Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and opals shine and sparkle. Beautiful
jewellery is made from them. They are stones which are so rare and hard to find
that they have been named precious stones.
Diamonds are buried deep in the earth, usually in or near extinct
5
volcanoes. They appear dull and gray when they are dug out of the ground, but
after cutting and polishing, diamonds flash and shimmer.
Diamonds are the hardest material that comes from the earth's crust. They can
even be used for cutting rocks. Only a diamond will scratch another diamond.
Because of their hardness, diamonds are used to make
10 cutting tools. Only the largest and most perfect stones become jewels.
Corundum is a common mineral found in different kinds of rocks. When
corundum has a tiny piece of titanium or cobalt mixed with, it is blue in colour
and called a sapphire. If chromium is mixed in corundum, it forms a dark red
ruby.
15
Large pieces of granite or limestone sometimes contain a rock called
beryl. When chromium is mixed with beryl, it makes a deep green emerald.
are the best known precious stones all over the world
have a high possibility of being broken
are the hardest material to be dug out of the earth's crust
are being used as an important exchange material
are mixed with beryl to make a deep green emerald
in jewellery stores
in or near extinct volcanoes
between crumbled rocks
mixed with the coal
in corundum-like stones
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
_______
shine
rare
precious
extinct
crust
contain
tiny
deep
common
large
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
of great size
minute, extremely small
strong and fairly dark colour
give out bright light; or (to) glimmer
no longer existing
valuable
surface shell
ordinary
have something as part of another thing
unusual, not easily found
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
...... 1. The biggest diamond ever found is the Kaikgi Diamond.
.......2. The hardest materials dug out of the ground are diamonds.
.......3. A sapphire is a precious stone made up of the mixture of
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. sparkle (line 1)
a) shine with clear and bright points
b) having many small parts
c) making regular light movements
d) belong to precious metals
4. scratch (line 8)
a) not good enough
b) itch
c) make small cuts
d) try to solve completely
2. dull (line 5)
a) stupid
b) not bright
c) widow
d) less frequent
3. polish (line 6)
a) make bright by rubbing
b) painting bright
c) citizen of Poland
d) cleaning with a cloth
POMPEII
On August 24, A.D, 79, life ended in the Roman city of Pompeii on the Bay
of Naples. In one day, the town was completely destroyed in the eruption of
a nearby volcano called Mount Vesuvius.
It was around lunch time when a violent earthquake shook the city.
5 Many of the inhabitants immediately fled, but some stayed, unable to leave
their homes and businesses.
Soon after the earthquake, Mount Vesuvius erupted, covering Pompeii
with lava and ash. Those people who had stayed behind were buried under
the thick layers. Their bodies were perfectly preserved for more than 1,500
10 years. They were discovered in the eighteenth century in the same positions
in which they had died.
One man was found lying where he had fallen in the street, still holding a
handful of gold coins. Others were discovered sitting around a table where
they had been eating a meal. Some people had tried to hide in their 75 houses,
but they had not been able to escape the volcano and were buried in their
homes. Many tried to flee with their belongings in carts, but they were trapped
near the gates of the city and covered with lava and ash.
When the volcano stopped erupting 28 hours later, Pompeii was buried under
20 feet of ash. At least 2,000 people died in this terrible disaster.
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
completely
eruption
flee
belongings
hide
coin
perfect
cart
trap
violent
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
property
a two wheeled vehicle
piece of metal used for money
entirely, wholly
catch, capture, prevent from escaping
prevent something from being seen or known
volcanic explosion
with great force
excellent
escape from
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The Roman city of Pompeii was founded on August 24, A.D.
79.
.....2. Volcanoes which have erupted it was early all through the
history have destroyed many famous cities like Pompeii.
....... 3. When the mountain erupted it was early in the afternoon.
....... 4. After the eruption Pompeii was covered with lava and ash.
....... 5. The people who hid in their houses were able to escape.
....... 6. When the volcano stopped erupting 40 hours later, the city was
buried under 80 feet of ash.
.... 7. The bodies of people covered in ash and stone were perfectly
preserved for more than 1,500 years.
D
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. earthquake (line 4)
a) corruption
b) shaking of the earth's surface
c) eruption in a volcanic region
d) destruction of land
2. inhabitant (line 5)
a) habitual
b) in good condition
c) resident
d) person living in a flat
.
3. bury (line 8)
a) lay away
b) set fire to
c) cover something up
d) put underground, cover
4. preserve (line 9)
a) continue for a long period
b) make something remain as it is
c) give a good appearance of
d) lather in a place
-
RAINBOWS
In the past, people believed that rainbows were made by magic. Some even
believed that the rainbow was a bridge between heaven and earth used by the
gods. They also believed that there was a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.
5 Nowadays, we know that rainbows occur when sunlight shines on drops
of rain. You can see a rainbow when you stand with the sun behind you and the
rain falling in front of you.
Although sunlight doesn't seem to have any colour, it is actually made up of many
colours. When it enters a drop of rain, sunlight separates into
10 violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
Raindrops reflect the colours in sunlight. Because the colours blend together,
only four or five are usually visible.
Numerous rays of sunlight reflecting off raindrops, form a shining, curved
rainbow. Often, a faint second rainbow appears outside the first. Its 75 colours
will be in the opposite order to those of the brighter rainbow.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. magic
2. heaven
3. separate
4. form
5. curved
6. numerous
7. believe
8. also
9. in front of
10. usually
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
1
...........
