuxi
miiRo: ,,SeumCnevlad damkvidrebuli zogierTi Cveuleba ar unda warmoadgendes
dabrkolebas WeSmaritebis gamarjvebisa da damkvidrebisaTvis, radgan Cveuleba
WeSmaritebis gareSe mxolod Zveli cTomilebaa (,,)2.
IIIs.-is dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiaTa adgilobrivi krebebis
Sesaxeb aseTi dawvrilebiTi cnobebi ar Semonaxula, magram am periodSi rom
adgilobrivi krebebi Cveulebriv saeklesio organos warmoadgenda, romlebsac
saeklesio organizaciisa da disciplinis sakiTxebze kanonebi gamohqondaT, es
wyaroebis mixedviT naTlad dasturdeba. mag. kesaria - kappadukiis episkoposi
kviprianes mimarT gagzavnil epistoleSi aRniSnavs: ,,ganvixileT ra es sakiTxi
mTeli gulmodginebiT da sisruliT ikoniis krebaze, davadgineT, avkrZaloT
yovelgvari naTliscema, romelic eklesiis gareT xdeba3.
albaT, ikoniis krebis dasaxelebuli kanoni hqonda mxedvelobaSi basili
dids, roca Tavis pirvel kanonSi ambobda: ,,sTnda pirvelTa mamaTa, kprianes
vity da firmilianes, Cuensa amaT yovelTs erTisa sazRvris ganCena4. evsebi
kesarieli gviambobs ra origenis xucad kurTxevis Sesaxeb, SeniSnavs: ,,Tu ra
ganxeTqilebani moxda amis Semdeg da am ganxeTqilebaTa gamo Tu ramdeni kanoni

1 aTenis sintagma, t. III, gv. 2-6. ix. agr. , ... gv. 25. gv. 26, SeniSvna 1.
2 . , . 308.
3 iqve, . 334. Hefele-s varaudiT es kreba 230-35ww. Sedga. ix. Concilengeschichte, t.l.s. 98.
4 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 473, 30.

346

daadgines eklesiaTa winamZRvrebma, yvelaferi amis gadmosacemad saWiro

iqneboda specialuri wigni1.
IV saukunis saeklesio kanonmdeblobaSi SemorCenili aSkara kvali gviCvenebs,
rom IV da momdevno saukuneebma sakmaod sruli saeklesio memkvidreoba miiRo
wina saukuneebidan. mag. ankviriis (314w.) 23 kanoni ambobs: ,,uneblieTisa kaciskvlvisaTs pirveli ukve sazRvari ( ) Sd brZanebas srulisa
ziarebisa mimTxevasa2. neokesariis (314-324ww.) krebis mesame kanoni adgens:
,,romelni mravalsa qorwiliTa Sina STavrdomil arian, Jami ukue gansazRvrebuli
maTTs cxad ars3. msgavsi miTiTebani blomad moipoveba nikeis krebisa da mis
momdevno drois krebaTa kanonebSi, razedac sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.
IV saukunidan dawyebuli, wyaroebi uxv masalas gvawvdian adgilobriv
krebaTa Sesaxeb qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveynebSi: saberZneTSi anu
bizantiaSi, afrikaSi, italiis provinciebSi, espaneTSi, safrangeTSi anu galiaSi,
britaneTSi, axlandeli germaniis qveynebSi da sxv.
Hefele-s Tavis saeklesio krebaTa istoriaSi IV saukunidan VI s. I naxevramde,
imperator iustinianes gamefebamde, dasaxelebuli aqvs 58 adgilobrivi kreba,
romlebsac saerTo jamSi 1129 kanoni SeumuSavebia4. adgilobriv krebaTa aseTi
zRva masalidan mxolod umciresi nawili Sevida marTlmaidebluri eklesiis
ZiriTad kodeqsSi. kodeqsis masala ZiriTadad gansazRvrulia VI msoflio krebis
(trulis) me-2 kanoniT, sadac wina periodis msoflio krebaTa zogadqristianuli
mniSvnelobis kanonTa Soris VI kreba aseTsave Zalasa da mniSvnelobas aniWebs
10 adgilobrivi krebis kanonebs, romelTagan rva aRmosavluri eklesiis
krebebia, saxeldobr: ankviriis, neokesariis, Rangris, antioqiis, laodikiis,
konstantinepolis 394w., konstantinepolis 861w. da konstantinepolis 879w.,
xolo ori dasavleTis _ sardikiisa da karTagenis. mokled SevexoT TiToeuli
maTganis istorias.
1. ankviriis adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba. maqsimiane imperatoris
(dioklitianes TanammarTveli) mefobis dros qristianTa devnis periodSi bevri
morwmune SiSisa da Zaldatanebis gamo ganudga qristianobas, magram rogorc
ki devna Sewyda da SedarebiT mSvidobiani periodi dadga, isev qristianobas
moubrundnen da ixvewebodnen eklesiaSi miRebas. episkoposTa umravlesobisaTvis
naTeli ar iyo, SeiZleboda Tu ara maTi xelaxla miReba, da Tu SeiZleboda,
rogori wesiT unda momxdariyo yovelive es, gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo, Tu ara
is garemoebani da mizezebi, romlebmac gamowvies maTi gandgoma. es sakiTxebi
episkoposTa krebis msjelobis sagani unda gamxdariyo. erT-erTi aseTi kreba
1
2
3
4

, , VI, 23, . 358.

didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 240.
iqve gv. 241.
Hefele, dasaxelebuli naSromi.

347

moiwvies 314 wels ankviriaSi (galatelTa provincia), romelsac eswreboda mcire

aziisa da siriis 18 episkoposi, Tavmjdomareobda vitali antioqieli.1 ankviriis
adgilobrivma krebam ganixila zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebi da daadgina 25 kanoni,
romelTagan 1-9 da 12 exeba im mTavar sakiTxs, romelmac dasaxelebuli krebis
mowveva ganapiroba, xolo danarCeni _ saeklesio disciplinis zogad sakiTxebs.
dionise mciris krebulSi, agreTve sxva laTinur gamocemebSic ankviriis 4 da
5 kanonebi SeerTebulia da kanonTa saerTo ricxvi amis gamo 24-ia (ix. Pitra, I,
449). ankviriis krebis me-10 kanoni trulis krebam gaauqma Tavisi me-6 kanoniT
(sasuliero pirTa qorwinebis Sesaxeb).
neokesariis kreba. krebis mowvevis TariRi zustad cnobili ar aris. kanonikur
krebulebSi Setanil neokesariis krebis kanonebis saTaurSi aRniSnulia,
rom kreba Sedga ankviriis krebis Semdeg da nikiis I msoflio krebaze adre.
amasTanave, rogorc fiqroben, krebis Tavmjdomare yofila vitali antioqieli,
romelic ankviriis krebas Tavmjdomareobda2, xolo 319 wels gardacvlila.
amitom neokesariis krebis mowvevis TariRi 314-319ww. unda Semoifarglos.3
kreba, romelsac 24 episkoposi eswreboda, 15 disciplinaruli xasiaTis kanoni
daaadgina. kanonikuri krebulebis yvela gamocemaSi neokesariis krebis kanonTa
dasaxelebuli ricxvia mocemuli, xolo voelisa da iustelis mier gamocemul
kodeqsebSi _ mxolod 14 (ar Cans 14 kanoni qorepiskoposTa Sesaxeb).
2. Rangris kreba. Rangris adgilobrivi krebis mowvevis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo
sevastiis (somxeTSi) naxevrad arianeli episkoposis evstaTes da mis mimdevarTa
qadageba sruli asketizmis sasargeblod. isini mouwodebdnen absoluturad
uareyoT qorwineba, SeejavrebiaT xorciani saWmeli, ganekicxaT mdidrebi,
romlebic mTel Tavis qonebas eklesias ar Seswiravdnen, ramac eklesiaSi
uwesrigoba gamoiwvia.
IV saukunis Sua wlebSi, daaxloebiT 340 wels, mowveuli iqna adgilobrivi
kreba RangraSi, paflaRoniis mTavar qalaqSi. krebis Tavmjdomare iyo evsebi
nikomidieli, krebas 13 episkoposi eswreboda. krebam somxeTis episkoposebs
(CamoTvlilia 14 saxeli) gaugzavna epistole (radgan evstaTi, romlis
eretikul moZRvrebas kreba ixilavda, somxeTis erT-erTi provinciis episkoposi
iyo), sadac aRniSnulia evstaTisa da mis mimdevarTa cdomileba. am epistoles
erTvis 21 kanoni, romelTagan 20 estaTianelebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,
xolo 21-e disciplinaruli kanonebis erTvar reziumes warmoadgens. voelisa da
iustinianes gamocemaSi 20 kanonia Setanili. rogorc Cans, 21-e kanoni epistolis
bolo nawiladaa gagebuli da epistolesTan erTad amoRebulia teqstidan. asevea
1
2
3

Harduini, Concil, coll, I, 269. Pitra, I, 448. Lefele I, 219.

Hefele, I, 210.
G. Voelli et N. Justelli, bibliotheca juris canonici, Paris, 1661.

348

,, -Si, romelic sinoprisis mixedviTaa Sedgenili, amitom orivegan

20-20 kanonia ar aris 21-e, bolo kanoni.
3. antioqiis kreba. antioqiis adgilobrivi kreba Seikriba 341w. krebis
ZiriTadi mizani axlad aSenebuli eklesiis kurTxeva iyo, romelic konstantine
didma daarsa, xolo daamTavra misma memkvidrem konstancim. wyaroTa arcTu
zusti monacemebiT mas 100-mde episkoposi daswrebia1. krebas Tavmjdomareobda
antioqiis episkoposi plaketi. krebis istoriuli mniSvneloba mainc im 25
disciplinarulma kanonma gansazRvra, romelic krebam gamoitana ZiriTadi
misiis Sesrulebis Semdeg. unda SevniSnoT, rom antioqiis krebis kanonTa
zogadqristianuli mniSvnelobis aRiareba ufro gvian moxda, vidre Rangris
krebis kanonebisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli kreba qronologiurad win
uswrebda meores. zogierTi kanonistis azriT,2 amis mizezi SeiZleba aixsnas
krebis im saqmianobiT, rac mis mier dadgenil kanonSi ar aisaxa: saqme isaa, rom
antioqiis krebam miiRo dadgenileba aTanase aleqsandrielis episkoposobis
xarisxidan gankveTis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans krebis monawileTa umravlesoba
aTanasesagan gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisze idga dogmatis sakiTxze, romlebsac
mogvianebiT naxevradarianelebi ewodaT.
asi wlis Semdeg, e.i. 451w. qalkedonis msoflio krebam antioqiis krebis
kanonebs ,,wm. mamaTa kanonebi uwoda da erTi sakamaTo sakiTxis gadasaWrelad
am krebis or kanons (4 da 15) daeyrdno. magram kanonikur krebulebSi antioqiis
krebis kanonebi qalkedonis krebis mowvevamde iyo Setanili da didi avtoritetiT
sargeblobdnen ara marto aRmosavleTSi, aramed dasavleTis eklesiebSic.3
am or faqts Soris TvalsaCino winaaRmdegoba SeimCneva: rogor moxda, rom
saeklesio krebam da eklesiis wminda mamebma naxevrad arianuli episkoposebis
krebas, romelmac usamarTlod gankveTa aTanase didi, qristianuli eklesiis
erT-erTi dauRalavi moamage da marTlmadidebluri dogmatis mtkice damcveli
sxvadasxva eretikul mimdinareobasTan brZolaSi, ,,wminda mamebis kreba
uwodes da mis mier miRebuli kanonebi gautoles msoflio krebaTa kanonebsac
ki? es gakvirveba Zlierdeba, rodesac vigonebT eklesiis didi moRvawis, iovane
oqropiris sityvebs warmoTqmuls maSin, roca saeklesio kreba mas asamarTlebda
da misi danaSaulis dasadastureblad miuTiTebda antioqiis krebis me-4 kanons:
,,es kanoni ar ekuTvnis Cven eklesias, aramed arianuls, radgan Seikribnen
antioqiaSi, raTa moespoT rwmena erTarsebisa. arianelebma aseTi kanoni gamosces
aTanases siZulvilis gamo4.
1 krebis Cvenamde moRweul mokle aqtebSi xelismomwerebSi bevri Seusabamoba SeimCneva,
. , , , 1891, . 145.
2 . , dasax. naSr., gv. 189.
3 Hefelle, dasax. naSr. I, 584-585.
4 , , VI, 18 (rusuli Targmani)

349

da miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, antioqiis krebis dasaxelebuli

25 disciplinaruli kanoni, romelic marTlac marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
TvalsazrisiT arafers eretikuls ar Seicavs, mtkiced damkvidrda ZiriTad
kanonikur krebulSi.
am faqtis axsna bevrma mecnierma scada. zogi maTgani (baroni da bini)
fiqrobda, rom kanonebis Zvelma Semkreblebma SecdomiT Seitanes es kanonebi
TavianT Sedgenil kanonikur krebulSi, radgan isini marTlmadidebluri krebis
kanonebi egonaT da amiT xeli Seuwyves maT SemdgomSi gamoyenebas1. zogis azriT
(Selstrateni), krebaze damswre vesebianelebma ver gabedes TavianTi Tavis
gamoaSkaraveba marTlmadidebelTa simravlis gamo, magram roca krebam miiRo
25 kanoni da zogierTi dogmaturi sakiTxic gadawyvita da amis Semdeg daiSala,
evsebianelebi adgilze darCnen, kostanci imperatoris mfarvelobiT gaagrZeles
krebis msvleloba da gankveTes aTanasi aleqsandrieli. amitom antioqiis krebas
dasawyisSi, marTlac, SeiZleba vuwodoT ,,wmida, xolo meoreSi arianuli,
rogorc amas oqropiri aRniSnavs. es hipoTeza ufro maxvilgonivrulia, vidre
istoriulad safuZvliani, radgan sokrati da sozomeni TavianT istoriebSi
naTlad aRniSnaven, rom krebam jer kanonebi daadgina, mere aTanase gankveTa,
xolo Semdeg Seadgina sami dogmaturi formula2. ase rom, krebis gagrZeleba
mxolod fantaziis nayofia.
gamoiTqva varaudic, rom es kanonebi ekuTvnis ara 341w., aramed 332w.-is
antioqiis krebas3. dasavleTis erT-erTi udidesi kanonistisa da qristianuli
eklesiis istorikosis hefeles azriT, sakiTxs unda SevxedoT ara dRevandeli,
aramed imdroindeli poziciebidan: umetesi wevri antioqiis krebisa
marTlmadidebeli iyo da krebis mier gamotanili kanonebi samarTliani da
misaRebia. magram aTanases sakiTxSi krebis wevrebi eretikuli ganzraxviT ki ar
moqmedebdnen, aramed, marTalia, sxvaTa waqezebiT, magram TavianTi moqmedebis
samarTlianobaSi darwmunebulni. hefeles aq mohyavs paraleli epifanesa da iovane
oqropiris mtruli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs, rom rogorc epifanes
Txzulebebi ar SeiZleba uarvyoT imis gamo, rom is devnida oqropirs, aseve ar
SeiZleba uarvyoT antioqiis krebis kanonebi imis gamo, rom krebam, SesaZloa
mcdari, magram sastiki ganaCeni gamoutana aTanases4. krebas 40 evsebianelebi
(e.i. arianeli evsebi nikomidielis momxreebi) eswreboda. erT-erTi kanoni (me12) specialurad aris gamogonili aTanases winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviT krebis
mier gankveTilma episkoposma unda mimarTos episkoposTa did krebas da ara
1 n. zaozerskis naSromis . mixedviT, gv.
147.
2 Sacrum Antiochenum concilium auctoritati suve brestitutum, Antwerp. 1681.
3 n. zaozerskis dasax. naSromi, gv. 149.
4 Hefele, dasax. naSr. II, gv. 585-613.

350

saero xelisuflebas. am kanonis darRvevisaTvis episkoposi ar aRdgeba Tavis

uflebaSi1 (aq gavixsenoT aTanases saqme, romelic konstantines memkvidris
werilis safuZvelze aRdga Tavis uflebebSi). aleqsandriis kaTedraze dainiSna
grigoli kapadukiidan. aTanasem epistoliT mimarTa yvela episkoposs, raTa
axali episkoposis uzurpatoruli moqmedebis winaaRmdeg xma aemaRlebinaT,
xolo TviTon roms gaemgzavra, sadac 50 episkoposisgan Semdgarma krebam is
gaamarTla da aRadgina misi kavSiri eklesiasTan.2
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom antioqiis krebis kanonTa
umetesoba mociqulTa kanonebis niadagzea Sedgenili, razedac Cven saubari
gvqonda mociqulTa kanonebTan dakavSirebiT da amitom aq aRar gavimeorebT.
kanonikuri krebulebis gamocemebSi yvelgan erTnairi suraTia: Setanilia
antioqiis krebis 25 kanoni (marTalia, voelis da iustelis gamocemaSi kanonebs
win ara aqvs darTuli krebis epistole konstanti imperatorisadmi).
4. laodokiis kreba. laodikiis adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba Seikriba
daaxloebiT 343 wels3 frigiis mTavar qalaqSi. mrvaalrcxovani krebis
monawile mcire aziis provinciebis episkoposebma daadgines 60 kanoni saeklesio
organizaciisa da disciplinis sxvdasxva sakiTxebze. kanonikuri krebulebis
ZiriTad gamocemebSi kanonTa swored dasaxelebuli ricxvia Setanili, magram
zogan 59-c gvxvdeba (Voelli da Justell-Tan, ruminul Indreptares da sxv.), magram
amis mizezi mxolod isaa, rom me-60 kanoni ubralod SeerTebulia 59-sTan, ase
rom, kanonTa Sinaarss araferi ar aklia. me-60 kanoni ar aris mxolod iovane
sqolastikosis berZnul krebulSi da dionise mciris laTinur TargmanSi.
5. sardikiis kreba. berZnul-romauli imperiis aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
nawilebis sazRvarze sardikiaSi4 (dRevandel sofiaSi) iliriis provinciaSi 343
wels5 Sedga saeklesio kreba, romelsac 300 dasavleTisa da 76 aRmosavleTis
episkoposi eswreboda. krebas Tavmjdomareobda osios kordubeli (qarTuli
TargmaniT: episkoposi qalaqisa kodovisa), romelic CvenTvis cnobilia, rogorc
nikiis I msoflio krebis monawile (zogierTi versiiT Tavmjdomarec ki). krebis
Sekrebis mizani iyo, mieRwia SeTanxmebisaTvis aTanase aleqsandrielis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis episkoposTa Soris, romlebic
ramdenadme gaTiSulni aRmoCndnen arianelTa intrigebis mizeziT. aTanase
aleqsandrieli (+373w.) gankveTes mxolod nikeis krebis rwmenis simbolos
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 250.
2 , ... . 200
3 Hefele-s mixedviT 363-64ww. dasax. naSr. I, 722.
4 .. , . , 1891, -, 5-6, . 511.
5 krebis mowvevis TariRad 1818 wlamde miaCndaT jer 347 (sozomenis istoriaze
dayrdnobiT, III, 12) Semdeg 344 weli aTanase aleqsandrielis sadResaswaulo epistoleTa
da analizis safuZvelze sardikiis kreba ar SeiZleba 343w. gvian Semdgariyo.

351

mowinaaRmdegeebma, ZiriTadad evsebianelebma (saSualo arianuli; ase seqta

iwodeba maTi gavleniani beladis, evsebi nikomidielis saxelis mixedviT). krebas
miznad hqonda erTis mxriv aTanases gamarTleba da meores mxriv gasamarTleba
aramarTlmadideblebisa, romlebmac gabedes am ,,marTlmadideblobis burjis
winaaRmdeg amxedreba. es amocana davalebuli hqonda dasavleTis episkoposebs
romis papis ivlianes xelmZRvanelobiT (337-352) da dasavleli imperatoris
konstantines mfarvelobiT imitom, rom aRmosavleTis ZiriTadi eklesiebi
imyofebodnen nikeis krebis mowinaaRmdegeTa gavlenis qveS, sargeblobdnen ra
aRmosavleTis imperatoris, konstancis mfarvelobiT, romelic uborotesi
mteri iyo aTanase didisa. amitom krebis Catarebis adgilisaTvis SearCeis
serdika, romelic aRm. da dasav. imperiis sazRvarze iyo da im dros ,romis
episkoposis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. amiT aixsneba, rom krebis monawileTa
ZiriTadi nawili dasavleTis episkoposebi iyvnen da krebasac osios kordubeli
(espaneTidan) Tavmjdomareobda. sardikiis krebam dasaxul mizans ver miaRwia,
radgan kreba, vidre saqmianobas Seudgeboda, or nawilad gaiyo: arianuli
partiis warmomadgenlebma, rodesac gaiges krebaze aTanase aleqsandrielis
Camosvla da dasavleTis eklesiis episkoposTa ganzraxva, gaemarTlebinaT
aTanase da daecvaT nikeis msoflio krebis rwmenis simbolo, datoves kreba da
gadavidnen filipepolSi (TrakiaSi), sadac Seadgines TavianTi kreba, romelmac
gankveTis ganaCeni gamoutana aTanases da romis paps iulianes1. sardikiaSi
darCenilma episkoposTa udidesma nawilma Caatara kreba osios kordubelis
TavmjdomareobiT, romelmac gaamarTla aTanase aleqsandrieli, aRadgina
Tavis uflebebSi da amasTanave gamoitana 21 saeklesio disciplinaruli kanoni,
redaqtirebuli rogorc laTinur, aseve berZnul enebze.
dasavleTSi sardikiis krebis kanonebi male SeuerTes nikeis I msoflio krebis
kanonebs da gaugebari mizezebis gamo isini nikeis krebis kanonebad saRdeboda2,
sanam es Secdoma ar gamoaaSkarava karTagenis 419w.-is krebam erT-erTi gankveTili
xucesis saqmis ganxilvis dros3.
afrikis da aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi es kreba da misi mowvevis dro male iqna
daviwyebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac sardikiis delegatebi 344w. antioqiaSi
dabrundnen krebis dadgenilebebiT, stefane antioqieli maT uaRresad mtrulad
Sexvda4.
6. karTagenis kreba anu afrikuli eklesiis kanonTa kodeqsi. karTagenis krebis
kanonebi, romlebic kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTad kodeqsSi karTagenis 419 wlis
krebis kanonebis saxeliT aris Setanili, sinamdvileSi Sedgenilia im 15 krebis
1 ., . , I, , 1893, . 191.
2 Maassen, I, 52.
3 dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT, karTagenis krebasTan dakavSirebiT.
4 ., dasax. naSromi, gv. 511.

352

kanonebis safuZvelze, romlebic mowveuli iyo karTagenis provinciaSi 345-419

wlebis ganmavlobaSi. arsad ise mkacrad ar sruldeboda uZvelesi saeklesio
kanoni adgilobrivi krebis yovelwliurad mowvevis Sesaxeb, rogorc karTagenis
eklesiaSi. istoriam Semogvinaxa cnobebi im mravalricxovani saeklesio
krebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Catarebuli iqna karTagenis saeklesio provinciaSi
qristianobis pirvelsave saukuneebSi saeklesio sakanonmdeblo miznebiT.
am faqtma ganapiroba am provinciis eklesiaSi saeklesio-disciplinaruli
kanonebis simravle. bevri maTgani erTsa da imave sagans exeboda da amitom
erTmaneTis ganmeorebas warmoadgenda, bevr maTgans Sedgenis adgilisa da drois
garemoebaTa gamo mxolod viwro adgilobrivi mniSvneloba hqonda da droebiTi
xasiaTi. amitom karTagenis 419 wlis krebam gadasinja winandel saeklesio
krebaTa yvela kanoni da maTgan afrikis eklesiisaTvis savaldebulod miiRo da
daamtkica Semdegi 15 krebis kanonebi: 1) karTagenis 345-348w.1, 2) karTagenis 390w.2,
3) iponis 393w.3, 4) karTagenis 397w.4, 5) karTagenis 401w. 15 ivnisis5, 6) karTagenis
401w. 13 seqt.6, 7) mileviTis 402w.7, 8) karTagenis 403w.8, 9) karTagenis 404w.9,
10) karTagenis 405w.10, 11) karTagenis 407w., 12) karTagenis 409w.11, 13) karTagenis
410w., 14) karTagenis 418w.12, 15) karTagenis 419w.-is, romelmac Tavis mxriv 12 (II)
kanoni gamoitana.13 CamoTvlil krebaTa kanonebma Seadgina is krebuli, romelsac
afrikul eklesiaTa kanonebis kodeqsi, anu rogorc 14-titlovan nomokanonSi
hqvia karTagenis krebis kanonebi.

1
14-titlovan nomokanonSi Setanil karTagenis krebis me-5 kanonad Setanilia
karTagenis 345w. krebis me-10 da karTagenis 348 wlis krebis me-13 kanonebis SeerTebiT
Sedgenili kanoni.
2 am krebis 9 kanonidan gakeTebulia 11 (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13).
3 iponis krebis 30 kanonidan gakeTebulia 24 (14-24, 35-47). 47-e kanonis nawilSi Setanilia
397w. erTi kanonic.
4 karTagenis 397w. krebis 7 kanonidan gakeTebulia 11 (34,47-56).
5 dasaxelebuli krebis 9 kanoni (=57-65 kanonebs).
6 am krebis 19 kanonidan Sedgenilia 23 kanoni (25-27, 66-86).
7 4 kanonidan Sedgenilia 5 (87-91).
8 2 kanonidan gakeTebulia 3 (91-93).
9 am krebis Sesaxeb ix. karTagenis 91 kanoni.
10 am krebis 12 kanoni (=94-108 kanonebs).
11 karTagenis 408w. 16.06. da 13.09.409 da 410w. krebaTa dadgenilebebis Sesaxeb zogadad
ix. karTagenis 107-e kanonSi.
12 am krebis 18 kanoni (me-17 kanoni Setanilia orjer = 116 da 117) = 108-127 kanonebs.
13 29-33 da 128-133 kanonebi karTagenis krebisa. afrikuli eklesiis calkeul krebaTa
saqmianobisa da istoriis urTulesi sakiTxebis gamokvleva ZiriTadad masenisa (Fr.
Maassen, Geschichte der Quellon und der Litteratur des kanonischen Recht in Abendlande bis zum
Ausgange des Mittelalters. bch.I, Gra 7, 1870) da hefele, (Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, II, II gamoc.)
Sromebis wyalobiT gaxda SedarebiT naTeli.

353

amrigad, 419 wlis karTagenis krebam daamtkica 133 kanoni. zogierT kanonikur
krebulSi garda am kanonebisa Setanilia kidev 5 kanoni1, magram sinamdvileSi
es aris afrikul saeklesio moRvaweTa epistoleebi da pasuxebi karTagenis
krebisaTvis zogierT saintereso sakiTxze: 1) karTagenis krebis epistole
papa kelestines mimarT 419w. krebis mTavar sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 2) kirile
aleqsandrielis pasuxi karTagenis krebas mis mier krebisaTvis nikeis krebis
namdvili aqtebis gamogzavnasTan dakavSirebiT. 3) atiko konstantinepolelis
analogiuri pasuxi. 4) karTagenis krebis epistole kelestines mimarT nikeis
krebis simbolosa da kanonebis TanxlebiT. 5) karTageneli mamebis 424 wlis
epistole romis pap kelestines mimarT 419 wlis karTagenis krebis mowvevis
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom karTagenis krebis kanonebi aRmosavleTis eklesiis ZiriTad
kanonikur krebulSi XIV titlovan sintagmaSi sardikiis krebis kanonebze
gacilebiT gvian Seitanes. dasaxelebul krebulSi pirvelad is VI saukunis
bolosa da VII dasawyisSi unda SeetanaT. sintagmis Semdgenelma es kanonebi
pirvelad Targmna laTinuri enidan, romelzedac isini iyvnen Sedgenili, dionise
mciris cnobili krebulidan, rogorc amas adasturebs berZnuli teqstis
Sejereba laTinurTan.
karTagenis krebis kanonebs, romlebic warmoadgenen ZiriTad wyaros ara
marto Crdilo afrikuli qristianuli eklesiis kanonmdeblobis istoriis
gasaTvaliswineblad, aramed amave dros aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebluri
kanonikuri samarTlis erT-erTi umTavresi wyarocaa, aqvT krebis ,,aqtebis forma
(rogorc sardikiis krebis kanonebs), rac formis TvalsazrisiT ganasxvavebs maT
aRmosavluri krebebis kanonebisagan. mokled aRvniSnoT is winamZRvrebi, rac
mizezi gaxda karTagenis 419 wlis krebis mowvevisa, romelmac Seadgina kanonebis
es mniSvnelovani kodeqsi. karTagenis provinciis q. sikis (Sica) xucesi apiarosi
sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis am qalaqis episkoposma urbanosma eklesiidan
gankveTa. xucesi roms gaemgzavra da pap zosimes mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis,
romelmac miiRo misi apelacia da misi aRdgena moiTxova. Crdilo afrikis
eklesiis mesveurebi win aRudgnen am gadawyvetilebas da 418 wlis 1 maisis
karTagenis krebaze gamoitanes kanoni (17), romelic krZalavda saeklesio piris
(xucesis, diakonis da a.S.) apelaciiT mimarTvas romis eklesiisadmi. roca zosimem
Seityo karTagenelTa ukmayofileba miRebuli dadgenilebis gamo, man legatebi
gagzavna karTagens. karTagenis arqiepiskoposma avrilianem imave 418 wels
1 aTenis sintagmaSi es epistoleebi ,,kanonTa saTvalavSi ar Sedis, xolo qarTulSi is
danomrilia 134-138 kanonebad. aseve -Si - sul 139 kanonia, rusul ,,kanonTa
wignSi 147, ,,pidalionSi 141 kanonia (kanonTa es ricxvebi miRebulia kanonTa teqstis
sxvadasxvagvari dayofis Sedegad ise, rom Sinaarsobrivad karTagenis kanonTa teqsts
araferi aklia).

354

moiwvia episkoposTa arcTu mravalricxovani kreba, romelsac papis legatebic

eswrebodnen. papis instruqciis (Commonitorum) Tanaxmad, romelic legatebma
warmoadgines, unda ganxiluliyo Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. episkoposis apelaciis
Sesaxeb romSi. 2. episkoposis sasaxlis karze xSiri mimosvlis akrZalvis
Sesaxeb. 3. episkoposis mier usamarTlod gankveTili xucesisa da diakonis saqme
unda ganixilos mezobeli eparqiis episkoposma. 4. urbanos sivkieli ganikveTos
eklesiisagan, Tuki man ar Seicvala Tavisi gadawyvetileba apiares mimarT, anda
unda gaemgzavros roms Tavis gasamarTleblad.1
gansaxilvel sakiTxTa meore punqts kamaTi ar gamouwvevia. dava Seiqmna
pirveli da mesame punqtebis gamo. romis papis gankargulebani emyareboda viTomda
nikeis krebis kanonebs. sinamdvileSi ki es kanonebi sardikiis krebisa me-4 da me-5
kanonebi iyo. ra Tqma unda, afrikelma episkoposebma ver monaxes msgavsi ram nikeis
krebis kanonebSi, romelic am krebaze damswre ceciliane karTagenelis mier iyo
Camotanili, xolo sardikiis krebis kanonebs isini ar icnobdnen2. miuxedavad
amisa, romis eklesiisadmi pativiscemis niSnad karTagenelma episkoposebma jer
kidev 418w. epistole gaugzavnes romis paps zosimes da acnobes, rom nikeis krebis
kanonTa ueWveli nusxis mopovebamde isini papis mier gamoyenebuli kanonebiT
ixelmZRvanelebdnen. 418 wlis 26 dekembers papi zosimes gardacvalebam droebiT
SeaCera aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvleva, magram misma memkvidrem kelestinem male
ganaaxla aRZruli saqme.
419 wlis 25 maiss karTagenSi Seikriba 217 episkoposi da papis legatebi.
krebas Tavmjdomareobda karTagenis arqiepiskoposi avreliane. krebis
upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo pap zosimes mier nikeis krebis kanonebad gasaRebuli
ori kanonis raobis garkveva. jer waikiTxes nikiis krebis kanonTa karTagenuli
varianti, Semdeg zosime romis papis instruqcia (komonitori), sadac is
moqmedebs viTom nikeis krebis kanonebiT, sinamdvileSi ki _ sardikiis krebis
me-4 da me-5 kanonebi. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad wamoayenes winadadeba,
raTa konstantinepolis sapatriarqo biblioTekidan, agreTve aleqsandriidan
da antioqiidan erTdroulad gamoeTxovaT nikiis krebis kanonTa nusxebi,
aseTive winadadeba mieca kelestine paps yovelgvari eWvis gafantvis mizniT.
am winadadebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen papis legatebi, darwmunebulni zosime
papis simarTleSi da nikeis krebis kanonTa karTagenuli variantis simcdareSi
da Semoitanes winadadeba, rom mxolod bonifacius paps eTxovos am kanonTa
sinamdvilis Semowmeba.

1 es cnobebi daculia karTagenis 419 wlis krebis epistoleSi papi kelestines mimarT.
ix. didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 360-363.
2 . , . . . . 1891, . 155.

355

rodesac gaagrZeles zosimes instruqciis wakiTxva, aRmoCnda, rom sardikiis

14 kanoni (laTinuris mixedviT me-17) romis papis mier nikeis krebis kanonad iyo
miCneuli.
aRniSnuli sadavo sakiTxis gasarkvevad nikeis krebis kanonTa nusxis
molodinSi krebam gaagrZela muSaoba da pirvelsave sxdomaze wakiTxuli da
damtkicebuli iqna rigi Zveli kanonebisa, romlebic adre iyo gamotanili
afrikis sxvadasxva krebis mier1. 127-e kanonis damtkicebiT damTavrda krebis
pirveli sxdoma. imave wlis 30 maiss Sedga karTagenis krebis meore sxdoma.
meore sxdomis Sesavali nawilidan, romelic moTavsebulia 127 da 128 kanonebs
Soris, CvenTvis cnobili xdeba, rom 217 episkoposTagan, romlebic pirvel
sxdomas eswrebodnen, bevrma gadaudebeli saqmeebis gamo TavianT eklesiebSi
dabrunebis nebarTva iTxova. maTi Txovna daakmayofiles, magram im pirobiT,
rom krebaze datovebdnen TiToeuli saeklesio (olqidan) provinciidan arCeul
deputatTa jgufs. meore sxdomaze krebam damatebiT 6 axali kanoni gamoitana
da krebis Tavmjdomarem mokle sityviT daxura kreba da xeli moawera krebis
dadgenilebebs krebis danarCen wevrebTan erTad. krebis damTavrebidan meore
dResve krebis monawile episkoposebma epistole gaugzavnes pap kelestines da
acnobes krebis dadgenilebebi2.
episkoposma urbanosma zosime papis moTxovnilebisamebr Sescvala Tavisi
gadawyvetileba apiaros xucesis mimarT da apiarosi, romelmac patieba iTxova
Tavisi saqcielisa da danaSaulisaTvisa, isev aRadgines Tavis uflebebSi da
SeunarCunes xucesis xarisxi, magram SemdegSiac rom ar momxdariyo urbanossa
da apiares Soris raime incidenti, apiarosi unda daetovebina sikis eklesia da
misTvis krebis mier micemuli werilobiTi dokumentis (epistolium) safuZvelze
ufleba hqonda yvelgan, sadac ki moisurvebda, Seesrulebina xucesis movaleoba.
male karTagenSi miiRes kirile alqsandrielisa da atikos konstantinepolelis
mier gamogzavnili nikeis krebis kanonTa nusxebi, rac 419w.26.11. gaegzavna pap
bonifaciuss da riTac gairkva nikeisa da sardikiis kanonTa aRrevis sakiTxi. es
epistoleebic dasaxelebuli krebis kanonebs erTvis bolos.
7. konstantinepolis 394 wlis adgilobrivi kreba. dasaxelebuli krebis
mowvevis mizezi gaxda, rogorc es krebis saTaurSivea naTqvami, ori episkoposis
_ aRapisa da vaRadis Soris ciloba arabeTis qalaq bostris samitropolito
kaTedraze. am kaTedraze arCeuli iyo vaRadi. erTxel, roca vaRadi adgilze
ar imyofeboda, raRac danaSaulisaTvis gankveTili iqna Tavisive xelqveiTi
ori episkoposis mier. maT ar moismines vaRadis Tavis marTleba da mis adgilze

1 Hefele, dasax. naSromi, t. III, gv. 131-136.

2 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 360-366.

356

daadgines aRapi. maSin vaRadim saCivriT mimarTa konstantinepolis patriarqs da

amtkicebda, rom is usamarTlodaa gankveTili.
konstantinepolis patriarqis, neqtaris iniciativiT 394 wlis seqtemberSi
Sedga saeklesio kreba, romelsac es sakamaTo sakiTxi unda gadaeWra. krebis
monawile 17 episkoposs Soris iyvnen cnobili saeklesio moRvaweebi: grigol
noseli, amfiloqe ikonieli, Teofile aleqsandrieli, Teodore momfsvesteli
da sxv.1
krebam nikeis pirveli msoflio krebis meoTxe da mociqulTa 74-e
kanonis safuZvelze miiRo dadgenileba, rom episkoposis gankveTa SeuZlia
mxolod episkoposTa krebas da ara ors an sam episkoposs. es kanoni krebis
aqtebidan sakmaod vrceli amonaweris saxiT Seitanes 14-titlovani sintagmis
SemadgenlobaSi karTagenis krebis kanonebze adre Tu ara, erTdroulad mainc.
691 wlis trulis krebam (me-2 kan.) dasaxelebuli kanoni daamtkica qristianuli
eklesiisaTvis savaldebulo saeklesio kanonTa ricxvSi.
8. konstantinepolis e.w. pirveli-meore kreba.2 foti konstantinepolis
patriarqis moRvaweobis periodSi mowveuli saeklesio krebaTa istoria
mravalmxriv aris saintereso. am krebebze gamoaSkaravda aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqilebisa da daSorebis aucilebloba.
egnate patriarqis gadayenebam 857w.3 da samefo karis didebulis fotis,
konstantinepolis patriarqis kaTedraze asvlam aRmosavleTSi daZabuli
atmosfero Seqmna da amave dros sababi misca romis paps, konstantinepolis
patriarqatis saSinao saqmeebSi Careuliyo. egnatesa da fotis momxreebs Soris
gauTavebel SuRls daemata VII msoflio krebis mier dagmobili xatmebrZoleobis
xelaxali aRorZineba.
861 wlis konstantinepolis saeklesio krebis mowvevis ZiriTadi mizezi
saeklesio ganxeTqileba da xatmebrZoleobis moZraobis gaZliereba gaxda.
imperatorma mixeilma da patriarqma fotim mowveva gaugzavnes romis pap nikoloz
I-s msoflio krebaze dasaswrebad. papis legatebis Camosvlidan ramdenime
xnis Semdeg 861 wels mociqulTa saxelobis eklesiaSi Sedga saeklesio kreba
318 episkoposis monawileobiT. krebam samarTlianad miiCnia egnates gadayeneba
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 363-364.
2 ZiriTadi literatura konstantinepolis 861w. da 879w. saeklesio krebebTan
dakavSirebiT: Hefele, Conciliengeschichte. 1860. .IV. 2) Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen trenung
zwischen Orient und Occident. Mnchen, 1864-5, .I-II. 3) Hergenrther, Photius Patriarch von
Constantinopol, 1867-1869, . I,II,III. 4) ..,
IX-XI., , 1875. 5) misive IX .,
, 1887. 6) . ., . , 1888-1889. da sxva.
3 egnates momxreebma wm. irines eklesiaSi saeklesio kreba moiwvies da foti gankveTes,
ris pasuxadac fotis momxreebma 858w. wm. mociqulTa eklesiaSi sapasuxo kreba
gamarTes da egnate gankveTes.

357

da gankveTa saeklesio saqqmebisagan, amasTanave foti scno konstantinepolis

patriarqad. krebam dagmo xatmebrZoleoba da gamoitana 17 disciplinaruli
kanoni. berZnul wyaroebSi am krebas pirveli-meore kreba ewodeba (
), ris gamoc samecniero literaturaSi bevri urTierTgamomricxavi
varaudia gamoTqmuli. hefele fiqrobs, rom krebis saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia
im faqtTan, rom kreba ori ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda: pirveli egnates
Sesaxeb, xolo meore _ xatmebrZoleobis Sesaxeb.1 beveriji2 da hergenroteri3
ki fiqroben, rom dasaxelebuli kreba warmoadgenda 858 wlis saeklesio
krebis gagrZelebas, TiTqosda ganmeorebasac ki. zonara da balzamoni
TavianT komentarebSi gadmogvcemen, rom krebis sxdomebi Sewyvetili iqna
aramarTlmadidebelTa SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis gamo da kreba meored Seikriba
dawyebuli saqmianobis dasamTavreblad.4
861 wlis krebis dadgenilebebiT ukmayofilo egnates momxreebma saCivriT
mimarTes romis paps. papma, romelmac jer kidev am saCivris miRebamde romSi
saxeldaxelod Sedgenil Sinaur krebaze 862w. ukanonod gamoacxada 861w.
konstantinepolis krebis gadawyvetilebani, gankveTa foti, xolo egnate
gaamarTla da yovelive es epistoleebiT acnoba mixeil imperators da
aRmosavleTis yvela patriarqs, saCivari sababad gamoiyena, 863 wels romSi ufro
mravalricxovani oficialuri kreba moiwvia da 862 wlis krebis dadgenilebebi
Semdegi damatebebiT gaimeora: foti ganikveTos, rogorc mwvalebeli. mis mier
xeldasxmuli sasuliero pirebs sasuliero xarisxi CamoerTvaT da ganikveTon
eklesiisagan. papma mkacrad dasaja Tavisi legatebic, romlebic fotis mier
mowveul 861 wlis krebas eswrebodnen. romis papis epistoles, romelic romis
863 wlis krebis dadgenilebebs Seicavda fotisa da egnates Sesaxeb, imperatorma
mkvaxe pasuxi gasca. papma ramdenjerme fotis da egnates romSi gagzavna moiTxova,
razedac imperatorma saerTod ar gasca pasuxi.5
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris damokidebuleba kidev ufro
gaamwvava bulgareTis eklesiis sakiTxma. 864 wels bulgareTis mefe borisi
moinaTla fotis mier, magram 866 wels politikuri mosazrebebiT bulgareTis
mefem mimarTa romis paps TxovniT, bulgareTSi episkoposebi daeniSna da
zogierTi saeklesio sakiTxi gaerkvia.6

1 Hefele, dasax. naSromi, IV, 230, 233-234

2 dasax. naSromi, II, 170
3 dasax. naSromi, I, 438
4 aTenis sintagma, II, gv. 647-648
5 , dasax. naSromi, gv. 222-223
6 , , , ,
1871, . 27.

358

papi maSinve Caeria saqmeSi, romelic mxolod konstantinepolis patriarqiis

funqciebSi Sedioda. papis legatebi bulgareTSi CasvlisTanave Seudgnen
morwmuneTa damoZRvras dasavleTis eklesiis tradiciebis mixedviT, xelaxla
monaTles xalxi, aswavlidnen rwmenis simbolos samebis dualisturi gagebiT1
da sxva. amave dros ramdenime episkoposma (triris, kednis da ravenis) TxovniT
mimarTa fotis, rom isini romis papis Seviwroebebisagan daecva. maSin fotim
gamoaqveyna cnobili encikloka2 (mrgvliv mosavleli epistole), sadac
CamoTvlili iyo laTinuri eklesiis mier saeklesio kanonebisa da rwmenis
simbolos uxeSad darRvevis punqtebi:
1. SabaTis marxva (mociq. 64-e da trulis 55-e kanonebis sawinaaRmdegod);
2. didmarxvis pirvel kviraSi yvelisa da kvercxis xmareba;
3. qorwinebaSi myof saeklesio pirTa Seuwynarebloba (Rangr. me-4 da
trulis me-13 kanonebis sawinaaRmdegod, rogorc fiqroben aq unda Candes
maniqevelTa krebis marcvals);
4. mRvdelTa mier mironcxebis uaryofa;
5. rwmenis simbolosaTvis Zisagan suliwmidis gamomavlobis damateba.
fotim 867 wels moiwvia saeklesio kreba, romelzedac sazeimo viTarebaSi
dagmes laTinuri eklesiis mier Semotanili siaxleni, xolo romis papi nikoloz
I gankveTes da anaTema gamoucxades.3 basili makedonelis samefo taxtze
asvlisTanave, imave 867 wels foti Camoagdes kaTedridan, xolo egnate isev
konstantinepolis patriarqi gaxda. axalma imperatorma da patriarqma pap
andriane II-s krebaze dasaswrebad legatebis gamogzavna sTxoves. krebas, romelic
869w. wm. sofiis taZarSi Seikriba. Tavidan 12 episkoposi eswreboda, Semdeg
episkoposTa ricxvi TandaTan gaizarda 70-mde, xolo krebis bolo sxdomaze 109mde miaRwia. miuxedavad fotis momxreTa gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobisa, krebam
foti gankveTa, xolo 861 da 867 wlis krebaTa aqtebi daswva. krebam erTxel
kidev SeaCvena xatmebrZoleoba. krebis ukanasknel, me-10 sxdomaze anaTema
gamoucxades yvela winandel wvalebas. krebam romis papi suliwmidis iaraRad
gamoacxada da scno papis xelSeuxebloba msoflio krebis mierac ki.4 krebam
laTinuri redaqciiT 27 disciplinaruli kanoni gamosca, xolo berZnuliT 14.
konstantinepolis 869 wlis kreba dasavleTSi VIII msoflio krebad aris
miCneuli, maSin, roca aRmosavleTSi mas TiTqmis araviTar mniSvnelobas ar
aniWebdnen.
1 simbolos umatebdnen Filioque, e.i. suliwmida gamomavlobas Zisaganac.
2 Migne. CII, .722
3 Hergen rther, dasax, naSromi, I, gv. 643
4 am krebis dedani ar Senaxula. TiTqosda es aqtebi romSi mimaval legatebs gzaSi
waarTves slavma yaCaRebma. laTinuri Targmani aqtebisa ix. Migne I, 129

359

9. konstantinepolis 879 wlis kreba. 877 wels gardaicvala patriarqi egnate

da konstantinepolis kaTedarze isev foti dabrunda. romis papma iovane VIII
foti scno kanonier patriarqad. amasTanave gamoTqva imedi, rom foti uars
ityoda bulgareTis saeklesio saqmeebSi Carevaze.
879 wels konstantinepolis sofios taZarSi fotis TavmjdomareobiT Sedga
saeklesio kreba, romelsac aRmosavleTis eklesiis yvela patriarqisa da 383
episkoposis garda romis papis legatebic eswrebodnen. krebas ori ZiriTadi
mizani hqonda: sapatriarqo kaTedraze fotis sazeimo aRdgena da damtkiceba,
rac TavisTavad gulisxmobda 869 wlis saeklesio krebis saqmianobis ukanonobis
aRiarebas da gauqmebas _ erTis mxriv, xolo rwmenis simboloSi yovelgvar
cvlilebaTa Setanas _ meores mxriv.
krebam daamtkica meSvide msoflio kreba xatmebrZoleobis winaaRmdeg,
gamoitana 3 disciplinaruli kanoni da miiRo dadgenileba, romelic krZalavs
rwmenis simboloSi yovelgvari damatebis Setanas (naTelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
mxedvelobaSi hqondaT dasavleTis eklesiis zemoaRniSnuli damateba suliwmidis
Zisgan gamomavlobis Sesaxeb). sxvaTa Soris, papma iovane VIII fotisadmi
gagzavnil epistoleSi daadastura simbolos Sesaxeb krebis dadgenileba1.
bulgareTis sakiTxze krebas ar umsjelia im motiviT, rom sazRvrebisa da
olqebis ganawileba mxolod saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saqmea.
886w. leon brZenis mier foti isev gadayenebuli iqna patriarqobidan ukve
samudamod, 891 wels is gardaicvala.
gauTavebeli SuRlisa da saeklesio areulobisaTvis bolos moRebis mizniT
romis papis formozisa da konstantinepolis patriarq antonis erToblivi
iniciativiT 893 wels konstantinopolSi gaimarTa kidev erTi kreba,
romelzedac kanonierad scnes da TavianT uflebebSi aRadgines yvela saeklesio
piri, romelic xeldasxmuli iyo rogorc fotis, aseve egnates mier. ase Sedga
formaluri Serigeba aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris, magram
Sinagani erTianoba mainc miuRweveli darCa, mdgomaroeba ki _ daZabuli.
am ori (861 da 879w.) saeklesio krebis avtoriteti berZnul eklesiaSi
TiTqmis msoflio eklesiaTa Tanabaria. zonaram da balzamonma, romlebmac
TavianTi komentarebisaTvis saeklesio kanonebi mniSvnelobis mixedviT daalages,
aRniSnuli krebis kanonebi msoflio krebis kanonTa Semdeg da adgilobriv
krebaTa kanonebze win moaTavses. saeklesio krebaTa Sua saukuneebis cnobili
komentatorebi balzamoni, vlastari da sxv. 861w.-is e.w. ,,pirvel-meore krebas
msoflio krebas uwodeben2, xolo 879 wlis konstantinepolis kreba Tavis

1 kaTolikuri eklesia uaryofs am epistolis namdvilobas.

2 , dasax. naSromi, gv. 227-228.

360

Tavs msoflio krebad asaxelebs mis mier gamotanil kanonebSi1. florenciis

krebaze, roca markoz efeselma 879 wlis krebas msoflio kreba uwoda, amas
laTinelTa mxriv reaqcia ar gamouwvevia2. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 879 wlis
konstantinepolis kreba berZnebis mier dRemde merve msoflio krebad iTvleba,
rac Cans aRmosavleTis eklesiis patriarqTa sayovelTao (mrgvliv mosavleli)
epistolidan3.
aRsaniSnavia, rom komstantinopolis 879 wlis krebis aqtebi beverejis
gamocemis mixedviT Seicavs minawers, sadac mas merve msoflio da pirvel-meore
krebasac uwodeben4. caxarie 879 wlis konstantinepolis krebas ,,pirvel-meore
krebis saxeliT ixseniebs5. magram es kreba zogjer ,,meore-pirvel krebadac
iwodeba, ris gamoc m. ostorumovi aseT varauds gamoTqvams: Tavdapirvelad
saxelwodeba ,,pirvel-meore gulisxmobda 861-879 wlis krebebs erTad da ara
marto 861 wlis krebas.

saeklesio moRvaweTa epistolaruli kanonmdebloba

kanonikuri samarTlis istoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom erTaderTi kompetenturi
sakanonmdeblo organo saeklesio krebaa.6 es debuleba gansakuTrebiT myaria
I-IX saukuneebisaTvis. magram Tu Cven SevexebiT kanonikuri samarTlis erT-erT
ZiriTad wyaros saeklesio moRvaweTa (e.w. wmida mamaTa) kanonebs, romelTa
xvedriTi wona ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi (883w. redaqciis 14-titlovani
nomokanoni) Zalze didia, saeklesio kanonmdeblobis zemoaRniSnuli ZiriTadi
principis sawinaaRmdego suraTs vnaxavT: e.w. ,,wmida mamebis saeklesio kanonebi
erTpirovnuli kanonmdeblobis nimuSia, rac principulad ewinaaRmdegeba
saeklesio kanonis koleqtiurad dadgenis moTxovnilebas. arc erT saeklesio
pirs, rogori avtoritetic is ar unda iyos, saeklesio kanonis dadgenis ufleba
ara aqvs. miuxedavad Tqmulisa, dasaxelebul kodeqsSi mravladaa Setanili
calkeul ,,mamaTa erTpirovnulad Camoyalibebuli kanoni. yvelaferi naTeli
gaxdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT Semdegs: arc erTi am kanonTagani Tavdapirvelad
ar warmoadgenda zogad, savaldebulo sakanonmdeblo normas. romelime
1 ix. dasax. krebis I da II kanonTa dasawyisi, didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 447
2 Hefele, IV, 417-418. Hergenrther, Photius, II, s. 131.
3 , dasax. naSromi, gv. 228.
4 beverejis gamocema, 1672w. IIt. gv. 307.
5 E. Zachariae von Zingenthal, Gesichte des griechisch rmischen Rechts II Aute Berlin, 1877, 13.
6
,,kanonikuri samarTali ixmareba im kanonmdeblobis aRsaniSnavad, romelic
XIV titlovani nomokanonis 883 wlis redaqciaSi saboloodaa Camoyalibebuli, e.i.
qristianobis pirveli saukuneebidan formirebuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba IXs.
ukanasknel meoTxedamde. xolo radgan saeklesio kanonmdeblobas IX saukunis Semdeg
kidev daemata zogadqristianuli eklesiisaTvis savaldebulo dadgenilebebi, pirvelTan
erTad, e.i. kanonikur samarTalTan erTad, am ukanasknels saeklesio samarTals uwodeben.
, , . 1897, . 10.

