Slavery, Politics &

the Civil War

Chapter 10-11

L1: The Divisive Politics

of Slavery
Chapter 10, Section 1 (pgs. 105-106)

L1 HW Review Questions
Identify & Example (2 sentences)

1) oppose 2) secession
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
How were the North & South economically different in the 1850s? Merit
Option)
Why was the addition of California a controversial issue?
Summarize (6 sentences)
The Wilmot Proviso.
a)

Why did Southerners oppose it?

Compromise of 1850: causes & events. (Merit Option)

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
Do you agree or disagree with popular sovereignty? Do you think it
was good for America at the time?

North vs. South

North
20,000 miles of railroad
Factories, cities =
immigrants
South
Rural agriculture
Little industry & few
immigrants
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Bill to ban slave in new territories
(Mexico)
Southerners opposed
Argue: slaves = property
Property protected by
Constitution

1849: California

California = below Missouri

Compromise line (south =
slavery legal / north =
outlawed)
Southerners
Any move to block slavery =
attack on way of life
Began to question staying in
the Union

Senate Debates
31st Congress, Dec. 1849
atmosphere of distrust and
bitterness
Agenda:
statehood of California
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 not
enforced in North
Tensions mount =
Southern states threaten secession:
formal withdrawal from the Union
North & South happy with: popular
sovereignty: allowed territories to
decide for themselves whether to be
slave or free state

Compromise of 1850

Henry the compromise

man Clay
California = free state
Stricter fugitive slave law
requires Northerners to
return escaped slaves to
masters
Debated for months by
Congress
Passed as individual bills by
Stephen A. Douglas

L2: Violence &

Politics
Chapter 10, Section 2 & 3: pgs. 107-110

L2 HW Review Questions
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) network 2) anti 3) hereditary 4) deny 5) prohibit
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
What is the difference between a free-soiler and an abolitionist?
Summarize (6 sentences)
Bleeding Kansas
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
How did the North respond to a stricter Fugitive Slave Act? (3 ways)

Considering American history, why is a pro-nativism argument a

flawed way of thinking?

Fugitive Slave Act,

Underground Railroad &
Uncle Tom
1850: Fugitive Slave Act much stricter
Harsh punishment: 1) escaped slaves, 2) anyone who helped them

North response: personal liberty laws

1) Banned imprisonment of escaped slaves

2) Escaped slaves have jury trials

Underground Railroad: secret network, hid fugitive slaves on

dangerous journey to freedom
Organized by: 1) free African Americans & 2) white abolitionists

Famous leader: Harriet Tubman (escaped slave)

Popular book Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)

Showed horrors of slavery = evil
Damaged both white & black families

Bleeding Kansas
1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Split Nebraska into two territories (+ Kansas)
Each state would decide (popular sovereignty)
whether or not to allow slavery

VIOLENCE!!! Aka. Bleeding Kansas

Proslavery vs. antislavery
John Brown (antislavery) killed 5 proslavery people
Result: dozens of violent actions (200 killed)
Senators fighting too!

Us vs. Them
Nativism: favoring of native born Americans over
immigrants
U.S. Fact #1: Only people with hereditary claim to
America = Native Americans
U.S. Fact #2: Modern America (1700s-present) = nation
of immigrants

Mr. Igors Truths of History

1) All Things Fall Apart (read: everything will always
change)
2) Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely

Antislavery (Political) Parties

Free-Soil Party
Against extending slavery in western territories
Many Northerners were free-soilers but NOT abolitionists
Supported:
Racist laws prohibiting settlement of blacks in white
communities
Denying blacks right to vote
Main objection:

Republican Party (1854)

Republicans wanted to
keep slavery out of the
Slavery = competition to free white workers
territories
Directly threatened free labor system

L3: Slavery and

Secession
Chapter 10, Section 4 (pgs. 324-331)

L3 HW Review Questions
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) reside 2) debate 3) arsenal 4) convict (v.) 5) treason
6) praise 7) criticize

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)

What happened at Harpers Ferry? How did the North and South
react?
Why did the South secede after Lincolns election in 1860?
Summarize (6 sentences)
Dred Scott v. Sandford.
Secession & Confederacy.
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
Why was Lincoln opposed to popular sovereignty with regards to the
issue of slavery?