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. past (line 1)
a) bygone days
b) go along
c) many times
d) go away
2. occur (line 5)
a) become
b) read
c) come into existence
d) have a cure
4. blend (line 1 1 )
a)
b)
c)
d)
,
a)
b)
c)
d)
'
shine
wipe
show
sunlight
mix
marry
put on
give back
C?
A LONG TRIP
Land animals must often wander around searching for food. In the summer,
caribou live in the northern regions of North America. At the end of July, they
start moving south to escape the harsh cold of winter. They travel together in
big herds. During the following spring, they return
5
northwards. Young caribou are born at this time, but the herd doesn't stop for
long and keeps moving despite every difficulty. Sometimes, many caribou
drown when they cross flooding rivers.
Lemmings are small animals that live in northern Europe. When they
have a lot of food to eat, they produce many young. As the babies grow, the
10 food can run out. So the lemmings have to start migrating to search for
more food. They move along roads and through towns. Many die on the
way to a new feeding place.
Whales also migrate. Humpback whales, for instance, swim from cold
Antarctic waters to warmer seas in tropics. They have their babies in the 75
tropical oceans. After winter, they return to the Antarctic where there is
much food.
Salmon can live up to nine years. In order to lay their eggs, they migrate upstream
from the ocean. It's very hard to swim against the river current. They must jump
very high to get over waterfalls. When they finally reach
20 quiet, shallow water far upstream, they lay their eggs. This is called
spawning, and Pacific salmon only do it once in their lives. They die soon after
laying eggs. Atlantic salmon, however, might return to the ocean and then swim
back upstream to spawn more than three times during their lives.
A
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
drown
run out
current
migrate
for instance
despite
region
northward
9. harsh
10. shallow
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
...... 1.
...... 2.
...... 3.
...... 4.
......5.
...... 6.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. wander (line 1)
a)
b)
c)
d)
astonish
search for
walk in a circle
to move around
2. herd (line 5)
a) animal group
b) easy to be influenced
c) bring together
d) shepherd
3. keep (line 6)
a) to take with
b) continue
c) steady
d) be together
4. cross (line 7)
a) symbol of Christianity
b) x-shaped
c) to go across
d) running
5. flooding (line 7)
a) overflow of river or lake because of heavy rain
b) making larger in terms of amount
c) unable to hold the amount required
d) fast moving
THE MAYA
One of the most important and highly advanced civilizations in ancient times
lived in South America were Mayans.
The Mayans were excellent astronomers. They understood the
movements of the planets, and they could accurately predict when an
5 eclipse would occur. Surprisingly, however, the Mayans could not build a
simple arch. They also had a very simple form of picture writing.
But the Mayans were skillful in mathematics. They could count in
millions and understood the concept of zero a thousand years before any
other people in the world. The Mayan mathematical system used only three
10 symbols, a dot for the number one, a bar for five, and a shell shape for zero.
The Mayans also had a calendar. It started in the year 3113 B.C. Instead of
weeks, months, and years, the Mayan calendar had the kin for one day, the
unial for 20 days, the tun for 360 days, the katun for 7,200 days, and the baktun
for 144,000 days.
15
Mayan cities were linked by an advanced trading system. Some had
populations of up to 40,000 people.
Suddenly, without explanation, around the beginning of the tenth century
A.EX, the Mayans abandoned their cities and towns. Even though scholars have
suggested a variety of reasons for this surprising event,
20 nobody is absolutely certain what caused the end of Mayan civilization.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
had a calendar
knew the movements of the planets
had a developed system of trade
understood the concept of zero
were skilled architects
3. We know .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
that there was only one reason why the Mayans disappeared
that some Mayans are still living today
that the Mayans had a great interest in biological events
nothing about why the Mayan civilization ended
that the Mayans were rich people
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
accurately
predict
eclipse
concept
link
skillful
abandon
absolutely
occur
10. arch
A. happen
B. hiding something by coming before it
C. qualified
D. say that something will happen in the future
E. leave a place forever or for a long time
F. completely
G. connect
H. notion, abstract principle
I. a structure curved at the top and supported
by a wall or post at both sides
J. correctly, precisely
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
3.
4.
....... 6.
....... 7.
I)
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. advanced (line 1)
a) convinced
c) taken forward
b) developed
d) promoted
b) long string
d) rectangular shape
a)
b)
c)
d)
VOLCANOES
The earth seems like a very solid place. We can run or jump up and down on
the ground and it will not cave in under our feet. It also supports huge
buildings that weigh thousands of tons.
But our idea about the earth being a solid place is only because we are
5 living on its surface. Sometimes things happen which give a different
picture of the earth's composition. A volcanic eruption is one of them.
In ancient times when people saw fire shooting out of a volcano they thought it
was because the gods were angry. But with developments in science we have
learned much about the interior of the earth and what W causes a volcano to
erupt.
Far below the surface of the earth things are not as stable as on top. The
earth's hard outer surface is only a very thin crust. A thick layer, called the
mantle, lies beneath the crust. The core, which might be as hot as 5,500
degrees Celsius, is at the center of the earth. Because of the weight of rocks
75 above, there is a great amount of pressure inside the earth.