361

provinciis episkoposi, romelsac misi didi avtoritetis gamo mimarTavdnen

Tavisi eparqiis saeklesio pirni, Tu mezobel provinciis eklesiis mesveurni
romelime saeklesio sakiTxSi garkvevisaTvis, epistolis formiT Camoyalibebul
pasuxebSi, romlebic saTanado rCevas Tu gankargulebebs Seicavdnen, kanonikuri
samarTlis iseT Rrma codnas da formulirebas iZleoda, rom es epistole
saxelmZRvanelo normad xdeboda jer adgilobrivi masStabiT, xolo TandaTan
misi moqmedebis are farTovdeboda. aseTi xasiaTis literaturis zRva
masalidan mxolod ramdenimem miiRo sabolood sakanonmdeblo sanqcia. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri gamodga III-IVss. saeklesio moRvaweTa epistolaruli
memkvidreoba.
ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi Setanil kanonikur epistoleTa 12 avtoridan 11
dasaxelebuli saukuneebis moRvawea, xolo erTi (genadi konstantinopoleli)
_ Vs.-is. dasaxelebul avtorTa erTpirovnuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba
savaldebulo normad iqca mxolod mas Semdeg, rac VI msoflio krebam (ufro
zustad, mis gagrZelebad miCneulma ,,trulis 691 wlis krebam) Tavisi me-2
kanoniT daamtkica 12 saeklesio avtoritetis epistoleSi Camoyalibebuli
kanonebi da isini msoflio da gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis adgilobriv krebaTa
kanonebs gautola. ufro adre ioane sqolastikosma VIs. Sua wlebSi Sedgenil
50 titlovan kanonikur krebulSi basili didis 68 kanoni Seitana, xolo
XIV titlovani sintagmis ucnobma Semdgenelma sxva avtorTa epistoleebis
xarjze wm. mamaTa kanonebis ricxvi sagrZnoblad Seavso. maT Soris basili
didis kanonebis ricxvi 92-mde gazarda. dasaxelebuli kanonikuri krebulebis
SemdgenelTa es iniciativa naTlad adasturebs imas, rom aRniSnul wm. mamaTa
kanonebi Tavidanve didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen calkeul adgilobriv
eklesiebSi. 14-titlovani sitagmis Semdgeneli VI msoflio krebaze adre
aRniSnavs ,,mamaTa kanonebis ZiriTad saeklesio kanonebad aRiarebis saWiroebas
maTi didi mniSvnelobis gamo: ,,xolo keTilad Sevracxe, raTa aqave movisenne
wm. mamaTaganTa vieTnime Tsgan epistoleTa Sina kiTxva-migebiT qmnulni igi
RmrTiv sulierni sazRvarni, romelni Zalisa kanonTasa mqonebel arian iginica.
magram iqve cdilobs Tavi imarTlos, radgan basili didisa da grigol noselis
miTiTebaTa sawinaaRmdego agitacia gaswia: ,,garna ara egreT vhyof amas, viTarmca
umecar viyav ra-igi didsa grigolis da basilis sTnavs amis pirisaTs viTarmed:
,,saeklesiod kanonad maT jer ars Seracxva da saxelis-deba, romelni ara
Tsagan martoebiT vinme, aramed mravalTa wmidaTa mamaTa erTad SemokrebiTa da
zogadiTa saTno-yofiTa da saTanadoTa gamoZiebiTa daisxnen.1
am Tavis marTlebaSi man mamaTa epistoleebi uZveles adgilobriv krebaTa
kanonmdeblobis tolfasad aRiara, xolo dasaxelebuli avtorebi am uZvelesi
kanonmdeblobis komentatorTa rolSi gamoiyvana. amrigad, XIV titlovani
sintagmis Semdgenelma arc basili didisa da grigol noselis miTiTebebi
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 104, e.i. mxedvelobaSi aqvs basili didis 47-e da grigol
noselis me-6 kanonebi.

362

daarRvia da mamaTa epistoleebs kanonebad aRiarebis safuZvelic mounaxa. VI

msoflio krebam, romelmac saeklesio ZiriTad kodeqsSi TiTqmis is masala
Seitana, rac 14-titlovan sintagmaSia mocemuli, rogorc Cans am sintagmis
Semdgenelis winadadeba da argumentebi, rom saWiroa wm. mamaTa epistoleebis
garkveuli nawilis kanonebad aRiareba, sarwmunod miiRo da mamaTa kanonebi
ZiriTadi kodeqsis mniSvnelovan nawilad gamoacxada. VI krebam CamoTvala
12 moRvawis is kanonebi, romlebic savaldebuloa marTlmadidebluri
eklesiisaTvis. maT Sesaxeb Cven qvemoT vilaparakebT. zogierT krebulSi maTTan
mimatebulia tarasi konstantinepolelis (+809w.) epistole romis pap adrianes
mimarT simoniis Sesaxeb, xolo zogSi es epistole uSualod mosdevs VII
msoflio krebis kanonebs da am krebis saqmianobis nawiladaa gagebuli, rogorc
es sinamdvileSi iyo. asea qarTul TargmanSic.
1. dionise aleqsandrieli (+264w.). ,,msoflio eklesiis moZRvari, rogorc
mas aTanase aleqsandrieli uwodebs, daibada 195 wels. dionise mdidari
warmarTuli ojaxidan iyo. da mas SeeZlo brwyinvale samoqalaqo kariera
gaekeTebina. origenes piradi gavleniT dionise qristiani gaxada da moinaTla
aleqsandriis episkoposis demetres mier. 233 wels xucesis xarisxSi is origenis
mier dawesebuli qristianobisaTvis mosamzadebeli saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli
gaxda, sadac TviT man miiRo ganaTleba. 248 wlis maxloblad dionise ukve
aleqsandriis saeklesio kaTedras xelmZRvanelobda. gardaicvala 264 wels1.
mTeli Tavis episkoposobis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida devnas, iyo gadasaxlebaSi,
xSirad gaqceviT uSvelia Tavs, man gadaitana deiobzisa da valentianes drois
qristianTa devnis mTeli simkacre.2 dionise cnobilia, rogorc sabelianizmisa
da pavle samosatelis winaaRmdeg dauRleli mebrZoli. man mravali naSromi
datova.
dionise alqsandrieli iyo III saukunis erT-erTi upopularulesi moRvawe,
romlis rCevas saeklesio sakiTxebze eZebdnen aramarto marTladidebeli
qristianebi, aramed imdroindeli uZlieresi mwvalebluri seqtis wevrebi
navatianelebi. 3-4 kanoni, romlebic dionise aleqsandrielis saxeliTaa Sesuli
saeklesio kodeqsSi, Seadgens kanonikur epistoles, pasuxs libiis episkoposis
vasilidis 4 kiTxvaze, romelic ZiriTadad qristianebis kerZo cxovrebis
zogierT sakiTxs exeboda. epistole adresatisadmi 260 wels aris gagzavnili.
garda dasaxelebuli kanonebisa, Pitra-s Tavis cnobil gamocemaSi Setanili aqvs
dionise aleqsandrielis epistole kononis mimarT, romelic aseve 4 kanonad
aris gayofili, rac kanonikuri kodeqsis nawili ar aris da gamomcemlis
kerZo iniciativas Seadgens. ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom meore epistolem ver
moipova kanonikuri ufleba, is unda iyos, rom iq dasmuli zogierTi sakiTxi
sawinaaRmdegod gadaWra I msoflio krebam. mag.: dionises mixedviT, gankveTili
1 .., . . IV, . 856-857,
.. , . 1891.
2 , , VI, 41.

363

morwmune an samRvdelo piri Tu kvdeba, mas unda epatios sasjeli, xolo Tu

gamojanmrTeldeba xelaxla sasjels aRar moixdis. nikeis 13-e, ankviriis me-6,
grigoli noselis me-5 kanonebis mixedviT ki momakvdavi Tu gadarCa. man sasjeli
unda moixados.1
2. grigol neokesarieli (saswaulmoqmedi, +270w.). grigoli iyo dionise
aleqsandrielis umcrosi Tanamedrove. grigoli neokesarielis udides
popularobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom misi gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis
Semdeg misi panegiristebi iyvnen basili didi, grigol noseli da sxv.
grigoli daibada 221 wels neokesariaSi (Tanamedrove niksara, mdinare likaze),
pontos olqSi. misi namdvili saxeli Teodore iyo. ojaxSi gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo grigolis samoqalaqo kariera (oratoris an advokatis), risTvisac undodaT
gaegzavnaT q. beritis iuridiul skolaSi. am dros mas mama gardaecvala da is
Tavis siZesTan aRmoCnda palestinis kesariaSi. aq igi moeqca origenis gavlenis
qveS, romelic am dros cxovrobda. Camosvlidan 5 wlis Semdeg is da misi Zma
aTinodore qristianebi gaxdnen da male samSobloSi dabrundnen. sruliad
moulodnelad grigoli neokesariis episkoposad airCies 240w. man Tavi gamoiCina,
rogorc saucxoo misionerma da mravali warmarTi moaqcia qristianul
sarmuwnoebaze. albaT, aseTma energiulma saqmianobam warmoSva Tqmuleba, rom
roca grigoli neokesariis episkoposi gaxda, mTel eparqiaSi 17 qristiani iyo,
xolo grigolis gardacvalebis Jams imave eparqiaSi 17 warmarTic ki aRar
ipoveboda. Sinaarsi grigol neikesarielis kanonikuri epistolisa, romelic
nomokanonSia Sesuli, gansazRvrulia im istoriuli faqtis SedegebiT, romelsac
misi episkoposobis dros adgili hqonda neokesariasa da mTels pontos olqSi:
III saukunis meore naxevarSi mcire aziis da pontos olqs guTebisa da boradebis
veluri tomebi Semoesivnen, romlebmac ara marto gaZarcves da daarbies
mosaxleoba, aramed bevri tyvec waiyvanes. magram gacilebiT ufro savalalo
is iyo, rom qristianTa rigebSi bevri moCnda iseTi, romlebmac aramarto zurgi
aqcies qristianobas da moZaladeTa warmarTuli Ceulebebi gaiziares, aramed
moZalade tomebs exmarebodnen Tavisi xalxis Zarcvasa da datyvevebaSi, ufro
metic, zogma isargebla ra aseTi areuli mdgomareobiT, Semoseul tomebs ar
Camouvardebodnen yovelgvari sisaZaglis CadenaSi.2
mas Semdeg, rac Semosevebis qariSxalma gadaiara, jeri midga im qristianebze,
romlebsac danaSaulebrivi laqa ecxoT. grigol neikesarielis samsjavro aivso
bralmdeblebiTa da braldebulebiT, radganac neokesarias am dros saeklesio
kaTedrebs Soris TvalsaCino adgili eWira, xolo grigolis piradi avtoriteti
ganuzomlad didi iyo. amitom mezobel eparqiaTa episkoposebi, romelTa
eklesiebmac iseTive darbeva ganicades, rCevas sTxovdnen grigols, Tu rogor
1 ., . . , , 1891, . 204.
2 , dasax. naSromi, gv. 865-869. misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve
. . VIII, 1872., . 159. . .

364

moqceodnen damnaSaveebs. erT-erTi episkoposis1 kiTxvebze pasuxad grigolma

daaxl. 258w. Seadgina epistole ,,maTTs, romelTa eWama nazorevi kerpTa
marbevelobasa Sina barbarozTa anu sxTa raTme SecTomil iyvnen, romellic
SemdegSi nomokanonis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda.2 epistole masSi Semavali
sakiTxebis mixedviT kanonikur krebulebSi gayofilia 10 kanonad. grigol
neokesarielis mier ganwesebuli sasjelebi kategoriulia, dayrdnobili Zveli
da axali aRTqmis wignebze. mxolod me-7 kanonSi ikavebs Tavs grigoli sasjelis
dawesebisagan, radgan umZimes danaSaulisaTvis (barbarosebTan TanamSromloba,
qristianeTa darbeva da xocva) sasjelis gamotanis ufleba, misi sityvebiT,
mxolod episkoposTa krebas aqvs.
sxvadasxva kanonikur krebulebSi epistolis kanonebad dayofis ricxvi
erTnairi ar aris. pitras gamocemaSi 10 kanonia3. aTonis sintagmaSi 11, oRond
me-11 kanoni epistolis nawili ar aris da gviandel damatebas warmoadgens.
nasesxebs basili didis 75-e kanonidan monaniebaTa safexurebis Sesaxeb da a.S.
qarTul `did sjuliskanonSi~, grigol neokesarielis epistole, romelic
Sinaarsobrivad pitras gamocemis 10 kanons faravs, kanonebad dayofili ar aris.
3. petre aleqsandrieli (+300-311ww.). `petre mociqulTa dasabami, petre
mowameTa dasasruli. gadmocemiT TiTqos viRacam es sityvebi warmoTqva
petre aleqsandrieli episkoposis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis dros 311 wlis 24
noembers. marTlac, petre aleqsandrielis wamebiT damTavrda qristianTa bolo
da umkacresi devna diokletianes dros.4
295 wels petre aleqsandriis cnobili skolis xelmZRvaneli gaxda,
xolo 5 wlis Semdeg 300w. is aleqsandriis saeklesio kaTedraze akurTxes
mTavarepiskoposad. petre aleqsandrielis mmarTvelobis mSvidobiani wlebi
mxolod 3 wels gagrZelda, 303 wels daiwyo qristianobis sastiki devna
likiniozis brZanebiT. am mZime wlebSi petres saxelTan bevri mniSvnelovani
saeklesio saqmea dakavSirebuli: meleti leikopoleli (TebaidaSi) episkoposis
gankveTa, arioz diakonis gankveTa, romelTa Sesaxeb didi xnis Semdeg
nikeis pirvelma msoflio krebam Tqva Tavisi saboloo sityva. amjerad Cven
petre aleqsandrielis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba gvainteresebs, amitom mis
mravalmxriv saqmianobaze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. likiniozis droindeli
qristianobis devna ukve sami wlis dawyebuli iyo da bevrma qristianma iZulebiT
Tu wamebis SiSiT zurgi aqcia eklesias da kerpTa Tayvanismcemeli da msaxuri
gaxda. magram gaiara devnis pirvelma wlebma da sarwmunoebis medgar damcvelTa
da mowameTa sakvirvelma Tavdadebam qristianobidan ganmdgari bevri morwmunis
1
2
3
4

grigolis adresatis vinaoba zustad garkveuli ar aris.

didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 462-466.
me-11 kanoni, rogorc gviandeli, danamati dabeWdilia petitiT, Pitra I, 566.
, , VII, 32.

365

sindisis qenjna gamoiwvia. isini monaniebiT iTxovdnen isev qristianul

eklesiaSi dabrunebas da mzad iyvnen, Tu saWiro iqneboda, mowamebrivi sikvdiliT
gamoesyidaT Tavdapirveli dacema. swored aseT saWirboroto sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT petre aleqsandrielma, rogorc fiqroben, 305 wels didmarxvis
dasawyisSi warmoTqva vrceli sityva ,,sinanulisaTs, romelic safuZveli
gaxda 14 kanonisa, romelic 14-titlovan nomokanonSia Setanili. yvela kanoni
ganmsWvalulia surviliT daxmareba gauwion momnaniebelT da miTiTebulia is
gzebi, romelTa saSualebiT msurvelebs SeeZloT dabrunebodnen qristianul
sarwmunoebas, amasTanave sasjelis gamotanis dros gaTvaliswinebulia is
garemoebebi, romelic mizezi gaxda sarwmunoebisagan gandgomisa.
petre aleqsandrielis saxeliT saeklesio kodeqsSi Setanili me-15 kanoni
amoRebulia misive sityvidan aRdgomis Sesaxeb da exeba oTxSabaT-paraskevis
marxvis sakiTxs. agreTve krZalavs kvira dRes muxlis modrekiT locvas.
kanonikur krebulebSi ZiriTadad petre aleqsandrielis 15 kanonia Setanili,
xolo -Si (27-e Tavi) is dedanSi _ aristines sinopsisSi 14
kanonia, radganac me-6 da me-7 kanonebi gaerTianebulia me-6 kanonad.
4. aTanase aleqsandrieli patriarqi (+373w.). qristianuli eklesiis erTerTi udidesi mama, avtori mravalricxovani apoletetikuri, polemikuri,
istoriul-dogmatikuri da moralur-zneobrivi xasiaTis Txzulebebisa,
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia, rogorc arianuli moZRvrebis dauZinebeli mteri. is
jer kidev mTavardiakonis xarisxSi aqtiuri monawile iyo pirveli msoflio
saeklesio krebisa nikeaSi. arianelTa batonobis periodSi iyo devnili;
antioqiis 341 wlis krebam daamtkica misi gankveTa. Tavis uflebebSi aRadgina
sardikiis 343 wlis krebam. udides damsaxurebaTaTvis ,,marTlmadideblobis
mamad da ,,didad wodebuli, gardaicvala 373w. aTanase aleqsandrielis
mdidari werilobiTi literaturidan kanonikuri samarTlis istoriisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mis 3 epistoles, romelic kanonikur kodeqsSi
(XIV titlovani nomokanoni 883 wlis redaqciisa) aris Setanili. pirveli
maTgani _ kanonikuri epistole amona monazonis mimarT dawerilia 356 wlis
maxlobel xanebSi, pasuxad nitriis cnobili monazonis SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor
unda ganisajos Ramis uneblie Secodebani Zilis dros. aTanases pasuxi dionise
aleqsandrielis me-4 kanonis vrceli ganmartebaa1. meore epistole, romelic
Cvenamde Tavnakluli saxiTaa moRweuli, Zveli da axali aRTqmis kanonikur,
arakanonikur da apokriful wignebs exeba. epistole dawerilia 367 wels da
miznad isaxavs morwmuneTa dacvas nayalbevi da eretikuli wignebis gavlenisagan.2
aTanases mesame epistole episkopos rufinianes mimarT 370 wlis maxloblad aris
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 466-469
2 iqve, gv. 470-471

366

dawerili da pasuxobs dasaxelebuli episkoposis SekiTxvas, Tu rogor unda

mieRoT eklesiaSi eretikosTagan dabrunebuli morwmuneebi. ZiriTadad yofili
arianelebi. sakiTxis ase dasma gamowveuli iyo im garemoebiT, rodesac arianuli
moZRvreba ZalaSi iyo imperatorTa, gansakuTrebiT imperator valentines
mfarvelobis Sedegad. bevr sasuliero pirs ZaldatanebiT miaRebines arianuli
aRsareba. bolos, roca Zaldataneba Sewyda da marTlmadidebelT SeeZloT
Tavisuflad eRiarebinaT sakuTari rwmena. bevrma sasuliero pirma miatova
arianuli eresi da daubrunda marTlmadideblur eklesias. swored am garemoebam
gamoiwvia zemoaRniSnuli SekiTxva aTanase aleqsandrielis mimarT. aTanase
sapasuxo epistoleSi asaxelebs espaneTis, galeTis, eladis da aleqsandriis
saeklesio krebebs, romlebmac gamoitanes kanonebi aRniSnuli sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aris miqceuli aTanases TavmjdomareobiT
mowveuli aleqsandriis 362 wlis saeklesio krebis specialur kanonze, sadac
naTqvamia, rom sasuliero xarisxis mqone pirebi, romlebic ZaldatanebiT iyvnen
gadayvanili arianobis mxareze, xolo Tavisi saqmianobiT da rwmeniT ar iyvnen
arianelebi, Sewyalebuli unda iqnan da datovebulni TavianT xarisxSi. eklesias
SeiZleba daubrundnen arianelTa yofili beladebi da eresis damcvelebi mxolod
eriskacis uflebebSi1. krebis am dadgenilebas awvdis saxelmZRvanelod aTanase
Tavis adresats. imis gamo, rom arianelTa batonobis periodSi am moZRvrebis
Tavgamodebuli damcvelebi evdoqsi konstantinepolis episkoposi (360-70) da
evzoios antioqiis episkoposi (364-376) arianul moZRvrebas marTlmadideblur
sarwmunoebad aRiarebdnen, aTanase moiTxovs rufinianesagan, rom yvela
arianelma, vinc qristianul eklesias daubrundeba, anaTema unda SeuTvalos
dasaxelebul episkoposTa moZRvrebas da sazeimod aRiaron nikeis simbolo.2
aTanase aleqsandrielis epistoleTa rigi kanonikur krebulebSi Cveulebriv
iseTivea, rogorc Cven zemoT CamovTvaleT. mxolod rusul ,,kanonTa wignSi
aris gadaadgilebuli meore da mesame epistole. ,,kormCaiaSi sami epistolis
Semdeg moTavsebulia kidev erTi nawyveti aseTi saTauriT ,,missive sxsa
epistolisagan, romelSic laparakia qalwulobis maRal Rirsebaze, magram
es calke epistole ki ar aris, aramed mxolod bolo nawili imave amonisadmi
gagzavnili epistolisa.
qarTul TargmanSi pirveli da meore epistole erTmaneTis Semdegaa
moTvasebuli, magram rufinianesadmi miwerili mesame epistole didi
sjuliskanonis sul boloSia gadatanili. aTanases epistoleTa aseT ganlageba
1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 540-542. ieronimes mowmobiT, es epistole aTanasem gamogzavna
udabnodan misi aleqsandriidan gandevnilobis Jams da Semonaxulia siriuli TargmaniT
(, , II, ., 1882, . 47).
2 dasaxelebuli krebis Sesaxeb ix. Hefele. Conciliengeschichte, I, 727-728.

367

arc erT kanonikur krebulSi ar Segvxvedria, xolo qarTuli Targmanis am

Taviseburebis axsna ar xerxdeba.
5. basili kesarieli (+379 w.). ZiriTad kanonikur krebulSi Sesul saeklesio
moRvaweTa epistolaruli kanonebidan TiTqmis naxevari ekuTvnis qristianuli
eklesiis erT-erT udides mamas basili kesariels. qristianuli sarwmunoebis
TiTqmis arc erTi saWirboroto sakiTxi ar darCenila, romlis Sesaxeb basilis
Tavisi avtoritetuli sityva ar eTqva. misi Semoqmedeba da Rvawli Sefasebulia
epiTetebiT ,,eklesiis dideba da mSveneba, ,,basili didi, rogorc mas
Tanamedroveni da momdevno Taobebi uwodebdnen.
basili daibada kesariaSi 328 wels. saboloo ganaTleba miiRo aTenSi, sadac is
grigol nazianzelTan erTad swavlobda. egvipteSi, palestinasa da mesopotamiaSi
mogzaurobis Semdeg, iq gacnobili samonazvno cxovrebis zegavleniT, grigol
nazianzelTan erTad ukacriel udabnoSi, mdinare iredis napirze, monastris
wevri gaxda. is 370 wels miiwvies keisariis saepiskoposo kaTedraze, romelsac
gardacvalebamde, 379 wlamde uZRveboda.
basili kesarielis mravaldargovani da mravalricxovani literaturuli
memkvidroebidan SevexebiT mxolod im Txzulebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec
ZiriTad kanonikur krebulSi Seitanes disciplinarul-organizaciuli da
dogmaturi xasiaTis 92 saeklesio kanoni, Sedgenili basilis 8 epistolisa da
erTi wignis _ ,,suliwmidis Sesaxeb nawyvetebis mixedviT.
kanonikuri kodeqsis saTvalaviT basili didis 92 kanonTagan 87 kanonis
Camoyalibebis istoria ikoniis cnobili episkoposis, amfiloqes saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli. amfiloqem, romelic saeklesio organizaciis sakiTxebSi zogjer
siZneleebsa da gaugebobebs Sexvda, 374 wels epistoliT mimarTa Tavis megobars
da amave dros misi azriT, sarwmunoebrivi dogmebis, eklesiis marTvisa da
organizaciuli sakiTxebis yvelaze did mcodnes basili kesariels daewera,
kanonebi aRniSnul sferoSi.
basilim, rogorc TviTon wers, kanonebis Sedgenisas yuradReba miaqcia da
gamoiyena, rogrc uZveles eklesiaTa Cveulebebi, agreTve eklesiis moZRvarTa
krebebis dadgenilebebi, Seamowma da Seavso maTi naazrevi da 374 wlis bolos
amfiloqes pirveli epistole gaugzavna, romelic 16 kanons Seicavda. meore
aseTive 34 kanonis Semcveli epistole imave amfiloqes basilim momdevno 375
wels gaugzavna, xolo amave wlis bolos ukve mzad iyo mesame, aseve 24 kanonis
Semcveli epistole.
kanonikur kodeqsSi Setanilia agreTve erTi kanoni (85-e), romelic
warmoadgens nawyvets basilis 376 wlis epistolidan imave amfiloqes mimarT.
amfiloqes ukavSirdeba basilis bolo ori kanonis (90-91) warmoSobis sakiTxic.
es ori kanoni warmoadgens basilis vrceli Txzulebis ,,suli wmidis Sesaxeb

368

Sesabamisad 27-e da 29-e Tavebis nawyvetebs, xolo es cnobili Txzuleba basilma

amfiloqe ikonielis daJinebiTi TxovniT dawera. wigni, romelic 375 wels aris
dawerili aetisa da evnomis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg, pirvel TavSi mogviTxrobs
daweris mizezebze: erT-erT wirvaze aetianelebma mousmines basilis, romelic
samebis dogmatSi zogjer xmarobda gamoTqmas: ,,dideba mamas Zis meSveobiT suli
wmidaSi, da basilis axali moZRvrebis Semotana daswames. amfiloqe, romelic
TviTonac eswreboda am wirvas da es ciliswameba moismina, sTxova basilis
daewera Txzuleba ,,suli wmidis Sesaxeb, raTa gaeCumebina cilismwamebelni
da marTlmadideblobis mtrebi, rac basilim Seasrula, sadac amarTlebs am
gamoTqmas ( ).
basilis danarCeni kanonebi (87-90) warmoadgens calkeul epistoleebs,
gagzavnils basilis mier calkeuli pirebisadmi, romelime konkretul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT (87-89) an misi eparqiis episkoposTa koleqtivisadmi (89-90)
eparqiis sazogado sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
epistole episkopos diodores mimarT, romelic kanonikur kodeqsSi erT
kanons Seadgens (86-e) dawerilia 373 wels Semdegi mizeziT: balzamonis sityvebiT,
viRacam am episkoposs hkiTxa, SeuZlia Tu ara mas meuRlis gardacvalebis gamo,
colad misi da moiyvanos. diodorem weriliT upasuxa, rom SeiZleba, radgan
kanonikuri dabrkoleba ar arsebobs (aT. sint. IV, 259). basili dids ki ukve
gamocemuli hqonda kanoni aseTi qorwinebis akrZalvisa. basilim gaigo diodores
werilis Sinaarsi da mas zemoxsenebuli epistole gaugzavna. basilis kanoni am
sakiTxze eyrdnoba mociq. 19-e da neokesariis me-2 kanonebs, Tumca maT ar axsenebs
da Tavis gamoTqmaSi ufro xSirad miuTiTebs uZveles Cveulebaze () da axali
aRTqmis wignebze.
epistole grigol xucis mimarT, exeba nikeis I msoflio krebis me-3 kanonSi
dasmul sakiTxebs, rom sasuliero pirs ufleba ara aqvs saxlSi iyolios ucxo
dedakaci. am kanonis darRvevas ukiJinebs vinme grigol xucess, romelsac
rogorc, sulieri da, saxlSi ucxo qali hyavda.
epistole xorepiskoposebis mimarT 370w. aris dawerili da Seicavs moTxovnas
sasuliero msaxurad misaReb piris mkacri gamocdisa da Semowmebis Sesaxeb.
epistole xelqveiT episkoposebis mimarT imave 370w. aris dawerili da
simoniis sakiTxebs exeba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom e.w. ,,mamaTa kanonebidan uZveles kanonikur
krebulebSi yvelaze adre basili didis kanonebi Seitanes. pirvelad es ioane
sqolastikosis VI s.-is krebulSi moxda. Tumca krebulSi analogiuri masalidan
mxolod basilis kanonebi iqna Setanili, magram maTi ricxvi 1-68 kanoniT
(amfiloqesadmi gagz. me-2 da me-3 epistole) amoiwureboda. basilis danarCeni

369

kanonebi mxolod VII sauk. XIV titlovan sintagmaSi gamoCnda, iseve, rogorc
sxva wm. mamebis epistolaruli kanonebi.
basilis epistoleTa kanonebad dayofis principi da ricxvi yvela kanonikur
krebulSi erTnairi ar aris.
qarTul TargmanSi did sjuliskanonSi 85 kanoni danomrilia, xolo
momdevno xuTi epistole da 2 nawyveti wignidan daunomravi.
6. grigol nazianzeli (RmrTismetyveli +390w.) konstantinepolis meore
msoflio krebis mowvevis erT-erTi iniciatori da misi Tavmjdomare (dasawyisSi)
grigol nazianzeli IV s. meore naxevris erT-erTi udidesi Teologi da mwerali
iyo. TiTqmis ZaldatanebiT akurTxes is konstantinepolis saepiskoposo
kaTedraze 379w., magram male, 381w. msoflio meore krebis msvlelobis dros,
krebaze warmoqmnili aurzaurisa da areulobis sapasuxod (ix. II ms. kreba)
Tavisi nebiT datova kaTedra da isev nazians daubrunda, sadac Txzulebebis
weraSi ganamrtovebulad gaatara darCenili wlebi da sadac gardaicvala kidec
389 wels. cnobilia, rom grigol nazianzels Tavisi Txzulebebi uweria prozad
da leqsad, iambikoebis formiT. swored misi erTi iambikuri Txzuleba, romelic
Zveli da axali aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs, exeba. ZiriTad kanonikur kodeqsSi
Seitanes. es iambiko ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsis yvela ZiriTad gamocemaSia.1
7. grigol noseli (+395w.) basili didis umcrosi Zma da grigol nazianzelis
megobari grigol noseli cnobili iyo Tavisi Rrma ganaTlebiT da oratoruli
niWiT. grigoli monawileobda meore msoflio da konstantinepolis 394
wlis krebebSi. misi didi damsaxurebisaTvis mas ,,marTlmadideblobis burjs
uwodebdnen.
misi mravalricxovani Txzulebebidan kanonikur krebulebSi mxolod erTi
epistole Sevida. epistole dawerilia 390w. maxloblad pasuxad somxeTis
melitinis provinciis episkoposis, litos SekiTxvebaze, Tu rogori sasjeli
unda daedos sxvadasxva SecodebaTaTvis morwmuneebsa da samRvdelo pirebs.
epistoleSi mJRavndeba grigol noselis Rrma fsiqologiuri codna. grigoli
codvebs 3 kategoriad hyofs, romelTagan TiToeuli Seesabameba sulis
sam Tvisebas: gonebis Zalas, survilis Zalas da aRgznebis Zalas. aqedan
gamomdinareobs sikeTec da codvac.2
grigolis azriT, gonebis Secodebani danaSaulis yvelaze mZime formaa.
grigolis epistole litos mimarT kanonikur krebulebSi 8 kanonadaa gayofili.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom grigolis kanonebs ara marto marTlmadidebluri eklesia
aRiarebs, aramed somxeTisa da iakobituri eklesiebic.3
1 , dasax. naSr. II, gv. 158.
2 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 521.
3 aq grigoli platonis filosofias eyrdnoba (Beveregius, Synodicum sive Pandectae
canonum V, p. 298).

370

grigol noselis dabadebis weli zustad ar aris cnobili. viciT mxolod,

rom is iyo umcrosi Zma basili didisa, skolis Semdeg aswavlida basili.
Tavdapirvelad iyo ritorikis maswavlebeli, SeirTo coli. magram maleve
miatova is, dautova mas yvelaferi da berad Sedga basili didis mier md. xrisis
napirze daarsebul monasterSi. 372w. nosis episkoposi gaxda da marTavda 381w.mde.
381w. marTlmadideblobis dasacavad eswreboda II msoflio krebas.
gardacalebis weli cnobili araa, magram eswreboda 394w. konstantinepolis
adgilobriv krebas. datova mdidari literaturuli memkvidreoba.
8. amfiloqe ikonieli (+395w.). basili didisa da grigol nazianzelis
Tanamedrove da megobari. amfiloqe imave kesariaSi daibada, sadac basili didi.
fiqroben, rom is axlo naTesavi iyo grigol nazianzelisa1, romlis STagonebiT
veqilis wodeba 372 wels gacvala samonazvno cxovrebaze. 373 wels amfiloqe
likaonis provinciis imdroindeli mTavari qalaqis, ikoniis episkoposi gaxda.2
amfiloqe ikonieli eswreboda meore msoflio krebas, romelmac mas miando
marTlmadidebluri principebis aRdgena mcire aziis provinciebis eklesiebSi.3
is eswreboda konstantinepolis 394 wlis krebasac. unda gardacvliliyo 395
wels. saeklesio istorikosTa da sxva wyaroTa mowmobiT, amfiloqe ikonieli
sxvadasxva Janris saeklesio TxzulebaTa avtori yofila, Tumca Cvenamde
Zalze cotam moaRwia. maT Soris aris vrceli epistole, iambikurad dawerili,
pedagogiuri xasiaTisa. epistoles adresatia mdidari axalgazrda didebuli,
cnobili sardlis, traianis SviliSvili selevkosi.4 avtoris sityviT, 333
leqsisgan Semdgari iambiko samebis sadideblad aris dawerili5. dasaxelebuli
iambikos bolo nawili, sadac CamoTvlilia saRmrTo werilis kanonikuri
wignebi, trulis 691 wlis krebis me-2 kanonis dadgenilebiT ZiriTadi kanonikuri
kodeqsis SedgenilobaSi Sevida.6
9. timoTe aleqsandrieli (+385w.). aTanase didi aleqsandrielis mowafe
timoTe aleqsandrieli iyo sakuTari Zmis, petres memkvidre aleqsandriis
sapatriarqo kaTedraze 379 wlidan. mis Sesaxeb cota ram aris cnobili. timoTe
aleqsandrieli monawileobda meore msoflio krebis saqmianobaSi da aqtiuri
momxre iyo konstantinepolis saeklesio kaTedris avtoritetisa da uflebebis
gazrdisa, rac dasaxelebuli krebis erT-erT mTavar sakiTxTagans Seadgenda.
1 , dasax. naSr. gv. 156.
2 , dasax. naSr. II, gv. 156.
3 , , V, 8.
4 , , V, 8. , VII, 9, , V, 8.
5 iambiko laTinuri TargmaniTurT gamocemulia Cener-is mier 1609w. agreTve, Combefis,
Op. Amphilochvili, p. 117-135.
6 , dasax. naSr. II, gv. 161.

371

unda SevniSnoT, rom timoTe aleqsandrieli saeklesio kaTedraze Tavisi

winamorbedisa da Zmis petre aleqsandrielis msgavsad (ix. II msof. kr.). grigol
nazianzelis mimarT ar iyo simpaTiurad ganwyobili da meore msoflio krebaze
im dajgufebaSi Sedioda, romelic Tvlida, rom grigol nazianzels ukanonod
eWira konstantinepolis sapatriarqo kaTedra.1 gardaicvala timoTe 385w.
Cvenamde moaRwia timoTe aleqsandrielis mravalma kanonikurma pasuxma
SekiTxvebze, romliTac mas mimarTavdnen episkoposebi da sxva sasuliero pirebi.2
maTgan zogadqristianul kanonikur kodeqsSi 18 aseTi kiTxva-migebaa Setanili,
zogierT krebulSi ki _ mxolod TxuTmeti. mag. (Tav. 32), sadac
timoTe aleqsandrielis pasuxebi kanonebad iwodebian, da qarTul TargmanSi
did sjuliskanonSi.3
10. Teofile aleqsandrieli (+412w.). aleqsandriis eklesiis patriarqis
Teofile aleqsandrielis biografiaSi xSirad sayveduriT ixsenieben mis
arakeTil damokidebulebas ioane oqropirisadmi.
Teofiles literaturuli memkvidreobidan Cvenamde moRweulia misi
pasqaluri sityvebi da ramdenime epistole, romelTagan ZiriTad kanonikur
kodeqsSi Sevida: 1) sityua. raJams-igi daemTxa RmrTisgamoCineba krikesa
dResa _ pirvel kanonad, romelSic ganmartebulia, Tu rogor unda imarxulon
morwmuneebma im kvira dRes, roca is RmrTisgamoCinebis dResaswaulis winadRea.
2) instruqcia (. commonitorium) micemuli amonisaTvis, rodesac es
ukanaskneli rwmunebulad gaagzavna likoniis (lvikos) episkopos apolonTan
zogierTi saeklesio sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. ZiriTadad saqme exeboda
arianelTa batonobis dros maT mxareze nebiT Tu ZaldatanebiT gadasul
sasuliero pirTa sakiTxs, mas Semdeg, rac am provinciaSi arianobaze isev
marTlmadideblobam gaimarjva. es epistole Tu instruqcia kanonikur kodeqsSi
10 kanonad aris gayofili. sakiTxi ZiriTadad isea gadawyvetili, rogorc
aTanase aleqsandrielis epistoleSi rufinianes mimarT. 3) epistole episkopos
afinogenis mimarT, romelic warmoadgens pasuxs dasaxelebuli episkoposis
SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda miiRon eklesiaSi kaTarebi (navatianelebi), anu,
rogorc qarTul TargmanSia, ,,ganwmendilad wodebulni da saxelmZRvanelod
miuTiTebs nikeis I msoflio krebis me-8 kanonze. 4) epistole episkopos agaTonis
mimarT ukanono qorwinebis Sesaxeb erTi kerZo SemTxvevis magaliTze. 5) epistole

1 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 522-523.

2 -s 1787w. gamocemaSi (gv. 50) naTqvamia, rom timoTe aleqsandriels
ar SeiZleba wmidani vuwodoT `imitom, rom is iyo damnaSave patriarqobidan grigol
nazianzelis gadayenebaSi.
3 didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 524-526. Pitra-s 62 aseTi kiTxva-pasuxi aqvs gamocemuli (Iuris
ecclesiastici graecorum historia et monumenta, I, 630-643)

372

episkopos minas mimarT momxvWelobisaTvis eklesiidan gankveTili qalis isev

eklesiaSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb Tuki is gulwrfelad aRiarebs da moinaniebs.1
11. kirile aleqsandrieli (+444w.) Teofile aleqsandrielis diswuli da
memkvidre aleqsandriis saeklesio kaTedraze _ kirile aleqsandrieli V
saukunis I naxevris didi saeklesio movlenebis centrSi idga. kirile iyo mesame
msoflio krebis mowvevis mTavari iniciatori. misi avtoriteti erTiorad
gaizarda marTlmadideblur samyaroSi mas Semdeg rac misi meTaurobiT efesos
msoflio krebaze marTlmadideblurma eklesiam nestorianul moZRvrebas sastiki
ganaCeni gamoutana. misi cnobili 12 muxlisagan Sedgenili anaThema,2 mimarTuli
nestorianobis winaaRmdeg, qrstianuli dogmis saxelmZRvanelod iTvleboda.
kirile aleqsandrielis mdidari werilobiTi memkvidreobidan ori
kanonikuri epistole marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ZiriTad kanonikur krebulSi
Sevida. pirveli maTgani antioqiis patriarqis, domnos mimarT aris miwerili,
marTalia, konkretuli sakiTxis gamo petre episkoposis kaTedridan iZulebiT
gadayenebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram Seicavs zogad qristianuli eklesiisaTvis
mniSvnelovan kanons, romlis mixedviT episkoposis gasamarTleba da gankveTa
SeuZlia mxolod Sesabamisi eparqiis episkoposTa krebas. es epistole yvela
kanonikur krebulSi 3 kanonad aris gayofili.3 meore epistole mimarTulia
libiisa da xuTqalaqis episkoposTa mimarT Tebaidel monazonTa saCivarTan
dakavSirebiT, dasaxelebul provinciebis eklesiebSi zogierT uwesobaTa
Sesaxeb, rac, upirveles yovlisa, sasuliero pirebad Seuferebeli kandidatebis
SerCevaSi gamoixateboda.
es epistole kanonikuri kodeqsis ZiriTad gamocemebSi or kanonad aris
gayofili, xolo qarTul TargmanSi ki 4 kanonad4, rac ufro Seefereba mis
Sinaarsobriv mxares.
-Si (Tav. 34), garda dasaxeebuli epistoleebisa, damatebiT 4
epistolea Setanili da, maT Soris, nestoris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli 12 anaTema,
rac sinopsisidan Cans gadmotanili Pitra ki damatebiT or epistoles aTavsebs:
maqsime diakonis mimarT da genadi arqimandritis mimarT.5
12. genadi konstantinepoleli (+571w.) 459 wels konstantinopolSi mowveulma
adgilobrivma krebam, romelsac genadi konstantinepoleli Tavmjdomareobda,
imsjela eklesiis zogierT msaxurTa Soris gavrcelebul mavne Cveulebis Sesaxeb,
rac sasuliero xarisxis da Tanamdebobebis yidva-gayidvaSi gamoixateboda, e.i.
simoniis Sesaxeb. krebis mier miRebuli ZiriTadi dadgenilebebi mocemulia
1
2
3
4
5

didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 527-530

L , I, .
didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 531-533.
iqve, gv. 533-534.
aTenis sintagma, IV, 398; 405-407.

373

im epistoleSi, romelic genadi konstantinepolelisa da krebis monawileTa

saxeliT gaegzavna aRmosavleTis eklesiis episkoposebsa da romis paps da
romelsac xeli moawera krebis monawile 81 episkoposma. dasaxelebuli e.w.
mrguliv mosavleli epistole genadi konstantinepolelis saxeliT jer kidev
meeqvse msoflio, ufro swored, trulis 691 wlis krebamde Sevida ZiriTadi
kanonikuri krebulis 14-titlovani sintagmis SedgenilobaSi, sxvaTa Soris,
aRniSnuli xelismowerebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom epistole sakmaod vrcelia,
is kanonebad arcerT krebulSi ar aris dayofili.
tarasi konstantinepoleli (+809w.). meSvide msoflio krebis mowvevis
iniciatori tarasi konstantinopoleli patriarqi gaxda moulodnelad,
TiTqmis Tavisi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. is iyo prefeqtis Svili da senatori,
irine imperatoris mdivani. igi saero da saeklesio xelisufalTa erToblivi
azriT patriarqobis yvelaze Rirseul kandidatad miiCnies da 786 wels
konstantinepolis saeklesio kaTedraze airCies.
tarasis mravalricxovani epistoleebisa da sityvebidan kanonikuris
samarTlis istoriisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani epistole adriane romis
papisadmi simoniis Sesaxeb ZiriTad kanonikur krebulSi Sevida. uZveles
kanonikur krebulebSi da 14 titlovani nomokanonis xelnawerebSi tarasi
konstantinopolelis dasaxelebuli epistole moTavsebulia meSvide msoflio
krebis kanonebis Semdeg, radganac epistole nikeis meSvide msoflio krebis
damTavrebisTanave daiwera da SeuerTda krebis masalebs, e.i. miCneuli iqna krebis
saqmianobis nawilad. am epistolis gadatana sasuliero moRvaweTa kanonikuri
epistoleebis rigSi gacilebiT gviandeli ambavia da vfiqrobT, nomokanonis
XII saukunis cnobil komentatorTa iniciativa unda iyos (rogorc es aTenis
sintagmaSi gvaqvs, asevea epistoleTa rigSi moqceuli es epistole pitra-s
da beverujis gamocemebSi. beneSeviCTan saerTod ar aris). qarTul TargmanSi
tarasis epistole VII msoflio krebis Semdeg modis, e.i. gvaZlevs uZveles
kanonikur krebulTa suraTs.
dasaxelebuli epistoliT mTavrdeba ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsi
marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa, e.i. 14 titlovani nomokanoni 883w. redaqciisa.

374

ilia abulaZe Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari *

1

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis gamoCenil mkvlevarTa Soris ilia abulaZem Tavisi

gamorCeuli adgili daimkvidra. samecniero Sromebis Tematikis mravalferovneba
da mravalplanianoba mas qarTul filologiur da istoriul mecnierebaTa
universalur mkvlevarad warmoaCinebs. qarTul-somxuri literaturuli
urTierTobani da saerTod armenologia, enaTmecniereba, kerZod, leqsikuretimologiuri da leqsikografiis sakiTxebi, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobisa
da paleografiis calkeuli problemebi, qarTuli mecnier-kritikul bazaze
dafuZnebuli teqstologiis damkvidreba es mxolod nawilia ilia abulaZis
samecniero interesebisa. mTavari asparezi misi samecniero Ziebisa mainc qarTuli
sasuliero originaluri
da naTargmni literaturuli Zeglebis kvleva
da gamocema iyo. misi TiToeuli wigni, romelic romelime gansakuTrebuli
Txzulebis Seswavlasa da misi teqstis maRalmecnierul doneze Sesrulebul
gamocemas eZRvneba, samagaliToa da qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis iseTi
SenaZenia, romelsac yavli arasodes gauva.
marTalia, ilia abulaZis samecniero Sromebs kargad icnobs qarTuli da
ucxouri qarTvelologiuri wreebi, magram specialistebTan erTad dainteresebul
araspecialist mkiTxvelTaTvis Cven mimovixilavT mis samecniero memkvidreobis
erT nawils, rom gavuadviloT maT imis gageba, rac araspecialistTaTvis arc Tu
advilad dasanaxavia.
ilia abulaZis Sromebis mimoxilvas or nawilad warmovadgenT:
1) naSromebi, romlebic qarTul originalur Zeglebis Seswavlas eTmoba.
2) naSromebi, romlebic berZnul da arabul enebidan Targmnil TxzulebaTa
Seswavlagamocemas iTvaliswinebs. naTargmn Zeglebs Cven Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis dargebis Sesabamisad ganvixilavT: hagiografia, asketika,
bibliologia, egzegetika, homiletika.
iakob curtaveli, martvloba SuSanikisi aris ilia abulaZis pirveli
wigni, romelic mieZRvna qarTuli originaluri hagiorgafiis pirvel Zegls
(gamovida 1938 w.). wignze muSaobis periodSi, 1935 wels, gamoqveynda belgieli
orientalistisa da qarTvelologis paul peetersis vrceli werili SuSanikis
wamebis qarTuli da somxuri Txzulebebis urTierTobaTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb (P.
Peeters, Sainte Sousanik, Martyre en Armeno-gorgie, Analecta Bollandiana, LIII, asc. III-IV,
1935, p. 245-307). ilia abulaZe aRniSnavs, rom Tavisi Sromis mTavari nawili
qarTulsomxuri teqstebis urTierTdamokidebulebis teqstologiur sakiTxebs
ekava, magram p. peetersis naSromis gacnobis Semdeg, man damatebiTi sakiTxebi
Seitana kvleviT nawilSi, radgan belgieli mecnieri aqamdis Sewynarebul azrs
upirispirdeboda, iZulebuli gavxdiT narkvevis farglebi gagvefarTovebina
da SevCerebuliyaviT saeWvod miCneul momentebzedac, romlebic uamisod
*

daibeWda: krebulSi `ilia abulaZe _ 100~, Tbilisi, 2003 weli.

