1.

Gii thiu:
im thnh cng ca Internet ch cc cng ngh ca Internet c trin khai v pht trin theo nhu cu ca th trng.
Internet khng a ra c{c tiu chun theo kiu Recommendation nh ca ITU-T m| a ra c{c RFC (Request For Comments) vi
mc ch cng b cc gii php cng ngh t c v thu thp nhng ng gp thm nhm hon thin, pht trin sn phm
ch khng bt buc phi tun th.
Khi mng Internet pht trin v m rng, lu lng Internet bng n. Cc ISP x l bng c{ch tng dung lng cc kt ni
v nng cp router nhng vn khng trnh khi nghn mch. L do l cc giao thc nh tuyn thng hng lu lng vo
cng mt s cc kt ni nht nh dn n kt ni ny b qu ti trong khi mt s t|i nguyn kh{c khng c s dng. }y l|
tnh trng phn b ti khng ng u v s dng lng ph ti nguyn mng Internet.
Vo thp nin 90, cc ISP pht trin mng ca h theo m hnh chng lp (overlay) bng c{ch a ra giao thc IP over
ATM. ATM l cng ngh connection-oriented, thit lp cc knh o (Virtual Circuit), tuyn o (Virtual Path) to thnh mt mng
logic nm trn mng vt l gip nh tuyn, phn b ti ng u trn ton mng. Tuy nhin, IP v ATM l hai cng ngh hon
to|n kh{c nhau, c thit k cho nhng mi trng mng khc nhau, khc nhau v giao thc, c{ch {nh a ch, nh tuyn, bo
hiu, phn b ti nguyn.... Khi cc ISP cng m rng mng theo hng IP over ATM, h cng nhn ra nhc im ca m hnh
n|y, l| s phc tp ca mng li do phi duy tr hot ng ca hai h thng thit b. S bng n ca mng Internet dn ti
xu hng hi t cc mng vin thng kh{c nh mng thoi, truyn hnh da trn Internet, giao thc IP tr thnh giao thc ch
o trong lnh vc mng.
Xu hng ca cc ISP l thit k v s dng cc router chuyn dng, dung lng chuyn ti ln, h tr cc gii php tch
hp, chuyn mch a lp cho mng trc Internet.
Nhu cu cp thit trong bi cnh ny l phi ra i mt cng ngh lai c kh nng kt hp nhng c im tt ca chuyn
mch knh ATM v chuyn mch gi IP. Cng ngh MPLS ra i trong bi cnh n|y {p ng c nhu cu ca th trng ng
theo tiu ch pht trin ca Internet mang li nhng li ch thit thc, {nh du mt bc pht trin mi ca mng Internet
trc xu th tch hp cng ngh thng tin v vin thng (ICT - Information Communication Technology) trong thi k mi.
2. Cc khi nim
2.1.nh tuyn IP truyn thng
Trong nh tuyn IP truyn thng, bng nh tuyn c xy dng bi tt c cc router trong mng bng cch s dng cc
giao thc nh tuyn kh{c nhau nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), RIP (Routing Information Protocol), IS-IS (Intermediate
System to - Intermediate System) hoc BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Mi router trong mng t quyt nh vic nh tuyn
cho mi gi tin IP n sau khi bng nh tuyn c xy dng v| iu ny rt tn thi gian. Mt router s kim tra bng nh
tuyn ca mt gi tin va nhn x{c minh c{c bc k tip cho cc gi da trn a ch ch ca gi tin c a ra trong cc
tiu IP ca gi tin.
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn
Giao thc nh tuyn trong (Interior Gateway Protocol IGP):
Router Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Hai giao thc sau }y thuc s hu ca Cisco, v| c h tr bi cc router Cisco hay nhng router ca nhng nh cung
cp m| Cisco ng k cng ngh:
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)
Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi (Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP):
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)
2.2.Chuyn mch nhn (MPLS)
Mng MPLS l s k tha v kt hp ca routing thng minh trong mng IP v chuyn mch tc cao trong mng ATM, c
c routing layer 3 (IP) v switching layer 2 (VPI/VCI ca ATM).
MPLS l| c ch chuyn mch nhn do Cisco pht trin v| c IETF chun ha, h tr kh nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn
lung thng tin mt cch hiu qu.
MPLS l mt cng ngh kt hp c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai cho php chuyn ti cc gi
rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v| nh tuyn tt mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn (label). MPLS l mt phng ph{p
ci tin vic chuyn tip gi trn mng bng c{c nhn c gn vi mi gi IP, t bo ATM, hoc frame lp hai. Phng ph{p