Pockets of melted material, called magma, exist in the earth's mantle. When
pressure inside the earth squeezes magma into weak spots in the surrounding
rock? it can reach the surface through a volcano. Magma which comes out on the
ground is known as lava.
20 Volcanic eruptions are caused by the pressure of magma and gases
inside the earth. Tons of rock, lava, and ash can shoot up into the sky during
these tremendous explosions. But if the pressure is not so great, lava just flows
out on the earth's surface like thick syrup.
After reaching the surface, lava starts to cool down. It can remain on the 25 side of
the volcano, making it grow larger. Many islands, such as those in Hawaii, were
formed in this way. Rocks and ash thrown out during eruptions can also
build up the sides of a volcano.
Only about half of the thousand known volcanos in the world are active.
Volcanos are considered active if they have erupted from time to time.
30 Even though they are found in all parts of the world, most volcanos are
grouped together or exist in long cha ins, usually near the ocean. For
instance, the Pacific Ocean is circled by a chain of volcanos. It is known as the
Ring of Fire.
Every time a volcano erupts, scientists learn more about the causes and 55 effects
of volcanic eruptions. Perhaps someday they will even be able to predict when a
volcano is about to explode.
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. solid
2. huge
3. beneath
4. crust
5. exist
6. shoot up
7. syrup
8. explode
9. spot
10. mantle
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The number of active volcanos is about 500.
....... 2. People thought that the fire shooting out of a volcano was due
2. ancient (line 7)
a) old
b) live
c) stay
d) left
AT THE CENTER OF
THE STORM
Tropical ocean storms that start near the West Indies are called hurricanes.
Those that begin in the Pacific Ocean are called typhoons.
Hurricanes are made up of a large circle of storm clouds hundreds of
kilometers wide. There is a hole, called the eye of the hurricane, in the 5
middle of the clouds where the air is completely calm.
We don't exactly know what causes these storms. They start near the
equator where the air is hot, damp, and still. When this air rises, rain clouds
form. Then something causes the clouds to start turning. The hot air at the
center forms an eye, and the storm becomes a hurricane whe n the wind
10 reaches a speed of 119 kilometers an hour. =
Hurricanes are very strong. Wind speeds may reach 322 kilometers an hour. The
storm causes huge ocean waves which can flood towns and cities along the
coastline. Hurricanes can also uproot trees and tear buildings apart.
15 People living along the route of a hurricane get hit by two storms. First
comes the blowing wind and driving rain of the initial line of clouds. After a
while, the storm lessens and the rain stops. The air becomes -hot and still. At this
point, the eye is passing overhead. Sometimes it takes more than an hour to move
on. After the eye passes, the back portion of clouds arrives.
20 The storm becomes intense. The wind blows and the rain
pours down. Eventually this part of the storm also passes on.
Hurricanes and typhoons are named in alphabetical order. Every year, the first
hurricane of the season is given a name beginning with A, the second receives
a name starting with B, and so on.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. flood
2. typhoon
3. intense
4. completely
5. calm
6. damp
7. still
8. huge
9. hurricane
10. coastline
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. We can describe the storms that begin in the Pacific Ocean or
earth.
....... 6. The eye of a storm is its most violent and destructive part.
...... 7. Hurricanes and typhoons are assigned particular numbers,
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. uproot (line 13)
a) turn upside down
b) tear up by the roots
c) break down
d) plant
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
4 .
1. examine
2. amputate
3. will
marathon
5. stump
6. neck
7. breathe
8. inspire
9. courage
10. cheer
A.
B.
C.
D.
cut off
bravery
inhale and exhale air
volition - mental faculty by
which one deliberately decides
upon a course of action
. F. G. analyze in detail
acclaim with happiness
H.
stimulate to action
a part that remains after the
I. J.
main part has been cut off
a long distance race
the part of the body joining the
head to the trunk
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
...... 1. The pain in Terry's right leg was caused by cancer.
...... 2. Terry Fox encouraged disabled people to run.
...... 3. The "Marathon of Hope" aimed to collect money for cancer
research.
...... 4. Terry's marathon was not supported by non-profit organizations.
...... 5. Inspired by Terry Fox's great courage and will, many people
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. determination (title)
a) resoluteness
b) strike
c) sentence
d) regulation
2. pain (line 2)
a) injury
b) penalty for a crime
c) a feeling of discomfort
d) bleeding in the body
3. ordinary (line 5)
a) exceptional
b) random
c) abnormal
d) common
raise (line 6)
a) erect
b) increase
c) bring up
d) collect
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
take off
weak
ostrich
lift
flock
wander
dig
region
shallow
lay
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
area
a group of animals
not deep
rise up in flight
move about at random
produce eggs
not physically strong
elevate
a big bird
remove sand with a tool
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Ostriches can't fly because they have small wings.
....... 2. Ostriches are good runners.
....... 3. Ostriches live in cold regions.
....... 4. Ostriches eat reptiles or plants.
....... 5. The female ostrich digs a shallow hole in the sand.
....... 6. The mother also incubates the eggs with her warm body.