Slavery Dominates Politics

The Dred Scott Decision
Scott claimed residing (living)
in free state made him a free
man
1857 Supreme Court decision:
being in a free state did not
make a slave free
Reason: slaves = property
(constitutionally speaking)

Southerners cheered decisions;

allowed slavery to extend into
western territories

Kansas & Slavery

Kansas applies with
constitution allowing slavery
Congress passes law
required a vote
Result: constitution rejected
Northerners cheered;
southerners criticized

Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858: Lincoln runs for Douglas Senate seat
Held a series of debates
Douglas
Opposed slavery; favored popular sovereignty

Lincoln
Opposed slavery; opposed popular sovereignty
Called slavery: a vast moral evil
Insisted on federal legislation to outlaw slavery

Freeport Doctrine: Douglas calls western territories

to elect representatives who would not enforce
slave property laws

Harpers Ferry
1859; John Brown (Northern white abolitionist); tried
to start a slave rebellion
Brown & followers attacked federal arsenal in
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Tried to steal guns & arm slaves

Captured by federal soldiers

Convicted of treason and hanged

Northerners praised Browns actions

Southerners criticized his actions; called for
secession

Lincoln Elected
1860: Lincoln (Republican) won presidential election
Despite receiving ZERO electoral votes in the South

South: Lincolns victory = loss of political power in

United Sates; feared losing way of life
Secession
South Carolina (Dec. 20, 1860)
6 other states secede by Feb. 1861

Form: Confederacy, or Confederate States of America

Elected Jefferson Davis as president

United States = a divided country

L4: Early Battles

& War Politics
Chapter 11, Section 1 & 2 (pgs. 115-118)

Identify & Example (2 sentences)

1) seize 2) blockade 3) obsolete 4) hesitate 5) enlist

L4 HW

6) antagonize 7) prolong 8) indifferent 9) desert (v.)

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
What happened at Antietam?
How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the war?
How did Davis and Lincoln deal with dissent?
Why was the draft used?
Summarize (6 sentences)
The Anaconda Plan. (extra credit option)
New York Draft Riots (podcast)

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)

Which side had the advantage at the start of the Civil War? (extra credit option)
Why did Lincoln fire McClellan? Was he right to do so?
Podcast: Emancipation Proclamation? Why did Lincoln pass the Emancipation
Proclamation? Did he do the right thing?

Civil War Begins

Confederate states seize federal property (ex:
forts)
April 1861: Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter,
Charleston Harbor
Lincoln response: issued call for troops
Civil War begun

Virginia (+3 states) join Confederacy

Union slave states = Maryland, Kentucky,
Delaware, Missouri

Expectations, Advantages &

Tactics
Both sides expect short, glorious
war
Both felt right was on their side
North: advantages
1) More people
2) More factories
3) More food

4) Better railroads
South: advantages
1) Better generals
2) Motivated soldiers
To win: North has to conquer South

Anaconda Plan
Blockade Southern ports;
keep supplies out
Split Confederacy; control
Mississippi
Capture Confederate
capital: Richmond, Virginia
1st Battle: Bull Run (25 miles
from Washington)
Southern general:
Stonewall Jackson
Union retreats in disorder

Union
Generals
George McClellan: lead
Union army in East
Ulysses S. Grant: fighting over
Mississippi

New Weapons:
Monitor & Merrimack: ironclad
ships
Wooden ships = obsolete
New rifles = trench warfare

Capital War
1862: Union army marched
East toward Richmond

Robert E. Lee successfully

defends capital
Marches towards
Washington D.C

McClellans forces meet

Lee at Antietam
(Sharpsburg): bloodiest
clash of the war
Dead + wounded +

missing = 22, 717 (one day)

Lee forced to retreat

Union forces did not chase
If they had, they might
have won

Lincoln is furious; fired

McClellan (Nov. 1862)

Britain Remains Neutral

South supplied Britain with cotton; hoped Britain
would lend support
But, by 1860: Britain had large supply of cotton
Britain remains neutral: did not support either side

The Emancipation
Proclamation
Lincoln hesitated on abolishing slavery
Had no constitutional right to end it where it existed

Lincolns reasoning:
Slaves = enemy resources
Freeing slaves will weaken Southern cause

January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all slave behind Confederate lines