chuyn mch nhn gip cc Router v MPLS-enable ATM switch ra quyt nh theo ni dung nhn tt hn vic nh tuyn phc
tp theo a ch IP ch. MPLS kt ni tnh thc thi v kh nng chuyn mch lp hai vi nh tuyn lp ba, cho php cc ISP
cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau m khng cn phi b i c s h tng sn c. Cu trc MPLS c tnh mm do trong bt k s
phi hp vi cng ngh lp hai no. MPLS h tr mi giao thc lp hai, trin khai hiu qu cc dch v IP trn mt mng chuyn
mch IP. MPLS h tr vic to ra cc tuyn khc nhau gia ngun v| ch trn mt ng trc Internet. Bng vic tch hp MPLS
vo kin trc mng, cc ISP c th gim chi ph, tng li nhun, cung cp nhiu hiu qu kh{c nhau v| t c hiu qu cnh
tranh cao.
2.3.K thut lu lng trong mng MPLS
K thut lu lng (TE) l mt c ch a ra kim sot lung ca lu lng truy cp vo mng v n cung cp kh
nng ti u ha c{c t|i nguyn mng. Vic cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) v kh nng k thut lu lng trn Internet ngy
cng quan trng, c bit l h tr cc dch v i hi thi gian thc. phc v mc ch , Internet hin nay phi c nng
cao vi k thut mi, l| MPLS ng vai tr chnh trong mng IP, vi tnh nng k thut lu lng v QoS.
Internet c th c xem nh l| mt tp cc AS (Autonomous System) truyn thng vi nhau v chng s dng giao thc
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). Giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) thc thi trong c{c AS cung cp cc kt ni gia
cc router. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link state nh IS IS v OSPF l giao thc IGP. EGP hin thi c s dng l BGP4. Tuy
nhin, giao thc BGP thc thi trong c{c AS cung cp s truyn thng full mesh IBGP gia c{c IBGP ng ng. Cc IBGP ny
c th khng kt ni trc tip vi nhau, do , cn phi c mt IGP nh OSPF hay IS IS cung cp thng tin nh tuyn ch
hoc chng k tip cho IBGP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link state IGP c dng phn phi thng tin v tt c cc lin kt
trong mng. Mi router trong AS dng c{c thng tin n|y tnh to{n con ng ngn nht n mi ch trong mng bng thut
to{n con ng ngn nht. Sau router x}y dng mt bng chuyn tip, kt hp a ch tin t vi lin kt ca chng k tip.
Khi mt gi n mt router, bng chuyn tip c s dng, v| gi c chuyn tip theo con ng c ch nh trong
bng da v|o a ch IP. Cch ny tt trong mng c m hnh mng tha tht. Ngc li, trong mng dy c, cch tip cn ny
c th dn n vic mt cn bng ti. Cc lin kt khng nm trn con ng s khng c tn dng mc d lu lng mng
ang cao. iu ny dn n lng ph bng thng trn c{c ng trung k mc d c{c con ng vn cn c s dng tt.
Vn n|y c khc phc bng vic tnh ton li cc metric ca lin kt bng cc giao thc nh tuyn v| {p t s cn bng ti
khng cng gi tr trn cc lin kt. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng cung cp mt s d tha ng v| khng c xem nh l| c
im ca giao thc v kh nng ca mng khi thc hin nh tuyn.
Mng IP c im yu l ch c mt c ch iu khin cc lung lu lng l| thay i metric ca ng truyn trong cc
giao thc IGP nh l| OSPF. Tuy nhin, c{ch l|m nh vy s l|m thay i tt c c{c gi i qua lin kt ny. Cc cch ny khng
cung cp mt s ti u ng v| khng c xem l| c im ca lu lng v kh nng ca mng khi thc hin cc quyt nh
nh tuyn.
Trong mng k thut lu lng MPLS, bt k con ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP) n|o cng u c th c thay i
ng t mt con ng tt nghn n mt con ng kh{c. iu ny th hin mt s hiu qu trong mng IP, bi v ngi qun
tr mng c th cho mng hot ng vi kh nng cao nht trong iu kin bnh thng, v| trc khi tt nghn xut hin th mt
v|i lu lng c th d d|ng c chuyn i bng con ng kh{c. Hn th na, ngi qun tr mng c th s dng mt thut
ton tng qu{t cung cp mt s nh x t cc lung lu lng n ng truyn vt l m khng th c c nu s dng cc
cch trn.
MPLS TE cho php cc nh cung cp dch v nh ngha mt con ng chnh x{c, tng t nh nh tuyn ngun, xuyn
qua mng ca h v| iu khin lu lng i trn con ng . K thut lu lng cng thc thi cn bng ti c chi ph khng
cn bng da trn CEF trn c{c ng hm.
3. Topology m phng
Topology cho cc kch bn m phng MPLS-TE trn OPNET nh sau:

Hnh.1: Topology cho kch bn m phng

2

Topology bao gm 2 khu vc:

- Khu vc nh cung cp dch v Service Provider ({m m}y m|u v|ng), bao gm cc Router bin PE1, PE2, cc Router li
CORE1, CORE2, CORE3, CORE4. Lin kt PE1-CORE1-CORE2-PE2 c bng thng 2 Mbps (FastEthernet), lin kt PE1-CORE3CORE4-PE2 c bng thng 1,5 Mbps (Ethernet). PE1 & PE2 l cc LER v Core1, Core2, Core3, Core4 l cc LSR.
- Khu vc khch hng, bao gm c{c Router bin CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, CE5, CE6 c kt ni vo cc Router bin PE1 v
PE2, c th l CE1, CE2, CE3 kt ni vo PE1, cn CE4, CE5, CE6 kt ni vo PE2. CE1,CE2, CE3, CE4, CE5, CE6 l cc router
C7200 ca cisco.
Ta tin hnh xy dng topology m phng trn OPNET
Bc 1. Khi to mt Project mi:
T ca s chnh ca phn mm OPNET: File New New Project.
Bc 2. Khi to cc b nh tuyn t ca s Open Object Pallete:
T thanh cng c Topology Open Object Pallete, ca s Object Palette Tree hin ra. Tm trong phn Node Models
Fixed Node Models, b nh tuyn Router C7200 (CS_7206_6s_a2_ae8_f4_tr4_slip16_adv) ca Cisco, Trong b cng c MPLS c
cha sn LER, LSR, v cc cng c cho MPLS.

Hnh 2: Object Pallete

Bc 3. Khi to cc loi lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn. Trong b cng c MPLS phn link Models ta chn cc lin kt
PPP_DS1, PPP_E1 l cc lin kt 1,5Mb v 2Mb. Sau khi kt ni cc b nh tuyn bng cc loi lin kt theo ng Topology
a ra, ho|n th|nh c Topology trong OPNET nh sau:

Hnh 3: Topo sau khi hon thnh

Bc 4. To ra cc cng Loopback 0 trn cc b nh tuyn.
Ta vo thanh cng c Protocols IP Interfaces Create Loopback Interface. Tch vo du chn All Routers v
Configure routing protocols to Loopback cho tt c cc b nh tuyn v cho php cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn trn cng
Loopback ny.
Bc 5. Gn a ch IP cho cc giao din ca b nh tuyn. Ta bm Ctrl-A chn tt c cc thit b trn Topology, sau
trn thanh cng c Protocols IP Addressing Auto-Assign IPv4 Addresses (vic gn a ch ny c th thc hin theo
mun v ty bng cch vo tng phn cu hnh ca b nh tuyn).
Vy ta ho|n th|nh cng vic thit lp Topology v gn a ch IP cho cc thit b trn Topology. Tip theo ta s tin hnh
xy dng cc kch bn m phng cho phn m phng MPLS trn OPNET.

4.2. Kch bn khi ch c giao thc nh tuyn IGP

Trong phn ny, em xy dng cc kch bn khi ch giao thc nh tuyn IGP. Giao thc nh tuyn IGP c s dng
trong m hnh ny l OSPF.Kch bn gm:

Trin khai Single-Area OSPFv2 trn tt c cc b nh tuyn CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, CE5, CE6, PE1, PE2, CORE1, CORE2,

CORE3, CORE4 ti khu vc ca nh cung cp dch v v khu vc ca khch hng.

To c{c lu lng theo yu cu.

Kho st mc s dng cc lin kt.

Trong kch bn 1 n|y, n gin th ch trin khai giao thc nh tuyn OSPFv2 trn tt c cc b nh tuyn, bao gm

khu vc nh cung cp dch v (PE1, PE2, CORE1, CORE2, CORE3, CORE4) v khu vc kh{ch h|ng (CE1, CE2, CE6).

Ta tin hnh m phng kch bn 1 trn OPNET

Bc 1. Khi to giao thc OSPFv2 trn tt c cc Router. Ta bm Ctrl-A chn tt c c{c Router, sau v|o thanh cng
c Protocols IP Routing Configure Routing Protocols. Sau tch chn giao thc OSPF v cu hnh giao thc ny trn tt
c c{c Router nh hnh 4.3:

Hnh 4: Cu hnhgiao thc nh tuyn

Bc 2. Khi to c{c lu lng theo yu cu.
To ra 3 lung lu lng IP. Ta vo ca s Open Object Pallete, tm i tng c tn l ip_traffic_flow_alt, to ra 3 lung
lu lng v gp th tng ng gia CE1-CE4, CE2-CE5, CE3-CE6. Sau chut phi vo tng lung lu lng cu hnh
tham s cho chng. Ta c ca s i vi lung lu lng CE1-CE4 nh sau:

Hnh 5: Cu hnh cc lung lu lng IP

Ta c th t tn cho lung lu lng l CE_1 --> CE_4 (UDP 1,5 Mbps), trong phn Socket Information ta t l loi UDP,
tip trong c{c phn Destination IP Address v| Source IP Address, ta t c{c a ch IP tng ng gia CE1 v CE4 (hoc
4

Auto Asigned nu thc hin bc Auto-Assign IPv4 Addresses). Tip trong phn Traffic (bits/second) ta chn loi lu
lng l| T1_1hours_bps tng ng 1,5Mbps. Cc thng s khc c th gi nguyn mc nh. Ta cu hnh tng t vi cc lung
TCP-1 0,5 Mbps gia CE2-CE5, TCP-2 0,5 Mbps gia CE3-CE6.
Bc 3. Bt tnh nng thng k.
Ta vo Des -> Choose individual statistics sau {nh du vo throughtput, utilization.

Hnh 6: Chn bin thng k

Bc 4. Thc hin m phng
Ta vo DES Run Discrete Event Simulation
Bc 5. Phn tch kt qu nhn c
ly ra kt qu m phng ta chn DES Results.