....... 8. Ostriches cannot defend themselves properly.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
4. threatening (line 16)
reptile (line 7)
a) insects, bees
a) coming in a dangerous way
b) eagles, falcons, seagulls
b) searching
c) snakes, lizards, earthworms
c) turning over in the desert
d) elephants, leopards, chetaahs
d) with aim of harming
2. incubate (line 12)
a) lay on ground
b) keep warm
c) walk around
d) turn up and down
3. hatch (line 15)
a) come out of, break out of
b) grow into
c) produce rapidly
d) pull inside, suck
10
THE MECHANICAL
CHESS-PLAYINC- TURK
In the eighteenth century, an inventor named Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen
built a mechanical robot that could play chess. The machine looked like a man
and was dressed in Turkish clothing. The chess-playing Turk could win every
game it played!
5 The robot was built in Vienna in 1769. It sat behind a chest which was 4
feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 feet high. A chessboard lay on the chest, and the
Turk moved the pieces with his left hand.
Before games, Baron von Kempelen opened the chest to show people the
complicated machinery inside. The robot beat many famous opponents JO at
chess, including Empress Catherine the Great of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte.
But this amazing invention was a fake, and the Baron was a trickster. Many
people believed that the games were played by very good chess-playing
midgets. Actually, a full-grown man could fit in the chest 75 and control the
robot.
Magnets were attached to the base of the chess pieces, and small metal
balls were connected to threads below the chessboard. The balls stuck to
the top of the chest because of the magnets. When the chessmen were
moved, the player hiding in the chest could keep track of the game by
20 watching the movement of the balls.
Only after Baron von Kempelen died in 1804 was the secret of the mechanical
chess-playing Turk discovered. The machine was brought to the United States
and put in a museum in Philadelphia. Unfortunately, this interesting device was
destroyed in a fire in 1854.
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below,
according to the text.
1. The Baron convinced people by .
A) playing games with very good chess- playing midgets
B) showing them the complicated machinery inside
C) saying that the machinery was built in Vienna with high
technology
D) saying his robot could beat even Napoleon Bonaparte
E) saying that there was a Turk inside
2. The trick was that
A) people saw the full-grown man who fit in the chest and
controlled the robot
B) people noticed that the games were played by very good
chess-playing midgets
C) since there were magnets, the player hiding in the chest was able
to follow the game by watching the movement of the metal balls
D) a chessboard lay on the chest, and the Turk moved the pieces
with his left hand
E) the robot had very complicated machinery inside
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
include
opponent
A.
B.
3.
4.
5.
6.
trickster
chest
midget
secret
C.
D.
E.
F.
7. chess
8. fake
9. complicated
10. inventor
G.
H.
I.
J.
difficult to understand
a person who is against something or
someone
contain
something kept hidden
person who deceives or cheats others
something that is not what it looks like
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text. f
.......1. The chess-playing Turk was the name of a mechanical robot.
.......2. The clothing of the robot symbolized the quality of being
unbeatable
.......3. The chess-playing Turk was seldom beaten.
.......4. The robot defeated some famous people like Napoleon
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. wide (line 6)
a) edge
b) broad
c) long
d) size
2. beat (line 9)
a) compete
b) injure
c) defeat
d) succeed
3. include (line 10)
a) complain
c) comprise
a)
b)
c)
'
d)
match
close
connect
keep off
a)
b)
c)
d)
ruin
deliver
strike
betray
b) progress d)
comment
11
AN ARMY OF ANTS
An army is advancing through the forest, attacking every living creature in its
path. But the soldiers aren't people, they're ants! They are called army ants
and they are searching for food.
The soldiers find a sick armadillo that can't move. It's much bigger than
5 the ants, but they swarm over it in their thousands and chew it to bits.
Army ants don't live in a nest. Once in a while, they stop moving and "make
camp", maybe beneath a tree. The insects form a big, glistening cluster. Their
queen then lays thousands of eggs. At the same time, thousands of other
baby
ants
lie
in
cocoons,
slowly
changing
into
adults.
10 After about ten days, the eggs hatch into small grubs called larvae. The
young ants have also become adults by this time, and they hatch from thencocoons. Both the larvae and the young adults are very hungry. They must eat,
so the army begins moving in a search for food.
The ants can't see where they are going. Most types of army ants are
15 blind. As each ant moves forward, it leaves a scent trail. So the ants simply
follow one another's trails. Because the ants in the lead have no trail to
follow, the whole column moves forward blindly.
3. Although ants are blind, they can follow each other because -.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cocoon
forward
swarm
hatch
adult
scent
cluster
trail
bit
larvae
A. a distinctive odor
B. cause to emerge from an egg
C. small piece, portion
D. a group of things gathered closely together
E. tending toward the front
F. a newly hatched insect
G. a mark trace or path left by a moving body
H. one that is fully grown or mature
I. the silky or fibrous pupal case spun by larvae
J. move quickly in large numbers
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ants attack every living creature in their path when they are
advancing through the forest.
A sick insect can defend itself from being eaten.
Some ants live beneath a tree.
The queen eats some of the worker ants to have strength.
Baby ants in cocoons become adults in ten days.
The leading ants always know where they are going.
Although ants are blind, they leave a scent trail to follow.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
advance (line 1)
a) raise
b) hasten
c) propose
d) to move forward
2. attack (line 1)
a)
b)
c)
d)
criticize strongly
assist
to set upon with violent force
to start working with vigor
3. search (line 3)
a) look for
b) go around
c) instigate
d) examine
4. chew (line 5)
a) grind with the teeth
b) talk idly
c) mix
d) disobey
5. lay (line 8)
a) put forth
b) assign
c) locate
d) produce and deposit
12
THE TROJAN HORSE
In ancient times, there was a famous city named Troy. It was protected
by huge walls with sturdy gates. An army of Greeks had attacked Troy for
a number of years, but they could not capture it.