375

SesaZlebelia masSi arc Sesuliyo (gv. 9).

erTi sityviT, ilia abulaZis am naSromis SeqmnaSi, romelic SuSanikis wamebis
saukeTeso gamocemad rCeba dRemde, p. peetersis dausabuTebel debulebebze
amomwuravma pasuxebmac Tavisi wvlili Seitana.
p. peetersis gancxadebaTa sapasuxod, rom SuSanikis Tavgadasavals ar icnobs
moqceva qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovrebis mematianeebi da maT Soris juanSeris
Txzuleba, liturgikuli da himnografiuli krebulebi, radgan, Turme, SuSanikis
wameba XI s. adre arc arsebula, ilia abulaZem TvalnaTliv daanaxa mkiTxvels,
rom belgieli mecnieri saTanadod ar icnobda qarTul wyaroebs. p. peetersis mier
dasaxelebuli yvela wyaro metnaklebi sisruliT exeba SuSanikTan dakavSirebul
ambebs, rogorc es ilia abulaZem aCvena am wyaroebidan amokrebili da Tavis
gamokvlevaSi gaanalizebuli amonawerebis safuZvelze: moqceva qarTlisa,
marTalia, mcireodeni qronologiuri cTomilebiT (VI s.) aRniSnavs varsqen
pitiaxSis mier SuSanikis wamebis faqts. juanSeris (XI s.) TxzulebaSi cxovreba
vaxtang gurgasalisa sakmaod vrclad aris aRwerili SuSanikisa da varsqenis
dapirispireba maTi sarwmunoebrivi Seurigeblobis niadagze da SuSanikis
wamebis detalebi. ilia abulaZe imowmebs adgilebs ganyofisaTs qarTlisa da
somxiTisadan, sadac laparakia mose somexTa episkoposis curtavidan gandevnis
Sesaxeb, romelic SuSanikis saflavis eklesias ganagebda. miqel modrekilis
(978989 ww.) sagalobelSi seneba yovelTa wmidaTa... aris SuSanikis saxelic:
mnesa SuSaniks maT Tanave vaqebdeT. SuSanikis xseneba dadasturebuli yofila
erT-erT uZveles liturgikul ZeglSi, romelic qarTul TargmanSi ierusalimis
ganCinebis saxeliT aris cnobili (VII s.). aq 17 oqtombris dReze Setanilia erTi
defeqturad SemorCenili xseneba seneba kozmanisi, romeli qarTls iwama. am
Zeglis gamomcemelma k. kekeliZem mxolod is aRniSna, rom aseT wmindans qarTuli
hagiologia ar icnobs, xolo ilia abulaZem ki maxvilgonivrulad SeniSna, rom
teqstis dedans hqonda xarvezi, rac gadmovida ganCinebis xelnawerSi, romlis
sruli teqsti ase unda aRdges: seneba kozmanisi da damianesi da SuSanikisa,
romeli qarTls iwama. ilia abulaZes teqstis aRdgenaSi teqstologiuri alRo
da wyaroebis safuZvliani codna daexmara: kozman da damianes sxvadasxva dReebze
dadebul xsenebaTagan (1 VII, 19 VII; 17 X; 1 XI; 29 XI). man yuradReba gaamaxvila
17 oqtomberze, radgan am mowameebTan erTad ixsenieba SuSanikic, rogorc es
sweria SuSanikis wamebis teqstis bolos, aman ukarnaxa mecniers nakluli
teqstis amgvari aRdgenis SesaZlebloba, rac SemdgomSi daadastura kidec
ierusalimis ganCinebis gvian gamovlenilma nusxebmac (mag. parizuli xelnaweri)
da ioane-zosimes kalendarmac, romlis erTerTi wyaro ierusalimis ganCinebis
gamoyenebuli xelnaweri xsenebis srul teqsts Seicavda. am faqtebTan dakavSirebiT
ilia abulaZes moaqvs erTi magaliTi am sami mowamis erTad moxseniebisa maSinac
ki, rodesac SuSaniki iq absoluturad zedmetia: XI s. erT hagiografiul
martvilologiur krebulSi (H 341) Setanilia kozman da damianes wameba aseTi
saTauriT: Tuesa oktonbersa iz (17) wmidaTa kozmasi da damianesi da wmidisa

376

SuSanikisi. ra Tqma unda, am naTargmn Txzulebis teqstSi SuSanikis xsenebac

ar aris aramcTu misi wamebis teqsti. cxadia, rom saTauri meqanikurad aris
aRebuli romeliRac qarTuli kalendris 17 noembris xsenebis dRidan.
p. peetersis aramarTebuli damokidebuleba qarTuli Txzulebis
Rirsebebisadmi, romelsac man nayalbevi uwoda, xolo misi avtori aramcTu
SuSanikis Tanamedroved da mis droindel movlenaTa monawiled miiCnia, aramed XI
s. gamogonil pirad aRiara, ilia abulaZis sakmaod mkacri Sefasebis sagani gaxda,
rac, upirveles yovlisa, mis mier mikvleuli im sarwmuno faqtebiT gamoxata,
romelic p. peetersis TiToeul debulebasa da mosazrebas abaTilebda. ilia
abulaZem gamoavlina erTi mniSvnelovani faqti, rom VI s. qarTuli hagiografiuli
Txzulebis evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis teqsti amJRavnebs SuSanikis
wamebis gavlenis kvals da moaqvs kidec frazeologiuri msgavsebis magaliTebi,
Tumca sabolood mainc Tavmdablurad askvnis: aRniSnuli SemTxvevebi ar
unda iyos sruliad SemTxveviTi. aq, Tu uSualo gadmoRebis Sedegi ara, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, erTsa da imave epoqis ena metyvelebs.
ilia abulaZem Txzulebis qarTuli da somxuri teqstebis zedmiwevniTi
Sedarebis safuZvelze gamovlenili detalebis kvalificiuri analiziT
gviCvena belgieli mecnieris debulebaTa sisuste da eWvmiutanlad daamtkica,
rom qarTuli Txzuleba pirveladia da warmoadgens somxur TxzulebaTa
pirvelwyaros, e.i. somxuri qarTulis Targmani da gadakeTebaa. somxuri da
qarTuli Zeglebis SedarebiTi analizi pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma Caatara jer
kidev 1916 w. da daadgina, rom V s. Seqmnili SuSanikis wameba, dawerili am
ambebis Tanamonawilis iakob xucesis mier, mogvianebiT, VIII s. Targmnes
somxur enaze da es Targmani gaxda somxurad ramdenime redaqciis Txzulebis
Seqmnis safuZveli. belgieli mecnieri an ar icnobs iv. javaxiSvilis am Sromas,
an Segnebulad ar asaxelebs mas. amitom ilia abulaZis mier motanili sarwmuno
argumentebi aris iv. javaxiSvilis debulebebis dadastureba da maTi gaRrmaveba
im teqstologiuri Sromatevadi samuSaos SesrulebiT, romelic manamde ar
Catarebula. ilia abulaZem qarTuli teqstis paralelurad warmoadgina
somxuri vrceli redaqciis teqsti miseuli TargmaniT Tanamedrove qarTul
enaze, rac somxuri enis aramcodnes saSualebas aZlevs TvalnaTliv dainaxos
teqstologiuri Sepirispirebis Sedegebi. teqstologiuri analizis safuZvelze
ilia abulaZem Camoayaliba aseTi daskvnebi:
somxuri SuSanikis wamebis mokle redaqcia (romlis qarTuli Targmani 920
w. aris Sesrulebuli) warmoadgens im somxuri vrceli redaqciis Txzulebis
Semoklebas, romelic dRes Tavdapirveli saxiT aRar arsebobs da gansxvavdeboda
dRes arsebuli somxuri vrceli redaqciis Txzulebisagan. swored SuSanikis
wamebis dakarguli vrceli somxuri Txzuleba iyo SuSanikis wamebis qarTuli
Txzulebis teqstis Targmani Tu gadakeTeba, rac dasturdeba imiT, rom misi
SemoklebiT miRebuli somxuri mokle redaqciis Txzuleba met teqstobriv
msgavsebas amJRavnebs qarTul TxzulebasTan, vidre dRes arsebuli somxur

377

vrcel TxzulebasTan. aqve vityviT, rom ilia abulaZis sayuradRebo daskvnis

mixedviT dRes arsebuli somxuri vrceli redaqciis Txzuleba aRmocenebulia
somxuri mokle redaqciis safuZvelze.
somxur teqstebSi waSlilia qarTuli Txzulebis TviTmxilveli avtoris
kvali da qarTuli Txzulebis pirveli piris Txroba somxur redaqciis Txzu
lebebSi Secvlilia mesame piriT TxrobiT. aseve, ilia abulaZis samarTliani
SefasebiT, qarTuli Zeglis daxvewili, lakonuri Txroba, cocxali mxatvruli
suraTebi, gulwrfeli da bunebrivi dialogebi, saintereso yofiTi detalebi,
movlenaTa realisturi aRwera da msgavsi mravali niuansi, rac qarTul
Txzulebas ara marto qarTuli, aramed saerTod hagiografiuli literaturis
Sedevrad aqcevs, somxurad Targmnil da gadakeTebul teqstebSi zogi ram
gafermkrTalebulia, zogic gamotovebuli, ZiriTadad is epizodebi, romlebic
qarTul yofas, istoriul da geografiul garemos da sxva detalebs aRwers.
somxuri dRes arsebuli vrceli Txzulebis teqsti qarTulTan SedarebiT
orjer gazrdilia usaSvelod gagrZelebuli SuSanikisa da sxvaTa locva
vedrebaTa, darigebebisa da Segonebebis xarjze da Tu warmodgenil suraTs
gavagrZelebT, namdvilad sworia ilia abulaZis debuleba, rom teqstis
moculobis TvalsazrisiT orjer vrceli somxuri Txzuleba qarTul dedanTan
SedarebiT Sinaarsoblivad mainc Semoklebulia. ilia abulaZes detalurad aqvs
aRricxuli da gaanalizebuli epizodebi, romlebic somxur TargmanSi ar aisaxa;
saerTo epizodebis Taviseburi warmoCena somxurSi; epizodebi, romlebic ar aris
qarTulSi da aris Setanili somxurSi. ilia abulaZis samarTliani daskvniT
somxuri Txzulebis interpolatorisaTvis ZiriTadia ara Txzulebis faqtobrivi
mxare, aramed RvTismetyvelebiTi (locva-vedreba da sxva).
ilia abulaZem mecnierulad argumentirebuli pasuxi gasca p. peetersis
absurdul mosazrebas, rom qarTuli SuSanikis wameba Seiqmna mas Semdeg,
rac 920 wels qarTulad iTargmna somxuri enidan SuSanikis wamebis mokle
redaqciis teqsti (Ath. 8, X s.) da rom qarTuli Txzuleba aris pasuxi somxuridan
naTargmni Txzulebisa. aseTive pasuxi gasca man p. peetersis im mosazrebasac,
rom SuSanikis wamebam isargebla X s. somexi istorikosis SromaSi SuSanikis
martvilobis Sesaxeb daculi cnobiT. ilia abulaZis gamokvlevis Sedegebze, Tu
ra damokidebulebaa qarTul Txzulebasa da somxuri mokle redaqciis Txzulebas
Soris, ukve visaubreT. rac Seexeba uxtaness, ilia abulaZis sarwmuno gamokvleviT
man ZiriTadad isargebla epistoleTa wignis monacemebiT da SesaZloa qarTuli
Txzulebis zogierTi adgiliT da ara piriqiT.
samagaliTod gamocemuli SuSanikis wamebis teqsti, mis paralelurad
motanili somxuri teqsti da misi Tanamedrove qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli
ilia abulaZiseuli Targmani, gamocemis damatebaSi gamoqveynebuli qarTuli
da somxuri liturgikuli teqstebi, bolos darTuli qarTuli da somxuri
teqstebis variantuli kiTxva-sxvaobebi, daqaragmebul qarTul sityvaTa gaxsnis
sia, leqsikoni, sityvaTa saZiebeli, saxelTa saZiebeli da fundamentaluri

378

filologiur-teqstologiuri gamokvleva da iq Sekrebili wyaroTmcodneobiTi

da literaturuli masala ilia abulaZis am naSroms miakuTvnebs qarTuli
filologiuri mecnierebis did monapovarTa ricxvs, romelic am Txzulebis
mravalricxovan gamocemaTa Soris albaT kidev didxans darCeba saukeTeso
gamocemad.
bolos, erTi SeniSvnac: Txzulebis avtors iakob xucesis saxeli ufro
Seefereba, vidre iakob curtavelisa. meorec, arc erT xelnawerSi Txzulebas
martviloba ar ewodeba, yvelgan mas wameba hqvia (qarTul hagiografiul
Zeglebis saxelwodebaSi erTaderTi gamonaklisi mxolod vestaTi mcxeTelis
martviloba aris).
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis meore, originaluri hagiografiis sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnili naSromi ilia abulaZem e.w. asureli mamaTa teqstologiisa
da filologiuri rTuli sakiTxebis garkvevas dauTmo. 1955 w. dabeWdili
wigni asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi moicavs ioane
zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis, daviT garejelis kimenur (e.i. Tavdapirvel) da
metafrasul (e.i. gavrcobil-gadakeTebul) cxovrebaTa da abibos nekreselis
mokle da vrceli wamebaTa kritikulad dadgenil teqstebs, TiToeuli maTganis
Sesaxeb gamokvlevas, agreTve leqsikons da saZieblebs. damatebaSi dabeWdilia
Sio mRvimelis saswaulebi, romelic samecniero literaturaSi naklebad aris
Seswavlili.
ilia abulaZe am naSromSi ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs iovane zedaznelis
cxovrebaTa sami erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli redaqciis urTierTmimarTebisa
da TiToeuli maTganis warmomavlobis sakiTxebis garkvevas. sakiTxi gaamwvava 1913
wels iv. javaxiSvilis mier qarTlis cxovrebis e.w. ana dedofliseul (Q-795,
XV s) teqstSi iovane zedaznelis, marTalia, sagrZnoblad bolonakluli, magram
manamde ucnobi redaqciis cxovrebis gamovlenam. manamde qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi simSvide sufevda: cnobili iyo zemoCamoTvlili mamebis TiTo
mokle da TiTo mokles gavrcobiT Seqmnili metafrasuli cxovreba, maT Soris
ioane zedaznelisac. iv. javaxiSvilma axal cxovrebas aseTi kvalifikacia
misca: es aris am moRvawis meore metafrasuli redaqciis cxovreba da iseve,
rogorc didi xnis winaT cnobili ioane zedaznelis metafrasuli cxovreba,
Seqmnilia mokle e.w. arqetipis safuZvelze. teqstis winasityvaobis mixedviT iv.
javaxiSvilma aRniSna am axali cxovrebis Seqmnis mizezic: zedaznis monastris
CvenTvis ucnobma winamZRvarma miqaelma, mimarTa cxovrebis momaval avtors,
daewera Tavisi monastris damaarseblis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, radgan albaT
misi azriT, arsebuli mokle cxovreba (qarta wulili) sruliad ver asaxavda
ioanes Rvawls.
ilia abulaZe, sanam axladgamovlenili ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis
avkargianobaze Tavis mosazrebebs warmoadgenda, gulistkivils gamoTqvams
im faqtze, rom am marTlac, saintereso Zeglma qarTvel mecnierTa saTanado
yuradReba ver daimsaxura da iv. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeliZisa da l. menabdis

379

zogadi SefasebebiT Semoifargla, xolo misi teqstis gamoqveynebisa da ioane

zedaznelis cxovrebis sxva redaqciebTan mimarTebiT Seswavlis survili aravis
gasCenia. am Zeglis gamovlenidan (1913 w.) ilia abulaZis mier Sesrulebul
pirvel gamocemamde (1955 w.) ki 42 weli gavida. ilia abulaZis azriT,
qarTul filologiur mecnierebaSi saTanadod ver Sefasda anaseuli qarTlis
cxovrebaSi Setanili, ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis erTaderTi teqstis namdvili
mniSvneloba, rom es unikaluri Zegli meorexarisxovan metafrasul Txzulebad
miiCnies maSin, rodesac igi aris is pirvelwyaro, romlisganac Semdeg Seiqmna
ioane zedaznelis sxva redaqciis cxovrebebi.
ilia abulaZes ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaTa mravali teqstologiuri,
erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebuli magaliTi moaqvs im debulebis dasamtkiceblad,
rom samecniero literaturaSi e.w. arqetipad (s. kakabaZe) an kimenurad (k.
kekeliZe) miCneuli teqsti sxva araferia, Tu ara anaseuli qarTlis cxovrebis
teqstisagan gamokrebili. Semoklebuli teqsti e.w. erTgvari svinaqsaruli
redaqcia da imowmebs s. janaSias azrs, rom kakabaZis mier gamocemuli
teqstebi, rasakvirvelia, arqetipebi ki ar aris, aramed mermindeli Semoklebebi
(svinaqsaruli midrekilebisa), simokle ar aris erTaderTi da aucilebeli niSani
amgvari Zeglebis siZvelisa~ (s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, Tb., 19... gv. 288, SeniSvna).
amrigad, ilia abulaZis mier SemuSavebuli sqema ioane zedaznelis sami
cxovrebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb aseTia: pirveladia anaseuli qarTlis
cxovrebaSi Setanili teqsti, aqedan gamokreba-SemokrebiT Seiqmna mokle
redaqciis teqsti, xolo mokle teqstis gavrcoba- gadametafrasebis Sedegad
Camoyalibda metafrasuli versiis is teqsti romelic jer kidev m. sabininma
gamoaqveyna Tavis saqarTvelos samoTxeSi 1882 wels.
k. kekeliZem Tavis cnobil narkvevs sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi
mosvlis Sesaxeb, romelic 1925 w. daibeWda (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
moambe, t. VI, 1925 w.) ilia abulaZis siriel mamebis Sesaxeb 1955 w. gamoqveynebuli
wignis gacnobis Semdeg axali, VI Tavi daumata da dabeWda Tavis etiudebis I
tomSi 1956 w., romelSic man ar gaiziara ilia abulaZis mtkicebulebani ioane
zedaznelis anaseuli qarTlis cxovrebis teqstis Sesaxeb da tradiciuli
azri daicva. ilia abulaZemac rom Tavisi poziciebi ar daTmo Cans iqidanac,
rom am kamaTidan rva wlis Semdeg, rodesac ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da
redaqtorobiT Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis I tomi
daibeWda (1964 w.), ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis qarTlis cxovrebiseuli
teqsti da misive cxovrebis mokle redaqciis teqstebi erTmaneTis paralelurad
moaTavsa, magram pirvels A literi miakuTvna, xolo meores A-B. e.i. pirveladad
man pirveli redaqcia gamoacxada, xolo meore misgan gamokrebilad CaTvala.
am sakamaTo problemam Tavi iCina meore sirieli mamis Sio mRvimelis
cxovrebaTa redaqciebis ganxilvisas. saqme isaa, rom qarTlis cxovrebiseuli
ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis teqsti bolonaklulia da aravin icis mTavrdeboda
igi ioanes cxovrebiT, Tu grZeldeboda Sios cxovrebis aRweriT. k. kekeliZis

380

mtkicebiT, ioane zedaznelis kimenur cxovrebas agrZelebs Sio mRvimelis

kimenuri cxovrebis teqsti da isini erTi Txzulebis ori Semadgeneli nawilia.
am debulebas iziarebs ilia abulaZec. ufro metic: Tavis publikaciaSi ioane
zedaznelis mokle cxovrebis teqstSi man Sios mokle cxovrebis teqstis
erTi monakveTi (VII da VIII Tavebi), romelic exeboda ioanes gardacvalebisa
da dasaflavebis ambebs, rac ar iyo aRniSnuli ioanes cxovrebis saTanado
adgilas, gadmoitana win, ioanes cxovrebaSi, riTac ioanes cxovrebas ufro
Tanmimdevruli Txrobis saxe misca, Tumca daarRvia hagiografis Canafiqri,
romlis mixedviT am erTian TxzulebaSi ioanesa da Sios Sesaxeb Txroba
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT mimdinareobs (Zeglebis I tomSi es gadaadgileba
aRar momxdara). ilia abulaZe ase msjelobs: Tuki ioane zedaznelis qarTlis
cxovrebiseuli teqsti Tavdapirveli cxovrebaa, xolo misgan aris gamokrebili
ioane zedaznelis mokle cxovreba, xolo es ukanaskneli ki moicavs Sios mokle
cxovrebasac, faqtia, rom anaseuli qarTlis cxovrebaSi Setanili ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis dakargul nawilSi unda vigulisxmoT Sio mRvimelis
cxovrebis is Tavdapirveli teqsti, romlis gamonakrebi dRes SemorCenilia Sio
mRvimelis mokle cxovrebis saxiT, romelsac dRes SecdomiT kimenur Txzulebad
Tvlian.
ilia abulaZe daviT garejelis kimenuri da metafrasuli redaqciis
cxovrebaTa Sesaxeb damkvidrebul tradiciul azrs, rom kimenuri redaqcia
pirveladi teqstia, xolo metafrasuli misi gavrcobil-gadamuSavebuli
varianti, ar ewinaaRmdegeba. unda iTqvas, rom s. kakabaZem daviT garejelis
kimenuri cxovreba erTi, isic bolonakluli xelnaweris (A-199) mixedviT
dabeWda, xolo ilia abulaZem boloxans gamovlenili sruli nusxiTac (H-1336)
isargebla.
samecniero literaturaSi mravali, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli azrebia
gamoTqmuli abibos nekreselis mokle da vrceli redaqciis wamebaTa Sesaxeb,
romelTac ilia abulaZem sakuTari, teqstebis urTierTSejerebiT miRebuli
azri daupirispira da im daskvnamde mivida, rom Tavdapirveli vrceli wameba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Semcveli xelnawerebi XVII-XVIII ssisaa, xolo misgan
Semoklebulia erTgvari svinaqsaruli variantis wameba, romelic erTaderTi,
XIII s. nakluli xelnaweriT aris moRweuli (A-832).
dananebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia abulaZem Tavis gamokvlevaSi araferi Tqva
mis mierve wignis damatebaSi meored gamoqveynebuli Sio mRvimelis saswaulebis
Sesaxeb (pirvelad is m. sabininma gamosca 1882 w. saq. samoTxeSi), romelic Tavis
fsevdoepigrafikuli saTauriT da 18 saswaulis nacvlad (rogorc es missave
qvesaTaurSia naTqvami) mxolod 5 warmodgenili da iwyeba mexuTe saswauliT.
naTargmni da originaluri wyaroebis Rrma codnisa da wvdomis Sedegia
ilia abulaZis erTi SesaniSnavi statia, romelic abo Tbilelis wamebaSi
gamoyenebuli erT-erTi wyaros dadgenas exeba. laparakia wamebis im adgilis
Sesaxeb, sadac ioane sabanisZe iesu qristes simbolur epiTetebs CamoTvlis: kari,

381

gza, tarigi, mwyemsi da a.S. sul 16 da bolos ambobs: xolo ese araTu rame
TaviT TsiT gangimarte Tquen, sayuarelno da qristes moyuareno da swavlis
moRuaweno, aramed wamebiTa wignTagan sawinaswarmetyueloTa da mociqulTa
qadagebisaebr, wmidaTa saxarebaTa werilni da netarTa mamaTa moZRuarTa mier
gansazRvrebuli sarwmuneba, Tumca wyaros an avtors konkretulad ar asaxelebs.
abos wamebis gamomcemelma da mkvlevarma Txzuleba saRmrToTa saxelTaTs
daasaxela (adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura, Tbilisi, 1935, gv.
47). ilia abulaZis TqmiT, am ori Txzulebis Sesabamisi adgilebi msgavsebas
iCens, magram es msgavseba ufro analogiuri TematikiT amoiwureba da araviTar
teqstobriv msgavsebas ar amJRavnebs. xolo epifane kviprelis homiletikuri
Txzuleba aRvsebisaTs ara marto Tematikur, aramed TiTqmis zust
teqstologiur msgavsebasac ki gviCvenebs, rac amtkicebs, rom ioane sabanisZem
epifanes Txzulebis qarTuli TargmaniT isargebla (epifanes aRvsebisaTs
IX s. erTaderTi xelnaweriT udabnos mravalTavSi Sesuli nakluli nusxiT
aris SemorCenili, Tumca CvenTvis saintereso adgili sruladaa daculi). e.i.
ioane sabanisZis sityvebi, rom man isargebla netarTa mamaTa moZRuarTa mier
naazreviT, ilia abulaZis gamokvleviT dakonkretda da igi epifane kviprelis
Txzuleba aRvsebisaTs da aRdgomisTs uflisa aRmoCnda, romelic qarTulad,
rogorc Cans, abo Tbilelis wamebis daweramde didi xniT adre uTargmniaT
qarTulad, gacilebiT adre, vidre misi Semcvleli IX saukunis xelnaweria (A1109, IX; udabnos mravalTavi, a. SaniZisa da z. WumburiZis gamocema, Tbilisi,
1994, gv. 261265).
ilia abulaZis mier Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis originaluri Zeglebis
publikaciisa da Seswavlis saqmeSi gaweuli fasdaudebeli saqmianobidan
gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyo Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebis samtomeulis gamocema, romelic moicavs adrindeli originaluri
hagiografiis kimenuri da metafrasuli redaqciis Zeglebis kritikulad
dadgenil yvela teqsts. pirveli (1964 w.) da meore (1968 w.) tomebSi Sesulia
kimenuri hagiografiis originaluri Zeglebi (V-XI ss. da erTi XV s.), xolo
mesame tomi (1978 w.) daTmobili aqvs amave TxzulebaTa metafrasuli redaqciis
Zeglebs (XI-XII ss. danarTSi XVIII s.). Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamocema
originaluri hagiografiuli Zeglebis pirveli korpusia, romlis yvela teqsti
dadgenilia dRemde cnobili yvela arsebuli xelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT.
nakleb sarwmunoa, rom msgavsi gamocema, romelic xelmeored momzaddeba da
gaiTvaliswinebs arsebuli gamocemis calkeul xarvezebs, mokle xanSi Sesruldes.
Zeglebis meoTxe wigni, romelic svinaqsaruli sakiTxavebis teqstebsa
da maTi Seswavlis sakiTxebs exeba 1968 w. gamovida ilia abulaZis redaqciiT
da momzadda misive konsultaciebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT. rac Seexeba XVIII
s. hagiografiis originalur Zeglebis publikacias, romlis V da VI wignebi
Sesabamisad 1989 da 1980 ww. gamovida ilia abulaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, maT
gamocemis Sesaxeb igi did interess arc iCenda, ar miaCnda isini pirvel sam tomSi

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gamocemuli teqstebis darad.

Cven SevecadeT mimogvexila ilia abulaZis naSromebi, romlebic qarTul
originalur sasuliero mwerlobis Zeglebs, kerZod hagiografiuli dargis
Txzulebebs exeboda. magram originalur Zeglebis Sesaxeb misi Sromebis sia
sruli ar iqneba, Tuki aqve ramdenime sityvas ar vityviT originalur saero
Txzulebebis Sesaxeb, ilia abulaZis mier dawerili arc Tu mravalricxovani
Sromebis Sesaxebac, radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, ilia abulaZe pirvel rigSi,
sasuliero mwerlobis (rogorc naTargmni, aseve originaluris) ZeglTa da
problemebis mkvlevari aris.
qarTuli saero mwerlobis Janris SeswavlaSi Setanili wvlilis mixedviT
yvelaze mniSvnelovania ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT axalcixeSi 1963 w.
mivlinebuli eqspediciis monapovari, romelmac gamoavlina vefxistyaosnis
yvelaze Zveli XVI s. xelnaweris fragmenti. es ori furceli poemis sxvadasxva
adgils Seicavs: pirveli 867878 strofebs, xolo meore 10691080 strofebs.
moculobiT xelnaweri sakmaod didi formatis yofila (TiTo gverdze 6 strofia
e.i. sul 24 strofi). ilia abulaZem, romelmac specialuri werili uZRvna am
monapovars, romelSic mTlianad gamoaqveyna fragmentis strofebi (Sromebi,
II, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 206219), sagangebod Seudara vefxistyaosnis axlad
gamovlenili strofebis teqstebi dRemde gamoqveynebuli poemis teqstebs
da gamoavlina axali fragmentis teqstis mniSvneloba vefxistyaosnis
teqstologiuri sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad. vefxistyaosnis axladgamovlenili
XVI saukunis 74 strofis Semcveli fragmentis mniSvneloba qarTuli
literaturisa da vefxistyaosnis kvlevis istoriisaTvis Seufasebelia.
yvelaze adrindeli vefxistyaosnis nusxad dRemde 1646 w. mamuka TavaqaraSvilis
mier moxatuli xelnaweri iTvleboda. am fragmentis aRmoCenam naTlad dagvanaxa,
rom XIX saukuneSi jer kidev arsebobda didi formatis vefxistyaosnis sruli
xelnaweri XVI saukunis II naxevrisa, romelic XIX s. dauSliaT da misi erTi
nawili 2 furceli amave saukunis xelnaweris ydis gasamagreblad gamouyenebiaT,
xolo danarCeni nawilis bedi ucnobia. marTalia, arsebobs vefxistyaosnis
ramdenime strofi, romelic axladgamovlenil fragmentze adrindelia, magram
erTi maTgani vanis qvabebis qalTa monastris kedlebze miuweria romeliRac
monazon qals (S. oniani, vanis qvabTa warwerebi), xolo ori strofi XIV s.
xeliT miuweriaT sadResaswaulos xelnaweris ydaze (T. bragaZe...). radgan Cven
vefxistyaosanTan dakavSirebul ilia abulaZis Rvawls SevexeT, ar SeiZleba
ar aRvniSnoT, rom igi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sikvdilamde vefxistyaosnis
teqstis damdgeni mudmivmoqmed komisiis wevri iyo. misma enaTmecnierulma da
literaturulma erudiciam didi sasikeTo wvlili Seitana vefxistyaosnis
mravali adgilis sworad wakiTxvisa da teqstis dadgenis sakiTxebSi.
amave Tematikis cikls unda mivakuTvnoT ilia abulaZis erTi statia cnoba
SoTa rusTavelis istoriuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb, romelSic ganxilulia anton
I-is mier Tavis gramatikaSi Setanili cnoba Tamar mefis cxovrebis istoriuli

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Txzulebis avtorad SoTa rusTavelis dasaxelebis Sesaxeb. es cnoba antons

qarTlis cxovrebis swavlul kacTa komisiis mier Sevsebuli variantidan
unda hqondes aRebuli, Tumca es ukanaskneli ra wyaros eyrdnoba, ucnobia. ilia
abulaZis varaudiT, es citata, romelic ar iZebneba arc istoriaSi da azmanSi
da arc Tamaris meore istorikosis (romelsac misi aRmomCeneli iv. javaxiSvili
pirobiTad basili ezosmoZRvars uwodebs) Txzulebis im nawilSi, romelmac
Cvenamde moaRwia, an ekuTvnis Tamaris meore istorikoss da SesaZlebelia
ikiTxeboda mis dakargul meore nawilSi, an gulisxmobs Tamaris istoriis mesame
ucnob Txzulebas, romelic daikarga, an jer ar aris gamovlenili. ilia abulaZe
am cnobas angariSgasawev faqtad aRiarebs da svams sakiTxs vefxistyaosnis da
Tamaris meore istorikosis Txzulebis teqstebis urTierTSedarebiT Seswavlis
Sesaxeb enobrivi monacemebis safuZvelze (Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 235250,
rusul enaze).
saero mwerlobis TxzulebebTan unda ganvixiloT erTi saeklesio Sinaarsis
leqsi, romelic gamosces ilia abulaZem da qristine SaraSiZem (H-1572, XV s. f.
131137; ilia abulaZe, Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 251257). misi saeklesio
xasiaTi ganapiroba iman, rom igi qebas Seasxams sadgeris wm. giorgis, magram aq
sainteresoa am leqsis avtoris svimeon dekanozis gvari SoTasZe, ris safuZvelzec
statiis avtorebi, eyrdnobian ra leqsis avtoris gancxadebas, rom is SoTasZe-a
gvarad, askvnian, rom XV s. mesxi avtori svimeoni Tavs didi poetis STamomavlad
acxadebs da gvaris warmoSobas mis saxels SoTas ukavSirebs. Tuki svimoni
marTla poet rusTavelis saxels gulisxmobs aq da ara sxva vinme SoTas, maSin
es iqneba rusTavelis saxelis SoTas uZvelesi (XV s.) moxseniebis faqti,
radgan aqamde misi saxeli SoTa pirvelad dasaxelebuli hqonda Teimuraz I
(XVII s.).
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis saero literaturisadmi miZRvnili ilia abulaZis
naSromTa cikli rom davasruloT, unda davasaxeloT mis mier erT-erT xelnawerSi
(H-495, XVIII; 12-64) mikvleuli manamde sruliad ucnobi 16marcvlovani SairiT
dawerili poema (1900 strofi) ucnauri saxelwodebiT saxemgosani, romelic
manamdec kargad cnobil poets petre laraZes (dilarianis avtors) dauweria.
am Txzulebis arseboba da saxelwodebac sxva wyaroebidanac iyo cnobili, magram
teqsti ar Canda. Txzulebis saxelwodebas verc axladgamovlenili teqstidan
gavigebdiT, radgan mas TavSi saTaurTan erTad 120 strofic aklia (xolo boloSi
674). es samijnurosaraindo Janris Txzuleba petre laraZes ZiriTadad
vefxistyaosnis siuJetis mibaZviT dauweria, rasac xazgasmiT aRniSnavs ilia
abulaZe Tavis vrcel werilebSi (Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 263276). Tumca
sxva, imave xasiaTis naTargmn anu originalur TxzulebaTa kvalic SeimCneva,
magram poemis personaJTa saxelwodebebSi originalobas iCens. originaluria
poemis saxelwodebac saxe-mgosani, rac imis aRmniSvnelia, rogorc amas ilia
abulaZe ambobs, rom es aris saxelwodeba Cangisa, romelic satrfom aCuqa poemis
gmirs, romelzec aRbeWdili iyo am satrfos gamoxatuleba.

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ilia abulaZe, romelmac mniSvnelovani Sromebi uZRvna sulxansaba

orbelianis leqsikografiul moRvaweobas, erT statiaSi Seexo misi sibrZnesicruisa ori arakis warmomavlobis sakiTxebs. mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom sabas
erTi araki ZaRlebi da mglebi TiTqos paralels poulobs balavarianis
vrcel redaqciaSi, romelic erTaderT ierusalimur xelnaweriT aris Cvenamde
moRweuli (Jer. 140, XI, i-172) da 1956 wlamde misi arseboba ar iyo cnobili da
amdenad sabas xeli ar miuwvdeboda (amitom ver aisaxa misi saintereso leqsika mis
leqsikonSi). ilia abulaZis daskvniT es igavaraki farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
zepirsityvierebaSi da aqedan unda esargebla sabas. meore igavic (mgeli, Txa da
Tiva) aseTive warmomavlobis unda iyos, romlis Sesabamisi igavi ilia abulaZem
miakvlia somxur, oRond ara igavebis Semcvel krebulSi (sakmarisi sityvebi-is
erTi Tavi sabavSvo moxerxebuloba). ilia abulaZe maT Soris didi msgavsebis
miuxedavad Tvlis, rom orive saerTo wyarodan zepiri gziT gavrcelebul
TqmulebaTagan momdinareobs.
ilia abulaZis naSromTa cikls originaluri saero mwerlobis Sesaxeb
davamTavrebT popularuli sazRapro-sadevgmiro Txzulebis rusudanianis
gamocemiT, romelic man Seasrula iv. gigineiSvilTan erTad da warmoadgens
am Txzulebis pirvel srul gamocemas (rusudaniani, Tbilisi, 1957 w.), radgan
adre misi calkeuli zRaprebi iyo gamocemuli. mecnierTa saboloo verdiqtiT
es Txzuleba ufro originaluria, vidre naTargmni. originaluria moTxrobis
ZiriTadi kvanZi, siuJeturi qarga, rusudanisa (saqarTvelos XIII s. dedofali)
da mis qmarTan manuCarTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, xolo avtors maT asaxsnelad
motanili aqvs 12 zRapari, romlebic 12 karad aris warmodgenili prozauli
TxrobiT, aris nasesxebi masala, Tumca es masalac Seufardebia mas qarTvelTa
erovnul-qristianuli gemosa da moTxovnilebisaTvis (k. kekeliZe, II, gv. 325).
qristianuli naTargmni Zeglebis Seswavla-gamoqveynebaSi ilia abulaZis mier
gaweuli Rvawlis mimoxilva Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis dargebis mixedviT unda
daviwyoT.
saqveynod cnobilma da popularulma hagiografiul-asketikurma Zeglma,
romelsac sulTmargebel romansac uwodeben, qarTul TargmanSi sibrZne
balavarisi saxeli daimkvidra. sanam Cven ilia abulaZis erT-erT umniSvnelovanesi
wignis balavarianis qarTuli redaqciebis ganxilvas SeudgebodeT, mkiTxvels
problemis mcire preistoria unda SevTavazoT.
balavarianTan dakavSirebuli problemebis kvleva didi xania mravali
qveynis mecnier-orientalistTa yuradRebis centrSia, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
1989 wlidan dawyebuli, rodesac niko marma pirveli naSromi miuZRvna mas
( ,
, . III, 1889, c. 223-260), dRemde interesi grZeldeba. qarTul samecniero
wreebis gankargulebaSi iyo sibrZne balavarisi-s erTaderTi redaqciis teqstis
ramdenime gviandeli xelnaweri (yvelaze Zveli 1779 w.). am Txzulebis yoveli
axali, arsebulTan SedarebiT adrindeli xelnaweris gamovlena-mikvlevasTan

385

erTad izrdeboda am Txzulebis gamocemaTa ricxvi da maTi Targmanebi rusul

enaze (1895 w. eq. TayaiSvilisa da misi iv. javaxiSviliseuli rusuli Targmani
1899 w., a. xaxanaSvilisa. misive rusuli TargmaniT 1902 w., m. janaSvilisa 1908
w., il. abulaZisa 1937 w.).
sibrZne balavarisis qarTuli teqstis urTierTmimarTebis garkvevas sxva
enebze arsebuli analogiuri TxzulebaTa teqstebTan unda daedgina qarTuli
Txzulebis warmomavloba, romeli enidan unda yofiliyo igi Targmnili. amasTanave,
cnobili iyo giorgi mTawmidelis mowmoba, rom efTvime mTawmidelma qarTulidan
berZnulidan Targmna sibrZne balavarisi, amitom unda garkveuliyo, es is
qarTuli Txzulebaa, romelic efTvimem Targmna berZnulad, Tu ara. amisaTvis unda
moZiebuli yofiliyo berZnuli amave saxelwodebis Txzuleba da dadgeniliyo
qarTul-berZnuli teqstobrivi mimarTebis suraTi. CamoTvlili problemebis
gasarkvevad sibrZne balavarisi unayofo gamodga, radgan es Txzuleba aqamde
ucnobi Txzulebis gadamuSavebul-Semoklebuli surogati aRmoCnda da ara
TavisTavadi Txzuleba, Targmnili, rogorc fiqrobdnen, arabuli enidan.
jer kidev 19221926 wlebidan cnobili iyo r. bleikis mier Sesrulebuli
ierusalimis jvaris monastris qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciis, kerZod ki ori
xelnaweris Jer. 36 da Jer. 140 aRweriloba, romlebic sibrZne balavarisis teqstebs
Seicavdnen. mecnierTa reaqciis mixedviT Canda, rom es ori xelnaweri cnobili
sibrZne balavarisis teqstebs Seicavdnen. mecnierTa reaqciis mixedviT Canda,
rom es ori xelnaweri cnobili sibrZne balavarisi-s kidev ori, ufro Zveli
nusxebi egonaT. mxolod p. peeters gauCnda eWvi, rom Jer. 140, XI s. xelnawerSi ori
saTauriT warmodgenili teqsti cnobili redaqciis teqstze ufro vrceli unda
yofiliyo (Anal. Bolland. XL IX, p. 307). sabolood yvelaferi gairkva mxolod 1956
w., mas Semdeg, rac amerikis kongresis biblioTekis eqspediciis mier ierusalimuri
qarTuli xelnawerebis mikrofilmebis aslebi miiRo saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis
fundamentalurma biblioTekam da maTi fotoaslebis damzadeba da SeswavladamuSaveba ilia abulaZes daevala. batonma iliam upirveles yovlisa dasaxelebuli
xelnawerebis teqstebis damzadebas mohkida xeli da Sedegic sensaciuri
aRmoCnda: erT maTganSi Jer. 140 XI s. xelnawerSi sibrZne balavarisi-s manamde
ucnobi redaqciis teqsti aRmoCnda, romelsac ilia abulaZe Tavis gamocemaSi
balavarians uwodebs. es teqsti arsebulze 23jer ufro vrcelia, amitom
mas balavariani anu vrceli redaqciis balavariani daerqva, xolo adridanve
cnobil Txzulebas `sibrZne balavarisi~, anu `balavarianis~ mokle redaqcia.
amrigad, is rac damoukidebeli Txzuleba egonaT, vrceli Txzulebis Semoklebuli
da gadamuSavebuli varianti gamodga. amitom iyo igi gamousadegari sxvaenovani
analogiur saxelwodebis TxzulebebTan teqstologiuri SedarebisaTvis. misi
Seqmnis saWiroeba, rogorc k. kekeliZe ambobs, am Txzulebis romeliRac asketikur
krebulSi Setanis mizniT unda momxdariyo. aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT n. maris
winaswarmetyveluri varaudi qarTuli balavarianisa da berZnuli varlaam
da iodasafis cxovrebis urTierTobaze msjelobisas, mohqonda ra koniberis

386

mtkiceba, rom qarTuli balavariani ar SeiZleba berZnulis Semoklebuli

gadmokeTeba iyos da miT umetes Semoklebuli Targmanio, n. mari ambobs, rom
qarTuli Txzulebis TxrobaSi moulodneli da mkveTri gadasvlebi, xSirad
teqstis Sinaarsoblivad da damaxinjebuli adgilebi da sxva gvafiqrebinebs, rom
xom ar aris es Txzuleba Cvenamde mouRweveli vrceli Txzulebis Semokleba
(-
, , . I, . 4979).
n. maris varaudi daadastura ilia abulaZis mier gamovlenilma, Seswavlilma
da 1957 wels gamocemulma balavarianis vrcelma Txzulebam. ilia abulaZem Tavis
wignSi erTmaneTis paralelurad warmoadgina balavarianis vrceli da sibrZne
balavarisi anu mokle redaqciis teqstebi, raTa TvalnaTliv gamoCeniliyo maTi
teqstologiur-frazeologiuri msgavsebac da gansxvavebac. ilia abulaZis
gamokvlevis mTavari debuleba, rom axladgamovlenili balavarianis vrceli
Txzuleba aris arabuli enidan IX-X ss. mijnaze naTargmni Zegli, xolo sibrZne
balavarisi anu mokle redaqciis teqsti Seqmnilia am vrceli Txzulebis
Semokleba-gadakeTebiT romeliRac qarTveli redaqtoris mier, emyareba am
ori Txzulebis teqstTa zedmiwevniT analizs, frazeologiurad Semxvedri da
gansxvavebuli adgilebis, teqstebis klebamatebis SemTxvevebis, grafikul
niadagze daSvebuli Secdomebisa da sxva mravali niuansis gaTvaliswinebas. ilia
abulaZem Txzulebis mokle redaqciis Seqmnis TariRad XI s. miwuruli daasaxela,
rac aseve teqstologiur, gramatikul da leqsikur analizs efuZneba. vrceli
Txzulebis Semokleba da gadakeTeba ilia abulaZis azriT, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli
mizniT xdeba da es mizani misi asketikur krebulSi Setana unda yofiliyo. amis
dasturi am ori Txzulebis saTaurebis Sedarebac SeiZleba gamodges: vrcelis
saTauria cxovreba netarisa iodasafisi, Zisa abenes hindoTa mefisa. romeli
moaqcia netarman mamaman balahvar moZRuarman hagiografiul Txzulebis
Cveulebriv saTaurebs mogvagonebs, xolo moklesi gTxrobda Cuen mama
isak, Ze sofron palestinelisa da ars wigni ese sibrZne balahvarisi, romeli
imyofeboda udabnoTa mZovarTa Tana namdvilad asketikurpaterikuli
Txzulebis dasaxelebas hgavs.
ilia abulaZis mier balavarianis vrceli Txzulebis teqstis gamocemas
uamrav RirsebebTan erTad erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegic aqvs: amieridan kvlevas
misi SesaZlebeli dednis teqstis mignebis mizniT, xolo meores mxriT qarTulidan
berZnulad Targmnili balavarianis teqstis gamovlinebas da maT Sedarebas
qarTul vrcel balavarianis teqstTan gacilebiT myari safuZveli eqneba,
vidre es mokle redaqciis balavarianis teqstze dayrdnobiT iyo SesaZlebeli.
balavarianis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa ilia abulaZis
erTi momcro statiac qarTuli balavarianis erTi personaJis saxelis
warmomavlobisaTvis (Sromebi, II, Tb., 1976, gv. 166167) balavarianis orive
redaqciis qarTul teqstebSi indoeTis mefis saxeli aseTi variantebiT aris
warmodgenili: hebenas, abenese da abenes, xolo iodasafis qarTul sagalobelSi

387

(giorgi mTawmidelis Tveni, 19 XI). es saxeli abeneser formiT dasturdeba.

ilia abulaZis dakvirvebiT amosavalia habeneser, rac arabuli janasar
formis diakrituli niSnebis aRrevis Sedegad aris moRebuli: j (j) nacvlad h
(h) amokiTxes, xolo n (n) nacvlad b (b) da miviReT habeneser. es magaliTic
sxvaTa mier adre SemCneul leqsikur erTeulebTan erTad ilia abulaZes
afiqrebinebs, rom balavarianis, ra Tqma unda, vrceli redaqciis Txzuleba
arabuli enidan Targmnili unda iyos (arabuli dedani jerjerobiT ar aris
gamovlenili).
ilia abulaZem vrceli narkvevi uZRvna kidev erT mniSvnelovan naTargmn
hagiografiul Txzulebas ioane oqropiris cxovrebas: qarTuli wignebi ioane
oqropiris cxovrebisa da misi gamoZaxili Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi (Sromebi III,
1982, gv. 1636). mkvlevaris yuradReba miiqcia X s qarTul xelnawerebSi daculma
ioane oqropiris giorgi aleqsandrielis avtorobiT cnobilma cxovrebam da
aqedan momdinare misma sxva redaqciebma. gamokvlevaSi Seswavlilia oqropiris
cxovrebis yvela redaqciis teqstebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi arsebuli
xelnawerebis farglebSi (teqstebi maSin gamocemuli ar iyo). dadgenilia maTi
redaqciuli dayofis safuZvlebi, agreTve gamovlenilia am Txzulebis kvali
ramdenime originalur hagiografiul TxzulebaSi, gansakuTrebiT grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi. ilia abulaZis mier motanili teqstologiuri
paralelebi, eWvs ar tovebs, rom qarTulma Zeglma uxvad isargebla oqropiris
cxovrebis uZvelesi qarTuli TargmaniT, romelic Sesrulebuli unda yofiliyo
951 welze (grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis daweris TariRi) gacilebiT ufro
adre (IX s. bolos an X s. dasawyisSi). ilia abulaZem gamoavlina agreTve am
naTargmni Txzulebis kvali konstanti kaxis wamebaSi. sainteresoa ilia
abulaZis erTi dakvirveba: ioane oqropiris cxovrebis erTi geografiuli
saxeli qarTul TargmanSi ase JRers totzanos, rac, rogorc ilia abulaZem
aRniSna, berZnuli to; Tzavno~ ucvlelad gadmotanis Sedegia, sadac berZnuli
artikli (to;) qarTulma mTargmnelma sityvis nawilad gaigo da zannacvlad,
rac zaneTs udris, totzanos miviReT. es faqti sxva monacemebTan erTad
mianiSnebs, rom Zveli qarTulad berZnulidan iTargmna.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom ilia abulaZes etyoba, ganzraxuli hqonda am Zeglis
gamocema, radgan dauwyia misi teqstis gadmowera, magram aRar dascalda. es
saqme misma mowafem rusudan gvaramiam Seasrula da sabolood daadastura misi
berZnulidan momdinareoba (wigni gamovida 1986 w.).
ilia abulaZem qarTulad Targmnili asketikur-paterikuli literaturis
mravalricxovani da mravalferovani krebulebidan Sesaswavlad ioane mosxis
samoTxe anu limonari albaT imitom SearCia, rom es Txzuleba maT Soris
yvelaze adrindeli iyo, amaTanave yvelaze popularuli qristianul samyaroSi.
SesaZlebelia, erT-erTi mizezi isic yofiliyo, rom zogierTi cnobiT Txzulebis
avtori ioane warmoSobiT qarTveli, mesxi iyo.
ilia abulaZem 1960 wels gamocemul wignSi ioane mosxi, limonari

388

Targmnil Txzulebas, ase vTqvaT, saxeli Seucvala da qarTuli xelnawerebis

samoTxe limonariT Secvala. TiTonve aRniSnavs, ioane mosxis miewereba erTi
nawarmoebi, romelsac berZnulad ewodeba limonari leimopnavrion an paradozi
paravdeiso~. pirveli aRniSnavs mdelos, xolo meore Zvelad iTargmneboda
samoTxed an mtilad e.i. saseirno adgilad an baRad, qarTuli versiiT mosxis
nawarmoebs samoTxe hqvia (limonari, gv. 7). ioane mosxis Txzuleba, rogorc ilia
abulaZe SeniSnavs, faseulia imiT, rom avtorma fexdafex Semoiara palestinis,
egviptis da siriis udabnoebi, Tavisi TvaliT naxa da esaubra iq mravlad moRvawe
bermonazvnebs da gandegildayudebulebs, Caiwera maTi naambobi da TiTonve aris
aRwerili TxrobaTa monawile. ioane mosxma, ierusalimis cnobili patriarqis
sofron ierusalimelis moZRvarma, Tavisi Txzuleba mis sulier Svils miuZRvna.
Semoklebulad movitanT ilia abulaZis mier xazgasmul amonawers Tavisi
wignis SesavalSi, sadac ganmartebulia samoTxis alegoriuli saxelwodebis
avtoriseuli axsna: xilva samoTxisa ... ganacxrobn TualTa ... yuavilTa misTa
simewamulisa ... xilva da mravalferovneba yuavilTa misTa ... aRavseben
saynoselTa sulneleba misi da ganamxiaruleben gonebasa ynosa misi ... esreTve
Sromani wmidaTa da sulierTa mamaTani da saTnoebani maTni mravalferni, jer arian
miTxrobad ... romelniigi Suenierad yuaodes JamTa CuenTa ... romelTagan mnebavs
mowilvad vardi igi saTnoebaTa mamaTa da SeTxzvad ... garegani yuavilTa maTgan
dauWnobelTa urwnelisa mis samoTxisaTa ... amisTs uwode wignsa amas samoTx,
saSuebelTa maTTs sixaruliTa, romelni amas Sina ipovebian meZiebelTa maTTs.
am sityvebSi marTlac rom maRalmxatvrulad axsnilia wignis saxelwodebis
samoTxis simboluri Sinaarsi (unda vTqvaT, rom ufro lamazi iqneboda, rom
gamocemuli wignis saxelwodeba samoTxe yofiliyo, vidre limonari).
ioane mosxis novelur-etiuduri stiliT gadmocemul gandegilmonazonTa
cxovrebis calkeuli epizodebis amsaxvel moTxrobebis krebuls, romelsac
zogjer sinur pateriksac uwodeben, umTavresad gadmocemaTa da monaTxrobTa
mosxiseuli literaturuli damuSavebis xeli atyviaT, rac ufro mimzidvels
xdis mosmenas da wakiTxvas, riTac igi Zlier popularuli gaxda da aRorZinebisa
da mis momdevno saukuneebis mweralTa gansakuTrebuli interesi aRZra. ilia
abulaZis mowmobiT da Txzulebis qarTul TargmanTa uZvelesi xelnawerebi (Ath.
9, 977w.; Sin. 36, 925w.; Sin. 68, XIII s.) naTeli dasturia Zvel saqarTveloSi mosxis
Txzulebis popularobisa da interesisa misadmi.
ilia abulaZes qarTuli Targmanisa da misi dednis berZnuli teqstis Sejerebis
safuZvelze gamoaqvs daskvna, rom qarTul krebuls 9192 Txrobis farglebSi
ufro mkafiod aqvs daculi ioane mosxis krebulis Sedgeniloba, vidre berZnul
xelnawerebs, radgan maT bevri Semdegdroindeli am Janris TxrobaTi minarevebi
aqvT.
ilia abulaZe misTvis Cveuli xerxiT limonaris teqstebis qarTul TargmanSi
arabizmebisa da axalsparsuli leqsikuri erTeulebis arsebobis faqtebze
dayrdnobiT askvnis, rom Txzuleba qarTulad Targmnilia berZnuli enidan

389

arauadres IX s. I naxevrisa da amdenad uaryofs qarTul samecniero literaturaSi

gamoTqmul azrs Txzulebis VII-VIII ss. gadmoTargmnis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
ilia abulaZe aseve uaryofs S. nucubiZis azrs limonaris qarTul da berZnul
enebze qarTveli mwerlis ioane mosxismesxis mier Seqmnis Sesaxeb (isic
pirvelad qarTulisa, xolo Semdeg berZnulisa). ilia abulaZe samarTlianad
uaryofs S. nucubiZis naSromSi ,
am Txzulebis avtorad moxseniebuli ioanes ioane mosxad gamocxadebis
SesaZleblobas, rasac S. nucubiZis azriT, sibrZne balahvarisis saTaurSi
naxsenebi isak, Ze sofron palestinelisa aRniSvnac adasturebs, romelic aseve
ixsenieba limonaris saTaurSic. ra Tqma unda, am varauds, rogorc ilia abulaZe
aRniSnavs, araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs da amis dasamtkiceblad leqsikuri
masala da enobrivi monacemebi moaqvs.
ilia abulaZe iseve, rogorc qarTul samecniero literaturaSi
damkvidrebul am Txzulebis berZnulidan momdinareobis azrs iziarebs,
Tumca mainc ayenebs berZnul limonaridan momdinare arabuli albusTanis
Seswavlis aucileblobas, raTa aixsnas qarTul TargmanSi dadasturebuli
arabizmebis warmomavloba: aris is ukve qarTul enaSi damkvidrebuli leqsika,
Tu limonaris qarTuli da arabuli Targmanebis urTierTobis Sedegi e.i. xom
ar SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom qarTuli versia arabulis Targmani iyo? am mizniT
man daavala rusudan gvaramias arabuli albusTanis Seswavla (mogvianebiT
gamocemulma albusTanma daadastura qarTuli limonaris berZnulidan da
ara arabulidan misi momdinareobis ilia abulaZis varaudi). ilia abulaZis
muSaoba aTonis # 9,977 wlis xelnawerze, romelic samoTxis anu limonaris
uZveles nusxas Seicavs, nayofieri gamodga erTi qarTuli hagiografiuli
Txzulebis wameba yrmaTa wmidaTa ricxT cxraTa, literaturuli wyaros
dasadgenad. saqme isaa, rom samoTxis dasaxelebuli xelnaweri garda ioane
mosxis samoTxisa damatebis saxiT Seicavs 33 Txrobas, romelTac calke
saTauri aqvT da mimsgavsebuli samoTxisa ewodebaT, e.i. ioane mosxis samoTxis
mibaZviTaa Seqmnili da gamocemulia ilia abulaZis wignSi limonari (gv. 85
141). igi SedarebiT naklebi moculobisaa, vidre samoTxis ZiriTadi teqsti (gv.
184). aq warmodgenili erTi Txroba (23e) TiTqmis iseTsave Sinaarsis ambavs
mogviTxrobs, rogorc es kolaelTa wamebaSia, Tumca gansxvavebac aris: aq
qristian da ebrael bavSvTa Sesaxebaa laparaki (kolaelebTanqristianebisa
da warmarTebisa). am or Txrobas frazeologiuri siaxlovec axasiaTebs. ilia
abulaZis dakvirvebiT es Txroba naTargmni aris berZnuli enidan ara ugvianes
IX s. I naxevrisa da igi wyarod gamoiyenes kolaelTa wamebis Sesaqmnelad amis
Semdeg, IX s. Sua wlebSi, rogorc amas ilia abulaZe adrec amtkicebda.
ilia abulaZem Tavisi wonadi wvlili Seitana Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa
da saerTod qristianuli literaturis upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi dargis
bibliologiis qarTulad naTargmni Zeglebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, kerZod ki misi
erTerTi nawilisa, romelsac saqme mociqulTa hqvia da warmoadgens e.w.