Did not apply to slave states in Union

Proclamation = military policy NOT moral

Reactions to Emancipation
North
Gave war high moral
purpose
Free blacks cheered; can
enlist in Union army
Democrats: antagonizing
South will prolong war
Many Union soldiers =
indifferent

South
Confederacy furious;
determined to fight harder

Point of No Return
Compromise no longer possible
Confederate loss = way of life over
Union: only way to win = complete
defeat of South
Civil War = war to the death

Dissent
Some Northerners sided
with Confederates
Some Southerners
sympathized with
Northerners
Lincoln & Davis both
suspended habeas
corpus: right to trial by jury
Police can hold
dissenters without trial
Ex: Copperhead
politicians (Northern
democrats) urged
peace with South

Conscription
(a.k.a.: the Draft)
War = massive loss of life
Soldiers on both sides deserted
Both sides turn to conscription:
drafting civilians to serve in army
Union: drafted white men
could hire substitutes ($300)
4,600 men drafted
92% soldiers = volunteers
New York Draft Riots (podcast)
Riots aimed against African
Americans
Poor white workers resented
free slaves who they believed
would take their jobs
Lasted 4 days; 100 dead

L5: Life During

Wartime
Chapter 11, Section 3 (pgs. 119-120)

Identify & Example (2 sentences)

L5 HW

1) enlist 2) discriminate 3) desperate 4) institution 5) P.O.W

6) Sanitary 7) an ecstatic bought of immense euphoria

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)

How did the war affect the Southern economy?
How did women play in the war effort? (extra credit option)
(podcast)
What were conditions like in war prisons?
Summarize (6 sentences)

What role did African Americans contribute to the war efforts in the
North and South? (podcast: 54th mass. regiment)
How did the war affect the Northern economy? (extra credit option)
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
Was the war good for women? Support your reasoning.

African Americans & War

1862: Congress allowed African Americans to fight
in war
Post-Emancipation: African Americans enlisted

Made up 10% of Union Army

Fought in separate regiments
Paid less than whites
Faced discrimination

Confederate treatment:
Captured = 1) returned to slavery or 2) executed
Fort Pillow, Tennessee: 200 murdered
1865: armed slaves (desperate for men)

Resistance
Refused to work; destroyed property
Ran away to join Union army
1864: plantation system and institution of slavery =
crumbling

War Affects
Regional Economies
South
Union push into South = slaves
run away = decline in
workforce
Souths economy suffered:
Food = scarce
Prices rose
1863: food riots in S. cities
Union blockade of S. ports =
shortages
Salt, sugar, nails, needles,
medicines
Result: Confederates
smuggle cotton North to
exchange for goods

North

Economy grows rapidly

Factories produce supplies
More work, same pay = strikes

North (and South): greater

involvement by women
Women replaced men in factories
and on farms
Also: govnt jobs (mostly clerks)
Booming economy + rising prices =
immense profits
Big profits = corrupt practices
(business with govnt contracts)
Ex: uniforms & blankets made with
poor material
Ex: spoiled meat
Ex: 2x price for guns

Suffering Soldiers
Needless Death
Soldiers died from wounds
Suffering: poor army food,
filthy conditions, disease
Women founded: U.S.
Sanitary Commission
Set up: hospital trains &
ships move soldiers off
battlefield
Women:
3,000 nurses (Clara Burton
on front line)
Confederacy: volunteer
nurses

War Prisons
Poor conditions for P.O.Ws

Worst: Confederate camp

at Andersonville, Georgia
Terribly overcrowded, no
shelter
Northern prisons:

More space
No heat
Southern soldiers
unaccustomed to cold

Lots of death from

pneumonia

L6: Union Victory

Chapter 11, Section 4 (pgs. 121-122)

L6 HW
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) repel 3) rejuvenate 4) siege 5) morale 6) civilian 7) collapse
7) ravenous ravages renounce remorseless remembrances
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
Why was General Grant called the butcher?

What were the effects of Shermans Total War?

Summarize (6 sentences) (both extra credit options)
What happened at the battle of Gettysburg? Who won? Who lost?

What happened at the siege of Vicksburg? What were the effects?

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
What message does Lincoln give to the American people in his
Gettysburg Address?
If you were a journalist visiting a Southern army camp in the Fall of 1863,
what kind of things might you report?