One day the Trojans awoke to find that the enemy had departed. It
5 seemed that the Greeks had given up the siege, boarded their ships, and
sailed away. The people of Troy were very happy. At the same time, they
saw a large wooden statue of a horse in front of the city gates. The Trojans
thought that it was an offering from their enemy, and they brought it inside
the walls.
10 After celebrating their victory well into the night, the Trojans went to
sleep. Not everyone in the city was asleep however. Sounds came from
inside the horse. Suddenly a secret door opened, and Greek soldiers began
climbing out of the statue. They quietly made their way to the gates of the
city and unlocked them. Outside, the rest of the Greek army, which had
15 only pretended to leave, was waiting. The soldiers swiftly entered the city
and began lighting fires and killing the Trojans while they slept. The trick
had worked, and Troy was captured and destroyed by the Greeks.
The story of the Trojan Horse is very old, and for centuries, people
believed that it was true. Eventually, however, it came to be regarded as
20 fictional.
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below,
according to the text
1. According to the passage, the Greek army .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
'
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. huge
2. secret
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
eventually
offering
swift
siege
depart
destroy
wooden
pretend
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
made of wood
very large
to leave a place, e.g. city
damage and ruin completely
to put on a false show
hidden
gift, present
happening at a later time or at the end
quick
surround to attack
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1, Trojans invaded the legendary city of the Greeks.
....... 2. When everyone in the city had falle n asleep, the hidden soldiers
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
sturdy (line 2)
a) strong
b) stubborn
c) hard
d) huge
2. capture (line 3)
a) keep an eye
b) catch
c) conquer
d) arrest
3. board (line 5)
a) get on
b) have a board
c) start
d) separate
13
THE STORY OF AUSTRALIA
Simeon Lord was an English robber who was put in jail for stealing some
bolts of cloth. Because the prisons in England were so crowded, he was sent to
Australia.
His ship arrived at Sydney Cove in Australia in 1791. As Simeon left
5 the boat, he looked around at the new land. The sun was very hot, and a
few huts along the shore were the only dwellings. Some fields bordered by
a great forest stretched into the distance beyond the shoreline. Simeon
would live here for the next seven years.
Simeon was among one of the earliest groups of British prisoners sent to 10
Australia. The first convicts had arrived three years before in 1788. Only a few
white settlers were living in the country. Most of Australia's inhabitants at
the time were Aborigines. They had been there for centuries.
In the following eighty years, thousands of English convicts were
transported to Australia. They led a hard life in the new land. Many died
75 while toiling in the fields or working on building projects. They also died
from starvation and disease. However, some of the prisoners survived and
even managed to prosper.
Simeon Lord was among the lucky few who lived. He gained his
freedom after se*ven years of confinement. Rather than returning to
20 England, he became a merchant, bringing food and supplies to the new
colony at Sydney Cove. Over time, the settlement grew. Today, Sydney is
the largest city in Australia.
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below,
according to the text.
1. Though a few white men were living in Australia in 1791 .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. dwelling
2. cove
3. hut
4. inhabitant
5. toil
6. prosper
7. settlement
8. convict
9. stretch
10. robber
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
thief, burglar
house, residence
colony
a small house
extend, reach
someone living in a place
bay, inlet
work hard, struggle
succeed, advance
criminal, prisoner
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
...... 1. Simeon Lord was a rich businessman whose ship had gotten lost
Aborigines.
...... 4. The English established a new; colony in Sydney Bay.
...... 5. The prisoners were able to get along with the Aborigines.
...... 6. Indeed, Australia was a dry and cool land without trees.
...... 7. The reason why criminals were sent to Australia was the lack of
c?
Choose the appropriate definition for each giv en word as used in the
text.
1. jail (line 1)
a) judgement
b) prosecution
c) prison
d) trial
2. border (line 6)
a)
b)
c)
d)
confusion
entrance
compliment
imprisonment
a) transporter
b) person who makes trades
-,
c) person who grows
industrial plants
d) one who makes international
agreements
3. Satellites in space .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
determine
A.
2. radio
3. forecast
4. clue
5. exactly
6. measure
7. even
8. eventually
9. record
10. instrument
B.
C.
D.
yet
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1.
....... 2.
....... 3.
....... 4.
..5.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
moisture (line 9}
a) tiny drops of water
b) traces of mud
c) a cloud
d) dirt in the atmosphere
2. locate (line 10)
a) find the exact place
b) sense
c) predict
d) give position
3. approaching (line 10)
a) becoming stronger
b) coming close
c) becoming bigger
d) turning into
4.
AFRICAN CROCODILES
Even though they are smaller now, African crocodiles look the same as they did
during the time of the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs died out long ago, but crocodiles
continue to live on the earth.
Because crocodiles are similar to dinosaurs, scientists can learn about
5 life on our planet 70 million years ago.
Crocodiles are among the largest reptiles. They live near rivers and spend
most of the day lying in the sun. At night, they stay in the water.
Fish are a favourite food for small crocodiles. Larger crocodiles can eat
big animals. They float on the water like logs, waiting to surprise an
10 animal. When the animal comes to the river to drink, the crocodile grabs its
head or leg. The reptile pulls the animal into the water, drowns it, and tears
it apart.