390

samociqulos (saqme mociqulTa, kaTolike epistoleTa da pavles epistoleTa

Semcveli krebulis) dasawyis nawils. es Txzuleba damoukidebeli saxiTac
da samociqulos SemadgenlobaSi adrec bevrjer iyo gamocemuli dawyebuli
vaxtang VIis 1709 w. gamocemiT, magram am gamocemebs mxolod erTi daniSnuleba
hqondaT saWiro iyo misi teqsti RvTismsaxurebaSi an kerZo sakiTxav wignad
gamosayeneblad da amitom ibeWdeboda romelime, zogjer SemTxveviTi xelnaweris
mixedviT. ilia abulaZem pirvelad gamosca saqme mociqulTa kritikul
mecnierulad dadgenili teqsti yvela arsebuli da xelmisawvdomi xelnaweris
mixedviT. ver moxerxda mxolod sinas mTis ori 974 da 977 ww. xelnawerTa
aslebis mopoveba, magram maTi aRwerilobebidan Cans, rom am redaqciis xelnawerebi,
marTalia, cota mogviano droisa, gamocemaSi gamoyenebul iqna.
ilia abulaZem detalurad Seiswavla ra TiToeuli xelnaweri
teqstologiurad, isini oTx jgufad dahyo. TiToeuli jgufis xelnawerebs
erTmaneTisagan metnaklebi xarisxis teqstualuri gansxvaveba aRmoaCndaT da
maT saqme mociqulTass oTxi redaqcia Seadgines. I redaqciis (a(a) literiT
aRniSnuli) teqsti, romelic gamocemaSi ori X s. xelnaweriT (S-407; S-1398) aris
warmodgenili, TiTqmis identuria II redaqciis (b(b) literiT) teqstisa, romelic
gamocemaSi aseve ori xelnaweriT aris dafiqsirebuli (Ath. 42, X s.; Ath. 176; XII
s.) gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod variantul, ufro iSviaTad frazeologiur
doneze arsebobs. III redaqciis (g(g) literiT) monacemebi aseve ori, SedarebiT
gviandeli (A-34, XVI s. da A-584, XVIII s.), xelnawers daucavs da gansxvaveba
IV redaqciis (d(d) literi) xelnaweriT, warmodgenils aseve ori (A-677; XII s;
A-137, XIV s.) xelnawerebTan, rogorc I da II redaqciebs Soris, aqac analogiuri
e.i. mcirea. aqedan Cans, rom ZiriTadi redaqciebi, romelTa Soris gansxvaveba
TvalsaCinoa, oria: I da III.
ilia abulaZis gamokvleva saqme mociqulTa redaqciebad dayofis Sesaxeb
emyareba am Zeglis berZnulidan qarTulad Targmnis istorias. es istoria
dafiqsirebulia III redaqciis xelnaweris anderZSi, romelic efrem mcires
ekuTvnis da gamocemulia ilia abulaZis winamdebare wignSi saqme mociqulTa
Zveli xelnawerebis mixedviT, Tbilisi 1950, gv. 029031. efremi aRniSnavs
giorgi mTawmidelis, didi moZRvris damsaxurebas samociqulos Targmnis saqmeSi
(I-II redaqciis teqsti) da aRniSnavs. rom mas efrems win edo es Targmani da
mis mixedviT dauweria Tavisi nusxa (III-IV redaqciebi) da iTxovs, rom aravin
CaTvalos es nusxa meored Targmnilad (raTa ara meored Targmnilad Seiracxos
wigni samociqulo) e.i. efremi giorgis Targmanis mxolod Casworebad Tvlis
da ara Tavis axal Targmanad, xolo aseTi saCoTiro nabiji (didi moZRvris
naTargmnis revizia) mas ase aqvs axsnili: rodesac mas, efrems, mouxda ioane
oqropiris samociqulos ganmartebaTa qarTulad Targmna da igi mxolod amas
ar dasjerda da sxva avtoris egzegetikuri Sromebic moiSvelia, aRmoCnda, rom
berZnuli leqsikis polisemiuri bunebis gamo da oqropirisa da sxva wminda
mamebis mier marjved SerCeuli saxareba-samociqulos terminologiuri leqsikis

391

gaTvaliswinebiT saWiro Seiqmna giorgis TargmanSi zogierTi cvlilebis Setana

da daxvewa. amas efremi saWirod miiCnevs Tundac imitom, rom giorgi mTawmidelma
misca mas amis magaliTi, rodesac daviTnis, saxarebasa da sxva bibliuri wignebis
Zvel TargmanebSi man epoqis moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze Sesworebebi Seitana
(epoqis moTxovnilebebi ki is iyo, rom eWviani berZnebisaTvis sababi ar miecaT,
maT qarTvelebi Targmnis dros orTodoqsaluri Zeglebis damaxinjebaSi
daedanaSaulebinaT). ilia abulaZis mier saqme mociqulTa kritikulad
gamocemul teqstSi ki giorgisa da efremis TargmanTa es redaqciuli gansxvavebebia
asaxuli.
bibliologiuri Tematikisaa ilia abulaZis erTi werili qarTuli bibliis
Zveli xelnaweris ramdenime furceli, romelic gvamcnobs, rom S-104 xelnaweris
safarveli, ramdenime furceli, IX s. romeliRac Zveli aRTqmis ricxuTa wignis
fragmenti aRmoCnda. am furclebs bibliologiisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvT,
radgan am siZvelis arapalimfsesturi bibliis xelnaweri araa gamovlenili.
sabaseuli mcxeTis bibliaSi da sabas leqsikonSi dadasturebuli adgilebi
mowmoben, rom am dros kidev arsebobda am fragmentebis Semcveli sruli nusxa
(sxva nusxebTan Tanxvedra ar aris). es fragmentebi aqvea gamocemuli (ricxuTa
24,525,14 da 26,4127,18; Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 515). aqve vityviT,
rom xelnawerTa institutis erTma jgufma ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT
gamosacemad moamzada bibliis Zveli aRTqmis wignebi, Tumca maTi gamocema mxolod
mogvianebiT, ilia abulaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg moxerxda.
ori egzegetikuri Zeglis qarTuli Targmanis Seswavlas mieZRvna ilia abulaZis
kidev erTi wigni: uZvelesi redaqciebi basili kesarielis equsTa dReTasa da
grigol noselis Targmanebisa kacisa agebulebisaTs, Tbilisi, 1964. radgan
wignis saTaurSi uZveles redaqciebze aris saubari, romelTa gamovlena ilia
abulaZis saxels ukavSirdeba, cxadia, arsebobs am ZeglTa sxva redaqciebic. ufro
gviandeli. 1947 wels mkvlevarma mixeil kaxaZem swored es SedarebiT gviandeli,
giorgi mTawmidelis mier berZnulidan Targmnili basili didis equsTa dReTa
gamosca (masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, 25, Tbilisi,
1947). am droisaTvis sxva redaqcia am Txzulebisa ar iyo cnobili da am Zeglis
gamomcemeli arc varaudobda mis arsebobas, miuxedavad giorgis anderZisa, sadac
mTargmneli ambobs, rom RmerTman igi pirvelnica Targmanni akurTxenin, didad
eli aRmipyres, radgan misi TqmiT gamodis, rom Cven giorgimde ramdenime
Targmani gvqonia, rac, cxadia, Seusabamobaa. ilia abulaZem giorgis Targman
Si samarTlianad igulisxma ori Zeglis basilisa da grigolis naSromebi da
ara basilis Txzulebis ramdenime Zveli Targmani, rogorc es m. kaxaZem CaTvala.
giorgi rom Tavis anderZSi, marTlac, adrindel Targmanebze laparakobda,
realur faqtad aqcia ilia abulaZem, rodesac man ierusalimuri koleqciis or
qarTul xelnawerSi giorgi mTawmidelis mier naTargmni basilisa da grigolis
Txzulebebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli, adrindeli Targmanebi gamoavlina. am
ori Txzulebidan erTi grigol noselis kacisa agebulebisaTs (an ufro

392

zustad kacisa SesaqmisaTs) cnobili iyo e.w. Satberdis krebulis saxeliT

cnobili X s. xelnaweris (S-1141) mixedviTac, xolo basilis equsTa dReTasa
ki, romelic Jer. 44 (XII-XIII ss.) da Jer. 77 (XIII-XIV ss.) xelnawerebSi aRmoCnda,
swored is Zveli Targmania, romelsac giorgi mTawmideli gulisxmobda Tavis
anderZSi noselis TxzulebasTan erTad.
ilia abulaZem es ori Txzuleba Tavis wignSi erTad anu erTmaneTis
miyolebiT SemTxveviT ar Seitana: saqme isaa, rom basili didis equsTa dReTa
bibliis dabadebis wignSi aRwerili samyarosa Seqmnisa da masSi sicocxlis
aRmocenebis 6dRiani monakveTis komentirebas anu Targmanebas warmoadgens.
basilim pirveli xuTi dRis ambebis Targmaneba moaswro, xolo meeqvse dRe,
rodesac RmerTma Tavis gaCenil samyarosa da mis cocxal arsebaTa gvirgvini
da Tavi adamiani Seqmna, Targmanebis gareSe darCa. es saqme bolomde miiyvana
basilis umcrosma Zmam grigoli noselma da naSroms kacisa SesaqmisaTs
uwoda. es ori Txzuleba erT Temas moicavs da amitom arian isini erTad ilia
abulaZis wignSi, iseve rogorc axladgamovlenil xelnawerSi (Jer. 44 da Jer. 74)
arian erTad (am moments Cven xazi gavusviT imitomac, rom noselis Txzulebis
adrindeli Targmani kentadaa Setanili Satberdis krebulSi X s.). pirvel
rigSi, ilia abulaZe Seecada gaerkvia, Tu romeli enidan iyo naTargmni es
Zeglebi da ganesazRvra maTi Targmanis dro. mkvlevarma Tavis nacad xerxs
mimarTa da leqsikuri monacemebis mixedviT, berZnuli da arabuli elementebis
moZieba-analizis mixedviT eWvmiutanlad daaskvna, rom orive Zegli, romlebic
giorgi mTawmidelis mier berZnulidan Targmnili analogiuri saxelwodebis
Txzulebebze adrindeli Targmanebia, arabuli dednidan momdinareoben, amitom
Targmanebi ver Sesruldeboda VIII-IX ss. adre, radgan qristianuli arabuli
literatura VIII s. bolosaTvis yalibdeba, xolo ver iTargmneboda X s. gvian,
radgan grigol noselis Txzuleba X s. Satberdis krebulSi (S-1141) aris
Setanili (igulisxmeboda, rom basilis Txzulebac am droisaTvis ukve Targmnilia
qarTulad). ilia abulaZem sarwmunod warmoadgina arabuli da axalsparsuli
leqsikis naTargmn teqstSi dafiqsirebiT daTariRebis meTodis efeqturoba am
SemTxvevaSic da polemikaSi CarTulma xuarbal sityvis magaliTze aCvena, rom
ar SeiZleba axalsparsuli sityva Segvxvdes bibliuri wignebis Zvel TargmanebSi
(konkretulad IX s. adre).
ilia abulaZem samarTlianad ar gaiziara k. kekeliZis azri, rom basili da
grigolis TxzulebaTa Zveli redaqciebi somxuridan unda iyos Targmnili. aseTi
varaudis safuZveli gaxda is faqti, rom grigol noselis kacisa SesaqmisaTis
adrindeli Targmani Setanilia Satberdis krebulSi, xolo am krebulSi
ZiriTadad somxuridan Targmnili Zeglebi aris Sesuli. k. kekeliZem grigolis
Txzulebac somxuridan momdinared miiCnia, Tumca mas specialuri kvleva ar
Cautarebia. ilia abulaZem swored qarTuli Targmanis somxurad arsebuli
analogiur TxzulebasTan teqstologiuri mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT kvleva
Caatara, rac manamde aravis gaukeTebia da maT Soris veraviTari msgavseba ver

393

ipova. ilia abulaZis gamokvlevam, rom grigolis Txzuleba arabulidan aris

Targmnili da ara somxuridan, daadastura, rom Satberdis krebulis yvela
Zegli ar aris somxuri warmomavlobisa.
homiletikur-asketikur Tematikisaa ilia abulaZis mier 1955 wels gamocemuli
wigni mamaTa swavlani. naSromi X da XI saukuneebis xelnawerebis mixedviT aris
gamocemuli da cnobili saeklesio mamebis 42 mniSvnelovani qadagebaswavlanis
kritikulad dadgenili teqstis publikacias Seicavs. Sinaarsis mixedviT
swavlani da Tqmulni ZiriTadad asketikuria da monazonTa Tematikas exeba.
wignis saxelwodeba avtoris SerCeulia misi Sinaarsis mixedviT, radgan sami
krebulidan, romelTa mixedviT qveyndeba naSromi, ori (S-1139, 943 w.; Sin. 36, X
s.) Tavnaklulia da saxelwodeba ar Cans, xolo mesames (Arh. 9,977) saTaurad aqvs
aRebuli xelnawerSi damatebad Setanili (43 punqti) ioane mosxis samoTxis
saxelwodeba. wignSi gamoqveynebulia oqropiris 16, efrem asuris 16, basili
didis 2, makari megviptelis 2 homilia da swavla da agreTve SedarebiT naklebad
cnobili monazvnebis: markozis, sahakis, martviris, abrahamis, amonas TiTo
asketikuri swavla. sainteresoa, rom bolo 42e sityva, romelsac SiSisaTs
RmrTisa ewodeba, Sedgenilia sxvadasxva avtorTa gamonaTqvamTa kompilaciiT.
gamocemul Txzulebebs xelnawerebSi marxvaTa sakiTxavebs uwodeben. ilia
abulaZem mis mier gamocemuli Txzulebebis somxuri enidan Targmna kategoriulad
gamoricxa, xolo Targmnilia mTliani krebuli Tu misi calkeuli Txzulebebi
berZnuli Tu arabuli enidan, TiToeuli Txzulebis teqstologiuri Seswavlis
Sedegad gairkveva, rac jer ar Catarebula.
homiletikur TxzulebaTa Sesaxeb ilia abulaZis naSromebis mimoxilva sruli
ar iqneba Tu aq ar vaxseneT mainc misi narkvevebis seria, romlebic mravalTavebis
wyaroebis gamovlenas daeTmo, radgan mravalTavSi aris Tavmoyrili
homiletikuri Zeglebi (hagiografiulTan erTad). amdenad ilia abulaZis kvlevis
Sedegebi, rac warmodgenilia seriaSi saerTo saTauriT mravalTavis zogierTi
Tavis wyaro da moicavs rva werils teqstebis publikaciebiT, aris qarTuli da
somxuri filologiur mecnierebaTa monapovari.
warmarTobasTan marTlmadideblobis polemikas eZRvneba naTargmni Txzuleba,
romelsac ilia abulaZis vrcel narkvevis saTaurSi elinTa zRaprobani
ewodeba, xolo massave am teqstis publikaciis sruli saxelwodebaa zRaprobani,
romelni sawarmaToTa wignTagan mousenebian wignTa Sina TsTa wmidasa da
didsa RmrTismetyuelsa grigolis, romlis sami nawili asea dasaTaurebuli:
I. zRaprobani kualad iesusni (ori redaqciiT). II. Txrobani didisa basilis
epitafiasa Sina SemoRebulni. III. ivlianes pirvelisa ganqiqebisa zRaprobani,
romelTa avtorad aRiarebulia nonne (VI s.).
ilia abulaZis dakvirvebiT, nones komentarebi CvenSi cnobili iyo da maTi
kvali Cans ioane petriwisa da SoTa rusTavelis TxzulebebSi, rac ar aris
gasakvirveli, radgan XII s. xelnawerSi (A-109) aris zemoCamoTvlilTagan pirveli
da meore Txzulebis teqsti. ilia abulaZem miakvlia XII s. kidev erT xelnawers (A-

394

1490), romelic zemoT dasaxelebul pirvel-meore TxzulebasTan erTad Seicavda

imave avtoris manamde ucnob Txzulebas: ivlianes pirvelisa ganqiqebisa zRaprobani.
ilia abulaZis sarwmuno dakvirvebiT qarTulad Targmnili unda yofiliyo nonnes
is Txzulebac, romelSic komentirebulia grigol RvTismetyuelis ivlianes meore
ganqiqebis teqstic, magram misi Targmani jer gamovlenili ar aris, Tumca igi rom
Targmnili iyo, cxadi gaxda mas Semdeg, rac T. oTxmezurma moaxdina misi rekonstruqcia
Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT (35dan 25 komentari. ix. fsevdonones miTologiur
komentarTa qarTuli Targmanebi, 1989, Tbilisi, gv. 156-171).
ilia abulaZis mier gamovlenili Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis ZeglebisaTvis adridanve rom iyo cnobili, amas TvalnaTliv aCvenebs
mkvlevari wyaroebidan (istoriani da azmani, daviTis istoria, vefxistyaosani,
CaxruxaZe, petriwi da sxva) motanili uxvi amonawerebiT da maTTan paralelurad
motanili am Txzulebis efrem mciris mier naTargmni teqstiT.
ilia abulaZis vrcel narkvevebSi gamokvlevasTan erTad warmodgenilia
dasaxelebuli sami Txzulebis teqstebis kritikuli gamocemac, romelic eyrdnoba
maTi Semcveli yvela dRemde gamovlenili xelnaweris monacemebs da warmoadgens
im TxzulebaTa pirvel publikacias (Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 185-234). ilia
abulaZis mier gamovlenili ivlianes pirvelisa ganqiqebisa zRaprobani ufro
vrcelia, vidre cnobili orive Txzuleba erTad aRebuli. SedarebisaTvis Tu
pirveli Txzuleba 24 komentars Seicavs, meore 20-s, axali Txzuleba 100-mde
komentars warmogvidgens (zustad ver vasaxelebT, radgan xelnaweris bolo 24
striqoni ar ikiTxeba, xolo SemorCenil teqstSi 92 komentaria).
bolos ramdenime sityviT SevexebiT erT wyaroTmocodneobiT Zegls,
romelsac ilia abulaZem narkvevi miuZRvna da teqstebic gamoaqveyna: ipolite
romaelis qronikonis Zveli qarTuli versia (Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1982, gv.
107127). Zegli, romlis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi bevr xelnawerSia Sesuli,
warmoadgens qronologiur siebs, romlebic dawyebuli samyarosa da adamis
gaCenidan gvawvdis bibliur pirTa, mamamTavarTa, Semdeg ki israelis, iudeis,
sparseTis, egviptisa da romis mefeTa calkeul siaCamonaTvals maTi zeobis
wlebis miTiTebiT, agreTve umniSvnelovanesi movlenebis qronologias. aseTi
siebi daculia Satberdis krebulSi (X s.), sadac mas uZRvis Sesavalitraqtati
(agreTve Jez-44, XII-XIII ss., Jer. 77, XIII-XIV da gviandeli A-165, XVIII da A-691,
XVIII). ilia abulaZis gamokvleviT qronologiuri siebis qarTuli teqstebi
ipolite romaelis qronikonidan momdinareoben da Targmnilia berZnulidan,
Tumca isini ivsebodnen droTa Sesabamisad, ver iTargmneboda is 717 welze adre,
radgan igi Teodosi IIImefobiT mTavrdeboda da X s. gvian, radgan Sesulia
Satberdis krebulSi.
ilia abulaZis samecniero naSromTa warmodgenili nawilis mimoxilva
sakmaod sqematuria da srulad ver warmoaCens im daufasebel Rvawls, romelic
man qarTul mecnierebas dasdo. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvilTan,
korneli kekeliZesTan da akaki SaniZesTan erTad ilia abulaZe darCeba axali
qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis erT-erT mesaZirkvled.

395

anton I-is hagiografiuli Txzulebebi `martirikaSi~*

I. uZvelesi qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
Txzulebani
`martirikaSi~ Setanilia Svidi Txzuleba, romelTa prototipebi V-Xss.
Seqmnili uZvelesi qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebia. esenia: SuSanikis, abibos
nekreselis, daviT da kostantines1, evstaTi mcxeTelis, abo Tbilelis, kostanti
kaxis da mixail-gobronis wamebani (CamoTvlilia `martirikaSi~ warmodgenili
maTi Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT).
ZiriTadi cvlileba, romelic CamoTvlilma hagiografiulma Zeglebma antonis
kalmis meSveobiT ganicades, aris avtoris SemoqmedebiTi principebis mixedviT
maTi gametafraseba: TiToeul maTgans darTuli aqvs metnaklebad vrceli
filosofiur-dogmatikuri an panegirikuli Sesavali da panegirikul-SesxmiTi
bolosityvaoba. rac Seexeba TiToeuli Txzulebis ZiriTad nawils, Cans, rom
Zveli teqsti wakiTxulia mecnier-filologis kritikuli TvaliT, Sevsebulia
Tu gadakeTebulia zogierTi adgili antonis Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad. zogjer
antoni damatebiT iseTi wyaros monacemebs iyenebs, romelic ar gamouyenebia, an
ar SeeZlo gamoeyenebina Zveli Txzulebis avtors.
TiToeuli
Txzulebis
kritikuli
teqstologiuri
TvalsazrisiT
ganxilva winamdebare naSromSi SeuZlebeli Seiqna, amitom mokle mimoxilviT
davkmayofildebiT.
1. SuSanikis wameba. samecniero literaturaSi antonis Txzulebisa da iakob
xucesis `SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstologiuri mimarTebis sakiTxi dawvrilebiT
aris ganxiluli2, amitom mxolod zogadad aRvniSnavT: am ori Zeglis
frazeologiur-stilistur gansxvavebasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia, rom antonma
garda iakob xucesis Txzulebisa isargebla sxva wyaroebiTac. antoni aRniSnavs,
rom man somxuri wyaroebis monacemebis safuZvelze Seavso iakobis Txzulebis
dasawyisi SuSanikis mSoblebisa da misi bavSvobis Sesaxeb (`uwyebul varT
istorikosTagan somexTasa da saTTueoisagan metafrasisa maTisa...~ `martirika~,
87, 35). aseve, antonma Tavis Txzulebis bolos Seitana `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~
daculi cnoba bakur mefis mier varsqenis mokvlis Sesaxeb3, radgan es faqti

* daibeWda wignSi: Zv. qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, VI, Tbilisi, 1980,
gv. 489-524 qvemoT vuTiTebT: martirika.
1 moRweuli Zegli XII saukunisaa, magram unda arsebuliyo masze adrindeli cxovreba
(IX-X ss.).
2 il. abulaZe, iakob curtaveli, martloba SuSanikisi, Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 07; n.
janaSia, SuSanikis wameba, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 153-180.
3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 216, 13.

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iakobis Txzulebis daweris Semdeg momxdara da iakobiseul `SuSanikis wamebaSi~

ver aisaxa.
2. abibos nekreselis wameba. `martirikaSi~, rogorc zemoT iTqva da rogorc
krebulis saxelwodebidan Cans, Setanilia hagiografiuli literaturis
mxolod martirologiuri Janris Zeglebi. Zvel qarTvel literaturaSi kargad
cnobil asurel mamaTa cxovrebebis seriidan martirologiur Janrs mxolod
`abibos nekreselis wameba~ miekuTvneba da amitomac `martirikaSi~ mxolod
dasaxelebuli Zegli Sevida. antonis mier abibos nekreselis wamebis Sesaxeb
SeTxzuli Zegli ZiriTadad `wamebis~ im redaqcias eyrdnoba, romelic saTaurSi,
arsen didis, qarTlis kaTalikosis saxeliT aris warwerili, rasac TviTon
antonic adasturebs: `ityvs netari arseni mamaTmTavari Cueni...~,1 da saidanac
moaqvs kidec amonawerebi. ZiriTadad antoni SemoklebiT amokrebs dasaxelebuli
wyarodan SedarebiT sayuradRebo faqtebs da perifrazulad, sakuTari
frazeologiiT gadmoscems maT. zogjer wyaros mosacemebi Secvlilia ara marto
frazeologiurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac. mag. antonis TxzulebaSi TiTqmis
mTlianad Secvlilia marzpanisa da mowamis dialogis teqsti.
antoni Cveulebisamebr ar kmayofildeba ZiriTadi wyaros monacemebiT
da damatebiT wyaroebs mimarTavs: Txzulebis dasawyisi mogviTxrobs iovane
zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis siriidan saqarTveloSi mosvlisa da samonastro
moRvaweobis gaCaRebis Sesaxeb, rac ar aris `abibos nekreselis wamebis~ Zvel
redaqciaSi. antoni aq iyenebs ara iovane zedaznelis cxovrebis romelime
redaqcias, aramed Sio mRvimelis metafrastuli cxovrebis im redaqcias, romlis
avtorad saTaurSi vinme martvri kostantinopoleli aris dasaxelebuli. amis
Sesaxeb antoni aRniSnavs: `moviReb sityuaTagan martvris visme monazonisa
kostantinupolelisaTa, romeli iyo mowafe netarisa ioane didisa moZRuarsa (!)
amaT mamaTasa~2.
antonis TxzulebaSi uSualo Txroba abibos nekreselis Sesaxeb iwyeba
vrceli panegirikuli nawiliT, romelSic gzadagza CarTulia misi cxovrebisa
da saqmianobis amsaxveli faqtebi; igi mTavrdeba aseve tradiciuli `SesxmiT~.
Txzulebis bolo nawilSi antoni SeniSnavs, rom `aRhswera ukue Ruawli wmidisa
Sedgomad oTxasi wlisa arseni mamaTmTavarman qarTuelTaman~3, rac `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ gviandeli CanarTis ganmeoreba unda iyos: `Semdgomad oTxas ocisa
wlisa ikiTxa da gamoiZia wmidaman Cuenman arseni qarTlisa kaTalikosman~.4 aseve,
antonma, rogorc mkvlevarma filolog-istorikosma, asurel mamaTa cxovrebebis
sxvadasxva redaqciebidan (ZiriTadad Sio mRvimelis cxovrebidan) amokrifa
1
2
3
4

martirika, gv. 114,13.

martirika, gv. 107,23.
iqve, 118,13.
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 208.

397

istoriul-qronologiuri cnobebi, romlebic asurel mamaTa saqarTveloSi

mosvlis dros exebodnen da Sejamebuli saxiT warmoadgina Tavis mier Sedgenil
`abibos nekreselis wamebis~ bolos: `xolo iyo mosulai siriaiT aTormetTa
maT netarTa mamaTa qarTlad droTa mefobisa farsman, Zis wulisa bakur mefisa
xosrovanisaTa da mamaTmTavrobasa evlaviosisa~.1 antonis Txzulebis sul
bolos aseTi cnoba moipoveba: `ukanasknel stefanosisgan mTavrisa, Zisa adarnase
mefisa afxazTa da qarTuelTasa, muniT warmoRebulni mcxeTas zenasa ekklesiisa
saepiskopososa daikrZalnes didiTa pativiTa~2 (laparakia abibos nekreselis
wm. nawilebis Sesaxeb). am cnobis werilobiTi wyaro ar Cans da, albaT, antoni
romeliRac zepir gadmocemas eyrdnoba.
3. daviT da kostantines wameba. samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia, rom
`daviT da kostantines wamebis~ Cvenamde moRweuli versia da mowameTa Sesaxeb
Seqmnili pirveli Zegli ar aris, aramed aw dakarguli uZvelesi, SesaZlebelia,
maTi wamebis (VIII s.) axlo xanebSi Seqmnili Txzulebis gadakeTebaSevsebas warmoadgens3. Cans, antonsac ar hqonia xelT daviT da kostantines
wamebis es uZvelesi nusxa da Tavisi Txzuleba cnobili, Cvenamde miRweuli
interpolirebuli4 Zeglis (XII s.) safuZvelze dauweria. antoni, rogorc
mas sCvevia, ZiriTadad perifrazulad iyenebs wyaros monacemebs, zogjer ki
sityvasityviT moaqvs citatebi dasaxelebuli Zeglidan wyaroze miTiTebiT.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi antoni amoklebs wyaros zogierT adgils, xolo zogjer
ki avrcobs wyaros monacemebs, ZiriTadad mis zogad nawilebSi. konkretuli
faqtebis gadmocemisas mas zogierTi uzustobac mosvlia: `daviT da kostantines
wamebis~ Zveli Txzulebis SesavalSi moTxrobilia ierusalimis `wartyuenvis~
istoria sparselebis mier, romelic momxdara saberZneTSi herakles mefobis dro
(614 w.).5 wyaros am cnobis Semdeg moulodnelia antonis sityvebi: `monarxobas
berZenTa zed irakli piruelisasa hborgda Cuen zeda diswuli uRmrToismaxmedisi
muruan, zedwodebiT yru da ganimxedra Cuessa amis mamulsa georgiasa zeda~.6
`daviT da kostantines wamebis~ Zveli redaqciis mixedviT arabebma daarbies
samcxe, Semdeg lixT-imereTs moadgnen da argveTSi daviT da kostantine awames.
antonis Txzulebis mixedviT murvan yrum `ganimedra Cuensa amas mamulsa
georgiasa zeda, Semmusruelman mezobelTa CuenTa samTavroTamis, ese igi
somxeTisa da alvaniisa da kavkasiisaman, da mosrulman georgiad anu iveriad (ese
1 martirika, 118,14.
2 iqve, 116,13.
3 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 538.
4 Cven aRar viziarebT azrs am Txzulebis metafrasulobis Sesaxeb da Txzuleba XI s.
bolos Seqmnili gvgonia. ix. e. gabiZaSvili, originaluri metafrasuli hagiografia da
TxzulebaTa redaqciebad dayofis safuZvlebi, mravalTavi, XXI, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 5-14.
5 Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, III, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 248.
6 martirika, gv. 161.

398

igi saqarTvelod) moaora ra rani da qarTli, gardaimxedra imier lixisaca

da STasruli argueTad ibrZola wmidaTagan medarTa qristesTa...~1 antonis
Txzulebidan motanili citati juisSeris saistorio Txzulebisa da misi
CanarTebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa Sedgenili.2
`daviT da kostantines wamebis~ antoniseuli redaqcia Seicavs vrcel
filosofiur-dogmatikur Sesavals, romelsac mosdevs aseve vrceli
panegirikuli nawili. Txzulebis ZiriTad nawilSi, romelic mowameTa Sesaxeb
faqtobriv masalas Seicavs, mravladaa CarTuli `SesxmiTi~ pasaJebi, romliTac
mTavrdeba kidec Zegli. daskvniTi panegirikuli nawili `martirikis~ zogierT
TxzulebebTan SedarebiT aq Zalian moklea.
4. evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba. antonis Txzulebis wyaro aris `martvlobai
wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisai~ _ qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis erT-erTi
uZvelesi Zegli. antoniseuli Txzuleba iwyeba arc Tu vrceli panegirikuli
SesavliT, romelsac mosdevs istoriuli cnoba, romelic `evstaTi mcxeTelis
wamebis~ Zvel redaqciaSi ar moipoveba: `uwyebul varT ZuelTagan CuenTa,
vhsjideT ra drosa mTavrobisa qarTlsa zeda stefanosisa, Zisa guaram
kuratpalitisasa, odes-igi nebsiT TsiT ganudga stefanos berZenTa da flobasa
Sina sparsTasa misca qarTli da TvT Tavica Tsi da sparsTa dadues Cuen
zeda sakivi friad mZimei, maSin ukue gamobrwyinda bnelsa Sina uRmrToebisasa
mowame qristesi evstati~.3 Cans, antons Tavisi ZiriTadi wyaros dasawyisi
nawili `qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianidan amokrefili cnobebiT Seuvsia. antons
gadaukeTebia Tavisi wyaro kompoziciuradac: `evstaTa mcxeTelis wamebis~
Zvel TxzulebaSi Txrobis Tanmimdevroba aseTia: evstaTi sparseTidan movida
mcxeTaSi, iswavla xeloba, daojaxda da qristianoba miiRo. Semdeg igi mcxeTaSi
mcxovrebma sparselma cecxlTayvanismcemlebma daabezRes ustam cixisTavTan,
romelmac datyvevebuli evstaTi Tbiliss wargzavni marzpan arvand guSnaspis
winaSe samsjavroze. evstaTi sapyrobileSi Casves, magram qarTvel didebulTa
TxovniT marzpanma, romelic sparseTs brundeboda, gaanTavisufla igi. sami wlis
Semdeg qarTlSi axali marzpani _ veJan buzmiri movida, romelmac sparselebis
mier meored dabezRebis Semdeg evstaTi TbilisSi daibara. marzpanis SekiTxvaze,
Tu vin aris igi, evstaTi mouTxrobs mas mSobliuri qalaqis, mSoblebisa da Tavisi
gaqristianebis Sesaxeb. am Txrobas Txzulebis udidesi nawili uWiravs. antons
wyaroSi warmodgenili Txrobis es Tanmimdevroba Seucvlia: is, rac wyaroSi
evstaTis monaTxrobs moicavs, antonis TxzulebaSi dasawyisSia gadmotanili da
wyaros pirvel pirSi Txroba mesame piriTaa Secvlili, evstaTis monaTxrobis
1 martirika, gv. 161,3.
2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 233,10-234,10.
3 martirika, 213,5.

399

mixedviT mas jer kidev sparseTSi yofnis dros mouxSirebia qristianTa eklesiaSi
siaruli, vrceli axsna-ganmarteba mousmenia samoel arqidiakonisagan ebrauli
da qristianuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. antonis Txzulebis mixedviT ki es
yvelaferi TiTqos mcxeTaSi xdeba. amisTanave samoelis mier vrclad monaTxrobi
Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis Sinaarsi antonis TxzulebaSi sagrZnoblad
aris Semoklebuli, gansakuTrebiT Zveli aRTqmis ambebi, xolo axali aRTqmis
Sinaarsi nawilobriv Secvlilia (mocemulia msjeloba wminda samebis Sesaxeb).
mxolod amis Semdeg aRwers antoni, rogor daabezRes evstaTi ustamis winaSe da
Txroba grZeldeba ise, rogorc es wyaroSi aris gadmocmuli.
antoniseuli Txzulebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani isicaa, rom mas
ara aqvs daskvniTi panegirikuli nawili, romelic `martirikaSi~ warmodgenil
TiTqmis yvela Txzulebas axlavs.
5. abo Tbilelis wameba. `abo Tbilelis wamebis~ Zvel teqsts antonis kalmis
qveS sagrZnobi cvlilebebi ganucdia: Zveli Zeglis pirveli Tavi, avtoris
mimarTva msmenelTadmi, antonis TxzulebaSi ar aris. maT cvlis antonis
`martirikaSi~ Sesul TxzulebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli, sakmaod
vrceli filosofiur-dogmatikuri Sesavali. abos Sesaxeb konkretuli Txroba,
ritorikuli stiliT dawerili, abo tfilelis `wamebis~ Zveli Zeglis meore
Tavis SinaarsiT iwyeba. antonis perifrazul TxrobaSi wyaros Sinaarsi sagrZnobi
SemoklebiTaa gadmocemuli. zogierTi detali antonTan ufro dakonkretebulia,
mag: wyaros cnobas nerses oseTis gavliT xazareTSi gaqcevis Sesaxeb antoni
zogierT detals umetebs: `...da mosruli veropiisa sarmatiad xazarad, romelsa
Turqni yirim zedwodebul hyofen~...1 aseve wyaroSi naxseneb `afxazeTs~ is cvlis
`avazagiad~: `samefod avazagiisad (romelsa Cuen zedwodebul vhyoT afxazeTad)
movida~.2 antoniseuli Txroba kvalSi misdevs wyaros, oRond dialogis
formis bevri adgili da locvis teqstebis antons Secvlili aqvs azrobrivad
da frazeologiuradac, xolo abos wamebisa da misi gvamis dawvis aRniSvnis
Semdeg antoni wyaros Txrobas umatebs: `vidre dromde aRSenebisa amier yovlad
saZagisa amis mizgiTisa da romelnic ganvlian idsa qristeaneni keTilmsaxurni,
dReindelad-dRemde Cueul arian mun Tayuanisce mad, sada STayarnes Zvalni
mowamisani~.3
antonis Txuleba mTavrdeba sxva TxzulebebTan SedarebiT mokle panegirikuli
nawiliT, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba abos wamebis iovane sabanisZiseuli
Txzulebis daskvniTi nawilisagan, romelsac `qebai wmidisa mowamisa haboisi~
ewodeba.
1 martirika, 235,13.
2 iqve, 235,35.
3 iqve, 200,6.

400

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom antoni ar asaxelebs Tavisi wyaros avtors, iovane

sabanisZes (maSin, roca mas dasaxelebuli hyavs Tavis adgilas iakob xucesi,
stefane mtbevari _ gobronis wamebis avtori da sxva) da mis Sesaxeb oriode
SemTxvevaSi aseTi miTiTeba aqvs: `mozraxoben meistorieni yovlad wmidaTa
vnebaTa misTani~,1 an `ityvs meistorie wmidaTa vnebaTa mowamisaTa~.2
6. kostanti kaxis wameba. antonis Txzuleba iwyeba tradiciuli SesavliT,
romelSic saintereso filosofiur-dogmatikuri msjeloba aris warmodgenili
`sruleba~ e. i. srulyofileba da `simarTle~ kategoriebis Sesaxeb, rac
dakavSirebulia `Sesxmis~ obieqtTan _ kostanti kaxis pirovnebasTan.
kompetentur filosofosebze dayrdnobiT antoni aRniSnavs, rom `qeba sxsa
araraime ars, Tvnier aRricxua srulebaTa sxsTa~. antonis Txzulebis Sesavali,
romelic, garda aRniSnulisa, Seicavs kostanti kaxis vrcel `Sesxmas~, cvlis
Tavisi ZiriTadi wyaros `cxoreba wmidisa mowamisa kostantisi qarTvelisa~-s
Sesavals, romelic saRmrTo wignebis warmoSobis istorias da mowameTa `wamebis~
aRweris tradiciis Camoyalibebaze mogviTxrobs. orive Zeglis Txrobis
Tanmimdevroba istoriuli faqtebis gadmocemis dros erTnairia, magram antonis
Txzuleba stilistur-frazeologiurad gansxvavebulia wyarosagan. antonis
TxzulebaSi kostanti kaxi gamoyvanilia arabTa winaaRmdeg piradad aqtiur
mebrZolad da maT winaaRmdeg dawyebuli saxalxo brZolis meTaurad. antoni
aRniSnavs kidec, rom kostanti arabebma erT-erTi aseTi brZolis dros Seipyres
da gamahmadianeba mosTxoves. antons, rogorc Cans, cota gauzviadebia wyaros
Cveneba da angariSi ar gauwevia imisaTvis, rom am dros kostanti 85 wlis yofila,
amasTanave wyaroSi ar aris naTqvami, rom kostanti piradad monawileobda aseT
brZolebSi. `da viTar moxucebul iyo, iqmna netari igi oTxmeoc da xuTisa
wlisa. JamTa oden hasakisa misisaTa aRdga devnulebai didi qristeaneTa zeda
yovelTa queyanasa qarTlisasa. da iyvnes wyobani didni da moisrnes mravalni
qrostianeTagani maT Sina, romelni iRuwides SjulisaTs qristesisa. xolo
netari igi Seipyres elad, viTarca winamZRuari da warCinebuli yovelsa
queyanasa qarTlisasa da piri naTesavTa misTa~.3
`kostanti kaxis wamebis~ Zveli redaqciis bolos Setanili bizantiis
imperatorTa epistole, miwerili kostant kaxis SvilTa da naTesavTa mimarT,
antonis TxzulebaSi Semovlebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili da masSi epistolis
Sinaarsi mesame pirSi TxrobiT aris mokled gadmocemuli. panegirikul nawils
antonis Txzulebis bolos sul ramdenime striqoni uWiravs.

1 iqve, 234,35.
2 iqve, 244,33.
3 Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, gv. 167.

401

7. mixail-gobronis wameba. stefane mtbevaris mier 918 wlebSi Seqmnili

`wameba wmidisa gobronisi~ warmoadgens antonis Txzulebis ZiriTad wyaros.
am ori Zeglis gansxvavebuli Sesavali nawilebis Semdeg Txroba istoriuli
faqtebis Sesaxeb orive ZeglSi siuJeturad erTnairad aris warmodgenili, oRond
gansxvavebuli frazeologiiT da stilisturi xerxebiT. antoni ramdenjerme
asaxelebs Tavis ZiriTad wyaros: `ityvs netari vinme meistorie misTvs~1 (xolo
aSiaze miwerilia: `stefane episkoposi mtbevari~), `ityvs... stefane mtbevari,
meistorie vnebisa maTisa~2 sxva. garda ZiriTadi wyaros monacemebisa antons
usargeblia Zveli qarTuli saistorio matianiTac, rac aRniSnuli aqvs kidec:
`viTarca ityvian Zuelni matianeTa qarTuelTa istorikosni~3. antoni SeniSnavs,
rom abul-kasimis Semoseva somxeTze da saqarTveloze moxda 888 wels berZenTa
mefis kostantines droso da ganagrZobs: `sumbat ipyrobda drosa mas qarTlsa
mefobiT, mefe somxeTa, rameTu misca mas qarTli kostantine mefeman afxazTaman~.4
msgavsi ram stefane mtbevaris TxzulebaSi ar aris; iq mxolod naTqvamia,
rom sumbat somexTa mefe `miivltoda mTaTa zeda afxazeTisaTa~5. antonis es
sityvebi `matiane qarTlisa~-s Semdegi adgili gamoZaxili unda iyos: `mas
Jamsa gamovida kostanti, afxazTa mefe, daipyra qarTli da emtera somxeTa mefe
sumbat tiezerakali; gamoilaSqra spiTa didiTa da moadga ufliscixesa, da...
wariRes cixe eriTa. xolo keTilad imzaes sumbat da kostanti, da ukmosca
ufliscixe da yoveli qarTli~.6 aqedanve unda aeRo antons mis TxzulebaSi
aRwerili abul-kasimis saqarTveloze Semosevis dros ujarmisa da boWormis
cixeebis `Semusrvis~ ambebi7, rac ar aris mtbevaris TxzulebaSi. magram antons
gamotovebuli aqvs stefane mtbevaris mier aRwerili somxeTis darbeva arabTa
mier, somxeTa mefisa da didebulebis datyveveba da wameba kapoetis cixis aRebis
Semdeg, ris mizezadac stefane asaxelebs somxeTSi mwvaleblobis gavrcelebas,
somexi xalxis ukeTurebas da ampartavnobas. safiqrebelia, rom antonma ZiriTadi
wyaros es cnobebi Segnebulad ar Seitana Tavis TxzulebaSi albaT mezobel
xalxTan mis dros damyarebuli kulturuli urTierTobisa da keTilganwyobili
damokidebulebis gamo.
antonis Txzuleba mTavrdeba Zalian mokle panegirikuli `SesxmiT~, romelsac
mosdevs cnoba, rom pirveli Zegli gobronis wamebis Sesaxeb Seqmna stefane
mtbevarma aSot erisTavTerisTavis davalebiT.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

martirika, gv. 290,20.

iqve, 294,33; 298,11; 301,32.
iqve, 289,33.
iqve, 290,3.
Zeglebi, I, 176,19.
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 262.
iqve, gv. 262-263.

402

II. axali hagiografiuli Txzulebebi

`martirikis~ SemadgenlobaSi
`martirikaSi~ Sesuli Txzulebebis umravlesoba warmoadgens Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi hagiografiuli literaturis kargad cnobil
ZeglTa gadamuSavebas antonis literaturuli principebis safuZvelze, magram
`martirikaSi~ Setanilia 5 iseTi dasaxelebis hagiografiuli Zegli, romlebsac
Cven verc erT xelnawerTa krebulSi ver SevxvdebiT da arc damoukidebeli saxiT
arsebobs. erTi sityviT, am saxelwodebis hagiografiuli Txzulebebi arasdros
arsebula, maTi pirveli SemTxzveli anton bagrationi gaxlavT. ori maTgani
konkretul pirs exeba, xolo sami Txzuleba qarTvel qristianTa jgufuri
wamebis faqtebs aRwers. CamovTvliT maT imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogoriTac isini
`martirikaSi~ arian warmodgenili (mxolod antoniseul numeracias TxzulebaTa
saTaurebis win gadmovitanT):
1. `sityua meequse: Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidisa
mRudelmowamisa neofite urbnisis episkoposisTa, qmnili antonis mier
arxiepiskoposisa...~ (119-135 gv.).
2. `sityua meaTe: Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa RirsTa
mowameTa garesjelTa, qmnili...~ (189-208).
3. `sityua meaTsammete: Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa aTTa
bevrTa mowameTa tfiliss vnebulTa, qmnili...~ (247-265).
4. `sityua meaTequsmete: Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidisa
didisa mowamisa Salua mTavrisa axalcixelis mandaturTuxucesisa, qmnili...~
(302-318).
5. `sityua meaTSdmete: Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa
didTa mowameTa, romelnica brZanebiTa uRmrToisa demurlangisaTa laSqarTa
misTagan daiwunes ekklesiasa Sina monastresa dedisa RmrTisasa quabTaevs,
qmnili...~ (319-340).
rogorc saTaurebidan vxedavT, es Txzulebani cnobil istoriul faqtebs
exebian da istoriografias cnobebi maT Sesaxeb met-naklebi sisruliT
Semounaxavs. antons swored es cnobebi daudvia safuZvlad am TxzulebebisaTvis.
istoriuli cnobebis SedarebiTi siZunwe antoniseuli Txzulebis mixedviTac
igrZnoba, ris gamoc maTSi aRwerili istoriuli momentebis amsaxveli Raribi
faqtobrivi masala Sevsebulia antonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganyenebuli
msjelobebiT, `Sesxmis~ ritorikuli elementebis siWarbiT, dogmatikuri
sakiTxebis gansjiT. marTalia, yvelaferi es damaxasiaTebelia `martirikis~
TiTqmis yvela TxzulebisaTvis, magram ufro moWarbebulad gvxvdeba
dasaxelebul TxzulebebSi. rodesac Cven aRvniSneT, rom CamoTvlili Txzulebebi

403

antonis Semoqmedebis nayofiao, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvqonda is garemoeba, rom

antonma mTliani hagiografiuli Txzulebebis saxe misca sxvadasxva istoriul
wyaroebSi mikvleul masalas, Torem am Soreul istoriul ambebSi antons ar
SeeZlo raime axali faqtobrivi masala Seetana. man mxolod gaimeora is, rac
iyo cnobili da Tavisi erudiciisa da enawylianobis Sesaferisi msjelobebiTa
da ritorikuli gamoxatvis xerxebiT gaamdidra igi.
es xuTi Txzuleba, bunebrivia, `martirikaSi~ sxvadasxva adgilas aris
Setanili, Tumca maT ganawilebas qronologiuri principi ar udevs safuZvlad.
mag. `sityva meaTe _ mowameTa garesjelTa~ qronologiurad ufro gvian momxdar
faqts aRwers, vidre `sityua meaTsamete _ aTTa bevrTa~ (jalaledinis Semoseva),
`sityua meaTequsmete _ Salva axalcixeli~ (Tamaris da rusudanis epoqa) da `...
sityua meaTSvdmete _ `quabTakevis wamebulTa~ (Temurlengis Semoseva). rogorc
vxedavT, qronologiurad aseve areulia danarCen TxzulebaTa rigic.
Cven SevecdebiT, TiToeul Txzulebaze da masSi gamoyenebul istoriul
masalaze oriode sityva vTqvaT.
1. neofite urbnelis wameba. neofite urbnelis saxels Cven verc erT
istoriul wyaroSi ver SevxvdebiT. ar aris misi saxeli moxseniebuli arc
uZveles qarTvel mowameTa da moRvaweTa Semcvel kalendrebSi, svinaqsarebSi da
sadResaswauloebSi. erTaderTi wyaro, romelic mokled mogviTxrobs arabTa
erT-erTi razmis ufrosis umaris qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevisa da Semdeg
misi ruisis episkoposad kurTxevis naxevrad miTiur ambavs, Sio mRvimelis
saswaulebis Semcveli Txzulebaa. am saswaulebis sxvadasxva wyaroebidan
amokreba da erT Txzulebad Camoyalibeba miewereba basili kaTalikoss (`Ze
didisa patrikosisa vaCesi~) Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi srulebiT ucnob pirs.
Tu davujerebT am Txzulebas, masSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirebis mixedviT
neofites qristianobaze moqcevas da Semdeg wamebas adgili hqonia baRdadis
xalifa amir-mumnisa da qarTlis kaTalikosis samoelis dros (orive piri
cnobilia `abos wamebis~ mixedviTac) da momxdara IX saukunis II naxevarSi.
tradiciuli Sesavlisa da neofites `axalnergobaze~ panegirikul stilSi
dawerili nawilis Semdeg antoni mTlianad eyrdnoba `Sios saswauulebis~ mecxre
Tavs da faqtebis sruli aRricxviT, ZiriTadad perifrazulad, zogjer ki
pirdapiri citirebiT mogviTxrobs Semdegs: arabTa erT-erTma razmma, romelic
maTi sardlis, vinme axmadis, brZanebiT (romelic baRdadis xalifas amir mumnis
mier warmogzavnili iyo saqarTvelos dasarbevad) gaigzavna qarTlis zogierTi
kuTxis dasalaSqrad, uecrad man SeamCnia sarkinis gamoqvabulebi. razmis
meTaurebma umarma (`martirikis~ mixedviT omarim) da burulma gadawyvites
maTi dapyroba, radgan mtris specialurad gamagrebuli TavSesafari egonaT,
magram moxda saswauli da arabTa razmi ver gadavida mtkvris meore napirze.

404

yoveli cda amao aRmoCnda, radgan (rogorc Semdeg gairkva) Sio mRvimelis
mier Cadenilma saswaulma mters neba ar misca, mis mier daarsebuli monasteri
(SiomRvime) Seebilwa. tyved Cavardnili erTi beris piriT maT gaiges, rom
es gamoqvabulebi uwyinar ber-monazonTa samyofeli iyo da ara romelime
cixe-simagre. arabebi gabrundnen da es saswauli TavianT sardals axmads
moaxsenes. axmadma didi ZRvniTa da SesawiraviT monasterSi umari gagzavna,
romelmac monasterSi mosvlisas mravali saswauli naxa (monasters zemodan
dastrialebdnen angelozebi da Sios aCrdili, rac simbolurad monastrisadmi
maT mfarvelobas gamoxatavda), gaecno maT cxovreba, moixibla maTi siwmidiTa da
saTnoebiT da aRuTqva maT, rom isic aucileblad maTTan movidoda da qristiani
gaxdeboda. erTi Tvis Semdeg man Seisrula wadili da or arab TanamoazresTan
erTad Sedga berad SiomRvimis monasterSi neofites saxeliT (xolo im or arabs
xristodulos da xristoforos ewodaT). Tavisi samagaliTo qristianobiT
man qarTlis kaTalikosis samoelis yuradReba daimsaxura da neofite ruisis
episkoposad akurTxes. saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi mcxovrebma misma Tanamemamuleebma
ver aitanes yovelive es da neofite Caqoles. misma orma arabma mowafem Rrma
moxucebulobamde icocxla da erTi maTgani (xristoforos) mkodovanis
monastris winamZRvaric ki gaxda. Sios `mecxre saswaulis~ es Sinaarsi mTeli
sisruliT aqvs gamocemuli antons, oRond is amiT ar kmayofildeba da TxrobaSi
urTavs axal momentebs, kerZod: Txrobis im monakveTidan, sadac laparakia
umaris gadawyvetilebaze, qristiani gaxdes, vidre mis aRsasrulamde, antonis
TxrobaSi gzadagza CarTulia xolme `SesxmiTi~ wiaRsvlebi, xolo bolos ki,
ise vTqvaT, faqtobrivi monacemebic: neofites Sepyroba arabTa mier (romlebsac
wyaroc da antonic ratomRac cecxlTayvanismcemlebs uwodeben), maTi moTxovna,
rom neofite mama-papiseul sjuls daubrundes, neofites tradiciuli grZeli
pasuxi, rom misi qristianuli rwmena uryevia, rac Semagrebulia qristianuli
dogmebis moSveliebiT da mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis mankierebiTa mxilebiT,
rac antonis mier gamoyenebul wyaroSi ar moipoveba, da bolos mTavrdeba misi
Caqolvis aRweriT. Txzuleba mTavrdeba mokle `SesxmiT~, radgan `SesxmiTi~
epizodebi Txzulebis Sesaval nawilSi da Txrobis siuJetSi mravlad aris
CarTuli.
2. garejelTa wameba. antonis mier sakuTari iniciativiT Seqmnil im 5
hagiografiuli Txzulebidan, romlebic Cven zemoT CamovTvaleT, `Sesxma
da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa RirsTa mowameTa garesjelTa~
yvelaze sqematuri nawarmoebia. Tuki danarCeni oTxi Txzulebis wyaroebis
daZebna ar aris Zneli, radgan maT Sesaxeb miTiTebas TviT antoni iZleva da es
wyaroebi saxezea, amas ver vityviT `garesjelTa wamebis~ Sesaxeb. TxzulebaSi
arc erTi istoriuli faqti ar aris dasaxelebuli, ar aris antoniseuli

405

miTiTeba romelime wyaroze, araferia Tqmuli momxdari faqtis qronologiaze.

erTaderTi, rac antons aqvs aRniSnuli, isaa, rom `da maxlobel ekklesiisa
qristes aRdgomisa aRaSena samartvle maTi, vhgoneb, viTarmed mefeman kaxTaman
aleqsandre mesameman da mun hqmna igi mebr sawnaxelisa, raTa hniSnvides
sawnaxelsa Sina vnebisasa dawnexasa tkbilTa maT nayofierTa tevanTasa, da
dahsxnes mas Sina da hgian esreT aqamomde~.1 am amonaweridanac Cans, rom antoni
namdvilad darwmunebuli ar aris, es samartvile aleqsandre mefem aRaSena, Tu
ara. aq antons mxedvelobaSi unda hyavdes aleqsandre II (1574-1605), romelic
monazvnad Sedga daviT garejis udabnoSi 1601 wels. Tuki antonis varaudi
sworia, maSin erTi ram naTelia: garejis monasterTa ber-monazonTa masobriv
gaJletas aleqsandre mefis monazvnad Sedgomamde hqonda adgili, oRond
gaurkvevelia, es adre moxda Tu misi mefobis dros? antonisaTvis garejel
monazonTa gaJletis faqti gadmocemiT aris cnobili, rasac TiTonve aRniSnavs,
da ara romelime saistorio wyaros mixedviT: `vhsTquaT ukue mcired vinaoba
da sadaoba Sesmenili quemdebareTa maT arsebaTa zeda wmidaTa~. antonis
TxrobaSi, romelic iwyeba vrceli ritorikuli xerxebiT SeTxzuli `SesxmiT~
da romelSic SigadaSig Teologiur-dogmatikuri sakiTxebicaa aRZruli,
ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs garejis monasterTa Cveulebis aRweras, romelic
gamoixateboda imaSi, rom didmarxvis damTavrebisa da aRdgomis dadgomis
Rames garejis yvela monastris (antonis mowmobiT maTi ricxvi am dros 12 iyo)
monazvnebi ikribebodnen aRdgomis eklesiaSi da erTad dResaswaulobdnen am
dRis dadgomas. es ambavi icodnen yaraiis midamoebSi mcxovrebma sparselebma,
romelTa Sesaxeb antoni wers: `xolo vinaiTgan coduaTa CuenTaTvs ganagrZela
RmerTman dadebad Cuen zeda saivi sparsTa monebisa, amiT taf-WalaTa maT Sina
yaraiisaTa aqusT Cueulebai mkvdrobisa sparsTa, romelica zamTar kidesa zeda
mdinarisa mtkuarisasa davanebad Cueul arian~.2
maT ganizraxes erT-erTi aseTi dResaswaulis dRes, rodesac yvela
monastris berebi erTad iqmnebodnen TavSeyrili, Tavs dasxmodnen, gaeJlitaT
isini da monastrebi gaeZarcvaT. maT TavianTi ganzraxva sisruleSi moiyvanes.
antoni dawvrilebiT aRwers am dResaswauls, RamiT anTebuli sanTlebiT
xelSi eklesiis garSemo litaniobas, ciskris locvas da am procesiis xilvas
Casafrebuli sparselebis mier. Semdeg isini gars Semoertynen medResaswauleT
da, antonis TxrobiT, mosTxoves maT qristes sjulis datoveba da mahmadianobis
miReba. Txroba grZeldeba ukve tradiciuli xerxebiT: qristianTa mtkice uari
dasabuTebulia maTi sarwmunoebis saTnoebiTa da sikeTis yovlisSemZleobiT,
mahmadianuri sarwmuneobis gakilviT da misi uxamsobis gamoaSkaravebiT. bolos
1 martirika, gv. 206,7.
2 iqve, gv. 201,11.