The Battle of Gettysburg

Late June 1863: Lee invaded North
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: bloodiest battle EVER
fought in the Western hemisphere.
July 3rd, 1863; Lee risked everything
Picketts Charge: direct assault at Union center;
repelled by artillery
+50,000 dead on both sides

Winners and losers?

Union: rejuvenated by fact that they had finally
broken through and defeated Lees army
South: would never recover form loss; no hope of
invading North again

Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a
new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a
great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we
can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here
to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.
Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863

The Siege of
Vicksburg
May-June, 1863
Union General Ulysses S.
Grants armies converge at
Vicksburg
Strategy: prolonged siege
operations
July 4: Confederate army
surrenders
Effects:
1) Union controls Mississippi
2) Confederacy split in half
3) Grants reputations grows;
appointed as General-inChief of Union armies

The Confederacy
Wears Down
Defeat at Gettysburg & Vicksburg = drop in
morale
High casualty rates
Army low on food, ammunition, supplies

Soldiers desert (some join Union army)

South = exhausted + few resources

Southern leaders fight
Confederate Congress accused President Davis of
ineffective leadership
Some Southerners call for peace

Meanwhile
Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander
of all Union armies
Grant appointed William Tecumseh Sherman
commander of military division of the Mississippi

Both seek total victory:

Conquer Souths army, govnt AND civilian
population

Union Military Strategies

Grant the butcher
Attack, attack, attack
Then: attack again
Even if his casualties ran
twice as high, Grant could
afford it; the South could
not
Grants losses: 60,000
Lees losses: 32,000
Newspapers call Grant the
butcher
Grant promised Lincoln: there
will be no turning back.

Shermans Total War

Sherman invades Georgia: marches
across state to the sea
one of the most remarkable
military exploits of the war
Sherman abandoned supply lines
Lived off the land:
Destroyed supply depots,
railroads, barns & crops

Destruction: 60 miles wide, 300

miles long
Effect:
1) Showed Confederates could no
longer defend their own territory
2) Helped Lincoln win a second
term

 April 9, 1865 Generals Lee

and Grant met at
Appomattox Court House
(Virginia) to arrange
Confederate surrender
Generous terms
Grant liberated Lees
soldiers
Sent home with: personal
possessions, horses, three
days rations
Officers permitted to
keep firearms
Next month: all Confederate
resistance collapsed
After 4 long years: the Civil
War is over

Surrender at
Appomattox

L7: The Legacy

of the Civil War
Chapter 11, Section 5 (pg. 123-124)

L7 HW
Identify & Example (2 sentences)
1) gap 2) poverty 3) veteran 4) sympathize
5) vivacious wasteland wandered wondering whereto?
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
What was the human cost of the War? (extra credit option)
How did politics changes after the war?
Summarize (6 sentences)

How did the War widen the economic gap between the North and
the South? (extra credit option)
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)

Would you have turned out to pay your respects at Lincolns funeral?
Why or why not?

War Changes a Nation

Political Changes
Human cost:

Economic Effects
Federal govnt:

600,000 dead (500,000

wounded)

Helped businesses

Union: 360,000 dead

1863 National Bank Act: new

banking system

Confederate: 260,000 dead

Political changes:
No state ever threatened
secession again
Federal govnt became
much more powerful

Ex: conscription, income

tax

Funded national railroad system

Economic gap North vs. South:

North spent $6 billion on war
Much of South = ravaged
(industry & railroads destroyed)
Freeing of slaves = estimated $2
billion in damage (+$2 billion
spent on war)
Southern farms in ruin =
economic poverty for decades

The War Changes Lives

African Americans lives improve (on paper)
1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment
Slavery abolished everywhere

What do after being a soldier?

Veterans return to small towns and farms
Moved to large cities
Moved West to build railroads or search for gold

Clara Burton founded Red Cross: helped civilians and

soldiers in times of war or natural disasters

Lincoln
Assassinated

5 days after General Lee surrendered at Appomattox

Lincoln was at a play at Fords Theater in Washington, D.C.
Shot in the back of the head by Southern sympathizer John Wilkes
Booth
Lincoln died next day; body carried by train to his hometown
Springfield, Illinois
7 million people (1/3 Union population) turned out to pay respects