Female crocodiles dig holes along the river bank. They lay their eggs in the
holes and cover them with sand. Mother crocodiles guard their eggs.
15 Baby crocodiles make tiny croaking sounds when they hatch. When their
mother hears these noises, she starts digging to let them out of the hole. She then
puts the babies into a special pouch in her mouth. The baby crocodiles can look
out between their mother's teeth. With her mouth half-closed, she takes her
babies to the water.
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below,
according to the text.
1. Since the time of dinosaurs, African crocodiles .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
crocodile
almost
reptile
favourite
drown
sand
croak
hatch
pouch
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. African crocodiles have not changed but have become smaller
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
4.
1. log (line 9)
a) A device used to
determine the speed
of a ship
b) A trunk or section of a
fallen tree
e) A record of a ship's speed
f) A flat, carrying device in water
2. grab (line 10)
a) arrest
b) make something happen
c) grasp suddenly
d) capture
disunite
cry
pull apart or into pieces
make worse
Too
MUCH OF
GOOD THING
All of us dream of living in a warm climate and lying in the sun all day.
But scientists are saying that we are getting too much sun and it can be
harmful. Although the sun is necessary for human life, it also contains
harmful rays.
5 For millions of years the earth was protected from these rays by a layer
of a gas called ozone. Now this layer is being damaged by chemicals used
in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol cans. These chemicals destroy
the ozone and large holes are appearing in this layer allowing the harmful
rays of the sun to reach the earth.
10 The earth is also getting too warm because of too much carbon dioxide.
This gas is produced by the burning of fuels to warm our homes, to run our
cars and to manufacture things we need. This gas is used by trees and
plants, but everywhere in the world trees and plants are being cut down. In
the meantime, more and more carbon dioxide is being made. Since the
15 plants can't use it up as fast as it is made, it collects in the sky and prevents
the earth from cooling. Scientists are afraid that as the world gets warmer,
the polar ice caps will melt and thousands of cities near the coasts of the
continents will be underwater.
Global warming and damage to the ozone layer can be stopped, but we
20 must all do our share to stop them.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2. People are exposed to the harmful rays of the sun because of ----.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
climate
contain
chemical
cap
fuel
manufacture
melt
ozone
polar
prevent
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (J), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1. Being exposed to too much sun causes cancer.
.......2. The rays of the sun can be both harmful and beneficial.
.......3. Some man-made chemicals damage the ozone.
.......4. Carbon dioxide contains two oxygen molecules.
.......5. Carbon dioxide mostly results from plants burning fuel.
.......6. The earth is not in danger of being underwater.
.......7. Global warming will last forever.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
harmful (line 3)
a) outrage
b) influencing
c) wounding
d) damaging
2.
ray (line 4)
a) trace
b) a kind of gas
c) a straight line
d) beam of light
a)
b)
'
c)
d)
meanwhile
at the same time
later on
moreover
3. layer (line 5)
a) combined levels of sand or soil
b) a thickness of some material over a surface
c) covering other things completely
d) inhibitor
TEMEL ON AN ISLAND
Three survivors from three different countries woke up on the shore of
an island one day. They had been swimming for a long time and were very
tired when they reached the island, so they fell asleep where they were.
When they woke up, the only thing they knew was that they were on a very
5 small island somewhere in the middle of the Pacific. One of the survivors
was a Frenchman, the second was a German and the third was Temel, from
Turkey. Fortunately they all spoke English and managed to communicate
with each other. They decided that the first thing they should do is find
some food, because they were all hungry. They searched the island for
10 food, but it was a very small island and there was no food anywhere. But
one of the survivors found a strange bottle on the shore and showed it to the
others. They all looked at it for a while and then decided to open it to see
what was inside. As soon as they opened the bottle, a column of smoke
gushed out of the bottle. The smoke formed itself into a cloud, and then a
15 genie appeared as if from nowhere. The genie was so big that his slippers
were on the ground and his turban was almost touching the sky. The three
survivors got scared, but the genie told them that he would give each of
them a wish. Whatever they wanted was no problem. The genie could do
anything for them.
20 Because the Frenchman had found the bottle, he decided to go first. He
told the genie that he wished to be at home with his family in St. Malo. The
genie clapped his hand and the Frenchman was gone. Then the German
said that he wished to be in a bar with all his old friends from Hamburg. In
the same way the genie clapped his hands for the second time and the
25 German disappeared too. Then the genie asked Temel for his wish, but
Temel could not think of what he wanted. Temel thought and thought and
then said to the genie:
"I can't think of what to wish for, so I wish my friends were back here
to help me decide".
A
eat something
find the energy they needed
swim across the ocean
look for food
dry their clothes
B,.-Vocabulary
1. clap
happen
2. survivor
3. shore
4. gush (out, from)
5.
6.
7.
8.
slippers
genie
turban
wish
9.
form
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1. They were all good swimmers but they got tired and could reach
it was reasonable.
....... 6. The German was first to say his wish.
....... 7. The genie appeared in a cloud of smoke.
....... 8. Temel wished the French and the German would help him.
D
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. manage (line?)
a) get hold of a company
b) succeed in a doing or accomplishing
c) provide with necessary skills
d) be able to fight against an injustice
/
2. search (line 9)
a) try to find
b) look for a lost item
c) make a thorough check of something
d) obtain a solution to a problem
sunlight passes through the atmosphere to our eyes, the white light is split
JO up into its parts.