406

iTxoven, rom maT daacadon dResaswaulis damTavreba da locva, radgan arc erTi
maTgani ar daapirebs gaqcevas da maT verc veravin mieSveleba. locvebisa da
ceremonilis grZeli aRwera mTavrdeba berebis amoxocvis sceniT. aq CarTulia
epizodi ori Zmis Sesaxeb, romlebic Tavdapirvelad gadarCnen sikvdils, xolo
Semdeg mainc Sepyres da daxoces. bolos moTxrobilia daxocilTa nawilebis
Sekrebisa da dasaflavebis Sesaxeb aqa-iq cocxlad darCenili dayudebuli
berebis mier da Semdeg aleqsandre mefis mier samartvilis aSenebis ambavi.
Txzuleba mTavrdeba SesxmiTi nawiliT.
3. aTTa bevrTa mowameTa tfiliss vnebulTa. 1225 wels jalaledinma aiRo da
gaanadgura Tbilisi, amoJlita mosaxleobis didi nawili. am dros uwamebiaT
da dauxocavT qalaqis mosaxleobis datyvebebuli nawili, romelmac uari Tqva
qristianuli sarwmunoebis uaryofaze. maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 100.000 yofila.
swored es ambebia gadmocemuli antonis TxzulebaSi, romelsac `Sesxma da
moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa aTTa bevrTa mowameTa tfiliss vnebulTa~
ewodeba.
dogmatikur-enkomiuri Sesavali nawilis Semdeg antoni mogviTxrobs
xuarazmis saxelmwifoze Cingisxanis urdoebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, aRwers
jalaledinis ltolvas, somxeTSi Semosvlasa da mis aoxrebas. dasaxelebuli da
momdevno faqtebi antons auRia `JamTaaRmwerlis~ matianidan SemoklebiT, radgan
Cingisxanis pirovnebaze da mis mier xorezmisa da sxva qveynebis dapyrobaze
Txroba matianeSi sakmaod vrcladaa warmodgenili (antons Cingisxani Cinelad
hyavs dasaxelebuli) da misi moRvaweobis istoria Sedarebuli aqvs siriis mefis
nonosis, misi meuRlis semiramidas, herakles, dionises, kvirosis, aleqsandre
makedonelisa da sxvaTa sagmiro saqmeebTan, rac ar aris mematianesTan.
mematianesTan ufro vrclad da antonTan mokled gadmocemulia rusudanis
mier qarTvelTa laSqris gagzavna somxeTis dasaxmareblad iovane mxargrZelis
meTaurobiT. antoni aq mokled gviTxrobs garnisis brZolis Sesaxeb, Salva
axalcixelis mamacobaze, tyved Cavardnaze da tyveebidan erTi wlis Semdeg
mis mowamebriv sikvdilze qristianobis erTgulebis gamo, rac antons Semdeg
ufro vrclad aqvs mimoxiluli `meaTequsmete sityvaSi~, romelic sagangebod
Salva axalcixelis Sesaxeb daiwera mematianis amave adgilze dayrdnobiT da
gavrcobiT.
ZiriTad TemasTan dakavSirebiT antoni Txrobas iwyebs jalaledinis TbilisSi
SemosvliT da Tbilisis dacemiT aq mcxovrebi sparselebis gamcemlobis
wyalobiT. mematianis cnobiT, zemoxsenebul garnisis brZolas da Tbilisis
aoxrebas ori weli aSorebs. antonis Txzulebasa da mematianis cnobebSi sruli
Tanxmobaa oRond antoni am Txrobidan amokrebs xolme iseT cnobas, romlebic
misi Txrobis erTiani xazisaTvisaa saWiro da gverds uvlis mematianiseul

407

zogierT wiaRsvlas, Tumca Tavis mxriv TiTon Seaqvs damatebani zogierTi

detalis dasazusteblad, magaliTad: antoni gzada-gza CaurTavs rusudanis
Sesaxeb: `romlisa codviTa ganipatiJa RmrTisagan monarxia misi, raveca hyo
man Zmiswulsa missa zeda daviTs da xatebasa zeda RmrTisasa arsebasa Tssa,
ukmoizRo RmrTisagan mosagebeli ese...~1 antons mxedvelobaSi aqvs mematianis
Txroba rusudanis Sesaxeb ZmisSvilis mokvlevinebis mcdelobis gamo, romelic
rusudanis istoriis ufro mogviano periodTan dakavSirebiT aqvs gadmocemuli.2
aseve, rodesac mravalricxovan Tbilisel moqalaqeTa Sesaxeb laparakobs,
romlebic datyvevebuli iyvnen da moelodaT sikvdili, Tuki ar daTmobdnen
qristianobas da fexiT ar gaTelavdnen xatebsa da ar SeafurTxebdnen maT
jalaledinis brZanebisamebr, antoni mematianis Txrobas umatebs, rom bevri
maTgani iyo gareSemo soflebidan. maT mtris rbevis dros Tavi Tbilisis
cixeebs Seafares, xolo am cixeebis danebebis Semdeg mters tyved Cauvardnen
Tbilisel moqalaqeebTan erTad. amasTanave mematiane aRniSnavs, ram `mravalTa
ukue brwyinvale Zleva aCuenes, ara Tavs-debad Seuracxebad wmidaTa xatTa da
datevebad sjulisa~3, magram arafers ambobs imaT Sesaxeb, romelnic sikvdilis
SiSiT ganudgnen sjuls. antons, rogorc Cans, amoukiTxavs mematianis qveteqsti
da misi Txrobis meti damajereblobisaTvis daumata: `mravalni maTganni
zarisagan winaSe TualTa maTTa mdgomarisa mis sikudilisa da mebr brZanebisa
mis uRmrTosa daakldes gvrgvnisagan winaSe TualTa sulisaTa mdgomarisa~4
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, antoniseuli ZiriTadi damatebebi JamTaaRmwerlis
Txrobis bolo nawilSia CarTuli da moicavs tradiciul dialogs: dampyrobelTa
winadadebas `qristes sarwmunoebis uaryofis Sesaxeb, am pirobis Sesrulebis
SemTxvevaSi pativisa da saboZvaris migebas, Tu arada wamebis da sikvdilis
muqaras, da tyveTa pasuxs qristes sarwmunoebisadmi erTgulebis uryevi
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. pasuxSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom qarTvelTa damarcxeba
da maTi qveynis mooxreba RmerTis gangebaa maTi codvebisa da RmrTis mcnebaTa
daucvelobis sanacvlod, xolo maT mier daRvrili sisxli maTi codvebisagan
ganwmedis Tavmdebi. am grZel pasuxs mosdevs sasikvdilod gamzadebulTa mokle
locva. yvelaferi mTavrdeba, mematianisa da antonis varaudiT, asiaTasi mowamis
Tavis mokveTiT; antoni maT vrcel `Sesxmas~ uZRvnis.
4. Salva axalcixelis wameba. `aTTa bevrTa mowameTa wamebaSi~ antoni
gakvriT Seexo axalcixelis Rvawlsa da wamebas, romelsac adgili hqonda
Tbilisis aoxrebisa da mis datyvevebul moqalaqeTa masobrivad daxocvis
ambebze ori wliT adre. ase vTqvaT, garnisis brZola, qarTvelTa damarcxeba,
1
2
3
4

martirika, gv. 259,23.

qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 199,7.
iqve, gv. 178,4.
martirika, gv. 261,6.

408

Salva axalcixelis tyveoba da wameba Tbilisis tragediis Sesavali iyo. Salva

axalcixeli, qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Tamar mefis epoqis
erT-erTi gamoCenili pirTagani iyo (mandaturTuxucesi). mis Sesaxeb pirvel
cnobebs `istoriani da azmani~ gvaZlevs1, romlebic Semdeg basili ezosmoZRvars
ganumeorebia.2 ZiriTadi cnobebi mis Sesaxeb ki `JamTaaRmwerels~ Semounaxavs,
romelic warmoadgens antonis ZiriTad wyaros Tavisi Txzulebis faqtobrivi
masalebis gadmocemisaTvis, Tumca Tavis TxzulebaSi mas `istoriaTa da azmaTa~
cnobebic Seutania, kerZod: Salva da misi Zma iovane winamebrZoli laSqris
mxedarTufrosebi arian basianis omSi da maT gmirobas didi wvlili Seutania
am istoriul gamarjvebaSi. antoni aRniSnavs kidec, rom es ambebi Tamaris
istoriaSi sweriao, Tumca mas gamorCenia `azmaTas~ erTi cnoba, rom Samqoris
omSi brwinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg Salva axalcixelma Tamars xalifas droSa
miarTva.3
Salva axalcixelis Sesaxeb uSualo Txroba jalaledinis xvarazmidan
gamoqceviT da somxeTSi SemoWriT iwyeba, iseve, rogorc zemoT ganxilul `aTTa
bevrTa wamebaSi~. rogorc aRvniSneT, orive Txzulebis wyaro `JamTaaRmwerlis~
matianea. somxeTa aoxrebis aRwerisas antoni SedarebisaTvis bibliur
paralelebs ixmobs xolme, xolo Semdeg SeniSnavs, rom am ambebis Sesaxeb Cven
saubari `meaTsammetesa Sina sityuasa~ gvqindao. antonis perifrazuli Txroba
mematianis Txrobis kvaldakval grZeldeba. rusudanma xvarazmelTa mier
somxeTis aoxrebis ambavi rom gaigo, saSvelad laSqari gagzavna, `rameTu mamuli
mxargrZelTa _ dvni da anisi, nawili somxeTisa, monarxiasa Tana saqarTueloisasa
aRiricxvoda~-o _ komentars urTavs antoni. rusudanma laSqris sardloba
ioane aTabags (mxargrZels) ubrZana, romelic am dros ukve moxucebuli da
`farulad monazon qmnil iyo~4, ambobs mematiane, masze miTiTebis aRniSvniT
amas imeorebs antonic da Tavis komentarsac urTavs: `romlisad umjobes iyo
da Cuendaca sayofelad savanei memxoloeTa, romliTa ufrore Tavisuflad
ganibertda korcTa da sulsa, nuukue ubiwod waradgenda winaSe Tualuxuavad
Surismgeblisa msajulisa, xolo Cuen nuTu ganvereniTmca maSindelisagan
yovlad mZvnuarisa aRspobisa~.5 antons aq mxedevelobaSi aqvs ambebi, rac Semdeg
moxda: xvarazmelebi da qarTvelTa laSqari garnisTan erTmaneTis pirispir
dadgnen. brZolis dawyeba tradiciulad mesxTa da TorelTa mewinave laSqris
pativi iyo, xolo maT am brZolaSi iseve, rogorc basianis omSi, Zmebi Salva da
ivane axalcixelebi meTaurobdnen. brZola gaCaRda da Zmebic, TavianTi laSqriT
1
2
3
4
5

qarTlis cxovreba, II, 74r; 95,3; 96,6-16.

iqve, gv. 136,16; 137,10-19.
iqve, 74,2.
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 169,16.
martirika, gv. 311,20.

409

musrs avlebdnen mters. magram samxedro strategiis mixedviT mewinave razms

ZiriTadi laSqari unda mihyoloda, xolo mematianis sityvebiT (romlis citata
gadmoaqvs antons wyaroze miTiTebiT) aTabagi ivane `SuriTa axalcixelTa...
ukanagan hsdga~ da, miuxedavad axalcixelTa araerTgzisi Txovisa daxmarebis
Sesaxeb, maSveli laSqari ar daaxmara, ramac ganapiroba ara marto am brZolis
wageba, aramed mTeli saqarTvelos aoxreba. Seupovarma Zmebma iTakiles ukuqceva
da mas Semdeg, rac maT `queSe gamoukles cxenni~, rogorc es lakoniurad
aqvs aRniSnuli antons, da `yovelni saWuruelni Semusrnes mterTa zeda~,
ivane daeca, xolo Salva tyved Cavarda. aq antoni RvarZlnarevi sinanuliT
umatebs: `romliTa sawadeli aTabagisa ioanesi uborotesisa saSualisa kmeviTa
misasrulebad mivida~.1
Salva jalaledinis winaSe waradgines. is icnes naxiWevanelebma da
adrabadaganelebma da moaxsenes jalaledis misi vinaoba da simamacis ambavi.
jalaledinma didi pativiT miiRo igi, uboZa mas didebulis wodeba, qalaqebi
adrabadaganisa da erTi weli pativiTa da didebiT cxovrobda. aqamde antonisa
da mematianis Txroba Sinaarsobrivad erTnairia. amis Semdeg mematiane mxolod
erT winadadebas umatebs: `xolo Semdgomad weliwadisa erTisa moikla sultnisa
mier ara datevebisaTs sjulisa~2, xolo antoni Txrobas hagiografiuli
Txzulebis tradiciuli maneriT ganagrZobs: dawvrilebiT aris gadmocemuli
jalaledinis cda Salvas mahmadianobaze moqcevisa, misi dapirebebi, muqara,
Salvas vrceli pasuxi, dogmatikuri mtkicebani saiqio cxovrebis upiratesobaze
miwier gancxromsaTan SedarebiT, Salvas sapyrobileSi Cagdebisa da wamebis
scenebi da aRsasruli. Txzulebis es nawili gadatvirTulia bibliuri
citatebiT. Txzulebis bolo nawili eTmoba Salvas vrcel `Sesxmas~, romelic
imave stiliTaa dawerili, rogorc amave Txzulebis SesavalSi warmodgenili
SesxmiTi CanarTebi.
5. quabTaxevs wamebulTa. bagrat V-is mefobis dros 1393 wels saqarTvelos
Temurlengi Semoesia. tfilisis aRebisaTvis gaafTrebul brZolaSi Temurlengma
bagrat mefe tyved Caigdo, Tbilisi da misi Semogareni mTlianad aaoxra.
tyveobaSi myofma mefem Temurlengis yovelgvari cdis miuxedavad qristianoba
ar daTmo. Tbilisidan Temurlengi yarias gaemarTa sanadirod, Semdeg yarabaRs
da bagratic Tan hyavda. bardavs myofma Temurlengma Tavisi sardali gamogzavna
Sida qarTlis dasarbevad, radgan Tbilisis aRebis dros am mxarisaTvis maSin
ver moicala. `da moiwivnes laSqarni misni da iavar-yves da moaores yovelive
saqarTvelo, Semusres da daarRvevs wmida kaTolike eklesia mcxeTisa, da
miiwivnes muniT quabTaevs, da Seipyres mun myifni kacni: mamani da dedani,
1 iqve, 312,30.
2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 171.

410

mRdelni da diakonni da monazonni, da Seamwyudies taZarsa wmidisa quabTaevisa

RmrTismSobelisasa da Seugznes cecxli Sinagan eklesiisa da dawves, romelica
iyofebodes eklesiasa mas Sina. da vidre dReindelad dRemde ixilvebis Sinagan
iataksa zeda wmidisa eklesiisasa da damwvarni saxeni maTni dResac-ve zedan
sxenan~.1 Semdeg maT aaoxres da daangries ruisi da misi eklesia, Camovles kaxeTi,
dawves, moaoxres da gaJlites mosaxleoba.
amis Semdeg Temurlengma xelmeored scada bagratis Tavis sjulze moqceva.
bagratma gadawyvita moetyuebina Temurlengi, moCvenebiT misi sarwmunoeba mieRo,
xolo ndobis mopovebis Semdeg Suri eZia. asec moiqca: bagratma Temurlengs
gamosTxova 12000 meomari, viTomda qarTveli mosaxleobis sarwmunoebis
gamosacvlelad, sinamdvileSi ki gaafrTxila Tavisi Svili giorgi da qarTvelTa
laSqarma gzaSi mTlianad amoJlita mtris laSqari, ise, rom erTi kacic ar
gadarCenila cocxali. es rom gaigo Temurlengma, isev warmoemarTa qarTlisaken.
bagrati mas qarTvelTa laSqriT daxvda. mamacuri brZolis miuxedavad
qarTvelebi iZlivnen da mterma saSinlad moaoxra qveyana. ai, mokle Sinaarsi
beri egnataSvilis saistorio Sromis im monakveTisa, romelic bagrat V-is
mefobis moicavs Temurlengis am Semosevas aRwers. CvenTvis saintereso adgili
ufro gvian gaimeora vaxuSti batoniSvilma Tavis saqarTvelos istoriaSi~.2
Cven es imisTvis aRvniSneT, rom `martirikaSi~ Setanili anton bagrationis
hagiografiuli Txzuleba dasaxelebul saistorio wyaroebs eyrdnoba; amas
TviT avtoric ase aRniSnavs: `Zueli ukue matiane Cueni mogviTxrobs~, rodesac
igi beri egnataSvilis naSroms iyenebs, xolo `swers vaxuSti~ an `esreT hswers
vaxuSti~, rodesac mis istorias iSveliebs. Cven mier zemomotanili Sinaarsi
antons zustad ase aqvs gadmocemuli, ra Tqma unda, perifrazulad. es Txroba
mosdevs am Txzulebis Zalian vrcel dogmatikur Sesavals (mTeli Txzulebis
TiTqmis mesameds), magram Txrobis TanmimdevrobaSi gansxvavebac aris: mematianis
mixedviT qvaTaxevis monasterisa da misi mrevlis dawva bagratis tyveobis dros
moxda, xolo antonis mixedviT ki bagratis mier Temurlengis TormetaTasiani
laSqris motyuebiT gaJletis sapasuxod represiebis dros.
es gansxvaveba antonsac aqvs aRniSnuli. igi SeniSnavs, rom vaxuSti am ambebs
bagratis tyveobidan ganTavisuflebis Semdegdroindelad Tvliso. albaT
antonma Txrobis vaxuStiseuli Tanmimdevroba ufro imitom irwmuna, rom misi
Txzulebis siuJetisaTvis ufro Sesaferisi iyo: jer undoda bagrat mefesTan
dakavSirebuli istoriuli ambebi moeTxro, xolo Semdeg mTlianad Tavisi
Txzulebis ZiriTad Temaze gadasuliyo da aRar gaewyvita igi. meore gansxvaveba
mosalodneli da Segnebulia: is, rac naTqvamia qvaTaxevis monastrisa da mis
1 qarTlis cxovreba, III, gv. 328,28.
2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 264-267.

411

mravalricxovan mkvidrTa dawvis Sesaxeb, mematianis TxzulebaSi martooden

zemomotanili citatiT amoiwura, antonTan ki, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
am ambis aRweras aTeuli gverdi aqvs daTmobili, magram es vrceli varianti
faqtobriv masalas imaze mets ar Seicavs, rac mematianesTan aris. teqstis
gavrcoba antonisaTvis Cveuli xerxebiT aris miRweuli. aq igive suraTia
ganmeorebuli, rogoric danarCeni 4 ganxiluli Txzulebis finalSia aRwerili:
marbevelTa cda monastris mkvidrTa TavianT sarwmunoebaze moqcevisa, monazonTa
mtkice uari, Semagrebuli dogmatikuri da moraluri xasiaTis mravali
mtkicebiT, sikvdilis wina locva da bolos maTi damwyvdeva monastris mTavar
taZarSi da Sig gamowva. mematianiseul gadmocemas: `vidre dReindelad dRemde
ixilvebis Sinagan iataksa zedan wmidisa eklesiisasa da damwvarni saxeni maTni
dResacve zedan sxenan~, antonic imeorebs cotaoden gansxvavebuli niuansiT:
`gamoiwernes da daibeWdnes iatakTa zeda ekklesiisaTa asoni igi damwuarni
mowameTani amad, viTarmed, Tu sadme martvlTmoyuarebaman ganaRZnes mravalni
qebis sityuaobad Zlevisad maTisa, arcaRa ucxoveloni daaklden qadagebisagan
martlTa Zlevamoyuarebisa~1, Txzuleba tradiciulad mTavrdeba vrceli qebiT
anu `SesxmiT~.

III. hagiografiuli Txzulebani

somex mowameTa Sesaxeb
`martirikaSi~ warmodgenili bolo sami Txzuleba im wmindanTa wamebas
exeba, romelTa Sesaxeb hagiografiuli Zeglebi somxur enaze Seiqmna, magram
es wmidanebi qarTul wreebSi adridanve popularuli gamxdaran da Zvel
qarTul liturgikul wignebSi maTi xseneba SeutaniaT. antonsac xazgasmiT
aqvs aRniSnuli, rom: `vhsWuretT winaparTagan mamaTa qarTuelTa, viTarmed
daumtkicebies-ye gansazRureba ese anu ganCineba, rameTu saTTueoTa Sina
mosasenebelTa da metafrasTa senebai somxeTsa Sina vnebulTa WeSmaritebisa
mowameTa...~2 es Txzulebebia:
1. `sityua meaTuramete. Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa
mowameTa suqiosisa da mis Tana vnebulTa sukavetelTa, qmnili antonis mier...~
(gv. 340-352).
2. `sityua meaTcxramete. Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidaTa
mowameTa isak da iosebisi, vnebulTa qalaqsa Sina Teodosipolsa, qmnili...~ (gv.
353-370).

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 329.

2 martirika, gv. 341,15.

412

3. `sityua meoce. Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidisa mRudelmowamisa grigori didisa somxeTisa episkoposisa da wmidaTa RirsTa mowameTa
qalwulTa rifsimasi da gaianasi da sxvaTa maT Tana, qmnili...~ (gv. 370-418).
TiToeuli Txzulebis mokle mimoxilvaSi Cven zogadad SevexebiT Zvel qarTul
wyaroebSi dadasturebul cnobebs am mowameTa Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba dasaxelebul
somex mowameTa Sesaxeb wamoWril sxvadasxva istoriul-filologiur sakiTxebs,
romlebic dakavSirebulia dasaxelebuli hagiografiuli Zeglebis somxur
dednebTan, Cven maT aq ver SevexebiT. ZiriTadad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
antonis mier Tavis TxzulebebisaTvis gamoyenebul wyaroebze, am TxzulebaTa
Zvel qarTul Targmanebze, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ somxur teqstebzec.
1. suqiosisa da mis Tana vnebulTa wameba. anton bagrationis `martirikaSi~
am TxzulebiT iwyeba somxuri hagiografiis Zeglebis warmodgena. igi iTvleba
somxuri hagiografiuli mwerlobis erT-erT uZveles Zeglad1. antonis
mier `martirikaaSi~ am Zeglis Setanis mizezze aRvniSneT, rom qarTuli
hagiografiuli da liturgikul mwerlobis tradiciebiT am mowameTa xseneba
qarTul eklesiaSic damkvidrda da antonmac movaled igrZno Tavi, angariSi
gaewia winaparTa tradiciebisaTvis. Zvel qarTul hagiografiul-liturgikul
Zeglebs sakmaod adre droidan Semounaxavs cnobebi am mowameTa Sesaxeb. somxuri
hagiografis am uZvelesi Zeglis qarTuli Targmanis erTaderTi nusxa Setanilia
X s. cnobil aTonis mravalTavSi (Ath. 8), Tumca am Zeglis Targmnas IX saukuneSi
SesaZleblad miiCneven2.
qarTul liturgikul krebulebSi `mesukavelTa~ xseneba XI saukunidan
gvxvdeba: XI s. didi svinaqsris erT-erTi nusxis (A-97) aSiaze teqstis xeliT
weria: `amasve dResa (15 aprils) wmidaTa mowameTa mesukavelTa suqiasi
da moyuasTa misTa~ (164v), rac ufro mogviano liturgikul ZeglebSi aseve
meordeboda. rogorc Cans, am mowameTa xseneba qarTuli saeklesio wignebis
iseTi organuli nawili gaxda, rom gviandelma krebulebma es moRvaweebi ukve
qarTvelebad CaTvales. mag. XVIIII s. erT-erT sagaloblebis krebulSi (A4931, 221) aseTi xsenebaa Setanili: `amasve dResa (15 aprili), wmidisa suqiasi da
misTanaTa qarTuelTa~ (487). liturgikul krebulebSi Cven vxvdebiT `locvai
wmidaTa mesukevelTa~ (A-450, XVI s. A-895, XVII _ XVIII ss), romlebic
Seicaven am mowameTa Sesaxeb Seqmnili somxuri hagiografiuli Zeglis qarTuli
Targmanidan sityvasityviT amoRebul or locvasa da maTi vinaobisa da wamebis
mokle cnobebs 101. aseve, pl. ioselianis cnobiT, mas aTonis mTaze 1107 wlis
etratis xelnawerSi unaxavs maTi sagalobeli da moaqvs amonaweri: `wmidaTa
mowameTaA suqiasi da moyuasTa misTa, romelni iyunes somxiTiT da ewamnes
1 martirika, gv. 341,15.
2 iqve, gv. 511, sq. 99.

413

urwmunoTagan 100 welsa qristesiT~ 102. erTi sityviT, antons marTlac, sakmarisi
safuZveli hqonda eTqva, rom: `winaparTagan mamaTa qarTvelTa... daumtkicebiseye
gansazRurebiT ese anu ganCenai, rameTu saTTueoTa Sina mosavsenebelTa da
metafrasTa hxseneba somxeTsa Sina vnebulTa WeSmaritebisa mowameTa, romelni
mTasa Sina sukavetisasa... ivnes~ 103, antonma Tavisi wvlilic Seitana winaparTa
mier ganmtkicebul tradiciaSi da suqias da mis moyuasTa Sesaxeb axali `Sesxma
da wameba~ dawera. ra Tqma unda, antonma Tavis TxzulebisaTvis, garda mis
mier SeTxzuli panegirikuli nawilisa, Zveli wyaroebiT isargebla, magram
gasarkvevia, es wyaroebi qarTulad arsebuli masalaa Tu originaluri somxuri.
samecniero literaturaSi garkveulia, rom `wameba wmidaTa mowameTa
mesukavelTai~ somxuri dednis zusti Targmania, Tumca somxur dedans aklia
qarTuli Targmanis mozrdili Sesavali1. antonis Txzuleba ar iyenebs qarTul
Targmans, rac Semdegidan Cans: 1) antonis TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom wamebulTa
ricxvi cxrameti iyo, Tumca CamoTvlis mxolod 17-s (aklia iqdoq da Tevdosios)
da zogierTi saxelic ar hgavs qarTul Targmansa da mis dedanSi dadasturebul
saxelis formas (nerangios _ svrqios nacvlad, mimianos _ menas nacvlad,
Teodoritos _ Tevdotios nacvlad). 2) antonis TxzulebaSi ar aris asaxuli
qarTuli Targmanis is Sesavali, romelic somxuri dednis xelnawerebs akliaT.
3) antoni Tavis TxzulebaSi ar axsenebs qarTul Targmans, rac imas niSnavs,
rom antonisaTvis Ath. 8 xelnaweri, romelic Seicavs `mesukavelTa~ wamebis
qarTuli Targmanis erTaderT nusxas, cnobili ar iyo. es Cans Tundac iqidan,
rom antonis martirikaSi ar Sevida ori hagiografiuli Txzuleba _ `wamebai
daviT da tiriWanisi~ da `wamebai yrmaTa wmidaTai ricxviT cxra~, romlebic
mxolod Ath.8 xelnaweriTaa cnobili da qarTul originalur hagiografiul
Zeglebad aris aRiarebuli2. sxvagvarad am faqtis axsna SeuZlebelia, radganac
antonma `martirikaSi~ Tavi mouyara ara marto yvela misTvis cnobil
hagiografiul Zegls, aramed TviTon Seadgina ramdenime iseTi hagiografiuli
Txzuleba, romelic manamde damoukidebeli Txzulebis saxiT ar arsebobda,
amasTanave ar gamorCa qarTuli eklesiis mier aRiarebuli is pirebic, romelTa
Sesaxeb ZiriTadi hagiografiuli Zeglebi somxur enaze daiwera. amitom antonis
sityvebSi: `momzraxaoben amisTvs WeSmaritni meistorieni~ somxuri wyaroebi
unda igulisxmebodes. 4) mTavari sabuTi imisa, rom antoni raRac gansxvavebul
somxur wyaros iyenebs da ara qarTul Targmans, is aris, rom antonis TxzulebaSi
iseTi adgilebia, rac ar aris `mesukavelTa~ wamebis qarTul TargmanSi da mis
somxur dedanSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod umTavress: antonis Txzuleba, romelic
tradiciuli vrceli SesavliT iwyeba, mowameTa Sesaxeb Txrobas iwyebs
1 il. abulaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 131.
2 iqve, gv. 64-70.

414

apokrifuli ambebiT, romlebSic gadmocemulia iuda mociqulis Sexvedra

saberZneTidan momaval xuTkacian jgufTan, romlis meTaurs xrisos (e.i. oqro)
erqva (xolo somxur wyaroebSi oski, e.i. oqro). despanebma Seipyres mociquli
da vinaoba gamohkiTxes. mociqulma yovelive uambo da maT qriste uqadaga.
qadagebis dros irmebis jogi gamoCnda da despanebma mociquls misi sityvebis
dasamtkiceblad saswaulis Cveneba moTxoves. piroba aseTi iyo: mociquls unda
SeeCerebina gaqceuli irmebis jogi, daeWira erTi iremi, romelsac moSivebuli
despanebi daklavdnen, Sewvavdnen da SeWamdnen. mociqulma es piroba Seasrula.
maSin maT mociquls axali saswauli mosTxoves: moegrovebina SeWmuli irmis
Zvlebi da gaecocxlebina igi. Tu mociquli am saswaulsac Caidenda, maSin isini
SeWmaritad irwmunebdnen misi RmerTis, e.i. qristes yovlisSemZleobas. iuda
mociqulma Seagrova Zvlebi, dahbura maT irmis tyavi da iremic cocxali wamodga.
am saswaulma despanebi ganacvifra. mociqulma ubrZana irems, SeerTeboda jogs,
magram iremi Zlivs iZvroda da koWlobda. maSin iudam mimarTa despanebs: romelime
Tqvenganma Zvali an gadaagdo, an damala da amitom ar SeuZlia irems gaqcevao.
erTi maTgani gamotyda, rom gangeb dabala Zvali da patiebas sTxovda mociquls.
mociqulma moixmo iremi, Caudga mas daklebuli Zvali da ubrZana gaqceuliyo.
iremi sirbiliT daedevna jogs da SeuerTda mas. despanebma irwmunes qriste da
mociqulis xeliT moinaTlnen, xolo xrisos mRvdelobis pativi mieca. isini
daemowafnen mociquls da exmarebodnen qristes sarwmunoebis qadagebaSi. xolo
iudas mowamebrivi aRsasrulis Semdeg isini daeyudnen evfratis saTavesTan
mdebare mTaze.
somxeTSi artaqsaris mefobis dros xriso da misi mowafeebi samefo karze
mividnen da qrisres saxareba uqadages mefesa da dedofal saTeniks, romelic
albaneli iyo. dedoflis mxleblebma, romlebic mas albaneTidan moyvnen
mziTvad, qristianoba miiRes, xolo mefem moucleloba moimizeza, Semdegi
droisTvis gadado gaqristianeba da sabrZolvelad wavida. mefis Zeebma qristes
mqadagebeli xriso da misi moyvasni samefo karidan gaaZeves da isini mTaze
dabrundnen. dedoflis gaqristianebuli mxleblebi male maT kvals gahyvnen da
maTac meudabnoeoba airCies.
antonis Txzulebis es monakveTi ori TvalsazrisiT gvainteresebs: jer erTi,
mociqulis Sexvedra da mis mier Cadenili saswaulebi, romelTa mokle Sinaarsi
Cven gadmoveciT, ar moipoveba `mesukavelTa wamebis~ arc somxur dedanSi da arc
qarTul TargmanSi. ar aris es Txroba arc meore somxuri hagiografiuli Zeglis
`sityuani wamebisaTs wmidisa oskisi da moyuasTa misTa~ qarTul TargmanSi,
romelSiac Cven mier zemomotanil TxrobaSi naxseneb xrisos (somxurSi _ oski)
da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis gaqristianeba da wamebaa aRwerili da romlis qarTuli

415

Targmanis erTaderTi nusxa aseve aTonis # 8 X saukunis mravalTavSia Setanili1.

maS, saidan Semoitana antonma Tavis TxrobaSi es epizodi? il. abulaZes Tavis
`qarTul da somxur literaturuli urTierTobaSi~ aRniSnuli aqvs Semdegi
faqti: `somxuri `mravalTavis~ xelnawerebSi oskianTa martvloba xSirad
gvxvdeba. qarTuli Zveli Targmanis Sesabamisi teqsts garda, zogierT xelnawerSi
am martvilobis sxvagvari apokrifulive wignic mogvepoveba. maTTan SedarebiT
qarTuli Targmanis Sesabamisi somxuri martvilobis wigni `mravalTavis~
nusxebSi ufro xSiradaa warmodgenili. erTi rigis martvilobis wignebi imiT
sxvaobs qarTuli Targmanisa da misi somxuri Sesabamisi martvilobis wignisagan,
rom am ukanasknelis mokle Sesavlis (gv. 9,7 10,5) nacvlad pirvels sakmaod
vrceli teqsti moepoveba (n. SeniSvnebi, gv. 188), romelic oskianTa vinaobasa
da maTs Tadeos mociqulTan damowafebis istorias mogviTxrobs~2. rogorc
vxedavT, somxur `mravalTavebSi~ arsebobs oskianTa martvilobis iseTi nusxebi,
romlebsac Zvel qarTul TargmanTan gansxvavebiT win uZRvis zustad imave
Sinaarsis apokrifuli Txroba, rogoric antonis Txzulebis Sesaval nawilSi
gvaqvs da romlis Sinaarsi Cven zemoT movitaneT. meore mxriv, antonis `suqiosisa
da mis Tana vnebulTa sukavetelTa~ wamebaSi moTxrobili iuda mociqulis mier
Cadenili saswaulebis Semdeg aRniSnuli faqti suqiosisa (imave oskis) da misi
oTxi Tanmxlebis gaqristianebisa da gandegilobis ambavi, maT mier artaqsar
mefis (somxuri wyaroebisa da misi Zveli qarTuli TargmaniT artaSes) karze
misvla, mefe-dedoflis qristianobaze moqcevis cda da saTenik dedoflis ZeTa
mier maTi samefo karidan gandevnis ambavi, romlis Sinaarsi Cven agreTve zemoT
movitaneT, ar aris suqias da mis moyvasTa wamebis arc somxur dedanSi da arc
mis Zvel qarTul TargmanSi. samagierod es nawili TiTqmis asevea moTxrobili
TxzulebaSi `sityuani wamebisaTvs wmidisa oskisi da moyuasTa misTa~. igi
warmoadgens amave saxelwodebis somxuri hagiografiis Zeglis Zvel qarTul
Targmans (Setanilia Ath. 8 xelnawerSi). aqedan aseTi daskvna unda gavakeToT:
antonis ZiriTadi wyaro `suqiosis da sukavetelTa~ wamebis I nawilisaTvis
aris `sityuani wamebisaTvs wmidisa oskisa da moyuasTa misTa~-s iseTi somxuri
redaqcia, romelic Seicavs zemomotanil apokriful Sesavals, romelSic
Tadeoz mociqulis saswaulebia aRwerili. es Sesavali nawili qarTulad
arasodes ar yofila Targmnili. meore nawilisaTvis ukve TviT `wamebai wmidaTa
mowameTa mesukavetTai~-s somxuri dedani unda vigulisxmoT, radgan, rogorc
vTqviT, antons ar unda scodnoda Ath.8-is arseboba, romelSic iyo Setanili am
Zeglis qarTuli Targmanis erTaderTi nusxa. aqve unda davsZinoT, rom antonis
mier Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis wyarod, somxuri hagiografiuli mwerlobis ori
1 il. abulaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 22-61.
2 iqve, gv. 0126.

416

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli ZegliT sargeblobis faqti moulodneli ar aris.

saqme isaa, rom `oskianTa~ da `sukavetTa~ wamebis teqstebi somxeTSi Tadeoz
mociqulis mier qristianobis qadagebis erT cikls miekuTvneba (`sanduxt
dedoflis wamebasTan~ erTad) da erTmaneTis gagrZelebad aris navaraudebi
(somxuri dednebis orive Zegls erTi da imave avtoris anderZebi erTvis)1.
unda aRiniSnos antonis Txzulebis zogierTi sxvaoba mis wyaroebTan
SedarebiT:
1. zemomotanil TxrobaSi antonis Txzulebis mixedviT mociquls iuda
ewodeba, xolo somxuri wyaroebiT Tadeozi. rogorc Cans, es erTi da igivea:
somexi saeklesio istorikosi m. ormaniani wers: `an ori Tadeosi unda
SeviwynaroT somxeTis mociqulebad (mxedvelobaSi aqvs lebeos-Tadeosi da
iuda-Tadeosi), anda marto iuda-Tadeosi vicnaT somxeTis mociqulad...~2.
2. antonis TxzulebaSi iuda mociqulis mier Cadenili saswaulebis aRweras
win uZRvis aseTi apokrifuli cnoba: `momzraxaoben amisTvis WeSmaritni
meistorieni, viTarmed Zma RmrTisa saRmrTo mociquli da mowafe sitysa
ganorcielebulisa iuda, mqonebi epistolisa avgarosis mimarT edesiurisa
mTavrisad miwerilisa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesgan, Sevida epistoliTa
miT palatsa Sina edesiurisa mTvarissasa, romeli iyo zedwodebul sanatrog
Ze avgarosisa, raTa cnobad WeSmaritebisa moiyuanamca igi~. magram sanatrogma
ar Seiwynara mociqulis qadagebao da isic ganeSora da warvida `ganfenad
saxarebisa~. amis Semdeg mas Sexvdnen berZeni despanebi da moTxrobilia ambavi,
rac Cven zemoT movitaneT. antonis am Txrobas analogiuri Sesatyvisi arc
zemoganxilul somxur wyaroebSi moepoveba da arc maT Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi.
meorec, antonis mier edesiis mTavris avgarosis Zed gamocxadebuli sanatrogi
somxuri wyaroebiT somxeTis mefed ixsenieba (`wmida sanduxt asuli iyo
sanatrukisi mefisa somxeTisaisa~ _ `wameba wmidisa dedoflisa sanduxtis~)3.
antonis mier am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli wyaros Sesaxeb Cven verafers vityviT,
Tu ar dauSvebT varauds, rom mas `oskianTa~ wamebis ciklis iseTi Txzuleba
hqonda, romelic mociqulis saswaulebis aRweraze win antoniseuli Txzulebis
aRniSnul Txrobas Seicavda.
antoniseuli Txzulebis uSualo Txroba suqiosisa da mis moyvasTa Sesaxeb
kompoziciurad da Sinaarsobrivad emyareba am mowameTa somxur wamebas (romlis
zusti Targmania Ath.8 xelnawerSi Sesuli erTaderTi nusxa), magram zogierTi
gansxvaveba mainc SeimCneva. jer erTi, antonis Txzuleba wyaros perifrazirebaa,
meorec, antons mTeli sisruliT ar gadmouRia wyaro: gamotovebulia wyaros
1 il. abulaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 0127.
2 iqve, gv. 122.
3 iqve, gv. 3.

417

ramdenime epizodi (somxeTis mefeTa mokvla sparsTa mefis mier, `sukavelTa~

locva somxeTis darbevisagan gadasarCenad da sparsTa mefis ukuqceva, erTerTi meudabnois (poloketis) xilva da mowameTa locva am cudi xilvis Tavidan
asacileblad, suqiosis xilva mosalodneli maTi wamebis Seasxeb da mis mier
moyvasTa `ganZliereba~, lukianozis winadadeba baginTa darbevis Sesaxeb da
suqiosis uari, maT dasasjelad movlinebuli bralahas da mowameTa zogierTi
dialogi, mowameTa sami locva dasjis win da sxv.). gansxvavebulia zogierT
pirTa saxelebis dawerilobac (antonTan suqiosis eriskacobis saxeli barda,
wyaroSi baraqadra, albanTa mefe ditianoz _ didianze, mowameTa mefis winaSe
`Semasmeneli~ hskuir skohe; sukavelTa saxelebis Sesaxeb zemoT iyo msjeloba).
antonis Txzulebis bolos ar aris am Zeglis Zveli qarTuli Targmanis bolo
nawilis (`CuenebisaTvs kostantine mefisa~) Sesabamisi teqsti an misi Sinaarsi. es
gasagebicaa, radgan qarTuli Targmanis es bolo nawili ar aris somxuri dednis
bevr xelnawerSic. antonsac swored im somxuri xelnaweriT unda esargebla,
romelsac es bolo nawili ar hqonda.
2. isakisa da iosebis wameba. antoni Tavis TxzulebaSi sagangebod aRniSnavs,
rom `xolo Cven vinaiTgan movicaleT aTSvdmetTa sityuaTa Sina qarTuelTa
mowameTaTs, mfaruelTa CuenTa, xolo meaTruamete sityua vhyavT RirsTa
mowameTaTs suqieTTa... aw, vityodeT, vhgalobdeT da mouTxrobdeT sxuaTa
mowameTaTvs vnebulTa qalaqsa Sina Teodosipolsa, romelsa Cuen zedwodebul
vhyofT karnu qalaqad, romelTa hksenebai dasdues piruelTa mamaTa qarTuelTa
saTTueoTa mosasenebelTa Sina. xolo saRmrToTa maT mowameTa saxelni esreT
uwyebul ars Cuend: isak da ioseb~1. rogorc vnaxeT, antons upirveles yovlisa
aRniSnuli aqvs, rom am mowameTa xseneba qarTuli saeklesio tradiciebiT
aris ganmtkicebuli. marTlac, 15 seqtembers XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul
sadResaswauloebSi Setanilia `sahak da iosebis~ xseneba, Tanac yvela maTganSi
maT qarTvelebi ewodebaT: `...amasve dResa (15 seqtembers) wmidaTa mowameTa
orTa ZmaTa qarTvelTa sahakisi da iosebisi, romelni iwamnes karnu qalaqsa
sarkinozTagan~ (A-111, 26r; agreTve A-425,59r; centr. arq. #488, 102r da sxv).
antoni, rogorc Cans, undoblad moekida cnobebs am mowameTa qarTvelobis
Sesaxeb da Tavis TxzulebaSi es Secdoma ar gaimeora. am mowameTa xseneba ufro
adrindel qarTul xelnawerebSi ar dasturdeba. SesaZlebelia, maTi xseneba
iyo A-97 XI saukunis svinaqsarSi 15 seqtembris aSiaze miwerili, iseve, rogorc
suqielTa xseneba, magram samwuxarod am xelnawers dasawyisi nawili aklia.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom isakisa da iosebis Sesaxeb Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi
araviTari hagiografiuli Targmnili Txzulebis kvali ar Cans. upirveles
yovlisa mosalodneli iyo misi arseboba Ath.8 krebulSi, romelSic ZiriTadad
1

martirika, gv. 357,25.

418

Tavmoyrilia somxuridan Targmnili hagiografiuli masala, magram, rogorc

Cans, am krebulis Targmnis droisaTvis isakisa da iosebis wameba jer kidev
ar iyo Seqmnili. bunebrivia, am krebulSi maTi martviloba ver Sevidoda. ar
dasturdeba maTi svinaqsaruli cxovrebac qarTul liturgikul ZeglebSi.
amdenad, savaraudebelia, rom antoni cnobebs am mowameTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
arseboba man qarTul wyaroebSi maTi saxelebis moxsenebebiT icoda, somxur
enaze arsebuli masalidan moipovebda. marTlac, somxurad arsebobs sahakisa
da iosebis wameba. Txzuleba moklea da ewodeba: `wminda sahakisa da iosebis
wameba~, romelic gamoqveynebulia wignSi: `cxovreba da mowameoba wmindanTa~,
t II gv. 266-271 venecnia, 1974 w. somxur enaze. antonis Txzulebis metismetad
sqematuri xasiaTi saSualebas ar iZleva kategoriuli gancxadebisaTvis, rom
antonma saxeldobr am somxuri ZegliT isargebla, Tumca sxva SesaZleblobac
ar arsebobs, radgan qarTul wyaroebSi am mowameTa Sesaxeb araviTari cotad Tu
bevrad vrceli cnobebi ar iZebneba.
`martirikaSi~ Sesul TxzulebaTa Soris `isakisa da iosebis wameba~ erTerTi yvelaze sqematuri Zeglia: Txzulebis udidesi nawili daTmobili aqvs
ganyenebul filosofiur-dogmatikur msjelobebs da mowameTa `Sesxmas~,
xolo istoriul-biografiuli cnobebi Zalze Raribadaa warmodgenili.
mowameTa Sesaxeb TxrobaSic ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs wmindanTa gasamarTlebis
scenas: mahmadianebi cdiloben isaki da iosebi qristianuli sarwmunoebidan
isev mahmadianur sjulze moaqcion, hpirdebian pativsa da simdidres, magram
wmindanebi mtkiced icaven qristianul sjuls da amqveyniur cxovrebas arad
agdeben, ganaqiqeben mahmadianur sjuls da wamebis win locvebs warmoTqvamen.
bolos, maT sikvdiliT sjian Tavis mokveTiT. Txzuleba mTavrdeba mowameTa
Rvawlis mokle qeba-SesxmiT.
antonis TxzulebaSi erTaderTi istoriuli piria moxsenebuli _ bizantiis
imperatori nikifore, romelsac mowameebma werili misweres, bizantiaSi Casvlis
nebarTva da mfarveloba Txoves. es unda iyos nikifore I (806-810). da ara
nikifore foka (963-969) an nikifore botaniati (1078-1081), e.i. isakisa da iosebis
wamebis faqts adgili hqonia IX s. dasawyisSi. antoni gamocemuli teqstis
romelime somxuri xelnaweriT unda sargeblobdes, radgan ZiriTadi momentebi
am teqstis msgavsad aqvs gadmocemuli, Tumca dednis isedac mokle Txroba
antons kidev ufro sqematuri gauxdia (gamoutovebia zogierTi piris moxseneba,
mag. Teodosipolis amiris ahronisa, erT-erTi mamikonianelTaganis qurdakisa,
agreTve isakis, iosebisa da maTi mesame Zmis SiSi mamis winaSe qristianobis
miRebis gamo da sxv.).
3. grigol ganmanaTleblis, rifsimesa da gaianes wameba. `martirikaSi~
Sesul TxzulebaTa Soris ukanaskneli, meoce Zegli, romelic grigoli

419

didis, somexTa ganmanaTleblis cxovrebasa da wamebas aRwers da romelSic

CarTulia rifsimesa da gaianes martvilobis epizodebic, martirikis~ danarCen
TxzulebebTan SedarebiT erTisamad vrcelia. grigolis `cxovreba-wamebaSi~
rifsimesa da gaianes wamebis epizodis Setana antonis iniciativa ar aris, aramed
im wyaroTa Taviseburebaa, romlebiTac antonma isargebla. marTlac, grigol
ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis Cvenamde moRweuli somxuri dedani da misi berZnuli,
arabuli da qarTuli Targmanebi aseTive viTarebas gviCvenebs1, Tumca samecniero
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli azriT grigolisa da rifsime-gaianes wamebaTa
teqstebi Tavdapirvelad damoukideblad unda arsebuliyvnen da maTi gaerTianeba
moxda agaTangelosis TxzulebaSi, romelsac `somxeTis istoria~ ewoda2.
grigol parTeveli Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi metad popularuli wmindania
VII-X saukuneebis wyaroebis mixedviT. qarTuli wyaroebidan misi uZvelesi xseneba
moipoveba `ierusalimis ganCinebaSi~3, xolo misdami miZRvnili sagaloblebi X s.
iadgarebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa4. grigol ganmanaTlebelis cxovrebis qarTuli
Targmani ori redaqciiTaa Semonaxuli da Sesrulebulia simeon metafrasis
berZnulad Seqmnili Txzulebidan XI s. ori sxvadasxva mTargmnelis mier5. giorgi
mTawmidlis mier Targmnil did svinaqsarSi 30 seqtembris dReze Setanilia
grigolis, rofsimesa da gaianes sakmaod vrceli svinaqsaruli cxovrebac,
romelic berZnuli originalis Targmnas warmoadgens6.
antonis Txzuleba ZiriTadad panegirikuli Janris nawarmoebia, romelSic
SigadaSig CarTulia istoriul-biografiuli cnobebi am mowameTa Sesaxeb.
antoni Tavis TxzulebaTa wyaroebidan asaxelebs `proloRos, TTue sekdemberi,
ricxvi 30~, romelic giorgi mTawmidlis `didi svnaqsris~ nusxebs gulisxmobs,
`oqropirisa wmidisa giorgi parTisaTs kukusos ekklesiasa Sina qmnili qadageba~,
romlis qarTul Targmans Cven ver mivakvlieT. garda am wyaroebisa, antoni unda
sargeblobdes grigolis vcreli cxovrebis qarTuli TargmaniTac, radgan mis
TxzulebaSi dadasturebuli zogierTi cnoba ar aris svinaqsarul cxovrebaSi.
antons Tavisi Txzulebis saTauri grigolis svinaqsaruli cxovrebis mixedviT
Seudgenia: `Sesxmai da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidisa mRudelmowamisa
1 dasaxelebuli Zeglebis redaqciebisa da Targmanebis Sesaxeb ix. . ,
, , 1975, . 98-104. . , , ,
( ), , 1905; cxovreba wm. grigol parTelisa,
gamoc. l. meliqseT-begis mier, Monumenta Georgica, scraptores ecclesiastici #2, tfilisi,
1920; iv. javaxiSvili, Zv. somxuri saeklesio mwerloba, tfilisi, 1935, gv. 71-149 da sxv.
2 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 79 (fon-gutSmidis azri).
3 . . , VII ( ), , 1912, . 147
(21 XII).
4 Sin.49, 91v-97v; Sin.59; Sin.65 da sxv.
5 S 334(XI-XII ss.), gv. 213-257. gamoc. l. meliqseT-begis mier, aTonis #20 (daaxl. 1080iani wlebi), gv. 70-74. Targmnilia Teofile xucesmonazonis mier.
6 H 2211 (XI s.).

420

grigori didisa somxiTis episkoposisa da wmidaTa RirsTa mowameTa qalwulTa

rifsimasi da gaianasi da sxuaTa maTTanaTa...~ Sead. svinaqsaruli cxovrebis
saTauri: `Tuesa sekednbersa l. wmidisa grigol episkoposisa didisa somxiTisai
da gaianesi da rifsimaisi da maTTanaTa~, maSin, rodesac grigol parTelis
cxovrebis qarTuli Targmanis saTauria: `cxovrebai da amissa Semdgomad wamebai
wmidisa mRdelmowamisa grigoli parTevelisai~1.
grigolis, rifsimesa da gaianes Sesaxeb istoriul-biografiuli cnobebi antons
Tavis TxzulebaSi Raribad aqvs warmodgenili, rac ganpirobebulia Txzulebis
panegirikuli xasiaTiT. Tavisi Txzulebis TxrobiTi adgilebis aRwerisas antoni
ZiriTadad svinaqsarul cxovrebas eyrdnoba da wyarosac iqve uTiTebs, Tumca
xSirad svinaqsaruli cxovrebis mokle Txroba Sevsebuli aqvs vrceli cxovrebis
monacemebiTac. mag. antonis sityvebi: `ixila mdinare rame, romelsa Sina aqaT
ganvidodes cxovarni da gansrulni gardaiqmnebodes mgel~2, vrceli cxovrebis
Semdegi adgilis gadakeTebaa: `da romelnime maT kravTaganni Seicvalebodes m[g]
elad da SeSWamdes cxovarTa maT...~3 aseve. mxolod vrceli cxovrebidan SeeZlo
gamoekriba antons cnobebi grigolis mamis saaugo saqcielis, misi mokvlisa da
CCvili grigolis kabadukiaSi gaizvnis Sesaxeb, radgan svinaqsarul cxovrebaSi
amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami: `rameTu moikla ra anakosgan, naTesaviT parTisa,
xosro mefe somxeTa, da anak somxeTagan [moikla], Ze anakisi yrmai mcire
erTgulTagan monaTa ganitaca, raTa ara warhswymdesca mkulelTagan mamisaTa da
samTavrod kabbadukiisa moyvanebuli ganera mZnuarebasa mkulelTasa. xolo iyo
maSin TvTmpyrobelobiTi skiptrisa pyrobai uRmrToisa deoklitianesi~4. mxolod
vrcel cxovrebaSia epizodebi, romelic antons Seutania Tavis TxzulebaSi.
esenia: rifsimes, gaianes da maTTan erTad wamebulTa `wmida nawilebis~ dakrZalva
grigolis mier; gaqristianebuli Trdat mefis mier kerpebisa da bomonTa dangrevaganadgureba; grigolis rCeva kabadukiidan mRvdelTa mowvevisa da somexTa samefo
karis monaTvlis Sesaxeb; mefisa da mTavrebis xvewna-mudara, rom grigolma
miiRos mRdelobiTi xeldasma kabadukiaSi; grigolis ltolva, uflis Cveneba
da grigolis damorCileba, misvla kabadukias da leonti mTavarepiskopososagan
xeldasxmis miReba, mdinare evfratze Trdat mefisa da samefo karis sazeimo
Sexvedra da maTi monaTvla grigoris mier. iseTi epizodebis arseboba antonis
TxzulebaSi, rac ar aris svinaqsarulSi, gvavaraudinebs, rom antoni grigolis
vrceli cxovrebis qarTuli TargmaniT sargeblobs, radgan somxuri dednis dRes
SemorCenil nusxebSi agaTangelosis somexTa moqcevis istoriis dasawyisi nawili
aRar Semonaxula. misi berZnuli Targmanis mixedviT gamoTqmulia, varaudi, rom
1
2
3
4

cxoreba... grigol parTelisa, gamoc. l. meliqseT-begis mier, tfilisi, 1920.

martirika, gv. 374,16.
cxoreba... grigol parTelisa, gv. 33,13.
martirika, gv. 375,8.