Hnh 7: Kt qu m phng ta IGP

Kt qu m phng trn cho ta thy lin kt gia PE-1 & Core 1 lun s dng bng thng mc 100% trong khi lin
kt PE-2 & Core 3 th khng c lu lng i qua. Kt qu c c do ch s dng giao thc nh tuyn OSPF. OSPF l giao thc
nh tuyn da trn ng i ngn nht, v vy n PE-1 mi lu lng u c chuyn n Core 1, trong khi th khng c
lu lng n Core 3.

4.3. Kch bn khi c MPLS-TE.

Trong kch bn m phng ny, ta s trin khai k thut lu lng MPLS TE trong mng li ca nh cung cp dch v, c
th l trn cc Router PE1, PE2, CORE1, CORE2, CORE3, CORE4 nhm ti u hiu sut hot ng ca mng ng thi m bo
dch v cho cc lung lu lng. C th, ta khi to c{c ng hm TE Tunnel hay ni cch khc l cc LSP c yu cu xc lp v
thng s, sau cu hnh thng s ca c{c ng hm TE Tunnel, bo hiu bng RSVP-TE hoc CR-LDP. Cc thng s ca 3
ng TE Tunnel s ph hp vi cc thng s yu cu ca 3 lung lu lng pha bn di. Trong OPNET c sn c{c ng
hm dng E-LSP v L-LSP c bo hiu sn bng RSVP-TE v CR-LDP, n gin cho vic thit lp TE Tunnel, trong OPNET
gin lc qua bc cu hnh RSVP-TE v CR-LDP. Kch bn ny bao gm:

Cc yu cu ca kch bn khi ch c giao thc nh tuyn IGP ( s dng OSPF).

To c{c ng hm LSP.

G{n lu lng vo cc LSP.

Kho st mc kh dng cc lin kt.

Ta tin hnh m phng trn OPNET(kch bn 2)
Bc 1. Thc hin kch bn 1 sau thao t{c scenarios ->duplicate scenario thc hin 1 bn sao ca kch bn 1, sau

t tn cho kch bn mi.

Bc 2. To FEC v Traffic Trunk. Ta vo ca s Open Object Pallete, tm i tng mpls_config_object, sau gp th i

tng ny vo mn hnh Topology v tin hnh cu hnh i tng n|y nh hnh 4.8:

Hnh 8: Cu hnh mpls_config_object

Cc tham s cn cu hnh nm phn FEC specifications v Trafic Trunk Profile. Trong FEC }y c 3 lu lng v vy
cn cu hnh cho 3 FEC thc hin iu ny trong phn Number of Rows {nh s 3. Mi Row khi l| 1 FEC. Mi FEC ta s
cu hnh theo yu cu tng lung lu lng. 1 FEC c th cu hnh theo a ch hay l theo giao thc. qu trnh m phng l
chnh xc cn t nht 1 Trunk Profile.

Bc 3. Khi to c{c ng hm TE Tunnel.

Ti }y ta cu hnh TE Tunnel dng E-LSP theo kiu Explicited Route, ta v|o Open Object Pallete, tm i tng Path
Models MPLS MPLS_E-LSP_DYNAMIC, gp th vo Topology. Ta to ra 3 TE Tunnel tng ng cho 3 loi lu lng, trong
2 TE Tunnel i theo ng truyn PE1-CORE1-CORE2-PE2 v| 1 TE Tunnel i theo ng PE1-CORE3-CORE4-PE2, do ta thit
lp theo kiu Explicited Route nn ta gp th 3 TE Tunnel theo 2 ng tng ng theo tng node. Sau ta v|o tinh chnh tng
thng s yu cu trong c{c ng TE Tunnel. C th nh sau, gi s ta c ng TE Tunnel dnh cho loi lu lng UDP (EF)
1,5Mbps:

Hnh 9: Cu hnh cc ng hm TE Tunnel

Lu rng ta cn tt tnh nng Announce IGP Shortcuts, bi v l{t sau }y ta s dng c ch Policy-based Routing trong
phn Traffic Mapping. Ta gi nguyn phn Address Destination v Address Source, bi ta thit lp ra cc TE Tunnel vi mc
ch khng ch truyn ti lu lng cho 3 lu lng CE1-CE4, CE2-CE5, CE3-CE6, m cn dnh cho bt k mt lu lng no
m ph hp vi cc thng s ca phn Traffic Trunk v thng s ca TE Tunnel tng ng. Tip theo ta quan t}m n cc thng
s trong phn TE Parameters nh sau:

Hnh 10: Cu hnh TE Parameter

Lu rng ta cn chnh mc Min Bandwidth cho ph hp, thng s ny ca TE Tunnel s c so snh vi lng bng
thng thc s ca tuyn ng ti cc thi im x{c nh tm ra tuyn ng ph hp nht, thng s n|y cng cn ph hp
v Traffic Trunk, nu khng th lu lng s khng c truyn ln TE Tunnel. Sau khi to ra 3 ng hm tng ng thc
hin Protocols MPLS Update LSP Details v Protocols MPLS Display LSP Routes cp nht LSP v hin th ng i
ca LSP va to ra.
Bc 4. Truyn ti c{c lu lng n|y ln trn c{c ng hm TE Tunnel bng phng ph{p Traffic Mapping Policybased Routing. Bc n|y c thc hin trn Router PE1, ta vo phn Edit Attributes trn Router PE1, tm phn MPLS
Parameters v cu hnh cc thng s nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 11: Cu hnh Traffic Mapping

Ta vo mc Traffic Mapping Configuration, to ra 3 Row, i vi mi Row, ta chn Interface In ( }y ta chn IF4 ca PE1,
l giao din ni n CE1), FEC v Traffic Trunk ta la chn tng ng vi CE1, CE2 hoc CE3, nu ta khng thit lp cc FEC v
Traffic Trunk trc th chng s khng xut hin ti bng chn ny. Tip sau ta chn LSP c tn tng ng vi TE Tunnel
to d|nh cho FEC v| Traffic Trunk tng ng.Vic chn LSP nh th n|y tng ng vi c ch Policy-based Routing, nu vi c
ch Class-based Tunnel Selection, th Router s t ng chn LSP ph hp. i vi phn EXP <--> PHB v EXP <--> Drop
Precendence ta gi nguyn mc nh ban u. Cc ty chn ny s rt hu dng i vi c ch Class-based Tunnel Selection.

Nh vy ta ho|n th|nh vic ghp lu lng ln trn c{c ng TE Tunnel tng ng. Tip sau }y ta s tin hnh chy
kch bn n|y, ng thi kho s{t ng i v| mc s dng (Utilization) ca cc TE Tunnel cng nh c{c giao din u vo
mng li ca Router PE1.
Bc 5. Kho s{t ng i v| mc s dng (Utilization) ca cc TE Tunnel v cc giao din u vo mng li ca
Router PE1. Ta chy kch bn v truyn ti cc lung lu lng IP theo c ch chuyn mch MPLS c s dng k thut lu lng
MPLS TE. Ta vo DES Choose Individual Statistics, tch chn Link Statistics point-to-point throughput kho st kt
qu ca c{c ng truyn trong mng li, tch chn Path Statistics Flow Ultilization, tch chn Path Statistics LSP
Traffic In/Traffic Out/Ultilization kho st kt qu ca c{c ng TE Tunnel thit lp . Sau ta v|o DES Run Discrete
Event Simulation, sau ta chn DES Results.

a) Ultilization

b) Throughput (bits/sec)

Hnh 12: Kt qu m phng MPLS-TE

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Nh kt qu m phng ta thy lu lng by gi khng ch i theo ng t PE1 n Core 1 m cn c c lu lng

chuyn t PE1 n Core 3. Trong lu lng CE1-CE4, CE2-CE5 c chuyn qua Core 1 bng 2 ng hm pha trn, lu
lng CE3-CE6 c chuyn qua Core3 bng ng hm pha di.