When sunlight runs into molecules of gases or small particles in our
atmosphere, some parts of the white light are scattered. Most of the blue
portion is scattered and when the light reaches us it has a warm colour.
Later, when the sun or the moon is directly overhead, less of the light is
15
20
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
doesn't scatter
scatters less and is whiter
scatters and is more colourful
becomes whiter
becomes more blue
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
horizon
A.
2.
bright
B.
3.
overhead
C.
4.
5.
6.
7.
exhibit
rainbow
split up
particles -
DE.
F.
G.
8.
portion
H.
9.
therefore
I, ,
10.
distance
J.
in conclusion
part of something
the space between two points or places
a colourful arc that we sometimes see in
the sky when it is raining
the line in the far distance where the sky
seems to meet the land or the sea
above you or above the place you are
talking about
the opposite of dark
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1. When you see the moon high up in the sky, it seems to be more
colourful.
.......2. It is difficult to look at the sun when it is just rising in the
morning.
.......3. Sunlight is in fact white light.
.......4. We see the moonlight and sunlight in different colours at
different times.
....... 5. Sunlight actually contains the colours of the rainbow.
....... 6. There are two ends of a rainbow and it is easy to locate them
using naked eye.
....... 7. Generally the blue part of sunlight is scattered in the
atmosphere.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. phenomenon (line 5)
a) happening
b) scientific clue
c) something that is observed to happen or to exist
d) so good or great that it is very unusual
OUR ENVIRONMENT
"In the time it takes to read this, more than a million pounds of material that could
have been recycled will be thrown away all over California."
California Against Waste (CAW) Newsletter
We are running out of space in which to discard our garbage, and our
5 current methods of disposing of it are endangering the environment. One
solution to this problem is recycling.
Recycling is the process of collecting used materials and
remanufacturing them into new products instead of throwing them away.
This process is important because it reduces the trash in overcrowded
10 landfills, salvages materials that we can use to make new products, and
save our natural resources.
Used products may be converted or reutilized in a number of ways. Paper is
reprocessed into new sheets, glass is cleaned and remolded, and plastic is melted
and formed into new products such as carpet backing,
15 fence posts, and drainage pipes.
Recycling is being done worldwide. Japan recycles 95% of its bottles and 50%
of its aluminum; the United States recycles only 20% of its bottles and 38% of
its aluminum. In Germany a new law requires product manufacturers to create
ways of reusing their packaging material.
20 Helping to solve the garbage crisis is something everyone can do if they
just remember the three Rs: "reduce, reuse, and recycle."
burning
sale to factories
recycling
exporting
changing garbage into fuel
Salvaging material
Saving our natural resources
Making new material out of old ones
Increasing the salary of garbage men
Reducing the trash in overcrowded landfills
B) Plastic
D) Aluminum
E) Paper
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
recycle
dispose of
melt
salvage
garbage
trash
endanger
convert
drainage
fence
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
outflow of rainwater
waste material
get rid of
put into a situation that may cause harm
change to liquid
a barrier for showing a border
turn into
to process something to use again
waste material
save something by putting it into use again
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
...... 1. The lack of space for getting rid of waste material puts recycling
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. environment (line 5)
a) the world around us
b) desire for change
c) housing
d) facilitation
2. reduce (line 9)
a) bring on track
b) lead back
c) make something less
d) do again
CLOSE CALL
Dan La Flaunt had learned a lot about the land around Mt. Saint Helens
on the many camping trips he had made with his father and brothers in the
area. His father had taught his sons how to survive in the woods. Out of the
four boys, Dan was the only one who liked taking photographs on the trips.
5 On May 17, 1980, Dan's father took him, his brother David, and some
friends camping near the mountain. They hoped to get a close look at the
steaming volcano, but they made sure their campsite was well outside the
danger zone around the mounta in.
Early the following morning, the campers woke up suddenly when a
10 huge tremor shook the ground, Dan leapt out of his sleeping bag and
grabbed his camera. A huge plume of smoke was rising from Mt. Saint
Helens. As clouds of ash and steam exploded from the mountain, Dan
snapped pictures. But the wave of smoke and debris, mowing down large
trees in its path, headed directly towards the campsite!
15 Leaving everything behind, the group ran to the car and speed off down
the road. As they fled, Dan rolled down a window and kept taking pictures.
As they raced along, they shouted to other campers to get out as fast as
possible. Trees snapped in the wind as it roared by, and bolts of lightning
shot through the air*
20 Fortunately, an updraft pushed the strong winds over the tops of the
trees as the car approached Riffle Lake. The sky became dark and chunks
of mud hit the speeding automobile. The windshield wipers broke so Dan
and his father leaned out to wipe the rnud off the glass. When they reached
flat ground, after covering fifteen miles in less than twenty minutes, the air
25 was filled with falling ash.
After calling their families from a nearby house, they hurried home. But
they were still weak and shaking with fright.
Dan's exciting photographs were eventually printed in a major
American newspaper. Even if other people forget the eruption of Mt. Saint
30 Helens, Dan will always have his pictures to remind him of the tremendous
blast and his narrow escape from death.
A)
_B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ash
Wind
A tree
Lightning
Mud
mowing down
zone
leap
steam
A.
B.