421

somxuris dasawyiss didi nawili aklia. miuxedavad Tqmulisa, mainc aris zogierTi
gansxvaveba grigolis vcrel cxovrebasa da antonis Txzulebas Soris: antoni
grigolis kabadukiidan somxeTSi pirvel mosvlas debs likiniosis mefobaSi:
`grigori kabbadukiisa samTavroiT da monarxiiT aziurisa monarxisa likiniosisa
samefod somxeTad miivlinebis...~1 maSin, rodesac grigol ganmanaTleblebis
vrceli cxovrebis somxur, berZnul, arabul da qarTul versiebSi grigoris
moRvaweoba somxeTSi dioklitianes mefobaSi mimdinareobs (rifsime da gaiane
iltvian saberZneTidan, radgan diokletianem gadawyvita rifsimes colad SerTva.
am dros grigoli somxeTSi ukve mosulia da mRvimeSia Cadgebuli). aq, rogorc
Cans, antoni kritikulad moekida wyaroebis Cvenebas da somxeTis gaqristianeba
ufro sarwmuno periodSi gadmoitana (likiniozi mefobda 308-325 w). amasTanave
antons Sesworebuli aqvs zogierTi sakuTari saxeli: vcrel cxovrebaSi aris:
kusar somexTa mefe _ antonis TxzulebaSia `xosroi mefe somexTa~, asevea: Trdat
_ trdat, kusaroduxti _ xosroduxti da sxv.
antonis Txzulebis erTi detalis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, aRsaniSnavia
avtoris miswrafeba, gamoiyenos Tavisi Txzulebis ZiriTad TemasTan
dakavSirebuli yoveli saxis wyaro. oqropiris qadagebis Sesaxeb Cven zemoT
vTqviT. aq yuradReba gvinda SevaCeroT grigol ganmanaTleblis antoniseul
cxovrebaSi nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelis Sesaxeb CaerTul epizodze,
romelic `moqcevai qarTlisai~-dan aris aRebuli, rasac TviT antoni uTiTebs,
rogorc es mas sCvevia. qarTvelTa moqcevis matianeSi aRniSnulia, rom rifsimesa
da gaianesTan erTad ninoc moxvda somxeTSi, magram nino saswaulebriv gadarCa,
xolo isini ki awames. somexi istorikosi mose xoreneli Tavisi istoriis meore
wignSi aRniSnavs, rom wmida mociqulma nunem (ninom) iqadaga klarjeTiTgan
moyolebuli darialanamdis da kaspiis zRviTgan masagetTa sazRvramdis, `viTarca
gvauwyebs amas agaTangelosi~2-o. fiqroben, rom agaTangelosis TxzulebaSi albaT
Tavdapirvelad marTlac arsebobda aseTi cnoba, magram is amoRebulad miaCniaT
qarTuli da somuri eklesiis ganxeTqilebis Semdeg. aseTi redaqcia Semdgom
Targmnil iqna berZnulad, arabulad da qarTulad da amitomac am Targmanebsac ar
Semounaxavs ninos xsenebis kvali~3. erTi sityviT, antons sakmao safuZveli hqonda
Tavis TxzulebaSi Seetana gaianesa da rifsimes epizodTan dakavSirebiT nino
ganmanaTleblis epizodic. mas, rogorc somxuris mcidne ganaTlebul filologsa
da istorikoss SeiZleba scodnoda mose xorenelis istoriis es adgilic.

1 iqve, gv. 377,8.

2 iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, tfilisi, 1935, gv. 95.
3 iqve.

422

qarTvel wmindanTa da dResaswaulTa

mosaxsenebeli dReebi Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis
mixedviT
qristianuli eklesiis dResaswaulTa kalendars safuZveli Caeyara
bizantiur saeklesio mwerlobaSi RvTismsaxurebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelze.
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis rituali ganviTarebis uadres
etapze, romelsac mociqulTa periodsac uwodeben,1 uaRresad martivi iyo
da oTxi ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeboda: locva, galoba, saRmrTo werilis
kiTxva da qadageba, romelTa arsebobis kvali am periodSi kargad Cans pavle
mociqulis epistoleTa mixedviT.2 mociqulTa saukuneSi safuZveli Caeyara
ara marto yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas, aramed qristianul saeklesio welsac.
Tavdapirvelad erTi dRis RvTismsaxureba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda meore
dRisagan,magram Semdeg Svideulis zogierTma dRem, gansakuTrebiT ki kviram,
is prioriteti moipova, rom masTan dakavSirebuli iqna qristes cxovrebis
garkveuli momenti, upirveles yovlisa, aRdgoma. aman xeli Seuwyo kvira dRis
gamoyofas sxva ubralo dReebisagan da mis gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas, ramac
safuZveli Cauyara qristianul saeklesio wels.
droTa ganmavlobaSi momravlda saeklesioistoriul movlenebTan
dakavSirebuli dReebi, romlebmac gaamdidres saeklesio dResaswaulTa
arsenali. saxarebasTan dakavSirebul dReebs (II saukune) Seemata qristianul
sarwmunoebisaTvis wamebulTa dabadebis dReebi (dabadebis dRed iwodeboda
maTi mowameobrivi aRsrulebis dRe), male (III sauk.) dResaswaulTa rigs miemata
eklesiis mamaTa gardacvalebis xsenebebic,3 romlebic iwodeboda xseneba an
micvaleba (wmindanTa aRsasrulis mixedviT) gansxvavebiT mowameTa xsenebis
dReebisagan - wameba an martviloba.
ufro gvian qristianTa devnis Sewyvetasa da mowameTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan
erTad gamoCndnen axali moRvaweebi meudabnoe ber-monazonTa saxiT, romelTa
gansacvifrebelma saqmeebma bevri maTganis sikvdilisTanave uzrunvelyo maT
wmindanTa rigebSi Caricxva. amasTanave Zveli aRTqmis wmindanTa nawilebis
mikvlevam da maT mier Cadenilma saswaulebma gamoiwvia maTi Rvawlis mogoneba da
maTTvis xsenebis dRis daweseba. amrigad, qristianuli eklesiis dResaswaulebi
mravalferovan masalas iZendnen da maTi ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda
adgilobrivi qristianuli dResaswaulebisa da istoriuli movlenebis gavleniT.
* daibeWda: mravalTavi XIX, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 96-109.
1 I saukune; . , , , 1910, . 1, . 3
2 timoTes mimarT. 1, 2; efeselTa mimarT 5,19; kolaselTa mimarT, 3,16; TesalonikelTa
mimarT1,5,27; ebraelTa mimarT, 13,7.
3 ix. karTagenis episkoposis kviprianes (+258w.) epistole Tavissamyarosadmi - ,
, . I , 1910, ,9.

423

uZvelesi qristianul saeklesio praqtikaSi saeklesio dResaswaulebi

ideboda Svideulis dReebze, e.i. warmoadgendnen moZrav dResaswaulebs,
mogvianebiT dResaswaulebi ZiriTadad TveTa Sesabamis ricxvebSi aRiniSneboda
da aseTi praqtika sabolood damkvidrda.
qarTvel wmindanTa da sxva qristianuli nacionaluri warmoSobis uZvelesi
dResaswaulebis dawyebis Sesaxeb qarTulma istoriulma wyaroebma raodenobiT
arc Tu bevri, magram mniSvnelovani cnobebi Semogvinaxes. am cnobaTa mixedviT
Cans, rom qristianuli dResaswaulebi da wmindanTa xsenebebi, V-VI saukuneebSi
Svideulis moZrav dReebze ideboda, radgan am dros jer kidev ar iyo saqarTveloSi
Semosuli romauli uZravi weli da dResaswaulebis TveTa garkveul dReebze
dadebis saeklesio praqtika. mag. SuSanikis xseneba misi gardacvalebisTanave
daido xuTSabaTs: da dRe xuTSabaTi iyo, romelsa ganvaweseT saxsenebeli
wmidisa SuSanikisi.1 mirian mefis dros daaweses dResaswauli ZleviT Semos
lvisa juarisa aRvsebisa zatikisa zatiksa, dResa kriakesa2. kriakesa mesamesa
zatikTa... mcxeTisa juarisa.3 pirvelsa xuTSabaTsa Semdgomad amaRlebisa...
dodo garejelisa4 an aRusebiTgan meSvidesa oTxSabaTsa xseneba R.m.C. dodosi,
romeli iyofeboda mTasa garejisasa, romelsa ewodebis dodorqa.5 pirvelsa
xuTSabaTsa Semdgomad amaRlebisa daviT garejelisa,6 an aRusebiTgan meSvidesa
xuTSabaTsa xseneba R.m.C. daviT garejelisa.7 yvelierisa xuTSabaTsa...
edResaswaulobT nawilTa aRmoyvanebasa R.m.C. qarTvelTa mnaTobisa Siosa.8 g.
zatiksa, dResa SabaTsa... wmidisa ninosi.9 an xorcielsa paraskevsa... wm. ninosi10
da sxv.
dasaxelebuli wmindanebidan qristianuli dResaswaulebi VI saukuneze
gviandeli ar aris da maTi dResaswaulTa dawesebac V-VII saukuneebSi aris
savaraudebeli. es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom V-VII ss. wmindanTa xsenebebi
am droisaTvis qarTuli eklesia jer kidev ar icnobs da ar iyenebs romauli
uZravi wlis kalendars, romlis qarTul eklesiaSi damkvidreba VII s. bolo
ZiriTadad ki VIII saukunidan aris savaraudebeli. saerTod, cnobilia, rom
marxvis ciklis dReebze dadebuli dResaswaulebi ufro arqaulia, vidre TveTa
dReebze ganwesebuli dResaswaulebi.11 amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom
Svideulis dReebze dadebuli zogi dResaswauli romauli kalendris qarTul
1 martviloba SuSanikisi, il. abulaZisgamocema, 1938, gv. 46.
2 . , , .II, . 795.
3 ioane zosimes kalendari, e. kekeliZis gamocema, etiudebi, V, gv. 279.
4 `saqarTvelos samoTxe~, gv. 292.
5 S - 1464, gv. 373
6 saq. samoTxe, gv. 265
7 S - 1464, gv. 373
8 A - 122
9 parizis leqcionari, pariz. nac. biblioT. #3 301 v.
10 sin - 5, 28v
11 . , , ., 1885, 45;51.

424

eklesiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg gadatanil iqna TveTa garkveul dReebze (SuSaniki,

wm. nino). zogs, marTalia, SemorCa arqauli xsenebis dRe, magram paralelurad
Tavis Sesabamisi dRec gauCndaT (Sio mRvimeli, daviT garejeli, dodo garejeli,
mcxeTis jvris dResaswauli da sxv.).
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT dadasturebulia, rom VIII saukunidan
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebi romauli kalendris mixedviT wesdeba. mag. abo
tfilelis xseneba gardacvalebisTanave daaweses naTlisRebis meore dRes, e.i. 7
ianvars, serapion zarzmelisa 29 oqtombers: xolo ganvaweseT saxsenebeli
wmidisa amis galobiTa da SesxmiTa sulieriTa da Ramis TeviTa dResaswaulobiTa
okdonbersa ocdacxrasa.1 xsenebaTa romaul kalendarul sistemaze gadasvla
qarTul sinamdvileSi VII saukunidan unda dawyebuliyo, Tumca amis dasturi
Zveli wyaroebis simciris gamo ar gvaqvs. unda SevniSnoT, rom rodesac Cven
vambobT qarTveli wmindanebi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara maTi erovneba, aramed
is, rom isini wmindanebad aRiarebulni arian qarTuli eklesiis mier. erovnebis
mixedviT am wmindanTa nawili qarTvelebi ar iyvnen.
qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebis dReTa SemoReba saqarTveloSi unda
dawyebuliyo qristianobis gavrcelebidan sakmao drois Semdeg, kerZod, mis
Semdeg, rac Camoyalibdeboda garkveuli saeklesio praqtika da Seiqmneboda
Tu iTargmneboda qarTulad ZiriTadi saeklesio literatura da maT Soris
qristianuli eklesiis wmindanebis xsenebaTa Semcveli bizantiuri Zeglebi.
swored berZnulidan naTargmn wmindanTa xsenebisSemcvel ZeglebkalendrebSi
SeeZloT qarTuli eklesiis mesveurebs SeetanaT adgilobrivi, qarTuli eklesiis
saeklesio dResaswaulisa da wmindanTa xsenebani, im moxsenebul wmindanTa
gverdiT. es praqtika bolomde ucvleli darCa da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis raime damoukidebeli kalendari arasdros
arsebulia, maTi xsenebebi yovelTvis Setanilia berZnuli enidan naTargmn
ZeglebSi, romlebSic ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs bizantiuri (ufro naklebad sxva
eklesiebis) eklesiis wmindanTa xsenebebsa da dResaswaulTa gangebebs, aseTebia:
ganCinebani anu leqcionarebi, svinaqsarebi da kalendrebi, iadgarebi da
Tvenebi, sadResaswauloebi da sxv.
miuxedavad qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebis dReTa simcirisa dasaxelebul
ZeglebSi sxva wmindanTa xsenebis dReebTan SedarebiT, aRsaniSnavia erTidaimave
qarTveli wmindanis sxvadasxva dReebSi moxseniebis SemTxvevebi sxavadasxva
droisa da xasiaTis ZeglebSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi am mizezis axsna ar xerxdeba.
amitom Cven ZiriTadad SevecdebiT vaCvenoT qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebi
Cvenamde moRweul ZiriTad qarTulliturgikul ZeglebSi da SesaZleblobis
farglebSi komentari gavukeToT zogierT mniSvnelovan faqts.
Cvenmade moRweuli uZvelesi leqcionari aris ierusalimis ganCinebis
saxeliT cnobili Zegli (uZvelesi xanmeti leqcionaris mxolod fragmentebiT
1 Zeglebi, I, gv. 346

425

SemorCenili, isic palimfsestebis saxiT), romelic, rogorc k. kekeliZe

varaudobs, VII saukunis berZnuli dednidan unda iyos Targmnili, Tumca misi
qarTuli nusxa IX saukunisaa (latalis xelnaweri). dasaxelebul ZeglSi
qarTuli eklesiis ramdenime dResaswaulia aRniSnuli: TTuesa dekenbersa ia (II)
xsenebai yovelTa wmidanTa romelni qarTls ewamnes. TTuesa okdonbersa iz (17)
xseneba kozmanis, romel qarTls ewama (!).
pirveli xseneba mogvianebiT meordeba ioanezosimes X s. kalendarSi,
xolo Semdeg arcerT qarTul wyaroSi aRar Cans (Setanilia mxolod Tanamedrove
saeklesio kalendarSi 11/XII e.i. imave dRes).
pama qarTvel kaTalikosis Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos, rom pama damaxinjebuli
formaa mamas, rogorc irkveva ioanezosimes kalendris mixedviT, sadac amave
dros e.i. 3 maiss dadebulia xseneba mama qarTlisa kaTalikosisa. fiqroben,
rom mam~ SeiZleba iyos VIII s. zedazenis monastris yofili moZRvari mama1,
ierusalimis ganCinebis mesame qarTuli dResaswaulis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas,
rom Cven unda gvqondes 17 oqtombris dRis xsenebis arasruli teqsti, rogorc
es ioane zosimes kalendris amave dRis xsenebidan Cans: kozmanTan erTad unda
gvqonoda damianesa da SuSanikis xsenebac, rogorc es il. abulaZem ivarauda2.
ioanezosimes kalendarSi sruli teqsti 17 oqtombris dRis xsenebisa aseTia:
xseneba kozmanisa da damianesi martvilTa da SuSanikisi, romeli qarTls
iwama.3 amrigad, SuSanikis xsenebis jerjerobiT uZvelesi SemTxveva unda gvqo
noda ierusalimis ganCinebaSi.
Cvenamde moRweul ZeglTagan Wiletratis iadgari (H-2123 IXs.) uZvelesia,
romelmac Semogvinaxa abo tfilelis pirveli xseneba da sagalobeli 7 ianvars.
ra Tqma unda, Cven mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT abos wamebis teqstebs, romlebic
Sesulia IX-X ss. mravalTavebSi. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am ZeglSi
sxva qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebani ar gvxvdeba.
ioanezosimes kalendari, romelic Sesulia X s. krebulSi Sin. 34 iv.
javaxiSvilis aRwerilobiT, zemodasaxelebul ZeglebTan SedarebiT qarTvel
wmindanTa met xsenebebsa da qarTul dResaswaulebs Seicavs. garda ierusalimis
ganCinebaSi dasaxelebuli xsenebebisa, romlebic meordebian ioanezosimes
kalendarSi, rogorc es ukve iyo aRniSnuli (ierusalimis ganCineba ioane
zosimes kalendris erTerTi wyaroa), igi damatebiT Seicavs:
TTuesa ianvarsa z (7) abosi. id (14) ... ninosi..., ie (15)... arCilisi
qarTvelisa mowamisa, TTuesa maissa k (20) patiosnisa juarisa manglisisa...
mcxeTisa juarisa kviriakesa mesamesa zatikTa.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom ioanezosimes kalendarSi Setanil samoel
episkoposis xseneba 24 Tebervals zogierT mkvlevars samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis
xseneba hgonia.
1 T. jordania, qronikebi. I, gv.74.
2 SuSanikis wameba, gv. 33.
3 k.kekeliZe, etiudebi, V gv. 274.

426

uZvelesi qarTuli iadgrebi da e.w. TTuenebis pirveli redaqciebi,

romlebic berZnulidanaa Targmnili, axal xsenebas ar Seicaven, xolo Zveli
xsenebebidan mxolod wm. ninosa (14 ianvars) da abo tfilelis (7 ianvars) xsenebis
dReebia.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia ierusalimis ganCinebis SedarebiT gviandeli (XIXII ss.) qarTuli nusxa, romelic samecniero wreebSi parizis leqcionaris
saxeliTaa cnobili (parz. nac. bibl. #3 xelnaweri). ZiriTad teqstSi mxolod
abos xsenebaa Setanili 7 ianvars, xolo xelnaweris bolo (301 gv) CamoTvlilia
Semdegi qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebis dReebi: SuSanikisa 17 oqtombers, wm.
ninosi mesame zatiksa, dResa SabaTsa, arCilisi _ 8 ianvars. dasaxelebul
wmindanTaseneba zemoganxilul ZeglebSic gvqonda, magram aq, rogorc vxedavT,
ninosa da arCils xsenebis sxva dReebi aqvT. am xelnawerSi pirvelad vxvdebiT
wm. raJdenis (25 ivniss) abibos nekreselis (6 ivliss) da evstaTi mcxeTelis (20
dekembers) xsenebis dReebs. aqvea qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi jerjerobiT
ucnobi qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebac: wm. mebkambe (16 agvistos), wm. sarmiane
(kaTalikosi, 21 agvistos), wmidaTa marTalTa wmidisa qristes saflavisani:
ioane, stefane da isaia (4 noembers). es ukanaskneli Goussens (gv. 40)1 spondonTa
monasteris (ierusalimSi) qarTveli berebi hgonia.
ganxiluli Zeglebi ZiriTadad palestinuri warmoSobisa arian da Seicaven
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebis mcire raodenobas. rogorc vnaxeT, es Zeglebi
xSirad sxvaoben erTmaneTisagan ara marto aq warmodgenili qarTvel wmindanTa
xsenebis dReebis raodenobiT, aramed erTi da imave wmindanTa xsenebis dReebiTac.
rom SevajamoT am periodis (VII-X ss.) Zeglebis Cvenebani, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom saqarTvelos eklesia drois am monakveTSi ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo
aRmosavleTis qristianul samyarosTan, kerZod, emyareboda palestinasinas
mTis qristianulsaeklesio tradiciebs, rac Seexeba dasaxelebuli qarTveli
wmindanebis kultis Camoyalibebas sazRvargareTis aRniSnul mwignobrul
kerebSi, is unda davukavSiroT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis saeklesio
tradiciebis aq danergvas. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis
dReebis sxvaobac aixsneba sakiTxSi. mag. arCilis xsenebis dRe 15 ianvars (iovane
zosimes kalendari) saqarTvelos romelime kuTxis eklesiis tradiciis asaxavs,
xolo misive xsenebiT 8 ianvars (parizis leqcionari) ki meorisas. aqve unda
gaviTvaliswinoT sazRvargareTis kerebis saeklesio tradiciebic, gansakuTrebiT
iq moRvawe qarTvel bermonazonTa xsenebis mimarT. CvenTvis ucnobi wmindanni
marTalni wm. qristes saflavisani: ioane, stefane da isaia (4 noembers), rogorc
aRvniSneT, ierusalimSi moRvawe qarTveli berebi unda iyvnen.
adgilobriv saeklesio tradiciebs kalendris SevsebaSi rom didi mniSvneloba
hqondaT, es kargad Cans aTonis mTis qarTuli monastris magaliTzec. swored
aTonis mTaze Camoyalibda qarTuli eklesiis dasavlofiluri orientacia, ramac
1 H. Goussen, 8ie Festordnung and Heiligen Kalender das altchristlichen Ierusalems.

427

didi gavlena iqonia qarTul kulturaze.

aRniSnuli tradicia kargad Cans giorgi mTawmidelis mier Targmnili ori
Zeglis didi svinaqsrisa da Tuenis mixedviTac. pirvel maTganSi qarTvel
wmindanTagan mxolod efTvime mTawmidelis (13 maiss), ioane aTonelis (14 ivliss)
da ilarion qarTvelis (19 noembers) xsenebebia. zemoaRniSnuli palestinuri
warmoSobis liturgikul ZeglebSi dadasturebul qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis
dReebi da dResaswaulebi aq aRar gvxvdeba. ufro mogvianebiT naTargmn TuenSi
giorgi mTawmidelma ki aseTi Sesworeba gaakeTa: didi svinaqsris xsenebaTagan
TuenSi aRar Seitana ioane aTonelis xseneba, xolo daumata iadgarebidan wm.
ninos xsenebis dRe (14 ianvars) da sagalobeli. meore mxriv, aRar gadmoitana
iadgarebidan abo Tbilelis xseneba 7 ianvars. amrigad, giorgi mTawmidelma
didi svinaqsari Targmnisas angariSi gauwia aTonis qarTuli monastris
tradiciebsa da amis safuZvelze Seitana aTonis qarTvelTa monastris winaSe
didi damsaxurebis wmindanTa xsenebebi (ioane da efTvime sxva damsaxurebaTan
erTad am monastris maSeneblebic arian). xolo rac Seexeba ilarion qarTvelis
xsenebas, misi Setana did svinaqsarSi ganapiroba erTi mxriv, misma damsaxurebam
qarTuli da bizantiuri kulturis winaSe, meore mxriv, im garemoebebma, rom misi
cxovrebis qarTuli varianti pirvelad aTonis mTaze Seiqmna. TTuenSi giorgi
mTawmindelis mier cvlilebebis Setana ganapiroba, rogorc Cans, im garemoebam,
rom man gadawyvita iseTi qarTuli wmindanebis xsenebaTa Setana, romlebsac
msoflio qristianul eklesiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqondaT
(efTvime mTawmideli da ilarion qarTveli aRiarebulni iyvnen konstantinepolis
eklesiis mier, xolo wm. nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli iyo). sxvagvarad Zneli
asaxsnelia TTuenSi ioane aTonelisa da abo tfilelis mouxseniebloba, agreTve
Zvel ZeglebSi moxseniebul qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebebis ugulebelyofa.
adgilobrivi eklesiis tradiciebis kalendarze gavlenis kargi magaliTia
didi svinaqsris zogierTi nusxebi, romlebic sazRvargareTis sxvadasxva
samwignobro kerebSi Tu saqarTvelos garkveul kuTxeSi arian gadawerili.
jvaris qarTul monasterSi XI s. II naxevarSi gadawerili nusxa Seicavs damatebiT
erTaderT qarTveli moRvawis xsenebas: 12 Tebervals, teqstSi awerilia
ierusalimSi jvris qarTuli monastris maSeneblisa da pirveli winamZRvris
proxore qarTvelis xseneba. aseve Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wm. ninos xsenebis
tradiciebs ierusalimSi da sinas mTaze Sedgenil iadgrebSi da sxva ZeglebSi 14
ianvars, maSin aRar gagvikvirdeba, rom did svinaqsarSi ninos xsenebis pirveli
SemTxveva dakavSirebulia XI s. im nusxasTan, romelic sinas mTaze gadaiwera
(Sin-4). magram sakvirvelia erTi faqti: arc sinas mTaze da arc ierusalimSi
gadawerili didi svinaqsaris nusxebSi aRar gvxvdeba aqauri warmoSobis
ZeglebSi dadasturebuli qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis SemTxvevebi arc ZiriTad
teqstSi Setanili da arc aSiebze miwerili Zeglis ZiriTadi xeliT.
yovelive zemoTqmuli exeboda sazRvargareTis qarTul mwignobrul kerebSi
Seqmnil Zeglebs.

428

saqarTveloSi gadaweril liturgikuli Zeglebidan qarTvel wmindanTa

xsenebis kalendrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs didi svinaqsris im nusxas,
romelic klarjeTSia gadawerili XI s. bolos (A-97). am Zeglis ZiriTadi teqsti
im qarTvel moRvaweTa xsenebebs Seicavs, romelTac aTonis mTis nusxebi (ilarion
qarTvelis xsenebis gamoklebiT), magram aSiebze teqstis xeliT gakeTebuli
minawerebSi mravladaa qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebic:
TTuesa otombersa e (5)... wm. m. C. grigol xanZTelisa.
TTuesa noenbersa i (10)... amasve dResa wm. mowamisa kostanti kaxisa. ese iyo
qarTveli aznauri, didebuli da iwama sarkinozTa mier sparseTs.
TTuesa noenbersa ib (12)... amasve dResa wm. mRdelmowamisa abibos nekreseli
episkoposisa, romeli iwama cecxlismsaxurTa mier qarTls.
TTuesa ianvars g (3)... amasve dResa gardaicvala sulkurTeuli
mTavarepiskoposi ioane Wyondideli.
TTuesa ianvarsa z (7)... amasve dResa wmidisa mowamisa aboisi, romeli iwama
tfiliss sarkniozTagan.
TTuesa Tebervalsa ia (12)... amasve dResa wm. mowameTa cxraTa yrmaTa
kolaelTa.
TTuesa aprilsa ie (15)... amasve dResa wm. mowameTa mesukaevelTa suquasi
moyuasTa misTa.
TTuesa maissa i (17)... amasve dResa mowameTa ZmaTa daviT da tiriWanisi,
romelni iyvnen somxiTiT da iwames taos.
TTuesa maissa iT (19)... amasve dResa netarisa iodasaf hindoTa mefisa.
TTuesa ivnissa kT (29)... amasve dResa miicvala netari mama Cueni giorgi
mTawmideli, Targmani amis wignisa da sxuaTa, kostantinepolis da mowafeTa misTa
wariyvanes mTawmidas.
TTuesa agvistos g (3)... amasve dResa wm. mowamisa raJdenisi, romeli iyo
sarkinozi da iqmna qristiane da iwama qarTlis cecxlismsaxurTa mier sofels
wroms.
TTuesa ka (21)... amasve dResa wmidisa mowamisa SuSanikisi, romeli iwama
qarTls qmrisa misisa varsqenisagan.
aseve aSiaze minawerebis saxiT, magram ZiriTadi teqstTan SedarebiT gvianeli
xeliT ori xseneba dasturdeba amave ZeglSi:
TTuesa ianvarsa id(14) ... amasvedResa wminda da qarTvelT ganmanaTlebelsa
dedisa Cuenisa ninosi~
TTuesa maissa a (1)... amasve dResa wmidisa netarisa Tamar dedoflisa.
rogorc vxedavT, XI s. am minawerebSi dadasturebulia Svidi iseTi xseneba,
romlebic arcerT adrindel ZeglSi ar Segvxvedria (grigol xanZTeli, kostanti,
ioane Wyondideli, cxra Zma kolaelni, daviT da tiriWani, giorgi mTawmideli).
rac Seexeba Tamar dedoflis xsenebas, is ra Tqma unda, ZiriTadi teqstis
droindeli arc SeiZleba iyos da albaT Caiwera misi gardacvalebis Semdeg XIII
saukuneSi. magram ratom aris mxolod gviandeli xeliT ninos xseneba, gaugebaria.

429

miT umetes, rom mis xsenebas 14 ianvars sakmaod Zveli tradiciebi hqonda.
amave ZeglSi gvaqvs oTxi iseTi xseneba, romlebic e.w. parizis
leqcionariTac aris cnobili, magram maTi xsenebis dReebi gansxvavebulia:
abibos nekreseli xseneba parizis leqcionarSi dadebulia 6 ivliss, xolo
didi svinaqsris klarjuli nusxis (A-97) minawerebSi 12 noembers. aseve
evstaTi mcxeTelis xseneba Sesabamisad 20 dekemberi da 29 ivlisi. SuSanikisa
17 oqtombers da 21 agvistos, raJdenisa 21 ivniss da 3 agvistos. mxolod abos
xseneba meordeba Cvens ZeglSi ucvlelad.
calke unda SevniSnoT iodasafis xsenebis Sesaxeb: misi xseneba 19 maiss
pirvelad giorgi mTawmidelma Seitana TuenSi da Cvens ZeglSic meordeba
imave dRes. misi xseneba da dResaswaulis damkvidreba qarTul saeklesio
RvTismsaxurebaSi, albaT, efTvime mTawmindlis mier qarTulad Targmnilma Tu
gadmokeTebulma varlaam da iodasafis cxovrebam ganapiroba.
zemodamowmebul wmindanTa xsenebis gansxvavebuli dReebi Cveni Zeglisa (A97) da parizis leqcionarSi, Cveni azriT, Cvens mier aRniSnuli mizezebiT unda
aixsnas: es gansxvavebani am ZeglebSi sxvadasxva wyaros gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs
da erTxel kidev adasturebs im azrs, rom zogjer sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTuli
eklesia erTi da imave wmindanis xsenebis sakiTxSi gansxvavebul tradicias
emyareba. amis magaliTad gamodgeba SuSanikis xsenebis dRe uZvelesi liturgikuli
Zeglebisa ierusalimis ganCineba, ioanezosimes kalendari da sxv. da TviT
SuSanikis wamebis teqstiTac (marTalia, Cvenamde moRweuli SuSanikis wamebis X
s. teqsti A-95 bolo naklulia da es nawili, romelSic laparakia misi xsenebis
dRed 17 oqtomberis dawesebis Sesaxeb, XIII saukunisaa) SuSanikis xsenebis dRed
17 oqtomberia dasaxelebuli. moulodnelia misi xsenebis dRed 21 agvistos
dasaxeleba, rogorc es gvaqvs A-97is XI s. zemomotanil minawerSi. magram
yvelaferi naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 21 agvistos SuSanikis
xsenebis dRed asaxelebs SuSanikis wamebis mokle redaqcia, romelic Targmnilia
somxuridan taoklarjeTSi X s. (aTonis xelnaweri #8 bleikis aRwerilobiT).
etyoba, samxreT saqarTvelos eklesiebSi 21 agvisto xsenebis dRed damkvidrda
somxuri wyaroebis gavleniT. e.i. aq SemuSavda SuSanikis xsenebis dRis
adgilobrivi, Zveli wyaroebisagan damoukidebeli praqtika.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom didi svinaqsris klarjuli nusxis (A-97-XI s.)
aSiaze miwerili qarTuli eklesiis wmindanTa xsenebebi gaxda ZiriTadad magaliTi
maSindeli ZeglebisaTvis da am ZeglebSi qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebaTa dReebis
momravlebis ZiriTadi safuZveli. XII-XVII ss. sxvadasxva xasiaTis liturgikuli
Zeglebis minawerebSi Tu ZiriTad teqstebSi metnaklebi sisruliT meordeba A-97
xalnewarSi dadasturebuli xsenebani (zogjer gansxvavebul dReebSi), xolo
zogjer ki axali, manamde ucnobi xsenebebic Cndeba. Cven davasaxelebT mxolod
iseT Zeglebs, romlebSic dasturdeba ama Tu im wmindanis xsenebis dRe pirvelad,
anda iseTebs, romlebic Zvel ZeglebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebul dRes gviCveneben.
umetes xsenebis dReebs, romlebic ucvlelad meordebian Zvelsa da mogviano

430

xanis ZeglebSi (mag. ufTvime mTawmideli, wm. nino, abo tfileli, ioane aToneli
da sxv.) aRar aRvniSnavT.
XII s. Sio mRvimis monastris tipikonSi (H-1349) pirveladaa Setanili
(damatebiT Tavfurcelze) Sio mRvimelis xseneba da svinaqsaruli cxovreba
yvelieris xuTSabaTs, xolo 9 maiss (XIIXIII ss.) XIV s. xeliT minawerSi, Tavis
mowafe evagre cixedidelTan erTad. XIII s. arseni bulmaisimisZis sagalobeliT
(A-85) pirvelad dasturdeba anton martomyofelis xseneba martyofis xatis
dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT 16 agvistos, Tumca teqstSi naTqvamia, rom vinaTgan
Rirsisa antonis micvalebaca aTCvidmetsave ianvars iqmna dResa didisa antoni
megviptelisasa, amisTvis maSinca vgalobT da vityviT.
XIII-XIV ss. didi svinaqsris nusxaSi, romelic TiTlis monastrisaa
(awyuris maxloblad) da daculia parizis nac. bibl. 4 (Zveli fondiT 3)
xelnawerSi. pirvelad gvxvdeba daviT da konstantines xseneba da svinaqsaruli
cxovreba 31 oqtombers.
XIII-XIV ss. xeliT aris miwerili ierusalimis #24 didi svinaqsris (XI
s.) aSiaze salome qarTvelis xseneba 20 ivliss, romelic uwamebiaT sparseTs. es
xseneba sxvagan aRar meordeba. amave xelnawerSi sxvadasxva adgilas CakinZulia
XIV s. dasawyisis xeliT dawerili ori furceli, romlebic Seicaven luka
ierusalimelisa 27 ivliss da nikoloz dvalis 19 oqtombers xsenebebs
da svinaqsarul cxovrebebs, orive ierusalimis jvaris qarTuli monastris
moRvawea. maTi xsenebebi sxva xelnawerebSi aRar gvxvdeba,
ierusalimis #80 xelnaweris (XII-XIII ss.) didi svinaqsris nusxis
aSiaze miwerilia XIV s. xeliT TTuesa maissa g (3)... xseneba wmidaTa mamaTa
CuenTa miqael da arsenisi, romelTa aRaSenes ulumbia da ierusalimiT miiRes
mcxeTis mihronis kurTxeva brZanebiTa krebisaTa da sergi ierusalimelisa
patriarqisaTa da antioqelisaTa. es xsenebac sxvagan aRar gvxvdeba. amave
xelnawerSi isev aSiaze XIV s. xeliT 7 maiss pirvelad gvxvdeba xseneba iovane
zedaznelisa da ib (12) mowafeTa misTa, xolo XVI saukunis xeliT 16 agvistos
wameba wm. qristeforesi. ese iyo queyaniT guriiT, movida ierusalims da iRuawa
i weli iordans wm. ormeocTa mravalTa moRvawebiTa da warvida damuxSs da qadaga
qriste da iwama da Tavi warekueTa~.
XVI s. xelnawerSi (Q-661) pirvelad da ukanasknelad gvxvdeba aTonis
qarTvelTa monastris erTerTi maSeneblis ioaneTornikes xseneba id (14)
dekenbersa... micvaleba ioaneTornikisa.
petre qarTvelis erTi yvelaze adrindeli xseneba didi svinaqsris (A-193,
XI s.) erTerTi nusxiT aSiaze miwerilia ZiriTad teqstTan SedarebiT gviandeli
xeliT 2 dekembers, agreTve Setanilia XVI s. (Q-661) xelnawerSi aseve 2 dekembers:
micvaleba petre qarTvelisa, romel iyo Ze varazbakurisa.
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebis yvelaze met raodenobas Seicaven
XVII saukunis, gansakuTrebiT ki XVIII s. liturgikuli Zeglebi. es gasagebicaa,
radgan droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTul wmindanTa ricxvi izrdeboda da maTi Rvawli

431

Sesabamisad aisaxeboda saeklesio wignebSi. magram meore mizezic mniSvnelovania:

XVII s. bolos da XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan eklesiis mesveurebma
gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiCines eklesiis wmindanTa dResaswaulebis mimarT.
daiwyo nacionalur wmindanTa hagiografiuli da himnografiuli krebulebis
Sedgena. cdilobdnen ar daetovebianT xsenebis dRis gareSe arcerTi Zveli
Tu axali qarTveli wmindani. am periodSi Catarda saeklesio reformebi,
romlebic wmindanTa xsenebis dRis ganwesebis, Tu erTi dRidan meoreze gadatanis
sakiTxebsac Seexnen. Tu Cven danamdvilebiT viciT, rom XVIII s. 60ian wlebSi
anton I kaTalikosma Caatara msgavsi reforma da ramdenime dResaswauls dro
Seucvala, amas ver vityviT mis wina periodze, romlis Sesaxeb aseTive utyuari
cnobebi ar gvaqvs, magram zogierTi wmindanis xsenebis dReebis sxvadasxvaoba Cven
gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul eklesiaSi antonamdec
CautarebiaT aseTi cvlilebebi wmindanTan xsenebis dReTa gadanacvlebis
mizniT da, rogorc Cans, ramdenimejer, am sakiTxebs Cven uSualod XVII-XVIII
ss. liturgikul Zeglebis ganxilvisas SevexebiT, XVII-XVIII ss. litergikuli
Zeglebidan, romelTa ricxvi didia, Cven ganvixilavT, ase vTqvaT, saetapo
mniSvnelobis Zeglebs.
sanam XVII-XVIII ss. Zeglebs SevexebodeT, erTi SeniSvna unda gavakeToT
adreuli qarTveli wmindanebis xsenebis dReebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac kavSiri
aqvs Cvens mier zemoT warmodgenil sakiTxebTan: rodesac Cven romelime qarTveli
wmindanis xsenebis dReze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi liturgikuli
Zegli, romelSic kalendris formiT CamoTvlilia wmindanTa xsenebis dReebi da
ar vexebiT ama Tu im wmindanis Sesaxeb Seqmnil damoukidebel cxovrebebs an
wamebebs. mag. kargad aris cnobili wm. gobronis martviloba. cxadia, gobronis
sapativcemulo saeklesio dResaswauli dawesdeboda X s. dasawyisSive, magram,
rodesac Cven veZiebT am mowamis xsenebas liturgikul ZeglebSi, aRvniSnavT, rom
misi xseneba ar gvxvdeba XVII saukunemde (centr. arq. #448 XVII s. Jamgulani),
aseve sxva qarTvel wmindanTa Sesaxebac.
Zvel ZeglebTan SedarebiT XVII-XVIII ss. liturgikuli Txzulebebi
gamoirCevian ara marto qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis siuxviT, aramed am
moRvaweTa xsenebis dReTa siWreliTac. amasTanave, am saukuneebis ZeglebSi
ugulvebelyofilia zogierT adreul liturgikul ZeglSi Setanili qarTuli
eklesiis wmindanTa xsenebebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc vTqviT, XVII-XVIII
ss. Zeglebs yvela qarTveli moRvawis xsenebis dReebis dadgenis survili da
pretenzia aqvT. aseTebia: xseneba yovelTa wmidaTa, romelni qarTls ewamnes (11
dekembers), mama qarTlis episkoposisa (3 maiss), patiosanTa juarisa manglisisa
(20 maiss), samoel episkoposisa (24 Tebervals, Tuki es samoeli qarTlis
kaTalikosia), wmidisa mebkamesi~ (16 agvistos), `wm. sarmianesi (kaTalikosi 21
agvistos), wmidaTa marTalTa qristes saflavisani: ioane, stefane da isaia (4
noembers, Tuki isini qarTvelebia), proxore qarTvelisa (12 Tebervals), ioane
Wyondidelisa (3 ianvars), Tamar dedoflisa (1 maiss), salome qarTvelisa (20

432

ivliss), luka ierusalimelisa (27 ivniss), nikoloz dvalisa (19 oqtombers),

xseneba miqael da arsenisi... (3 maiss), ioaneTornikisa (14 dekembers) da sxv.
samagierod Cndebian adreuli xanis iseT mowameTa xsenebis dReebi,
romelTac ver SexvdebiT vercerT adrindel liturgikul krebulebSi. aseTebia:
ise wilknelisa (18 agvistos da 2 dekembers), ioseb alaverdelisa (15 seqtembers),
arseni didisa (8 maiss), neofite urbnelsa (21 noembers), daviT aRmaSeneblisa
(25 da 26 ianvars), Salva Toris Tavadisa da wmidaTa mowameTa aTTa bevrTa... (29
seqtembers), isaak da iosebisa (15 seqtembers). Cndeba axali dResaswaulebi da
wmidaTa xsenebis axali dReebi: mociqulTa sworisa ninosi. amas dResa saswaulsa
vdResaswaulobT qarTvelni ganaTlebisa Cuenisa (23 maisi), mociqulTa sworisa
ioane zedaznelisa da aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa (18 ivlisi), micvaleba...
qarTvelT mnaTobisa Siosi (9 maiss da 11 maiss), didebulisa mowamisa dedoflis
SuSanikis... (2 oqtombers da 28 agvistos), giorgi aTonelis (17 ivniss), anton
martomyofelisa (19 ianvars), abo tfilelisa (8 ianvars), abibos nekreselisa (13
noembers da 29 noembers), arCilisa (20 marts da 21 ivniss). XVIII s. II naxevris
xelnawerebidan amoRebulia petre iberielisa (2 da 3 dekembers) da isaak da
iosebis (15 seqtembers) xsenebebi da sxv.
XVII saukunis da XVIII saukunis I naxevris liturgikul ZeglebSi zogierT
wmindanis xsenebis dRe adrindel ZeglebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebulia:
adrindel ZeglebSi

XVII-XVIII
ZeglebSi

abibos nekreseli

12/XI

13/XI

daviT da konstantine

31/X

2/X

SuSaniki

17/X; 21/VIII

2/X; 28/VIII

abo tfileli

7/I

8/I

giorgi mTawmideli

29/VI

30/VI

kostanti kaxi

10/IX

12/IX

petre qarTveli

2/XII

3/XII; 2/XII

ss.

naxevris

XVII-XVIII ss. Cndeba pirvelad ise wilknelis xseneba. Tavdapirvelad is iyo

dadebuli 18 agvistos. SedarebiT gviandel ZeglebSi 2 dekembers. aseve biZina
ColoyaSvilisa, Salva da elizbar erisTavebis (1659 wlis saxalxo ajanyebis
gmirebi) xsenebis dRe Tavdapirvelad ganuwesebiaT 18 seqtembers, xolo ufro
gviandel ZeglebSi maTi xsenebis dRed 24 ivlisia dasaxelebuli.
Cven saorientaciod am SemTxvevaSi XVIII s. imitom viRebT, rom am saukunis
II naxevarSi qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis kalendarSi aleqsi mesxiSvilisa da
anton Iis mier moxda sagrZnobi cvlilebebi. am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
wyaroebis monacemebis safuZvelze Cven garkveuli warmodgena gvaqvs, xolo
XVIII s. I naxevramde momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SeiZleba
gamoiTqvas. erTi ram udavoa: yvela zemoCamoTvlili sxvaoba xsenebis dReebSi

433

ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTobas mivaweroT, ufro axlos viqnebiT sinamdvilesTan

Tu vityviT, rom XVII s. bolos da XVIII s. dasawyisSi zogierTi wmindanis dRe
Segnebulad SeucvliaT. SeiZleba es cvlilebebi garkveuli saeklesio reformis
Sedegi iyos, iseTive reformisa, rogoric ufro gvian, ganmeorebiT Caatara anton
Ima, romlis Sesaxebac ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT vilaparakebT.
mokled SevexoT XVII-XVIII ss. im liturgikul krebulebs, romlebic
gamoirCevian wmindanTa xsenebis dReebis siuxviT da originalobiT.
A-111 gulanis sadResaswaulos kalendari (xelnaweri gadawerilia 170515
ww. eqvTime baraTaSvilis mier) ZiriTadad imeorebs uZveles ZeglebSi moxsenebul
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebs (romlebsac aRar vuCvenebT). magram maTTan
SedarebiT iZleva siaxlesac da cvlilebebsac. pirvelad aq gvxvdeba daviT
aRmaSeneblis xseneba (25 ianvars), XVII s. mowameTagan pirvelad am ZeglSi
aris Setanili qeTevan dedoflisa (13 seqtembers) da luarsab mefis (20 marts)
xsenebani. adrindel ZeglebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebul dReebzea dadebuli
SuSanikis (2 oqtombers), daviT da konstantines (2 oqtombers), abibos nekreselis
(13 noembers), arCil mefis (20 marts), Sio mRvimelis (9 maiss) xsenebis dReebi.
pirvelad unda iyos aq Setanili miqaelgobronisa (17 noembers), da sahak da
iosebis (15 seqtembers) xsenebac (centr. arqivis #448 xelnaweri, romelic
xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi XVII saukuniT aris daTariRebuli da Seicavs
aRniSnuli xsenebis dReebs, SeiZleba sinamdvileSi A-111-ze gviandeli iyos).
1718 wels gadawerili sadResaswaulo A-425 (Sedgenili domenti kaTalikosis
mier) iZleva zogierTi wmindanis xsenebis dRis sxvaobas zemoganxiluli
xelnawerisagan. gansxvavebul dReebSia: antoni martomyofelisa (16 agvistos.
es dRe antonis Camotanili matyofis xelTuqmneli xatis dResaswaulia),
SuSanikis xseneba Zveli Zeglebis msgavsad 17 oqtombersaa, daviT da konstatinesi
31 oqtombers, petre qarTvelisa 3 dekembers (A-111Si ufro Zveli Zeglebis
msgavsad 2 dekembers). A-111Tan SedarebiT A-425s aklia: daviT aRmaSeneblis,
arCil mefis, luarsab mefis, daviT da tiriWanis, ioane aTonelisa da evstaTi
mcxeTelis xsenebis dReebi.
sainteresoa besarion kaTalikosis (orbeliSvilis) mier 1720ian wlebSi
Sedgenili hagiografiulhimnografiuli krebuli S-3269. am krebulis mixedviT
kargad Cans Semdgenelredaqtoris miswrafeba yvela qarTvel wmindans miuCinos
xsenebis dRe da Sekribos Tu Seadginos hagiografiulhimnografiuli masala
maTi dResaswaulisaTvis, rac, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, Sesrulebulia mxolod
nawilobriv, am xelnawerebSi pirvelad Cndeba: biZina kaxis (ColoyaSvilis),
Salva da elizbar erisTavebisa (18 seqtembers), ise wilknelisa (18 agvistos),
ioseb alaverdielis (15 seqtembers) xsenebis dReebi.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom am xelnawerSi avtors ucdia Seadgina
iseTi wmindanebis dRis gangeba, romlebic saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi
cnobilni arian, magram maT Sesaxeb mas veraviTari cnobebi ver Seugrovebia
(amitom xelnawerSi mxolod maTi miniaturebia moTavsebuli vinaobis warweriT,

434

xolo teqstisaTvis adgilia datovebuli), maTgan Cven davasaxelebT mxolod

im wmindanebs, romelTa xsenebis dRe da hagiografiulhimnografiuli masala
saerTod arasdros ar arsebula, esenia ioane zedaznelis mowafeebi, asureli
mamebi: TaTe mamebeli (!), tviros breTeli, stefane xirseli, isidore samTavneli,
miqael ulumboeli da arsen iyalToeli (unda iyos zenon iyalToeli).1 am
magaliTidan kargad Cans, besarion kaTalikosis survili, Seedgina krebuli,
romelSic yvela qarTveli wmindani iqneboda warmodgenili. es magaliTi asaxavs
XVIII s. qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa miswrafebas nacionalur wmindanTa Rvawlis
warmoCenisadmi, romelic ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba daviT garejis literaturuli
skolis interesebs.
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis kalendris damuSavebaSi gansakuTrebul interess
iwvevs aleqsi mesxiSvilisa da anton I kaTalikosis mier Catarebuli Sroma XVIII
saukunis II naxevarSi.
1749 wels Sedgenili tipikoni (A-122), romelic anton Iis brZanebiT aris
gadawerili da romlis damuSavebaSi aleqsi mesxiSvilsac miuRia monawileoba,2
saintereso masalas iZleva. 29 seqtembers aq pirvelad vxvdebiT: wmidisa mowamisa
Salva Toris Tavadisa (axalcixeli) da wmidaTa mowameTa aTTa bevrTa tfiliss
momwydarTa rusudanis ze mefisa, romelni mosrna jaladin usjuloman xvarasnis
sulTanman, 28 noembers mRvdelmowamisa neofite urbnel episkoposisa.
mravladaa wmindanTa xsenebis Zvel ZeglebTan gansxvavebuli dReebic: abo
tfilelisa 8 ianvars, anton martomyofelisa 19 ianvars, daviT aRmaSeneblisa
26 ianvars, micvaleba Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa qarTvelTa mnaTobisa Siosi 11 maiss,
Rirsisa dedisa Cuenisa mociqulTa sworisa nonosi, amas dResa saswaulTa
vdResaswaulobT qarTvelni ganaTlebisa Cvenisasa~ 23 maiss (ninos xseneba aris 14
ianvarsac), ise wilkanis episkoposisa 2 dekembers, giorgi mTawmidelisa 27 ivniss,
Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa mociqulTa sworTa ioane zedaznelisa da TormetTa
mowafeTa misTa~ 28 ivliss (aris agreTve 7 maiss), 20 agvistos moxuma nawilTa
wmidisa dedoflisa mowamisa, qarTvelTa mnaTobisa dedisa Cuenisa qeTaonisa
qveyaniT sparseTiT, qalaqiT SiraziT queyanad kaxeTad, raJams moixvna Zeman
misman morwmuneman Teimuraz da dasxna alaverds eklesiisa didisa mTavarmowamisa
giorgisa Sinagan wmidisa sakurTxevelisa queSe saRmrTosa trapezisa (qeTevanis
xseneba aris 13 seqtembers), SuSanikis 28 agvistos.
cota mogvianebiT aleqsi mesxiSvils ukve damoukideblad Seudgenia tibikoni
(rogorc igi mas uwodebs) S-535, xolo Semdeg sadResaswaulo (A-1093).
sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom am ori Zeglis kalendaruli masala gansxvavebebs
gviCvenebs. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom mas S-535 xelnaweris tipikalur
nawilSi warmoudgenia im siriel mamaTa sia, romelTac xsenebis dReebi ar gaaCndaT
da arc aq aqvT warmodgenili: isidore samTavneli, stefane xirseli, miqael
1
ix. ioane zedaznelis vrc. cxovrebis redaqcia-il. abulaZis gamocema, asurel
moRvaweTa cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi, 1955, gv. 2.
2
k.kekeliZe, Zv. qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, t. I, gv. 366.

435

ulumboeli, TaTe mamobili (unda iyos mamebeli), tviros breTeli. es sia besarion
kaTalikosis S-3269 krebulidan unda hqondes aRebuli (aklia mxolod arsen
iyalToeli, e.i. zenon iyalToeli). danarCen wmindanTa xsenebis dReebi igivea, rac
uZveles da XVII-XVIII ss. I naxevris ZeglebSi. rac Seexeba A-1093 sadResaswaulos,
romelic S-535Tan SedarebiT meore rigis samuSaodaa gamocxadebuli da
warmoadgens sabolood Camoyalibebul sadResaswaulos redaqcias,1 rogorc
Sedareba cxadyofs, aleqsi mesxiSvilma misi kalendris SedgenisaTvis isargebla
A-122 zemoganxiluli tibikonis kalendriT. aqac warmodgenilia is xsenebis
dReebi, romlebic manamde sxva xelnawerebSi ar gvxvdeba (garda A-122isa). abo
tfilelisa 8 ianvars, daviT aRmaSeneblisa 26 ianvars, Sio mRvimelisa 11 maiss,
wminda ninosi da saqarTvelos gaqristianebisa 23 maiss, giorgi mTawmidelisa 27
ivniss, ioane zedaznelisa 28 ivliss (aris 7 maissac), qeTevan dedoflis wminda
nawilebis gadmosvenebisa 20 agvistos, SuSanikisa 28 agvistos. magram, A-122dan
aRar aris gadmotanili Salva axalcixelisa da aTTa bevrTa mowamis xseneba
29 seqtembers da neofite urbnelis xseneba 28 oqtombers, danarCenTa xsenebis
dReebs imeoreben.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anton I kaTalikosis mier Sedgenil sadResaswauloSi
(S-1464) sabololod Camoyalibebulia qarTvel wmidanTa xsenebis is kalendari,
romelic qarTuli eklesiisaTvis oficialuri dokumenti gaxda. anton I Tavis
sadResaswaulos SesavalSi wers, rom man Secvala zogierTi qarTveli wmidanis
xsenebis dRe im mizeziT, rom maTi xsenebis dReebi iseT did dResaswaulTa
dReebze iyo dadebuli, rom jerovnad am qarTveli wmindanebis dResaswaulTa
aRniSvna ar xerxdeboda da maTi Rvawli iCrdileboda. amasTanave is aRniSnavs,
rom mravalni arian xsenebani qarTuelTa wmidaTani cualebulni, romelni ara
Tvissa sakuTarsa dResa, odes srul hyves wmidaTa maT keTili srba Tvisi, da
aw ara aResrulebian dResa mas, aramed sxuaTa dReTa. rogorc am sityvebidan
Cans, anton Is kargad daunaxavs qarTuli saeklesio kalendris cvlilebani,
romelic mis dromde mouxdeniaT da romlis Sesaxeb nawilobriv Cvenc gvqonda
saubari da rac Cans Cvens mier motanili SedarebiTi siidan. magram antons Tavisi
sityvebis dasadastureblad iseTi magaliTi moaqvs, romelic jerjerobiT
arcerTi werilobiTi wyaroTi ar aris cnobili: rameTu Ruawli dedoflisa
qeTevanisi iyo martsa a (1) dResa, viTarmed akoloTia sruli qeTevan dedoflisa,
erTwignad qmnili, mixilavs me wignissacavsa Sina dedisa Cemisa, romelic
meoTxe iyo asuli STamomavlobiTgan wmidisa mis dedoflisa, da wignsa mas Sina
martisa TTsa pirulsa weriliyo hxseneba Ruawlisa wmidisa qeTevanisa.
aramed mpyrobelobasa kaxeTs dedis dedisa Cemisa dedoflisa annasa, dadus
episkoposTa vieTme da mRudelTa Ruawli wmidisa mis hsenebad sekdenbersa ig
(13), vinaTgan simravle ara mciredi Sekrbebis alaverds dResaswaulsa cxovelsmyofelisa juarisasa sekdenbersa TTsa id (14) da, vinaTgan nawilni wmidisani
1

436

m. qavTaria, Zveli qarTuli poeziis istoriidan XVII-XVIII ss., 1977, gv. 101.

alaverds eklesiasa Sina mTavarmowamisa giorgissa mdebare arian. amisTs

ganaweses dResa ig sekdembrisasa erisa yovlisa mun daswrebisaTs1. antoni
Tavis sadResaswaulos SesavalSi kidev ramdenime kalendarul cvlilebaze
laparakobs, rasac adgili hqonia adre: xolo xseneba wmidisa mamisa iesesi,
Cemsve yofasa saqarTulosa Sina, iyo romelime mizezi, viTarmed Sehscuales, da
dekembersa TTsa b (2) daaweses igi. da meca misTsve dResa b dekembrisasa jer
viCine dResaswaulobad.2 SevniSnavT, rom adre ise wilknelis xsenebis dRed 18
agvisto iyo ganwesebuli. k. kekeliZis azriT, es cvlileba Semdegi mizeziT unda
momxdariyo: meTvramete saukunis damdegamde dekembris 2 saqarTvelos eklesia
dResaswaulobda petre maiumelis xsenebas. meTvramete saukunis pirvel wlebSi
is gamoricxes wmindanTa xarisxidgan, rogorc monofiziti da 2 dekembers, es
garemoeba rom xalxs mainca da mainc TvalSi ar moxvedroda, gadmoitanes ise
wilknelis xseneba 18 agvistodan.3 mesame dResaswaulis Secvlazec laparakobs
antoni, rom antoni martomyofelis xseneba 17 ianvars arcTu didi xnis win
`nikolaoz Cerqezman rusTulman da grigori xucesmonazonman dodirqelman~
ganaweses-o, magram Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom anton martomyofelis xseneba 16
marts martyofis xelTuqmneli xatis dResaswaulTan erTad aRniSnuli aqvs
arsen bulmaisimisZes jer kidev XIII saukuneSi, sadac is aRniSnavs: vinaTgan
Rirsisa antonis micvalebaca aTCvidmetsave ianvarsa iqmna dResa didisa antoni
megviptelisasa, amisTs maSinca vgalobT da vityviT (A-85, 284). amitom antons,
albaT, am dResaswaulis aRdgenaze SeeZlo laparaki da ara am dResaswaulis
pirvelad dawesebaze, antoni ara marto sxvaTa mier Catarebul cvlilebebze
laparakobs, aramed mogviTxrobs im cvlilebebzec, romlebic mas Seutania
qarTul saeklesio kalendarSi da dasZens, rom es cvlilebebi man Caatara
qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dResaswaulTa srulyofis mizniT. antonma, rogorc
is TviTon wers, arCilis da luarsabis xseneba 20 martidan 21 ivniss gadmoitana,
giorgi mTawmidlisa 30 ivnisidan 27 ivniss, abibos nekreselisa 13 noembridan 29
noembers, daviT aRmaSeneblisa 25 ianvridan 26 ianvars, antoni martomyofelisa
17 ianvridan 19 ianvars, isak da iosebis Sesaxeb is ambobs, rom man 15 seqtembridan
maTi xseneba gadaitana sxva dRes, radgan im dRes ioseb alaverdelis xsenebaa
dadebuli, magram antonis sadResaswauloSi isaakisa da iosebis xseneba saerTod
aRar Cans. am cvlilebebis mizezebic axsnili aqvs antons: arCilisa da luarsabis
xseneba martis TveSi SeiZleba marxvis dReebma daabrkolos. giorgi mTawmidelis
xsenebis dRe 30 ivniss emTxveva TormetTa mociqulTa xsenebas da amitom
gadaitana 27 ivniss misi wmida nawilebis mocvalebis dRes. abibos nekreselis
xseneba 13 noembers daiCrdileboda ioane oqropiris amave dRes xsenebis gamo,
daviT aRmaSeneblis xseneba 25 ianvars emTxveva ioane RmrTismetyvelis xseneba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, antonma Tavisi sadResaswaulos Sedgenamde
1
2
3

k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, t. IV, gv. 183.

iqve, gv. 182.
iqve, gv. 128.

437

monawileoba miiRo (A-122) xelnawerSi Sesuli tipikonis SedgenaSi da rogorc

am ori Zeglis Sedareba gviCvenebs, ukve maSin ganaxorciela zogi cvlileba,
romelic Semdeg sadResaswauloSic gadmoitana. ase, magaliTad, zemodamowmebuli
kalendaruli cvlilebebidan, romelic piradad antons Cautarebia 1759 wels
(S-1464 es TariRi uzis), rogorc amas TviT avtori aRniSnavs, nawilobriv ukve
ganxorcielebulia 10 wliT adre Sedgenil A-122 (1749 w.) xelnawerSi. anton
martomyofelis xseneba 19 ianvars, ise wilknelisa 2 dekembers. A-122 Sedgenis
Semdeg Secvala antonma arCilisa da luarsabis xsenebis dRe 20 martidan 21 ivniss
(A-122Si 20 martia) da abibos nekreselisa 13 noembridan 29 noembers (A-122Si
sulac 12 noemberia, e.i. mis A-97 XI s. xelnawerSi dadasturebuli xsenebis dRe).
magram Zneli asaxsnelia is faqti, Tu ratom ar Seitana antonma Tavis
sadResaswauloSi A-122 tibikonSi dadasturebuli Semdegi dResaswaulebi:
Salva Toris Tavadisa (axalcixelisa) da aTTa bevrTa 29 seqtembers, ratom
Secvala neofite urbnelis xsenebis dRe 28 noemberi 28 oqtombriT. miT umetes,
rom 176869 wlebSi Sedgenil martirikaSi man Seitana pirvelad mis mierve
dawerili hagiografiuli Txzulebani Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa
wmidaTa aTTa da bevrTa mowameTa tfiliss. vnebulTa... (gv. 247265). marTalia
martirika literaturuli Zeglia da ara liturgikuli, magram TavisTavad
is faqti, rom antoni qmnis am mowameTa Sesaxeb vrcel SesxmamoTxrobas,
miuTiTebs maTi Rvawlis aRiarebaze. am fonze ucnauria am mowmeTa xsenebis dRis
gamotoveba antonis sadResaswauloSi, miT umetes, rom pirvelad am mowameebis
xsenebis dReTa daweseba A-122 tibikonSi antonis iniciativa unda iyos (rogorc
aRvniSneT, am mowameTa xsenebis dReebi arc aleqsi mesxiSvilma gadaitana Tavis
sadResaswauloSi (A-1093). antonis sadResaswauloSi aseve aRar aris Setanili
A-122 tibikonSi dadasturebuli Semdegi xsenebis dReebi: 11 maiss Sio
mRvimelis micvaleba (ar aris Sios xseneba arc 9 maiss, XVII-XVIII ss. ZeglebSi
dadasturebul dRes), 23 maiss wm. ninos da qarTvelTa moqcevis dResaswauli
(ninos xsenebis tradiciuli dRe 14 ianvaria aqac, A-122-Sic aris 14 ianvars), 28
ivliss ioane zedaznelisa da aTormet mowameTa misTa (antonTan aris 7 maisi. am
dResac aris A-122Si), 20 agvistos qeTevan dedoflis wm. nawilTa gadmosvenebis
dRe. oTxive es xseneba A-122dan aleqsi mesxiSvilma, rogorc ukve vaCveneT,
gadaitana Tavis sadResaswauloSi (A-1093).
sagangebod unda SevCerdeT or xsenebis dReze, romelic erTnairadaa
warmogenili A-122Si, aleqsi mesxiSvilis sadResaswauloSi da antonis
sadResaswauloSi: 8 ianvars abo tfilelis xseneba da 28 agvistos SuSanikis xseneba,
visi iniciativaa am mowameTa xsenebis dRis Secvla? Zvel ZeglebSi es Sesabamisad
7 ianvars abos xsenebaa dadebuli, xolo SuSanikis xseneba qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT dadebuli iyo 17 oqtombers (A-95, XI s.), erT XI saukunis ZeglSi
(A-97) _ 21 agvistos da XVII-XVIII ss. ramdenime ZeglSi 2 oqtombers. anton
kaTalikoss rom es cvlilebebi Seetana A-122 tibikonSi da Semdeg gadaetana
Tavis sadResaswauloSi, maSin am faqts is aRniSnavda iseve, rogorc es man gaakeTa

438

sxva qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT. amitom xom

ar SeiZleba es cvlilebebi mivaweroT aleqsi mesxiSvilis iniciativas.
antonis sadResaswauloSi brwyinvalesa kviriakesa Semdgomad orSabaTisa
vidre paraskevamde, odes sxua romelime dResaswauli sadidebelni ara
aResrulebodes rigsa saTueosa dadebulia xseneba mowameTa garejis
udabnosaTa, romelni moisrnes agarianTa mier dResa TviT sauflosa...
dResaswaulsa qristes aRdgomisasa. am mowameebs antonma hagiografiuli
Txzuleba uZRvna martirikaSi. anton kaTalikosis sadResaswauloSi
pirvelad gvxvdeba ioane aTonelis xseneba 12 ivliss gabriel aTonelTan erTad
(gamonaklisis gareSe ioanes xseneba yvelgan 14 ivlissaa), Tumca am cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb is Tavis sadResaswaulos SesavalSi arafers ambobs.
ramdenime sityviT SevexoT im wmindanTa xsenebebsac, romlebic dadasturebulia
antonamdel wyaroebSi, xolo antonis sadResaswauloSi ki Setanili ar aris (maT
Soris A-122is xsenebis dReebs ukve SevexeT, aRvniSneT agreTve, rom isaak da
iosebis xseneba antonma, rogorc Cans, Segnebulad ar Seitana miuxedavad imisa,
martirikaSi warmodgenilia antonis mier Seqmnili hagiografiuli Txzuleba).
amjerad Cven mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs iseTi xsenebebi, romlebic dasturdeba
uZveles qarTul wyaroebSi (ierusalimis ganCineba, ioanezosimes kalendari,
parizis leqcionari da zogi sxv.), radgan zogi am xsenebaTagan ar aris antonamdel
mogviano ZeglebSic. magram antonis sadResaswauloSi ar aris iseTi xsenebebic,
romlebic cnobilia CvenTvis XI-XVII ss. ZeglebiT. mag. serapion zarzmelisa 29
oqtombers, proxore qarTvelisa 12 Tebervals, luka ierusalimelisa 27 ivliss,
nikoloz davlisa 19 oqtombers, cxraTa yrmaTa kolaelTa 22 Tebervals, Tamar
mefisa 1 maiss, qristefore gurielisa 16 agvistos da sxv.
mizezi antonis sadResaswaulos kalendris aseTi xarvezebisa unda avxsnaT
erTi garemoebiT: anton kaTalikoss ar hqonda informacia maT Sesaxeb. mag.
ierusalimel qarTvel moRvaweTa saqmianoba (proxore, luka, nikoloz dvali,
salome qarTveli, arseni da miqaeli da sxv.) mxolod ierusalimur xelnawerebSi
dadasturebuli da saqarTveloSi Seqmnil wyaroebSi maTi xseneba ar gvxvdeba.
aseve unda aixsnas sxva wmindanebis antonis sadResaswauloSi mouxseneblobis
faqtebic. am azris kargi dasturi gvaqvs leningradis aRmosavleTmcodneobis
institutSi dacul erT dokumentSi (On 41/E-106/E- 184/E f. VI). es dokumenti
qarTvel wmindanTa kalendars Seicavs da Sedgenilia anton pirvelis damxmare
pirebisagan, romlebic misi sadResaswaulosaTvis masalebs adgendnen. interess
iwvevs zogierTi wmindanis xsenebis dReze gakeTebuli SeniSvnebi: mag. sekdenbersa
ie (15) orTa ZmaTa qarTvelTa sahak da iosebisa. ara viciT ra. oktonbersa b (2)
SuSanik qarTvelTa dedoflisa, batonsac moexseneba. oqtombersa e (5) wmidisa
mamisa Cuenisa grigol xanZTelisa qarTvelTaganisa ara viciT ra. oqtombrisa i
(10) mowamisa qarTvelisa konstantinesi, romeli iyo didTagani. arca amisi viciT
ra.
aRniSnuli dokumentidan Cans, rom qarTveli wmindanebisa da maTi moRvaweobis

439

Semcveli wyaroebis arseboba yovelTvis cnobili ar yofila. mag. SegviZlia

Tamamad vTqvaT, rom grigol xanZTelis uzarmazari saqmianobisa da Rvawlis
Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi araviTari cnoba ar arsebobda, sanam niko CubinaSvilma
1845 w. ierusalimis qarTvelTa monasterSi ar miakvlia misi cxovrebis Semcvel
xelnawers, romelic niko marma gamosca 1911 w. manamde Zvel xelnawerebSi grigol
xanZTelis xsenebas vxvdebiT 5 oqtombers yovelgvari gangebis gareSe (antons ki
Seudgenia misi dRis gangeba, magram yovelgvari faqtiuri masalis gareSe, e.i. ar
icnobs grigolis cxovrebas).
mxolod am mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas antonis sadResaswauloSi zogierTi
wmindanis mouxseneblobis faqti.
ganxiluli Zeglebis garda gvxvdeba ori xelnaweri, romelic dadasturebula:
Sio garejelis svinaqsaruli cxovreba, misi xsenebis dRes 1 ivniss (A-1367;
XVII-XVIII ss. sxva ZeglebSi aRar gvxvdeba) da Teodore mTawmindelis xseneba
20 aprils (H-40-1892 w. am xelnawerSi Cakrulia sxva xelnaweridan amoWrili
furceli, romelic Seicavs am xsenebas. am wmindanis vinaoba CvenTvis ucnobia).
ucnobia CvenTvis dimitri mrovelis vinaoba, romlis xsenebis dRe ganuwesebia
aleqsi mesxiSvils Tavis sadResaswauloSi (A-1093 26 oqtombers) am dRes
am xsenebis Setana, vfiqrobT, ganapiroba im faqtma, rom am dRes saeklesio
kalendrebSi dadebulia dimitri mowamis, Tesalonikelis xsenebis dRe. SeiZleba
es iyos igive dimitri rostoveli, romelsac antoni ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa
did mfarvelad miiCnevs).
am masalebiT amoiwureba qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis dReebi qarTul wyaroebSi
uZvelesi droidan XVIII s. CaTvliT.

Zveli saqarTvelos wmindanTa da siwmindeTa kalendari 1*

warmovadgenT qarTvel wmindanTa xsenebis kalendars V-VIII ssis qarTul
xelnawerebSi dadasturebuli masalebis mixedviT. Tu wmindanis xsenebis dRe
warmodgenilia ramdenime xelnawerSi, vuCvenebT erT an or xelnawers, SedarebiT
adrindels. kalendaruli sia dalagebulia wmindanTa liturgikul ZeglebSi
moxseniebis qronologiuri principiT.
wmindani,
dResasw.
1. SuSanikisi

xsenebis dRe da xelnawerebi

17 oqtombers
ierus.
ganCineba (VIIX ss.); sin. 34
(X s.)

21
agvistos
A-97 (XI
s.)

2 oqtombers
A-111 (170515 ww.) da
sxv.

1 noembers
Q-662 (XVIIIs.)

SeniSvna
28
agvistos
A-1093
S-1464
(XVIII s.)

* daibeWda: msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiis SeerTebuli kalendari, e. WilaZis

redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 297-302.

440

2. yovelTa
wmidaTa,
romelni
qarTls
ewamnes

11 dekembers
ierus.
ganCineba
latalis
xelnaw. (IX s.)

3. mamai
kaTalikosi

3 maiss ierus.
ganCineba
(VI-IX ss.);
sin-34 (X s.)

4. abo
tfilelisa

7 ianvars
H-2123
(IX s.)

8 ianvars
A-1093
S-1464

5. ninosi

14 ianvars
sin. 34 (X s.)

mesamesa
zatiksa
dResa
SabaTsa,
pariz. nac.
bibl. #3
xelnaweri
(XI-XII
ss.)

orcielsa
paraskevsa
sin-5

23 maiss
A-122 A-1093
(XVIII s.)
aRiarebulia
saq.
gaqristianebis
dRed

6. arCilisi

15 ianvars sin.
34 (X s.)

8 ianvars
pariz. #3
(XI s.)

20 marts
A-111 (170315 ww.)
s-1323
(1686w.
(luarsab
mefesTan
erTad)

21 ivnisi
S-1464
(XVIII s.)
luarsab
mefesTan erTad

7. patiosnisa
juarisa
manglisisa

20 maiss
sin. 34 (X s.)

8a. mcxeTis
juaris
aRmarTeba

kviriakesa
mesamesa
zatikTa sin.
34 (X s.)

8b. mcxeTas
jvris
gamoCineba

sulTmofenobis
Semdeg pirvel
oTxSabaTs sin. 1
(X s.); sin. 14 (X s.);
sin. 64 (X s.)

9. samoel
episkoposi

24 Tebervals
sin. 34 (X s.)

10. raJdenisi

25 ivniss par.
#3
(XI-XII ss.)

zedazenis
monastris
winamZ. unda
iyos (VII s.)

13 ianvars
Q-661
(XVIs.)
Q-160
(XVI-XVII
ss.) H-342
(1661w.)

qarTlis
cxovrebaSi
Setanil
arCilis
wamebaSic
20 martia
dadebuli
wamebis
dRed

moqceva
qarTlisaSi:
aRvsebisa
zatikis
zatiksa

zogierT
mkvlevars
samoeli
qarTlis
kaTolikosi
hgonia
3 agvistos
A-97 (XI s.)
Jer. 80
(XIV s.)

k. kekeliZis
etiud. V
gv. 248,
sqolioSi
miTiTebuli
26/VII
Secdoma
unda iyos

441

11. abibos
nekreselisa

6 ivliss par.
#3 (XI-XII
ss.)

12
noembers
A-97 (XI
s.)

12. evstaTi
mcxeTelisa

20 dekembers
par. #3
(XI-XII ss.)

29 ivliss
A-97 (XI
s.)

13. wm.
mebkambesi

16 agvistos
par #3
(XI-XII ss.)

fiqroben
qarTveli
wmindani
unda iyos

14. wm
sarmianesi

21 agvistos
par. #3
(XI-XII ss.)

SeiZleba
qarTveli
iyos

15. wminda
marTalTa
wm. qristes
saflavisaTa
- ioane,
stefane da
isaiasi

4 noembers
par. #3
(XI-XII ss.)

SeiZleba
qristes
saflavis
monastris
qarTveli
berebi iyven

16. eqvTime
mTawmidelisa

13 maiss
A-97 (XI s.)
da yvela
xelnawerSi

17. ilarion
qarTvelisa

19 noembers
A-193 (XI s.)
da sxv.

18
noembers
Jer-80
(XIII-XIV
ss.)

18. ioane
aTonelisa

14 ivliss A-97
(XI s.) da sxv.

12 ivliss
S-1464
(1759)
gabriel
aTonelTan
erTad

19. proxore
qarTvelisa

12 Tebervals
Jer. 24 (XI s.)

20. grigol
xancTelisa

5 oqtombers
A-97 (XI s.) da
sxv.

21. kostanti
kaxisa

10 noembers
A-97 (XI s.)
S-1464 (XVIII
s.) da sxv.

22. ioane
Wyondidelisa

3 ianvars
A-97 (XI s.)

442

13 noembers
A-111
(1703-15 ww.)

29 noembers
S-1464
(XVIII s.)
sergi Tavis
Si (11,337)
uTiTebs 6
dekembers,
rac Secdoma
Cans

12
noembers
A-568
(XII-XIII
ss.) S-443
(XVIIXVIII ss.)
da sxv.
erTaderTi
xseneba

23. cxraTa
yrmaTa
kolaelTa

12 Tebervals
A-97 (XI s.) da
sxv. mrav.

24.
musukavelTa:
suqiasi da
moyvasTa
misTa

15 aprils
A-97 (XI s.) da
sxv. mrav.

25. daviT da
tiriWanisi

18 maiss A-97
(XI s.) da sxv.

26. giorgi
mTawmidelisa

29 ivniss
A-97 (XI s.)
minaw. teqstis
xeliT

27. Tamar
dedoflisa

1 maiss A-97
(minaw. XIIIs.)

28. Sio
mRvimelisa

yvelierisa
xuTSabaTs H1349,1 (XIIIs.)
A-122 (1749 w.)
da sxv.

29. evagre
cixedidelisa
(Sio
mRvimelTan
erTad)

9 maiss Jer-80
(XIV s.)

30. anton
martyofelisa

16 agvistos
A-85 (XIII s.)
Q-627 (XVIIIs.)
(martyofis
xatis
dResaswaulTan
erTad)

31.
martyofis
xatisa

16 agvistos
A-85 (XIII s.)
Q-627 (XVIIIs.)

32. daviT da
konstantinesi

31 oqtombers
pariz. 14
(XIII-XIVss.)
Jer. 80 (XIV s.)
A-426 (XII s.)

33. salome
qarTvelisa

20 ivliss
Jer. 24 (XIIIXIVss. xeliT
minaweri)

30 ivniss
Jer. 80
(XIVs.)
H-342
(1661w.) da
sxv.

27 ivniss
A-122
(1749w.)
S-1464
(1759w.)

9 maiss Jer.
80 (XIVs.)
A-111
(1705-15
ww.)

11 maiss
A-122
(1749 w.)
S-1464
(1759 w.)

17 ianvars
A-85
(XIIIs.)
A-111
(1705-15
ww.)

19 ianvars
A-122
(1749w.)
A-1093
(XVIIIs.)
S-1464
(1759w.)

2 oqtombers A-111
(1705-15ww.)
da
sxv. XVIII
s. xelnawerebSi
erTaderTi
xseneba

443

34. luka
ierusalimelisa

27 ivliss Jer24 (XIVs.)

furceli
lukas
svinaqs.
cxovrebis
Semcveli
XIVs.
CakinZulia
Jer-24Si (XIs.)
erTaderTi
xseneba

35. nikoloz
dvalisa

19 oqtombers
Jer-80 (XIV s.)

aseve, XIVs.
Camatebul
furcelze,
erTaderTi
xseneba

36. miqael da
arsenisi

3 maiss Jer. 80
(XIV s.)

erTaderTi
xseneba

37. ioane
zedaznelisa
da ib (12)
mowafeTa
misTa

7 maiss Jer. 80
(XIV s.) A-111
(1705-15ww.)

38.
qristeforesi
(guriidan)

16 agvistos
Jer. 80 (XVIs.)

erTaderTi
xseneba

39. ioane
Tornikesi

14 dekembers
Q-661 (XVIs.)

erTaderTi
xseneba

40. petre
qarTvelisa

2 dekembers
A-193 (XI,
gviand.
minaweri)
Q-661 (XVIs.)
da sxv.

3
dekembers
H-342
(1661w.)
Q-646
(XVIIXVIIIss.)
da sxv.

41. miqaelgobronisi

17 noembers
A-111 (170515ww.) A-425
(1718w.) da sxv.

18
noembers
S-2669
(1756w.)

42. serapion
zarzmelisa

29 oqtombers
A-84 (XVs.)

43. ise
wilknelisa

18 agvistos
S-3269 (1720iani wl.)
lening. saj.
bibl. 222
(XVII s.)
H-2077 (1736w.)
da sxv.

444

28 ivliss
A-122
(17492.)
A-1093
(XVIIIs.)

misi xseneba
amoRebulia
XVII s.
dasawyisSi,
magram
meqanikurad
mainc
meordeba

erTaderTi
xseneba,
minaweri
aSiaze
teqstis
xeliT
2
dekembers
Q-1053
(1760w.)
A-122
(1759w.)
S-1464
(1759w.) da
sxv.

44. ioseb
alaverdelisa

15 seqtembers
S-3269 (1720iani w.)
lening. 222
(XVIIIs.) da
sxv.

45. daviT
urbnelisa

25 ianvars
A-111 (170515ww.) da sxv.

26 ianvars
A-122
(1749w.)
S-1464
(1759w.)

46. neofite
urbnelisa

28 noembers
A-122 (1749w.)

28
oqtombers
S-1464
(1759w)

47. Salva
Toris
Tavadisa
(axalcixelisa)

29 seqtembers
A-122 (1749w.)

erTaderTi
xseneba

48. aTTa
bevrTa
(Salva
axalcixelTan
erTad)

29 seqtembers
A-122 (1749w.)

erTaderTi
xseneba

49. sahak (an

isaak) da
iosebisi

16 seqtembers
A-111 (170515ww.) A-425
(1713w.) da sxv.
mravali

50. qeTevan
dedoflisa

13 seqtembers
A-130 (1713w.)
da sxv.
mravali

51. luarsab
mefisa

20 marts
A-130 (1713w.)
da sxv.
mravali

52. biZina,
Salva da
elizbari

53. Sio
garejelisa

anton I-is
mowmobiT
misi dResaswauli
Tavdapirvelad 1
marts unda
yofiliyo
(etiud. V,
gv. 783)
21 ivniss
S-1464
(1759w.)

18 seqtembers
24 ivliss
S-3269 (1720A-380
iani w.) da sxv. (1714-16ww.)
mravali
A-515
(1795w.) da
sxv.
1 ivniss
A-1093
(XVIIIs.)

A-122-Si 19
seqtemberi
uneblie
Secdoma
unda iyos
erTaderTi
xseneba

445

54. dimitri
mrovelisa

26 oqtombers
H-1093 (XVIII
s.)

erTaderTi
xseneba.
Cans,
Secdomaa,
unda iyos
dimitri
rostoveli

55. Tedore
mTawmidelisa

20 aprils
H-40 (1892w.)

erTaderTi
xseneba. es
wmindani
ucnobia

56. gabriel
aTonelisa

12 ivliss
S-1464 (1759w.)

xseneba
dadebulia
ioane
aTonelTan
erTad

57. daviT
garejelisa

amaRlebisa
mzgefssa
xuTSabaTs
c. arq. #459
(1739w.)

58. dodo
garejelisa

aRvsebiTgan
meSvidesa
kviriakisa
oTxSabaTsa
Q-627(XVIIIs.)

59.
garejelTa
mowameTa,
romelni
moisrnes
dResa
aRvsebisasa

brwyinvaleba
kviriakesa
Semdgomad
oTxSabaTisa,
vidre
paraskevamde
S-1464, 369

aRvsebiTgan
meSvide
xuTSabaTs
Q-627
(XVIIIs.)

xelnawerTa fondebis pirobiTi niSnebis ganlageba

A _ yof. saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi _ amJamad xelnawerTa
institutis fondi.
H _ yof. saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis muzeumis
xelnawerTa fondi _ amJamad xelnawerTa institutis fondi.
S _ yof. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis
muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi _ amJamad xelnawerTa institutis fondi.
Q _ saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis xelnawerTa yofili fondi _ amJamad
xelnawerTa institutis xelnawerTa axali fondi.
Jer. _ ierusalimis jvaris monastris qarTul xelnawerTa fondi (xelnaw.
institutSi daculia fotopirebi).
Ath. _ aTonis mTis monastris qarTul xelnawerTa fondi (fotopirebi,
aRweriloba).
Sin. _ sinas mTis qarTul xelnawerTa fondi (xelnawerTa institutSi
daculia fotopirebi, aRweriloba).

446

par. _ parizis nac. biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa fondi (fotopirebi).

quT. _ quTaisis saistorio-saeTnografio muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi.
lening. _ saltikov-SCedrinis sax. leningradis sajaro biblioTekis qarTul
xelnawerTa fondi.
cent. arq. _ saq. centraluri arqivis qarTul xelnawerTa fondi.

447

evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba *

(narkvevi)
`martloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa qronologiurad
qarTuli originaluri hagiografiis Cvenamde moRweuli meore uZvelesi
Txzulebaa `SuSanikis wamebis Semdeg.
Txzuleba, romlis avtoric ucnobia, samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia
VI saukunis II naxevarSi Seqmnil Zeglad, uZvelesi xelnaweri ki, romliTac am
Txzulebam moaRwia, XI s-iT TariRdeba (1).
Txzuleba, romelSic moTxrobilia sparseli mazdeanis gvirobandakis
ganZakidan mcxeTaSi Camosvla da iq qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba, rac sababi
gaxda misi sikvdiliT dasjisa sparsel cecxlTayvanismcemel xelisufalTa mier
(2), erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa VI saukunis Sua wlebis qarTlis socialurpolitikuri istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, rom araferi vTqvaT mis
udides mniSvnelobaze Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mravalferovan problemebSi
garkvevisaTvis.
radgan evstaTi mcxeTelis `wameba hagiografis martvilologiuri xasiaTis
Zeglia, romelsac Tavisi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs hagiografiuli
mwerlobis ufro gvian warmoSobil `cxovrebaTa Janris ZeglebTan SedarebiT,
Txzulebis ganxilva unda daviwyoT martvilologiuri hagiografiis zogadi
mimoxilviT da Semdeg gavagrZeloT saubari Txzulebis istoriuli da
literaturuli sakiTxebis mimoxilviT.
hagiografiis martvilologiuri Janris Sesaxeb. qristianuli erebis
mwerlobis istoriaSi hagiografiuli dargis literaturas erT-erTi mTavari
adgili uWiravs.
hagiografiuli literaturis pirveli Txzulebebi bizantiur-romaul
qristianul garemoSi Seiqmna da TandaTanobiT gavrcelda danarCen qristianul
samyaroSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
qarTul sinamdvileSi originaluri hagiografiuli literaturis pirveli
Txzulebis - `SuSanikis wamebis Seqmnas (V saukunis 70-iani wlebi) win am dargis
TxzulebaTa Targmna uswrebda, rac dokumenturad dadasturebulia TviT
`SuSanikis wamebaSi: `aRdga wmida da netari SuSanik da Tana waritana evangel
Tsi... da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani (2,16)
Txzulebis damowmebuli adgilidan Cans da literaturaTmcodneobaSic
sarwmunodaa miCneuli, rom hagiografiuli mwerloba martviloogiiT, anu
`wamebaTa JanriT daiwyo. saerTod, hagiografiuli mwerlobisa da, kerZod,
* daibeWda: saq. literaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi, V, Tbilisi, 2007 w., gv.
43-77.

448

martvilologiuri Janris warmoSobas ZiriTadi Teoriuli safuZveli axali

aRTqmis literaturam, kerZod, saxarebam daudo.
ieso qristesa da misi mowafeebis cxovrebam da mowamebrivma aRsasrulma
qristianebSi warmoSva miswrafeba miebaZaT qristesa da misi sarwmunoebisaTvis,
tanjva-wamebiT, sikvdiliT `emowmaT TavianTi erTguleba da sicocxlis
fasad daedasturebinaT igi. aqedan warmodga sityvebi: `mowame, `wameba, rac
Tanamedrove SinaarsiT `mowmes, `damowmebas niSnavs, xolo radgan es `mowmoba
ZiriTadad tanjva-wamebaSi sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda, am sityvamac SemdgomSi
dRevandeli gagebiT `tanjva-wamebis Sinaarsi SeiZina. misi berZnuli Sesatyvisia
`marturion (3). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom martvilologiuri Janris yvela
qarTul originalur Txzulebas `wameba ewodeba, xolo evstaTi mcxeTelis
Sesaxeb Seqmnil hagiografiul Zegls berZnuli saxeli - `martloba.
maSasadame, qristianobis warmoSobis pirveli wlebidanve qristes mowamebrivi
Rvawli yvela qristianis misabaZ magaliTad iqca, xolo mowameoba qristianuli
rwmenis aRiarebis WeSmarit gamoxatulebad.
berZnul-romauli warmarTuli imperia, romlis wiaRSic warmoiSva
qristianuli religia, sakmaod noyier niadags uqmnida axali religiis
mimdevarT, sisruleSi moeyvanaT TavianTi mowamebrivi miswrafebani. bizantiuri
hagiografiuli mwerlobis warmoSobis magaliTi ar gamodgeba qarTuli
originaluri hagiografiuli mwerlobis, kerZod, misi martvilologiuri
Janris warmoSobis asaxsnelad.
qarTuli martvilologia ar warmoSobila warmarTul garemocvaSi. mirian
mefis epoqaSi, rodesac qristianobis Casaxva iwyeba qarTul warmarTul qveyanaSi,
arc mowameobrivi faqtebia naxsenebi da arc qristianTa devnis SemTxvevebia
dadasturebuli. piriqiT, loialuri damokidebuleba axali sarwmunoebis
mimarT Cans wm. ninos mier nana dedoflis qristianobaze moqcevis gadmocemaSi
(2,130).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, martvilologiuri Txzulebebi qarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis Tavdapirvelad mxolod bizantiuri hagiografiuli, ufro
zustad, martvilologiuri nimuSebiT unda yofiliyo cnobili.
saqarTveloSi martvilologiuri originaluri Txzulebebis Seqmnas sul
sxva safuZveli hqonda, vidre bizantiaSi, sadac qristianobis Casaxvidan
warmarTul religiasTan brZolaSi mis saboloo gamarjvebamde sam saukuneze
meti gavida da sadac qristianul mwerlobas pirveli saukuneebidanve hqonda
Tavisi qristianuli literaturuli tradicia evangeluri Zeglebis saxiT.
ueWvelia, saqarTveloSi qristianul religias saboloo damkvidrebamde
warmarTuli sarwmunoebis mier Seqmnili mravali dabrkolebis daZleva
mouxdeboda, magram es faqti ver ganapirobebda qarTuli hagiografiuli

449

mwerlobis warmoSobas, qristianTa wamebis realur faqtebs kidec rom hqonoda

adgili. saqme isaa, kidec rom arsebuliyo wyaro, originaluri hagiografia
ver Seiqmneboda am dros saqarTveloSi qristianuli mwerlobis tradiciebis
uqonlobis
mizeziT:
saqarTveloSi
qristianobis
gamarjvebis
Semdeg
bizantiuri qristianuli literatura da saeklesio organizacia erT-erTi
wyaro iyo nacionaluri saeklesio organizaciisa da saeklesio literaturis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis (4,5).
faqtia, Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli originaluri hagiografiuli Txzulebebi
martvilologiuri Sinaarsisaa. es moulodneli araa, radgan yvela qristianulma
erma hagiografiuli mwerloba am JanriT daiwyo.
pirveli qarTuli martvilologiuri hagiografiuli Txzulebebis Seqmnis
safuZveli mazdean, anu cecxlTayvanismcemel sparsel dampyrobelTa mier
Seqmnili politikuri situacia iyo, romelsac upirispirdeboda qarTuli
eklesiis religiuri da erovnuli interesebi.
qarTul eklesias Tavis pirvel mowamed gaqristianebuli sparsi raJdeni
miaCnia, romelic `pirvelmowamed aris dasaxelebuli.
cnoba raJdenis wamebis Sesaxeb V saukunis I naxevarSi daculia `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi Setanil vaxtang gorgaslis istoriaSi, xolo hagiografiuli
Txzuleba `wameba da Ruawli didisa mowamisa raJdenisi dawera XVIII saukunis
gamoCenilma saeklesio mweralma da kaTolikosma besarion orbeliSvilma zemoT
dasaxelebul vaxtang gorgaslis istoriaze dayrdnobiT. misi sityvebiT: `CuenTa
amaT da qarTvelTa Soris gamobrwyinvebulTa mowameTa dasabam iqmna sanatreli
ese. anda `pirvel amis netarisa ara visi smenil ars martloba queyanasa amas
saqarTvelosasa (5,16).
miuxedavad amisa, pirveli qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzuleba aris V saukunis
II naxevarSi Seqmnili `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisa, xolo meore
VIs. II naxevarSi ucnobi avtoris mier dawerili: `martloba da moTmineba
wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa.
Txzulebis mokle Sinaarsi. sparseTSi xuasro anuSirvanis mefobis (531-579ww.)
meaTe (e.i. 541) wels sparseTis arSakeTis provinciis qalaq ganZakidan qarTlSi
Camosula da mcxeTaSi dasaxlebula 30 wlis sparseli, saxeliT gvirobandaki.
igi yofila mogvis Svili da mSoblebi masac mogvobas aswavlidnen. ymawvil kacs
Tavidanve guli auyria mamapapeul sarwmunoebaze, eWvi Sehparvia mazdeanobis
WeSmaritebaSi da qristianuli sarwmunoebiT dainteresebula.
`ufros ars yovelsa rCulsa qristeanoba, vidre uRmrToeba - ambobs igi.
rogorc Cans, gvirobandakze gavlena mouxdeniaT ganZakSi mravlad
macxovrebel qristianebs, xolo saboloo arCevani mas gaukeTebia samoel
diakonTan qristianuli sarwmunoebis sakiTxebze msjelobis Sedegad, romelmac

450

mas dawvrilebiT mouTxro am religiis istoria Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis

mixedviT.
mcxeTaSi CamosvlisTanave, sadac im dros bevri misi Tanamemamule cxovrobda,
mas Seuswavlia `meamleoba, e.i. mewaReoba, daaxloebia qristianebs, ufro
metad `Seiyuara man rCuli qristeanobisa da hrwmena qriste da moinaTla
kidec mcxeTaSi qarTlis kaTalikosis samoelis mier, romelsac misTvis evstaTi
daurqmevia. male man SeirTo qristiani meuRle da Svilebic SeeZina.
rodesac mazdean Tanamemamuleebs evstaTi TavianT mTavar dResaswaulze
- `tozikobaze miuwveviaT, mas uTqvams: `Tqueni toziki bnel ars da Tquen,
metozikenica, bnel xarT, xolo me qristes beWedi mimiRebies da qristesa toziksa
vtozikob. es pasuxi mazdean sparselebs Seuracxyofad miuRiaT da evstaTi
cixisTav ustamTan daubezRebiaT. ustamma evstaTi sxva Svid gaqristianebul
sparselTan erTad Tbiliss gaagzavna marzapan arvand guSnaspTan. eqvsi Tve
dilegSi yofnis Semdeg evstaTi qarTlis didebulebis TxovniT sxvebTan erTad
gauTavisuflebiaT.
sami wlis Semdeg qarTlSi axali marzapani veJan buzmiri Camovida,
romelTanac evstaTi isev daasmines da, rodesac marzapans yovelgvari imedi
gadaewura evstaTis mazdeanur sarwmunoebaze dabrunebisa, mas Tavis mokveTa
miusaja. evstaTim mxolod es survili daibara anderZad: daemarxaT mcxeTas
`sadaca naTelmiRebies (2,45). es anderZi ausrules `qristeaneTa da evstaTis
wminda gvami mcxeTis eklesiaSi dakrZales didi pativiT.
TxzulebaSi aRwerili istoriul-politikuri viTareba. evstaTi mcxeTelis
`martviloba rom uZvelesi qarTuli originaluri hagiografiuli Zeglia
`SuSanikis wamebis Semdeg, cxadia, es mas udides literaturul Rirebulebas
aniWebs, magram Tu imasac davumatebT, rom es Txzuleba WeSmaritad sando wyaroa
VI saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis gasarkvevad,
naTeli iqneba misi Rirseba.
evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan naTlad Cans, rom VI saukunis Sua wlebsa
da mis meore naxevarSi, romelsac Txzuleba moicavs, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
sparselebs aqvT dapyrobili da aq umefobis xana sufevs. qarTvelTa mefoba
gauqmebulia da politikur mmarTvelobas mTlianad sparseTis mefis sagangebo
moxele - marzapani axorcielebs. es faqti sxva wyaroebidanac Cans da adasturebs
Txzulebis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros, sandoobas.
mokled SevexoT am sakiTxs: iranisa da romis imperiebis interesebis Sejaxebam
amierkavkasiaze uflebebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi saqarTvelos rogorc
aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT samefoebs qarTlsa da egriss mZime dReebi dauyena.
es swored is qveynebi iyo, sadac adgilobrivi xelisufleba kidev inarCunebda
samefo uflebebs.

451

Tu romaelebi jer kidev urigdebodnen egrisis vasalur mdgomareobas,

iranelebi gaafTrebiT ibrZodnen kavkasiidan romaelTa saboloo gaZevebisa da
kavkasiis sruli aneqsiisaTvis, iq adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gauqmebisa da
kavkasiaSi Semavali qveynebis, maT Soris qarTlis, sparseTis rigiT provinciad
gadaqcevisaTvis.
428 wels iranelebma mefoba mospes somxeTSi, xolo 510 wels albaneTSi. jeri
qarTlis samefoze midga. am miznis ganxorcieleba iranelebs qarTlSi TavianTi
sarwmunoebrivi politikis gatarebiT dauwyiaT.
sparseTis mefes kavad I-s (488-531ww.) gadauwyvetia iberebis ZaliT moqceva
mazdeanobaze da rogorc bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarieli wers,
mas gurgen qarTlis mefisaTvis SeuTvlia, rom `sxva rameSic ise moqceuliyo,
rogorc sparselebSi iyo miRebuli, da micvalebulebic miwaSi ki ar daemarxaT,
aramed yvela micvalebuli frinvelebisa da ZaRlebisTvis gadaegdoT (6,44).
aseTi ultimatumis Semdeg qarTlis mefes ajanyeba ganuzraxavs da bizantiis
imperator iustinesTan (518-527ww.) saidumlo molaparakeba dauwyia. marTalia,
keisars didi imedi miucia gurgenisaTvis, rom romaelebi arasodes sparselebis
xelSi ar Caagdebdnen iberebs, magram gadamwyvet momentSi, roca iranelebis didi
laSqari Semoesia qarTls, bizantielTa damxmare razmi imdenad mcire aRmoCnda,
rom gurgenma brZola veRar gaubeda iranelebs da iZulebuli gaxda mTeli
ojaxiTa da ajanyebaSi monawile sxva didebulebiTurT egriss Sefareboda.
es moxda 523 wels. prokopi kesarielisave mowmobiT, amis Semdeg iranelebi
qarTvelebs nebas aRar aZlevdnen sakuTari mefe hyolodaT (7, 247).
amrigad, VI saukunis I meoTxedis bolos qarTlSi qarTvelTa mefoba moispo
da iranelTa uSualo mmarTveloba damyarda.
532 wels iransa da bizantias Soris dadebulma e.w. uvado zavma ganamtkica
iranelTa mdgomareoba qarTlSi, radgan bizantielebi, romlebmac am zaviT fexi
amoukveTes irans egrisis samefoSi, iranelebs daeTanxmnen, rom pretenziebi aRar
eqnebodaT qarTlze (7, 247).
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnili situacia mokled asea warmodgenili
qarTul saistorio wyaroSi - `moqceva qarTlisa: `... da viTarca mefoba
daesrula qarTlsa Sina, sparsni ganZlierdes da hereTi da somxiTi daipyrnes,
xolo qarTli umetesad daipyres. da kavkasianTa Sevides da karni ovseTisani
aignes da erTi didi kari ovseTve da orni dvaleTs da erTi parWuans
durZukeTisasa, da igi mTiulni gomardad daadgnnes. da sxua vinme kaci
daidgines mTavrad wanareTisa evsa da morCileba dasdves misi... da sparsTa
xazareTisa karni Seqmnes da xazarni meot yvnes ... da kaTalikozi iyo samuel
meaTormete da nelad-re Sekrba qarTli (2, 94-95).

452

sparselebma saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis zemoaRwerili sazRvrebis gamagrebiT

qarTvelebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis momTabare tomebis daxmarebis imedi mouspes
da TavianTi axali samflobeloebic daicves am mxridan mosalodneli
Semosevebisagan.
kavad I-is mefobaSi moxda iranis saxelmwifos samxedro administraciuli
reorganizacia: irani oTx mxared, anu `kustakad daiyo. `kustaki, Tavis mxriv,
ufro mcire administraciul erTeulebs, anu `Sahrebs aerTianebda. qarTli,
somxeTi, albaneTi da atropatakani (adarbadagani) `Sahrebis saxiT CrdiloeTis,
anu kavkasiis kustakis SemadgenlobaSi gaaerTianes, romlis centri iyo ganZaki.
`Sahrebs marzapanebi marTavdnen, romlebic kustakis ufross - `spaspets
emorCilebodnen (7, 248).
,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis mixedviT `marzapani, romelic
warmoadgenda qarTlSi iranis administraciul-politikur xelisuflebas,
ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobda. mcxeTis cixisTavis, ustamis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yovlisa kacisa qarTlisa mas el-ewifebis sikudili
da cxoreba (2, 32). pirvel rigSi, es exeba sasamarTlo uflebebs: rodesac
mcxeTis cixisTavTan waradgines sparseli mazdeanebis mier dasmenili evstaTi,
ustam cixisTavs, romelmac tkbili sityviT ver daiyolia evstaTi, mamapapiseul
sarwmunoebas dabruneboda, uTqvams: `amis kacisa patiJi me arara el-mewifebis,
arca aRbma Zelsa, arca pyrobileba, aramed waruZRuano ege tfiliss qalaqsa
arvand guSnasps, qarTlisa marzapansa da, ra-igi Sehgvandes, man uyos (2, 32).
erTi sityviT, yovelgvari danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis dadebis ufleba
mxolod marzapans hqonda. xolo mcxeTaSi sparselebis mier daniSnul cixisTavs
imis nebac ki ar hqonda, danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri Tundac dilegSi Caesva,
rac kargad Cans ustam cixisTavis zemomoyvanili sityvebidan.
marzapani, rogorc Txzulebidan Cans, TbilisSi mkvidrobs, romelic am dros
ukve qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqia. amis aRniSvna amjerad imitom dagvWirda, rom
,,abibos nekreselis wamebis mixedviT, romelic amave epoqas aRwers, qarTlis
marzapanis rezidencia (Tuki igi meore rezidencia ar aris) aris `zena sofeli...
romelsa hqvian rei (2, 244).
aRsaniSnavia qarTlis marzapanis, arvand guSnaspis maamebluri damokidebuleba
qarTlis didebulebTan, rac albaT iranelTa politikas warmoadgenda
dapyrobil qveyanaSi mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobaSi aRwerilia epizodi, rodesac qarTlis didebulebma marzapans
sparseTSi gamgzavrebis win sTxoves evstaTisa da masTan erTad dapatimrebuli
gaqristianebuli sparselebis ganTavisufleba: `vevedrebiT Sensa magas
uflebasa, saTxovelsa erTsa gTxovT. TiTqos moulodnelia marzapanis pasuxi:
`TquT, raca gnebavs, ramca iyo, romeli Tquen ara mogmadle? (2, 34).

453

da rodesac man gaigo saTxovari, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe Seusrula igi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom mazdeanobis moRalate sparselebis sikvdiliT dasja
gadawyvetili iyo: `igi kacni mosaklavad Sehgvandes, xolo TqueniTa oxiTa
ganutevne egeni (2, 34). aqedan Cans iranelTa politikuri pozicia: qveynis
marTva-gamgeobis saqmeSi farTod moizidon adgilobrivi didebulebi da maTi
saxiT saimedo sayrdeni hyavdeT dapyrobil qarTlSi.
sparseTs mimavali qarTlis marzapanis gasacileblad Sekriba qarTlis
warCinebulTa mTeli dasi: `qarTlis kaTalikozi, `qarTlis mamasaxlisi,
`qarTlis pitiaxSi da `sxvani sefewulni.
Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom sparselebi TavianT xelisufalTa garda
(marzapani, cixis-Tavi) adgilobrivi didebulebidan niSnavda moxeleebs,
rogoricaa mamasaxlisi, pitiaxSi. isini albaT qarTlis Sinaur saqmeebs
ganagebdnen sparselTa kontrolis qveS.
Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom am periodSi mcxeTaSi sakmao raodenobiT
cxovrobdnen mazdeani sparselebi, romelTa aq Camosaxlebas Tavisi istoria aqvs.
jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis bavSvobaSi, V saukunis Sua wlebSi, rogorc es
moTxrobilia mis istoriaSi, vaxtangis deda sagduxt dedofali evedreboda Tavis
mamas barzabod pitiaxSs (mazdean sparss) qristianebi cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze
iZulebiT ar gadaeyvana, razedac mas upasuxia: `iZulebiT arca vis qarTvelsa
sxuas davagdebineb sjulsa qristessa, aramed mivgzavnne cecxlismsaxureni
qalaqsa Tquensa da iyvnen mun episkoposni maT zeda sjulisa Cuenisani da vinca
qarTvelni nebsiT TsiT aRirCevdes sjulsa Cuensa, nu ayenebT... maSin barzabod
warmogzavnna cecxlismsaxureni mcxeTas da maT zeda episkopozad binqaran da
dasxdes moguTas... da Seeria qarTls wurilsa ersa cecxlismsaxureba. amisTs
mwuxare iyo sagduxt dedofali, aramed mZlavrebisagan sparsTasa veras
ikadrebda (8, 144-145).
amrigad, jer kidev V saukunis Sua wlebidan mcxeTaSi Camosaxlebula sparsel
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mozrdili nawili, romelic im ubanSi dasaxlda,
romelsac moguTa ewodeboda. maT, rogorc Cans, SematebiaT qarTveli qristianebis
dabali sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgelebis arcTu mcire nawili. amrigad,
mcxeTaSi mogvTa simravle jer kidev V saukunis II naxevarSi igrZnoboda. garda
amisa, maT TandaTanobiT ematebodaT sparseTis sxvadasxva provinciebidan
gadmoxvewil sparsel cecxlTayvanismcemelTa garkveuli nawili, rogorc es
,,evstaTis martvilobidanac Cans. cxadia, evstaTis martvilobaSi naxsenebi
sparsuli dResaswaulis monawile cecxlTayvanismcemelTa didi raodenoba
albaT moicavda, rogorc V saukunidan mcxeTaSi damkvidrebul mazdeanTa
STamomavlebs, aseve aqve axlad Camosul sparsel cecxlTayvanismcemlebsac.

454

ZeglSi asaxuli religiuri viTareba. Tavdapirvelad gasarkvevia ,,evstaTis

martvilobis mixedviT rogoria mazdeani sparseTis mmarTveli wreebis
damokidebuleba erTi mxriv adgilobriv, qarTvel qristianebTan, meore mxriv ki
mazdeanuri sarwmunoebidan qristianobaze gadmosul sparselebTan.
bizantiur-romauli
hagiografiis
martvilologiur
Txzulebebze
msjelobisas qristian morwmuneTa sikvdiliT dasjis mizezad romaul-berZnul
warmarTul imperiaSi qristianTa devnis faqtebs asaxeleben. saqarTveloSi
msgavsi mizezi gamoricxulia qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis qristianul
garemoSi warmoSobis gamo. magram idevnebodnen Tu ara qarTveli qristianebi
dampyrobeli mazdeani sparselebis mier wminda sarwmunoebriv niadagze? rogorc
Cans, am sakiTxze erTgvarovani pasuxis gacema ar moxerxdeba, radgan istoriis
garkveul periodSi viTareba met-naklebad gansxvavebuli iyo. mag: V saukunis
Sua wlebSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dedis - sagduxt dedoflis xvewna-mudaris
Semdeg misma mamam barzabod pitiaxSma xeli aiRo ganzraxvaze, ZaliT moeqcia
qarTvelebi mazdeanobaze, rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT. aseve kavad I sparseTis
mefec Seecada Vs. I meoTxedSi Semoetana mazdeanuri wesebi saqarTveloSi da
ZaliT daenerga igi (6, 49). magram ,,evstaTis martvilobaSi aRweril periodSi
qarTvel qristianTa devnis an Seviwroebis arcerTi SemTxveva ar aris
moxseniebuli. qarTlSi mcxovrebi yvela qristiani, Tuki qristianoba maTi mamapapeuli sjuli iyo, sarwmunoebrivi xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobda, rogorc
es ,,evstaTis martvilobis erTi epizodidan Cans: rodesac evstaTi meored
daabezRes, masTan erTad daapatimres stefane da orive marzapan veJan buzmiris
winaSe waradgines, rogorc sakuTari sjulis moRalateni da moaxsenes: `ese
arian axal qristianeni igi mcxeTelni. xolo veJan buzmir hrqua evstatis da
stefanes: `vinani xarT, anu romeli rCuli gipyries? da aRdges asurni mTavarni
kacni stefanesTs da hrques: `ese kaci Cuen viciT, Cueni mdaburi ars, mama da
deda da Zmani da dani magisni qristeane arian da egeca qristeane ars. xolo
stefane maTiTa miT sityTa ganuteves (2, 35).
aqedan kargad Cans, rom mSobelTa qristianoba mtkice sabuTi aRmoCnda, rom
mas braldeba moxsnoda. amrigad, qristianuli sarwmunoeba, Tuki is mSobelTa da
winaparTa rjulia, araviTari represiebis mizezi ar aris.
qarTvel qristian morwmuneTa sarwmunoebriv devnaze laparaki zedmetia,
miTumetes, rom ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSivea naTqvami, rom am dros
TviT sparseTSi qristianobas sruli Tavisufleba hqonda micemuli. `rameTu
ganZaks qalqsa qristianeni ufrois arian da episkoposni da mRdelni (2, 31).
erT-erTi asuruli wyaro (`grigol mowamis martviloba) adasturebs am faqts
; `qristianeni (sparseTSi) bednierni iyvnen: yvelgan hqondaT eklesiebi da
mefis brZanebis wyalobiT aravis SeeZlo, maTTvis raime vneba mieyenebina. aseTi

455

mdgomareoba iyo perozis mefobidan (458-484ww.) moyolebuli xosros mefobis

(531-579ww.) meaTe wlamde. am wels mogvebma /sparseTSi/ qristeanTa devna atexes
(19, 67).
rogorc Cans, qristianobis mimarT sparseli mefeebis loialuri
damokidebulebis
Sedegad
sparsel
cecxlayvanismcemelTa
qristianul
sarwmunoebaze moqcevis SemTxvevebi Zalian gaxSirda, rac kargad Cans ,,evstaTis
martvilobidanac: evstaTis pirveli dapatimrebis dros masTan erTad marzapnis
samsjavros winaSe wardga eqvsi gaqristianebuli sparseli. aseTi magaliTi bevri
iyo sparseTis mier dapyrobil sxva qveynebSic. swored am garemoebam gamoiwvia
sparseTis mefis sagangebo zomebi mazdeanTa qristianobisaken ltolvis
SesaCereblad.
sparseTis mefem xosro 1-ma Tavisi mefobis meaTe wels, rogorc zemoT
moyvanili wyaro gvamcnobs, daiwyo sparseTSi (da, albaT, mis mier dapyrobil
provinciebSic) gaqristianebuli sparselebis devna. amasve adasturebs erTi
somxuri wyaroc (,,grigol manaWihris martvilobis somxuri teqstic, Tumca aq
devnis dasawyisad xuasros mefobis `meaTxuTmete welia dasaxelebuli).
`meaTxuTmete welsa mefobisa xuasro sparsTa mefisa, gamoica mefisagan
brZaneba Tavis sabrZaneblis yvela qveynisadmi, vinc sparsTa tomisagan qristes
aRmsarebeli aRmoCndeba, Seipyran da cixeSi daamwyvdion, mkacri tanjviT
RvTismsaxurebis dateveba aiZulon da mzesa da cecxlsa Tayvani aceminon (9,
510).
cxadia, evstaTisa da kidev eqvsi gaqristianebuli sparselis dapatimrebac,
romelic aRwerilia ,,evstaTis martvilobaSi, gacemuli brZanebis Sedegad unda
momxdariyo. erTi sityviT, mimoxiluli faqtebi adastureben, rom Tu sparsuli
mazdeanoba drodadro ebrZoda qristianobas, igi sdevnida mxolod mazdeanuri
sarwmunoebis moRalate qristianebs. ufro metic, Tu Cven davujerebT VIIs.
istorikosis mier mowodebul cnobas, xosro pirvelma akrZala ara marto
cecxlTayvanismcemeli warmarTis gaqristianeba, aramed piriqiT qristianis
gamazdeanebac da mouwoda, rom yvela mtkiced iyos Tavis rjulze, xolo vinc
Tavis rjulze ar dadgeba da uvaryofs Tavis rjuls, ,,mokluli iqnebao (,
.50-motanilia m. janaSvilis naSromSi `qarTuli mwerloba,
wigni II, tfilisi, 1909, gv. 111-112).
ras warmoadgens mazdeanoba, anu cecxlTayvanismcemloba da rogor aris
asaxuli ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi mis winaaRmdeg qristianobis
brZola.
mazdeanobas sxvagvarad `zoroastrizms uwodeben am religiuri moZRvrebis
winaswarmetyvelis - zoroastris (zaraTuStra) mixedviT, xolo `mazdeanoba
am religias uwodes misi uzenaesi RvTaebis - `ahuramazdas saxelis mixedviT.

456

mazdeanobis qarTuli saxelia cecxlTayvanismcemloba, radgan am religiis

wminda gamovlinebaa cecxli gansaxiereba RvTaebrivi samarTlianobisa.
mazdeanoba, anu zoroastrizmi erTmaneTs upirispirebs or sawyiss sikeTesa da borotebas, romelTa mudmivi Widili gamarjvebisaTvis msoflios
ganviTarebis procesis Sinaars gansazRvravs. adamianis daniSnulebaa arCevani
gaakeTos zemoaRniSnul or sawyiss Soris.
mazdeanoba gabatonebuli iyo mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris Zvel da
adrindel Sua saukuneebis iranSi. gavrcelebuli yofila igi qristianobamdec,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. mcxeTaSi uZvelesi droidan unda arsebuliyo
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa dasaxleba, rasac adsturebs mcxeTis mTeli ubnis
saxelwodebac ,,moguTa, romelic gvianobamde SemorCa.
axali nakadi iranidan, Cans, V-VIss-Si Semovida, rodesac Zlierdeba
aRmosavleT saqarTveloze iranelTa gavlena.
qristianoba Tavisi arsebobis manZilze yovelTvis ibrZoda mazdeanobis
danergvis winaaRmdeg, rac kargad Cans imdroindel qarTul werilobiT
wyaroebSi da SeimCneva ,,evstaTis martvilobaSic, kerZod im epizodSi, sadac
evstaTi ekamaTeba mazdean marzapans da cdilobs qristianobis upiratesobis
dasabuTebas cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan SedarebiT.
sanam TxzulebaSi warmodgenil antimazdeanur polemikas SevexebodeT,
ganvixiloT erTi konkretuli sakiTxi. zemoT Cven SevexeT kavad mefis mcdelobas,
iberebisaTvis ZaliT moexvia Tavs mazdeanoba da movitaneT prokopi kesarielis
erTi SexedviT daujerebeli cnoba, rom kavad mefis moTxovniT qarTvelebs
sparseli mazdeanelebis msgavsad micvalebulebi miwaSi ki ar unda daemarxaT,
aramed isini frinvelebisa da ZaRlebisaTvis unda gadaeyaraT(6, 49, 11).
aqvs Tu ara safuZveli aseT gancxadebas, Tu bizantieli istorikosi raRac
yurmokrul ambebs mogviTxrobs? Cven rom CavxedoT mazdeanobisadmi miZRvnil
literaturas, davinaxavT, rom prokopi kesarielis gancxadebas realuri
safuZveli aqvs: miuxedavad gansxvavebisa indur da farsul (Ze, sparsuli)
mazdeanobas Soris micvalebulis movlis wesebSi pirvelis mixedviT, kremacia,
e.i. micvalebulis dawva, xolo meoris mixedviT Ria cis qveS datoveba maT
akavSirebT saerTo mizani, rom suli rac SeiZleba swrafad ganTavisufldes
sxeulisagan, raTa ar Caiketos miwaSi gvamTan erTad.
dResac ki is cecxlTayvanismcemelni (zoroastrianelebi, mazdeanebi),
romlebic icaven am Cveulebas, fiqroben, rom umjobesia gvami dado mzis qveS,
vidre Cafla miwaSi. gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba `sicocxlis mimniWebeli mzis
saWiroeba. Zireuli warmarTuli rwmena albaT is iyo, rom ganTavisuflebuli
suli adioda maRla, caSi. iranelebis Tayvaniscema cecxlisadmi imdenad Zlieri

457

da didi iyo, rom ar SeeZloT amisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT cecxlis gza, kremacia,

rogorc amas akeTebdnen maTi indoeli erTmorwmuneni.
erTi sityviT, prokopi kesarielis mier mowodebul cnobaSi mTavari is ki ar
aris, rom micvalebuli mxecebs, ZaRlebs da frinvelebs unda SeeWamaT, aramed
is, rom micvalebulebi miwaSi ar daemarxaT da Ria cis qveS daedoT, sadac igi,
SesaZloa, cxovelebisa da frinvelebis lukmac gamxdariyo. roca Cven gaverkvieT
mazdeanuri dasaflavebis wesSi, vnaxoT aisaxa Tu ara igi im qarTul ZeglebSi,
romlebic qarTlSi mazdeani sparselebis batonobis periods aRweren, kerZod,
,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis teqstSi: evstaTi, romelic TbilisSi mihyavT
marzapanis samsjavroze, evedreba mcxeTis jvars: `ufalo RmerTo, iesu qriste,
ukeTu Rirs-myo me sikudilsa saxelisa SenisaTs qristeanebiT, orcTa CemTa
nu jer-giCns gangdeba gare da SeWma ZaRlTa da frinvelTa cisTa, aramed
orcTa CemTa brZane aqave moqceva da damarxva mcxeTas, sadac naTelmiRebies (2, 45).
cxadia, evstaTi evedreba ufals, rom sikvdilis Semdeg igi qristianuli wesiT
daasaflaon, mas unda `damarxva mcxeTas da ara mazdeanuri wesiT damarxva dagdeba mxecTa da frinvelTa sajijgnad.
erTi SexedviT SeZleba mogveCvenos, rom zemoaRweril situaciasTan evstaTis
sityvebis damTxveva SemTxveviTia, rom iqve ar iyos gameorebuli TiTqmis iseTive
sityvebiT cecxlTayvanismcemelTa es wesi: marzapanma `ubrZana msaxurTa:
wariyvaneT ege /e.i. evstaTi/ sapyrobiled da idumal RamiT Tavi warhkueTeT,
raTa aravin qristeaneTa cnan da pativ-scen guamsa missa da warixueniT orcni
misni, qalaqsa gare ganabnieniT SesaWmelad mecTa da mfrinvelTa (2, 44). da
iqve: `xolo guami misi Rame ganiRes gareSe da daagdes mun (2, 45).
asevea warmodgenili es wesi im qarTul TxzulebebSi, romlebic qarTlSi
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis moZalebis periods aRwers, Tumca isini ,,evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobaze gvianaa dawerili. abibos nekreselis wamebis X
saukunis teqstSi vkiTxulobT: qviTa gantnes igi, netari abibos, da mokles
da ganaTries gareSe qalaqsa da mcvelni ganuwesnes mis zeda, raTa mecTa da
mfrinvelTa SeWamnen orcni misni, rameTu eSinoda, nuukue qristianeni movidnen
da warixunen da didebiT dahkrZalnen (2, 45).
raJden pirvelmowamis Sesaxeb qarTlis cxovrebiseuli Txroba da mis
safuZvelze XVIII s-Si besarion orbeliSvilis mier Seqmnili `wamebac zustad
aseve aRwers gaqristianebuli cecxlTayvanismcemeli sparsis raJdenis
sikvdiliT dasjisa da dasaflavebis ambavs mazdeanTa wesis mixedviT: `mcvelnica...
daedginnes usjulosa mas mTavarsa, raTa ara auflon aravin qristianeTagansa
warRebad guami wmidisa mis da arca daflvad miwasa Sina, aramed raTa mecTa da
mfrinvelTa SeWamon (5, 77).

458

Cveni azriT, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis avtorisaTvis mazdeanTa

dasaflavebis aseTi wesi cnobili iyo, radgan igi momswre da TviTmxilveli
iyo mcxeTaSi mcxovreb cecxlTayvanismcemelTa Cveulebebisa, xolo rac Seexeba
abibos nekreselisa da raJdenis ,,wamebaTa avtorebs, igrZnoba, rom maT es
rituali, Zveli wyaroebidan aqvT meqanikurad gadmotanili da gaazrebulia,
rogorc damsjelTa sisastike (10, 127-131).
magaliTebi motanilia qarTuli originaluri ,,wamebebidan da Tu zogierT
mkiTxvels arc Tu damajereblad moeCveneba, movitanT amonawers berZnuli enidan
Targmnili erTi Zeglidan - ,,epifane kviprelis cxovreba, romelic dawerilia
IV-Vss. mijnaze TviTmxilveli avtoris mier, xolo epizodi exeba epifanes
yofnas IV s-is II naxevarSi mazdeanur iranSi: ,,viTar gamovediT Cuen sasuenebelsa
misgan samefosa, aha esera Wabuki vinme mkudari cxedarsa zeda mdebare, rameTu Ze
iyo ese erTisa visme mTavrisa. ese ganhqonda ZaRlTaTs, raTamca miugdes igi
SesaWmelad maTda. xolo epifane hrqua maT, romelTa igi mkudari gahqonda: vidre
xualT daflvad magisa? hrques maT yovelTa epifanes, viTarmed: cxovrebisaganRa
aResrulis, ZaRlTa SesaWmelad arn... rameTu Cueuleba ars sparsTa ese, odes
aResrulos, ZaRlTa SesaWmelad arn... (11, 103).
saqarTveloSi mazdeanobis gaZlierebasTan erTad qristianobas Zneli brZola
uxdeboda Tavis dasacavad. Tavdacvis erTi iaraRTagani iyo literaturulfilosofiuri polemika cecxlTayvvnismcemlobis winaaRmdeg, romlis mizans
warmoadgenda am sarwmunoebis diskreditireba, misi rwmenis Seryeva da
qristianuli religiis upiratesobis warmoCineba. es brZola bevr sirTulesTan
iyo dakavSirebuli, radgan mazdeanoba jer kidev qarTlSi qristianobis
damkvidrebamde warmoadgenda erT-erT gabatonebul religias aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, xolo qristianobis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Semdegac qarTlSi
sparselebis batonobasTan erTad xelaxla aRorZinda da qristianobasTan
dapirispirebul saSiS Zalad iqca, gansakuTrebiT V-VI saukuneebSi.
cecxlTayvanismcemloba qristianobas ebrZoda ara marto fizikurad, aramed
literaturuli saSualebiTac. mematiane gadmogvcems, rom arCil mefem `dasva
episkoposi, romelsa erqua mobidan. ese iyo naTesavad sparsi da aCuenebda igi
marTlmadideblobasa, xolo iyo vinme mog usjulo... da romeli farulad
werda wignebsa yovlisa sacTurebisasa (8, 142).
cxadia, es mobidan farulad mogvi iyo, xolo gancxadebulad viTom qristiani,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qristiani mefe mas qarTuli eklesiis meTaurad ar
dasvamda. am gziT ki avrcelebda qristianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul wignebs.
Tqma ar unda, rom qarTvelebi, ramdenadac SeeZloT, ebrZodnen
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebas qarTlidan aZevebdnen am moZRvrebis
aqtiur gamavrceleblebs, an maT Txzulebebs cecxlSi wvavdnen. igive mematiane

459

gadmogvcems: `Semdgomad dawua yoveli werili misi (mobidanis) WeSmaritman

episkoposman miqael (8, 142).
akad. k. kekeliZis dakvirvebiT, `sagangebo, specialuri Txzulebebi
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg arc bizantiasa da romSi iwereboda,
vinaidan iqaur qristianobas cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan uSualod saqme ar
hqonda. mxolod apologetebi (qristianobis damcvelni), sxvaTa Soris gakvriT
exebodnen cecxlis stiqionsac, romelic mazdeanobis mTavari safuZvelia.
qarTveli mwerlebi mazdeanobasTan brZolaSi swored amgvar masalas iyenebdnen,
romelsac urTavdnen xolme im pirTa `martvilobaSi, romelnic mazdeanobis
msxverplni gaxdnen CvenSi (12, 43-44).
pirveli Txzuleba, romelSic mocemulia antimazdeanuri polemika, swored
,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaa. Txzulebis avtoris umTavresi argumenti
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg is debulebaa, rom is, rac Seqmnilia
RmerTis an adamianis mier, ar SeiZleba iyos RmerTi da Tayvaniscemis sagani:
`cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT, rameTu cecxli kacman aRagznis da kacmanve
daSritis, rameTu kaci ufal ars cecxlisa. amisaTs ara RmerTi ars cecxli. Tu
visme ganeris da warvidis, rasac mihmarTis, gina tyesa, gina velsa, gina saxlsa,
Tu kaci daxudis, da-ve-ws. xolo cecxlsa-Ra wyali mieaxlis, egodeni igi Zali
cecxlisa daSritos da uCino iqmnis cecxli igi. amiT ara RmerT ars, xolo Cuen
RmrTad gurwams. xolo Cuen RmerTman cecxli samsaxurebelad moguca, yinelisa
gansatfobelad da yovlisa sanovagisa saqmarad da, odes gnebn, aRvagzniT da
odes gnebn, davSritiT. esreT ara RmerT ars cecxli igi (2, 43).
Txzulebis avtori logikuri msjelobiT da TvalsaCino magaliTebiT
cdilobs, daamtkicos debuleba, rom cecxli ar SeiZleba RmerTi iyos da
upirispirebs mas RmerTis qristianul gagebas: `mrwmena me RmerTi dausabamo da
Z misi iesu qriste da suli wmida misi (2, 42).
TxzulebaSi ganqiqebulia warmarTuli astraluri kultic, romlis
gadmonaSTebi jer kidev sabolood ar iyo daZleuli saqarTveloSi: `mz da
mTovar da vaskulavni ara RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman mzesa ganaTleba dRisa
ubrZana da mTovaresa da varskulavTa ganaTleba Ramisa ubrZana, xolo RmerT
ara arian (2, 42-43).
k. kekeliZis gamokvleviT, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis avtori
antimazdeanuri da antiwarmarTuli polemikis sakiTxebis warmoCenisaTvis
iyenebs aTineli filosofosis - aristides apologias, romelic mas qristianobis
dasacavad dauweria da 125 wlisaTvis miurTmevia romis imperator adrianesaTvis.
,,evstaTis martvilobis avtori icnobda aristides apologias romeliRac
CvenTvis ucnobi wyaros saSualebiT. am azrs amtkicebs ,,evstaTis martvilobisa
da aristides apologiis ara marto Sinaarsobrivi siaxlove antimazdeanur

460

da antiwarmarTul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, aramed zogierTi teqstobrivi

Tanxvedris magaliTebic.
Txzulebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da maTi Seswavlis istoria. Txroba iwyeba
qronologiuri miTiTebiT, rom evstaTi mcxeTaSi Camovida sparseTSi xuasros
mefobis (531-579ww.) meaTe wels, e.i. 541 wels, rodesac qarTlis marzapanad arvand
guSnaspi iyo. es TariRi safuZvelia momdevno movlenebis dasaTariReblad, Tumca
am Zeglis Seswavlis adreul etapze wamoiWra dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu TxzulebaSi
romeli xosro igulisxmeboda pirveli Tu meore?
jer kidev mari brosem evstaTis wamebis dro xosro II farvizis mefobis xanaSi
(590-628ww.) gadaitana (13, 227). aseve fiqrobda dimitri baqraZec da evstaTis
wamebis TariRad xosro II-is gamefebis meaTe wels varaudobda, e.i. 600 wels (14,
191).
daaxloebiT amave dros gulisxmobda T. Jordania (15, 56), xolo m. janaSvili
590 wels (16, 112-113). bolo wlebSi m. CxartiSvilma, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis
martviloba VIIs. I naxevris Zeglad miiCnia (17, 28-42).
iv. javaxiSvilisa da k. kekeliZis gamorkveviT, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobis dasawyisi gulisxmobs xosro I-is mefobas, Tumca evstaTis wamebis
konkretuli TariRis Sesaxeb maT gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvT.
amrigad, Cven unda virwmunoT samecniero literaturaSi amJamad damkvidrebuli
azri da evstaTis mcxeTaSi Camosaxlebis TariRad 541 weli vaRiaroT. am TariRze
dayrdnobiT da Txzulebis sxva monacemebiT unda ganisazRvros evstaTis wamebis
droc. es aris 544-545 wlebi iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvleviT (18, XXXVIII), xolo
551w. k. kekeliZis mtkicebiT (9, 511).
evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebis daaxloebiTi TariRi 544-545 wlebiT unda
ganisazRvros, rogorc gvTavazobs iv. javaxiSvili.
erT-erTi sakamaTo sakiTxi, romelic wamoiWra samecniero literaturaSi,
exeba evstaTis biografiis erT moments: sad miiRo qristianuli naTlisReba
evstaTim ganZakSi, e.i. sparseTSi, Tu mcxeTaSi?
am sakiTxis garkvevaSi isev iv. javaxiSvili da k. kekeliZe daupirispirdnen
erTmaneTs. `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis erTi adgili safuZvels aZlevs
iv. javaxiSvils gancxadebisaTvis evstaTi spaseTSi moinaTla qristianad
da Txzulebis mtkiceba, rom evstaTim qristianoba mcxeTaSi miiRo, gviandeli
gadakeTeba-Camatebis Sedegia, riTac Txzulebis avtori cdilobs dafaros, rom
evstaTi sparseTis eklesiis Svili, radgan am dros sparseTSi nestorianoba
da monofizitoba iyo gabatonebuli30 (19, 68). cxadia, mtkicebas realuri
safuZveli ara aqvs, radgan bevr pirobiTobas eyrdnoba, romelTa mtkicebisaTvis
xelSesaxebi masala ar arsebobs.

461

k. kekeliZis azriT, `Tu vismes marTla azrad hqonda warexoca kvali evstaTis
sparseTis eklesiis Svilobisa, ra mizniTac es ar unda yofiliyo, amisTvis is
pirvelad mospobda im cnobebs, romelnic mis sparsul warmoSobas amJRavnebda
(9, 512).
k. kekeliZis daskvniT, evstaTim sparseTSi samoel arqidiakonis moZRvrebiT
da zegavleniT irwmuna qriste, gaqristianda rwmeniT, xolo mcxeTaSi samoel
kaTalikosis mier moinaTla da qristiani gaxda. TxzulebaSi dadasturebuli
cnobebi, rom `movida igi qalaqad mcxeTad... Seiyuara man rCuli qristianoba
da rwmena qriste... da naTeli miiRo (2, 30), anda aseTi vedreba: `orcTa
CemTa brZane aqve moqceva da damarxva mcxeTas, sadaca naTel-miRebies (2,
35) ar SeiZleba interpolaciis (e.i. gviandeli Camateba-Casworebis) Sedegi iyos.
Txzulebis dasawyisSive naTqvamia, rom mcxeTaSi Camovida 30 wlis sparseli,
romelic `warmarTi iyo da `saxel erqua mas grobandak, xolo monaTvlis
Semdeg `uwodes saxeli evstaTi. yovelive amis Semdeg naTelia, rom sparseTidan
igi warmarTi Camovida da mcxeTaSi moinaTla.
sainteresoa erTi SexedviT arcTu mniSvnelovani detali: evstaTi mcxeTaSi
moinaTla, rogorc Txzuleba mogviTxrobs, samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis mier
da warmarTuli sparsuli gvirobandakis nacvlad uwodes saxeli evstaTi.
bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva: naTlobis dros mosanaTlavisaTvis, romelic sxva
sarwmunoebidan gadmovida, axali, qristianuli saxelis darqmeva aucilebelia,
Tu nebayoflobiTi?
saeklesio wesebiT cnobilia, rom Tuki morwmune monazvnad aRikveceba, erTerTi savaldebulo moTxovnaTagania saero saxelis Secvla, riTac xazgasmulia
am morwmunis sruli Camocileba saero cxovrebisagan, magram sxva sarwmunoebidan
qristianobaze gadmosvlis SemTxvevaSi iyo Tu ara es savaldebulo? rogorc
,,evstaTis martvilobidan Cans, saxelis gamocvla nebayoflobiTi iyo, es
naTlad irkveva sxva gaqristianebuli sparselebis saxelebidan: TxzulebaSi
isini mxolod sparsuli warmarTuli saxelebiT ixsenebian: `erTsa guSnak hrqvan
da erTsa baxdiad, erTsa burzo, erTsa panaguSnasp, erTsa perozak, erTsa zarmil
(2, 32). vTqvaT, aq saxelebs CamoTvlis cecxlTayvanismcemeli sparsi, romelmac
daasmina isini cixisTavTan maTi qristianobisaTvis da is maT Zveli, sparsuli
saxelebiT moixseniebs, magram aseve axsenebs maT Txzulebis qristiani avtoric:
`xolo netari evstaTi da guSnak da borzo da perozak da zarmil... mtkiced
dges sarwmunoebasa zeda, xolo `mas Jamsa eSmaki Seuda gulsa baxdiadissa da
panaguSnaspissa da uaryves qriste (2, 33).
cxadia, maT rom axali, qristianuli saxelebi rqmeodaT, avtors aucileblad
ecodineboda iseve, rogorc man icoda maTi warmarTuli saxelebi.

462

Semdegi sakamaTo sakiTxia, rodis daiwera Txzuleba da rogoria

sarwmunoebrivi pozicia avtorisa.
faqtia, Txzuleba dawera ZeglSi aRwerili movlenebis Tanamedrovem da
TviTmxilvelma. am faqtze miuTiTebs erTi fraza, romelic evstaTisTan erTad
sapyrobilidan ganTavisuflebuli gaqristianebuli cecxlTayvanismcemeli
sparselebis misamarTiT aris naTqvami: `romelman maTganman nebiTa RmrTisaTa
Seisuena Jamad-Jamad da romelnime cocxal arian (2, 34).
Tuki evstaTis mowameobas adgili hqonda 544-546 wlebSi da igi TviTmxilvelis
aRwerilia, cxadia, misi dawera Vs. II naxevris 70-ian wlebs ver gadascildeba,
rogorc amas k. kekeliZe varaudobs, Tuki vigulisxmebT, rom `martviloba
mowiful adamians unda Seeqmna. evstaTis wamebidan Txzulebis daweramde sakmao
xani unda gasuliyo, razedac miuTiTebs zemoT motanili sityvebi.
Txzulebis wyaroebis Sesaxeb. gakvriT am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb zemoTac gvqonda
saubari, rodesac SevexeT II s. berZeni filosofosis - aristides apologiis
kvals ,,evstaTis martvilobaSi. marTalia, es Txzuleba V s-is Sua wlebSi
qarTulad Targmnili SeiZleba ar yofiliyo, rom am TargmaniT esargebla
Txzulebis qarTlel avtors, magram am Txzulebis nawyvetebis arseboba IVsis istorikosTa (evsebi kesarieli) da saeklesio mamebis (netari ieronime)
SromebSi, agreTve apologiis sruli teqstis IV saukunis siriuli an Vs-is
somxuri Targmani, SesaZlebelia, xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis
wamebis avtorisaTvis. (12, 44).
qristianuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb Txrobas samoel mTavardiakoni, romelsac
evstaTim jer kidev ganZakSi yofnis dros sTxova, gaecno misTvis am sarwmunoebis
istoria, iwyebs uZvelesi bibliuri ambebiT, ebrauli sarwmunoebis ZiriTadi
momentebiT da amTavrebs saxarebis sakmaod vrceli Sinaarsis gadmocemiT.
TvalSi sacemia, rom ,,evstaTis martvilobis avtoris mier warmodgenili
Zveli da axali aRTqmis Sinaarsis teqsti araTu zustad ar emTxveva bibliis
kanonikuri wignebis teqsts, zogjer Sinaarsobriv sxvaobasac ki iCens;
gansakuTrebiT es unda iTqvas saxarebis Sesaxeb. k. kekeliZe varaudobs, rom
,,evstaTis martvilobaSi warmodgenili unda iyos Sinaarsi Zveli da axali
aRTqmis wignebis e.w. ,,Targumebisa, romlebic SesaZlebelia arsebobdnen
siriul, sparsul an qarTul enazec.
k. kekeliZe ganmartavs, rom ,,Targumebis warmoSobas aseTi istoria aqvs:
`Zvelma ebraelebma... rodesac daiviwyes dedaena da qaldeur-arameulze
daiwyes laparaki, saWiro Seiqna maTTvis bibliis teqstis qaldeur-arameulad
Targmaneba. es Targmaneba, Tavdapirvelad zepiri, Semdeg Caiwera da aqedan
warmodga arameuli Targumebi, romlebic ufro parafrazia, vidre namdvili

463

Targmani teqstisa. Targumisti, am SemTxvevaSi, did Taviseburebas iCens: is

bibliis teqsts xan umatebs, xan aklebs da scvlis kidevac (9, 457-458).
ueWvelia, Txzulebis avtori icnobs basili didis 40 sebastieli mowamis
Sesxmas (20), an maT Sesaxeb Seqmnil hagiografiul Txzulebas (21), rasac
adasturebs evstaTis mier locvis dros warmoTqmuli sityvebi:
`ufalo RmerTo, romelman ismine locva pirvelTa maT mowameTa, romelni
piriTa maxlisaTa moswydes, romelnime tbasa Sina yinuliTa, romelnime zRuaTa
Sina STayriTa moswydes (2, 44). mowameTa masobrivi daxrCobis sxva SemTxveva
yinulovan tbaSi cnobili ar aris.
p. ingoroyvas gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobis avtorma Tavis TxzulebaSi gamoiyena erT-erTi uZvelesi naTargmni
hagiografiuli Zegli - `kalistrates wameba1 (romlis erTaderTi teqsti
,,evstaTis martvilobis uZveles teqstTan erTad moTavsebulia zemoxsenebul
Xs. H-341 xelnawerSi). sakiTxis sagangebod Seswavlam ar daadastura es
mosazreba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi istoriis
gadmocemiT orive ZeglSi aris dadasturebuli, orive ZeglSi yuradReba
maxvildeba saRvTo werilis wignebidan amokrefil sakvanZo sakiTxebze, magram es
adgilebi ise gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, imdenad gansxvavebul epizodebzea
laparaki, rom ar SeiZleba ,,evstaTis martvilobis avtors `kalistrates
wamebiT esargebla, rogorc es T. canavam gaarkvia (22, 3-6). `kalistrates
wameba VII s-Si berZnulidan naTargmni Txzuleba unda iyos, rogorc amas T.
canava amtkicebs da ara V saukuneSi somxuridan, rogorc amas p. ingoroyva
fiqrobda.
bunebrivia, Cven aRarafers vambobT `evstaTis martvilobaSi bibliis
wignebidan adgilebis zust citirebaze, rac Txzulebis avtoris mier wyarod
gamoyenebul literaturas miekuTvneba.
samoxeleo ierarqia da socialuri sakiTxebi. ,,evstaTis martvilobidan
Cans, rom am dros qarTlSi qarTvel mefeTa xelisufleba gauqmebulia da qveynis
uzenaesi mmarTveloba sparseTis mefis, anu Sahis moxeles marzapans upyria.
misi uflebebi am qveyanaSi SeuzRudvelia: `yovlisa kacisa qarTlisa mas elewifebis sikudili da cxoreba (2, 32).
aseTi moxele qarTlSi im drosac arsebobda, rodesac qarTls qarTveli mefe
marTavda, Tumca igi vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo sparseTTan da mis winaSe
marzapani albaT Sahis warmomadgenlis, ufro ki, meTvalyuris rolSi gamodioda.
marzapans emorCilebodnen qarTlis sxvadasxva kuTxeebis cixe-qalaqebSi
sparselebis mier Cayenebuli jaris sardlebi, cixisTavebi, rogorc es Cans
,,evstaTis wamebis mixedviT, mcxeTis cixisTav ustams, iv. javaxiSvilis
sityvebiT, `sasamarTlo saqmeebis gamoZiebis uflebac hqonda da msubuqi

464

danaSaulis Sesaxeb msjavris dadebac SeeZlo. xolo roca borotmoqmedi

sikvdliT unda dasjiliyo, maSin cixisTavs damnaSave gamoZiebuli cnobebiTurT
marzapanTan unda gaestumrebina, TviT ustami ambobs, rom: `amis kacisa patiJi
me arara elmewifebis, arca aRbma ZelTa, arca pyrobileba. `martvilobis
mixedvT, am periodis qarTlis sparsel moxeleTa gverdiT Canan qarTveli
didebulebic, romlebic monawileoben qveynis gamgeobaSic, Tumca maT albaT
mxolod marzapanis meTvalyureobis qveS qveynis Sinauri saqmeebis mogvareba
evalebodaT.
am periodis Sesaxeb qarTveli istorikosi sumbat daviTis Ze ambobs:
`vinaTgan moaklda mefoba SvilTa gorgaslisaTa, miT JamiTgan epyra ufleba
qarTlisa aznaurTa (8, 373).
aseTi didebulebi moxseniebulia ,,evstaTis martvilobaSic, romelTac
`mTavarni qarTlisani ewodeba: `raJams amedrdeboda marzapani igi, aRdges
mTavarni qarTlisani... da marzapansa hrques (2,34). aq unda igulisxmebodnen
sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis qarTveli aznauri moxeleebi, romelTagan gamorCeulad
evstaTis martvilobaSi dasaxelebulia: `grigoli, qarTlisa mamasaxlisi,
da arSuSa, qarTlisa pitiaxSi. `pitiaxSi sparsuli samoxeleo titulia.
rogorc `SuSanikis wamebidan Cans, igi Sahis interesebis damcveli qarTveli
didebulia, romelic warmodgenilia qarTlis mefis winaSe (varsqen pitiaxSi
vaxtang gorgasalTan), xolo umefobis periodSi imave Tanamdebobis piria da
qarTveli didebuli, oRond marzapanis meurveobis qveS, rogorc es evstaTis
martvilobidan Cans (arSuSa pitiaxSi rom qarTvelia, iqidan Cans, rom igi
moxseniebulia qarTvel didebulebs Soris).
ufro gaurkvevelia TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli `qarTlis mamasaxlisis
funqcia umefobis drois qarTlis mmarTvelobaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mamasaxlisobauZvelesi droidan SemorCenili
samoxeleo saxelwodeba aris, magram ra Tanamdeboba hqonda im dros da riT
ganirCeoda misi ufleba qarTlis erisTavisa da qarTlis pitiaxSis uflebisagan,
amis gamokvleva, cnobis uqonlobis gamo, SeuZlebelia. mxolod unda vivaraudoT,
rom Tu pitiaxSi Sahis an marzapanis mier SeirCeoda da iniSneboda, mamasaxliss,
albaT qarTveli didebulebi irCevdnen da is maTi interesebis damcveli iyo.
`evstaTis wamebaSi sazogadoebis dabali fenac Cans. Txzulebis mTavari
gmiri evstaTi mcxeTaSi CamosvlisTanave `meamleobas anu mewaReobas
Seiswavlis. rogorc Cans, `meamleoba da mejadageoba anu mejRaneoba mcxeTaSi
Camosaxlebuli sparselebis ZiriTadi xeloba iyo, radgan cecxlTayvaniscemelTa
dResaswaulze `tozikobaze, rogorc mas `evstaTis martvilobis avtori
uwodebs, `Sekrbes sparsni, romelni mcxeTas iyvnes, mejadageni da meamleni,
tozikobdes (2, 30). rogorc Cans, maT TavianTi `sazogadoeba, amqari hqoniaT.

465

gakvirvebas iwvevs `evstaTis martvilobis erTi adgili: `da viTar

waremarTebodes... tfiliss, hrqua evstaTi sidedrsa da colsa da SvilTa TsTa,
da mona-mevalTa TsTa (2, 34).
gamodis, rom mewaRes Tavisi mona-mxevlebic hyolia, rasac SesaZleblad
miiCnevs iv. javaxiSvili: `mona-mxevlebis yola, rogorc Cans, Cveulebrivi
movlena yofila: aramcTu did aznaurs, aramed vis - ubralo xelosansac
monamxevlebi hyolia (23, 321).
xom ar SeiZleba, aq iseTi situacia warmovidginoT, rom gavamarTloT
Txzulebis es mtkiceba: evstaTi, romelic jer gaqristianda, xolo Semdeeg
SeirTo qristiani meuRle, zedsiZed Sevida SeZlebuli qarTveli qristianis
ojaxSi (razedac unda miuTiTebdes gamomSvidobeba saxlis wevrebTan, romelTa
CamoTvla sidedriT iwyeba), romelsac hyavda mona-mxevlebi da, bunebrivia,
evstaTic maTi `ufali gaxda. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, rom sul raRac
naxevari an erTi wlis gadmoxvewil sparsels, isic mewaRes, mcxeTaSi monamxevlebis SeZena moeswro. TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli `saxleulni, romelnic
tfilisSi marzapanis samsjavroSi mimaval evstaTis `mostirodes, swored im
ojaxis saxlis wevrebi arian, romelnic meuRlesTan erTad SeiZina evstaTim (24,
95-96).
radgan Cven koreqtivi SevitaneT Txzulebis erTi adgilis gagebaSi, aqve
SevexebiT teqstis im adgils, sadac evstaTis qorwinebazea saubari ,,viTar iswava
meamleoba, iTxova man coli qristian da TviT qristiane iqmna da naTel
moiRo (2, 30). k. kekeliZe Txzulebis teqsts amave TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavs:
,,aq dasaxlebis Semdeg is swavlobs mexamleobas. Seiswavla is da merme SeirTo
coli, eyola Svilebi (Tbiliss meored wasvlis win is elaparaka sxvaTa Soris
,,SvilTa TsTa), ufro gulmodgined swavlobda qristianobas da qristianTa
zne Cveulebebs da bolos moinaTla (9, 510). motanili komentari ar eTanxmeba
saeklesio kanonmdeblobis arc naTargmn da arc originalur Zeglebs. marTalia,
Txzulebis teqsti, erTi SexedviT, jer qorwinebaze laparakobs da Semdeg
naTlisRebaze, magram es lafsusi avtors an uyuradRebobiT mosvlia, an kidev
es ori movlena jvriswerac da naTlisRebac erT ritualad aqvs warmdgenili,
oRond jer naTlisReba da Semdeg jvriswera. yovlad SeuZlebelia, rom evstaTis
jer jvari daeweros, hyoloda Svilebi da Semdeg monaTluliyo. dawvrilebiT
ixileT Cvens specialur werilSi ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis irgvliv
(24, 91-95).
nawarmoebis ideuri mizandasaxuloba da sxva literaturuli sakiTxebi.
`martviloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa-s saTaurSi TiTqmis
srulad aris warmoCinebuli Txzulebis Tema Vs. Sua wlebSi sparseTidan
mcxeTaSi Camosaxlebuli mazdeani gvirobandakis mier mamapapiseuli sarwmunoebis

466

uaryofa da qristianad monaTvla, rac sababi gaxda qarTlis marzapanis mier misi
sikvdiliT dasjisa.
avtoris mier Temis SerCeva qarTvel morwmuneTa gasaZliereblad da
gasamxneveblad sparselebis qarTlSi batonobis periodSi SemTxveviTi ar
iyo. faqtia, TxzulebaSi aRweril ambavs, avtoris mizandasaxulobiT, didi
sasikeTo gavlena unda moexdina im meryev qarTvel qristianebzec, romelTac
Seqmnili istoriuli viTarebis Sesabamisad da piraduli keTildReobis mizniT,
SesaZloa, mtris sarwmunoeba, cecxlTayvanismcemloba mieRoT, risi magaliTebic
Txzulebis avtors, albaT, sakmaod hqonda.
aseT viTarebaSi im faqts, rom dampyrobeli eris Svilma dapyrobili
xalxis sarwmunoeba miiRo, udidesi moraluri zemoqmedeba unda moexdina
qarTlSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. avtoris mier
TxzulebaSi warmodgenili qristianobisa da sxva religiebis, gansakuTrebiT
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis dapirispireba da qristianobis upiratesobis
warmoCena, ZiriTad miznad Cvens qveyanaSi qristianobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda.
Txzulebis avtori gansakuTrebulad warmoaCens evstaTis simtkices
qristianobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi. sikvdilis muqaram da col-SvilTan
samudamod ganSorebis SiSma ver sZlia qristianuli sarwmunoebis siyvaruls.
evstaTis mier naTlisRebis dros dadebuli sityvis simtkice TxzulebaSi
dapirispirebulia marzapanis sicruesTan; igi didZal saCuqrebsa da
pativs Sepirda im gaqristianebul sparselebs, vinc mamapapiseul sjuls
daubrundeboda, magram roca orma maTganma irwmuna marzapanis sityvebi
da daubrunda cecxlTayvanismcemlobas ,,safasesa da keTilsa, romelsa
uqadebda maT, arca fsiridi erTi misca maT (2, 33). avtori ar zogavs qristes
moRalateebs. igi sagangebod aRniSnavs ori gaqristianebuli sparselis isev
cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze dabrunebas marzapanis muqaris Semdeg, rasac, avtoris
TqmiT, mohyva maTi fizikuri Tu sulieri sikvdili:
,,xolo romelTa-igi uvar-yves: baxdiad eSmakeul iqmna da Znelad mokvda,
xolo ubadrukma panaguSnasp glaxakobiTa agna dReni, romelsa puri saWmelad
ara aqunda da orcTa safarveli samoslad ara epoveboda da vidre cocxal iyo,
urviT da WiriT iyvnes dReni misni (2, 34).
Txzuleba mxatvruli xerxebiT, personaJebis individualurobisa da
xasiaTebis warmoCeniT, ver Seedreba gamorCeul qarTul hagiografiul Zeglebs,
magram Tavisi akademiuri, mkacri logikuri TxrobiT mniSvnelovan istoriulliteraturul Zeglad unda CavTvaloT. TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli movlenebi
TviTmxilvelis mier aris aRwerili da mkiTxvelze waruSlel STabeWdilebas
axdens.

467

evstaTi gviandel mwerlobaSi. VI s-is II naxevarSi Seqmnili hagiografiuli

Zegli wyaro gaxda evstaTis Sesaxeb dawerili gviandeli Txzulebebisa,
romelTac mxolod literaturuli Rirebuleba aqvT da araviTari sayuradRebo
istoriuli cnoba ar SeeZloT daematebinaT Zveli wyaros monacemebisaTvis.
1769 wels anton I kaTalikosma dawera ,,martirika, romelSic Seitana
mis mier dawerili oci martvilologiuri Txzuleba qarTuli eklesiis
mowameTa Sesaxeb, romelTagan TiToeuls ,,Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da
vnebaTa ewodeba. ,,sityua meaTerTmete-Si, e.i. rigiT meTerTmeted am wignSi
warmodgenilia ,,Sesxma da moTxroba RuawlTa da vnebaTa wmidisa didisa mowamisa
evstaTi mcxeTelisaTa, qmnili antonis mier arxiepiskoposisa yovlisa zemoTa
saqarTvelosa, daviTian-bagratovanisa (25, 208-228).
cxadia, antons ar SeeZlo ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis Zveli
teqstisaTvis raime axali faqti daematebina, magram TvalnaTliv Cans, rom
mas Seucvlia Zveli Txzulebis Txrobis Tanmimdevroba da Tavis TxzulebaSi
damatebiT ,,qarTlis cxovrebiseuli ramdenime faqti Seutania, romelic im
dros saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebs exeba.
,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis V s-is. teqsti gamxdara wyaro am mowamis
ori svinaqsaruli teqstisaTvis (eklesiaSi misi xsenebis dRes 29 ivliss
wasakiTxavi mokle biografiisaTvis), romlebic XVIII s-is I naxevarze adre
ar aris Seqmnili (26, 385-387). pirveli maTgani (A-220, 1726 w.) SedarebiT
vrcelia da warmoadgens Zveli ,,wamebis, daaxloebiT erTgverdian Sinaarss
wyaros ZiriTadi faqtebis ganmeorebiT, xolo meore (H-535, XVIII s.) ramdenime
striqoniani cnobaa mogvi evstaTis mcxeTaSi mosvlisa, misi gaqristianebisa da
sparselebis mier misi wamebis Sesaxeb, romelSic erTi Secdomac kia daSvebuli:
evstaTis sikvdiliT dasjas avtori marzapan guSnasps abralebs maSin, roca
sinamdvileSi evstaTisaTvis Tavis mokveTis brZaneba marzapanma veJan buzmirma
gasca.
evstaTi mcxeTels Tavis ,,wyobilsityvaobaSi sami iambikuri strofi miuZRvna
anton I-ma (27, 125).
Txzulebis xelnawerebi da gamocemebi. ,,martloba da moTmineba wmidisa
evstaTi mcxeTelisa Cvenamde cxra xelnaweriT aris moRweuli, romelTagan
uZvelesi XI s. xelnawers (H-341) warmoadgens, eqvsi XVIII s-isaa, sxvadasxva
wlebisaa (A 130, 1713 w, A -170, 1733 w. H 2077, 1736 w. H 1672, 1740 w. A 176,
1743 w. H 2121, 1748w.), xolo ori XIX saukunisaa (S 3637, 1838 w. da leningr.
M 21, 1842 w.). amaTgan, cxadia, uZveles H 341 xelnawers gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba danarCen gviandel xelnawerebTan SedarebiT.
H 341 xelnaweri ZiriTadad warmoadgens naTargmn hagiografiul krebuls
da evstaTis martviloba am krebulSi Sesuli erTaderTi qarTuli Txzulebaa.

468

rogorc Cans, krebulis gadamwers igi Tavisi iniciativiT daurTavs sul bolos
(gv. 831-866).
Txzuleba pirvelad gamosca m. sabininma 1882 w. Tavis cnobil krebulSi
,,saqarTvelos samoTxe. gamocema efuZneba mxolod erT, 1748 w. xelnawers
H-2121 da, ra Tqma unda, kritikul gamocemas ver vuwodebT, radgan ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli sxva xelnawerebis monacemebi. gamomcemels aseTi miznebi
ar hqonia da, Tanac, rogorc Cans, arc xeli miuwvdeboda yvela xelnawerze.
safiqrebelia, rom bevri maTganis arseboba misTvis cnobilic ar iyo. miuxedavad
amisa, am gamocemam, romelmac pirvelma gaacno qarTul sazogadoebas ,,evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobis teqsti, Tavisi adgili daikava filologiur
mecnierebaSi.
Txzulebis Seswavlis istoriaSi axali safexuri iyo s. kakabaZis mier 1928
wels Sesrulebuli meore gamocema (saistorio krebuli, wigni III, gv. 8094). am gamocemis mniSvneloba, upirveles yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom
teqstis gamocema eyrdnoba ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis uZveles, XI s-is
xelnawers H-341. s. kakabaZem dasaxelebuli xelnaweris zogierTi dazianebuli
adgilis aRsadgenad moiSvelia 1733 wlis xelnaweri A 170.
,,evstaTis martvilobis mesame gamocema, romelic moamzada da Tavis ,,Zveli
qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia-Si warmoadgina s. yubaneiSvilma 1946 wels,
pirveli gamocemaa, romelSic gamoyenebulia Txzulebis Cvenamde moRweuli
TiTqmis yvela xelnaweri (leningr. M-21, 1842 w. xelnaweris garda), rogorc
amas gamomcemeli gvauwyebs, Tumca gamocemuli teqstis sqolioebSi xelnawerTa
Cveneba warmodgenili ar aris.
momdevno gamocema, Sesrulebuli iv. imnaiSvilis mier 1949 w. ,,qarTuli enis
istoriuli qrestomaTia da gadabeWdilia am wignis meore (1953) da mesame (1970)
gamocemebSi, daaxloebiT imeorebs s. kakabaZis gamocemis princips teqsti
gamocemulia uZvelesi H-341 xelnaweris mixedviT. damatebiT gamoiyenebulia
A-170 da A-176 xelnawerebic.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis teqstis
pirveli mecnierul-kritikuli gamocema Sesrulda 1964 wels k. kekeliZis
sax. xelnawerTa institutis mecnier-TanamSromelTa mier il. abulaZis
xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqtorobiT. masSi gamoyenebulia Cvenamde moRweuli
uklebliv yvela xelnaweri (cxra) da TiToeuli maTganis kiTxva-sxvaobebi
naCvenebia gamocemuli teqstis sqolioebSi. es gamocema warmodgenilia wignSi
,,Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I, gv.30-45.
gamocemebSi dRes TiTqmis aRar aris xazgasmuli erTi teqstologiuri niuansi:
Txzulebis bolosken, sadac saxarebis Sinaarsis gadmocema wydeba - ,,da rCuli
qristianobisa icied kacTa, mieriTgan daisna da ganqarda uweso igi saqme

469

da momdevno sityvebs - ,,xolo amas gevedrebi, ufalo Cveno, iesu qriste, raTa
gvami Cemi daimarxos mcxeTas Soris Txzulebas, SesaZloa, karga mozrdili
nawili akldes. es naTlad Cans Txrobis Seusabamo gadasvliT, magram ramdeni
aklia, amisi gansazRvra dRes Znelia. SeuZlebelia imis dadgenac, Tu rogor
gagrZelda kamaTi evstaTisa da marzapans Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobisa da
qristianobis Sesaxeb.
bolo gamocema ekuTvnis e. WeliZes wignSi: Zveli qarTuli saeklesio
literatura, Tbilisi, 2005, 309-478. warmodgenilia ,,wamebis teqsti, Targmani
Tanamedrove enaze, kritikuli teqsti da vrceli komentarebi.
es Txzuleba ramdenjerme daibeWda sxvadasxva xasiaTis literaturul
krebulSi. 1959 wels ,,Cveni saunjis I tomSi dabeWdili teqsti gadmobeWdilia
,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTiidan, 1978 wels msoflio
literaturis Zeglebis seriiT gamosul ,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis I
tomSi dabeWdili ,,evstaTis wamebis teqsti gadabeWdilia ,,Zveli qarTuli
hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis I wignidan, aqedanvea es teqsti
gadmotanili ,,qarTuli prozis I t-Si, 1984 w., xolo aqedan 1987 wels ,,qarTuli mwerlobis I tomSi.
albaT, saWiroa aRiniSnos isic, rom m. SaraZem ,,evstaTis martviloba Targmna
Tanamedrove qarTul enaze da gamosca TbilisSi 1899 wels.
pirvelad ,,evstaTis wameba rusulad 1872 wels Targmna m. sabininma, jer kidev
manamde, sanam ganaxorcielebda qarTuli teqstis pirvel gamocemas 1882 wels
( , wignSi
, .II , 1872 . 79-91).
Txzulebis germanuli Targmani ekuTvnis iv. javaxiSvils. is 1901 wels
daibeWda berlinSi (Das Martyrium des heiligen Eustatius von Mzchetha, Sitzungsberichte
der kniglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, XXXVIII, 875-902), romlis
winasityvaoba dawerilia A. Harnack-Tan erTad.

damowmebuli literatura:
1. xelnawerTa institutis H-341 xelnaweri.
2. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, il. abulaZis
redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1963.
3. e. gabiZaSvili, qarTuli naTargmni hagiografia, Tb., 2004, gv. 25.
4. e. gabiZaSvili, originaluri hagiografiuli mwerlobis zogierTi
sakiTxi, mravalTavi, XVII, Tb., 1992.
5. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturuli Zeglebi, V, gamosces e.
gabiZaSvilma da m. qavTariam, Tb., 1989.

470

6. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t.

II, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s.
yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1965.
7. a. bogveraZe, adrefeodaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi VI-VIIIss.,
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 246-297.
8. qarTlis cxovreba, II, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1955.
9. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, 1980.
10. e. gabiZaSvili, erTi mazdeanuri tradiciis kvali qarTuli originaluri
agiografiis ramdenime ZeglSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobis da qristianuli xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi (krebuli miZRvnili
sveticxovlobisadmi), Tbilisi, 1995.
11. sakiTxavi wigni Zv. qarTul enaSi, II, teqstebi gamosca iv. imnaiSvilma,
Tb., 1966.
12. k. kekeliZe, antimazdeanuri polemikis dasabuTeba uZveles qarTul
mwerlobaSi, etiudebi Zv. qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, III, Tb., 1955.
13. m. brose, Histoire de la GorgieI, S.Pb., 1849.
14. d. baqraZe, saqarTvelos istoria, tfilisi, 1889.
15. T. Jordania, qronikebi... I, tfilisi, 1892.
16. m. janaSvili, qarTuli mwerloba, w. II, tfilisi, 1909.
17. S. CxartiSvili, ,,martviloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi
mcxeTelisa (wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva), Tb., 1994.
18. i. javaxiSvili, Das Martyrium des heiligen Eustathius von Mzchetha: Sityungs
bereichte der kniglich-preussischen Akademie der Wissenschatten zu Berlin, 1901 (A.
Harnack-Tan erTad).
19. iv. javaxiSvili, ,,martviloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi
mcxeTelisa, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VIII, 66-70.
20. quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis #2 xelnaweri.
21. aTonis mTis #28 qarTuli xelnaweri.
22. gulani, xelnawerTa institutis axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi, Tb.,
1989.
23. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979.
24. e. gabiZaSvili, ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis irgvliv, saqarTvelos
literaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, 1999.
25. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, VI, gamosces e.
gabiZaSvilma da m. qavTariam, Tbilisi, 1980.
26. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, IV, gamosca e.
gabiZaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1968.
27. anton I, wyobilsityvaoba, gamosca r. baramiZem, Tb., 1972.

471

28. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literatura I Zeglebi Targmna, gamosacemad

moamzada da sqolioebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 310-478

o

IV . .
,
.

472

Sinaarsi
avtorisagan.............................................................................................................3-4
1. qristianuli RvTismsaxureba da svinaqsaruli hagiografia........................ 34
2. romanoz erisTavi da misi ucnobi Txzuleba...................................................53
3. 14-titlovani nomokanonis qarTuli Targmani ,,didi sjuliskanoni.....144
4. qarTuli originaluri hagiografia...............................................................206
5. ,,martirikis zogierTi enobriv-stilisturi Tavisebureba...................... 254
6. originaluri hagiografiuli mwerlobis zogierTi sakiTxi..................... 292
7. Zveli qarTuli kanonikuri mwerloba............................................................ 321
8. kanonikuri samarTlis wyaroebi...................................................................... 374
9. ilia abulaZe Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari................................... 395
10. anton I-is hagiografiuli Txzulebebi `martirikaSi~.............................. 422
11. qarTvel wmindanTa da dResaswaulTa mosaxsenebeli dReebi Zveli
qarTuli xelnawerebis mixedviT.................................................................... 447
12. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba (narkvevi).................................................. 472

473

Enriko Gabidzashvili

Works
I

wigni daibeWda gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macnes~ stambaSi

gr. robaqiZis 7a

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