C.
D.
trip
debris
huge
flee
tremor
grab
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. It took the campers less than 20 minutes to reach flat ground
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. survive (line 3)
a) escape from
b) keep on living
c) remain alive
d) run away
We all like a nice day with a clear blue sky. But what is it that makes the sky
blue? This question has been asked since pre-history.
The light coming from the sun is white light but something must happen to it in the
atmosphere to make it appear blue to us. White light is made up
5 of a spectrum of colours. If one colour is absorbed or subtracted in some manner,
the rest of the light takes on some other colour as a result.
In 1869, John Tyndall, a British scientist, suggested that dust and other particles in
the atmosphere were the cause of the blue colour. If this were true, though, the sky
would
change
colour
depending
on
the
amount
of
10 particles in the air. This pointed to the fact that air itself was the reason.
When light comes into the atmosphere it is absorbed by gas molecules which
become excited by the added energy and then re-emit photons. Photons of
different wavelengths have different colours. It was discovered that there are eight
times
more
photons
with
the
blue
wavelength.
It
is
15 because of them that we see what is an apparently blue sky. There are other
colours in the sky but there is so much blue that it drowns them out.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
is hardly discussed
hasn't been answered
was answered by John Tyndall, in 1867
has been asked by man since the earliest times
wasn't asked until 1867
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. pre-history
2. appear
3. manner
4. cause
5. amount
6. reason
7. discover
8. apparently
9. absorb
10. depend on
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The colour blue cannot be absorbed in the atmosphere during
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. subtract (line 5)
a)
b)
c)
d)
to take away
to add one number to another number
to change
to feel that one is not qualified enough for something
2. dust (line 7)
a) nucleus
b) a fine powder such as gold, coal etc.
c) dirt
d) very small dry particles of earth or sand
RAISING A FAMILY
Baby mammals generally live inside their mother until they are bom. They are
connected to her by a tube. The babies get food and oxygen from their mother's
body through the tube. After becoming completely formed, the babies come out
of their mother's body.
5
Young mammals all eat the same food. They drink their mother's milk.
Baby giraffes, mice, whales and bats all drink milk from their mothers.
Often, baby mammals remain weak and he lpless for long time. Kittens,
puppies and mice are all born with closed eyes. They open their eyes a few
days after birth. Like human babies, they also have weak legs. Their
10 mothers must care for them until they learn to walk. Some baby mammals
are stronger. Young giraffes can walk a few hours after birth.
As young mammals grow, their jaws strengthen and their baby teeth fall out.
When new, sharper teeth grow in their place, the babies can learn to eat adult
food.
15 Most small animals learn from their parents how to find food.
Plant-eaters leam where to find the tastiest morsels. Meat-eaters learn to hunt.
Other animals learn how to swim and dive for their food.
Small animals face many dangers. They need their parents' protection to survive.
But as they grow older, they must learn to live on their own. They
20 learn how to see, hear, and sense danger.
When young mammals can take care of themselves, their parents drive them
away. Maybe new babies will be born soon, and the adults will have to spend
all their time taking care of them.
2. Once a mammal's baby teeth fall out, new and sharper teeth
grow .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
face no danger
learn how to protect themselves
need to be fed by parents
cannot live on their own
take care of their old parents
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
morsel
1.
2. connect
3. strengthen
4. form
5. remain
6. weak
7. jaws
8. sharp
9. protect
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
guard
come into a shape a small piece of food
lacking physical strength bony
structures that border the mouth
attention become strong
having a thin edge or a fine, acute point
continue, without change of condition, quality
or place
10. care
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. completely (line 3)
a) entirely
b) urgently
c) formally
d) partially
AMERICAN ALLIGATORS
American alligators are large reptiles with long tails, round noses, and
thick, scaly skin that live in the swamplands of the southeastern United
States,
Alligators lie in warm, sunny places or float in pools of water during the
5 day. At night they hunt fish, frogs, snakes, turtles, rats, and smaller
alligators.
Although most types of reptiles are very quiet, alligators are noisy
creatures. Baby alligators make grunting sounds, and large males bellow
like bulls. The noise of their roaring often fills the swamps.
10 Alligators perform many useful tasks in nature. The holes they make for
themselves underground later fill up with water and become ponds where
fish, birds and other animals can live. Alligators also help the balance of
nature by eating turtles that would otherwise eat all the fish in the
swampland.
15 In the past, thousands of alligators were killed by hunters who wanted
their skins in order to make shoes, belts, purses, and suitcases. Many
swamps were also drained to make room for new towns and roads. Some
people even wanted to keep baby alligators as pets, but few survived in
captivity. All these factors caused a decline in the number of alligators.
20 Luckily, the reptiles are now protected and they are no longer in danger of
dying out.
A
by tourists
to reduce their number in urban areas
to protect other animals
to use their skin in medical cures
for their skins or to be kept as pets
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
skin
float
swamp
tail
die out
grunt
pond
8. balance
9. drain
10. captive
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Alligators always lie in the sun during the whole day.
....... 2. Their skin is used to make shoes, belts, purses etc.
....... 3. Large alligators eat little ones of their own species.
....... 4. Alligators imitate the roar of lions.
....... 5. Fish and birds can live in ponds which were once dug by
alligators. ....... 6. Fish in swamplands could become extinct if
alligators do not eat
turtles. ....... 7. Since swamps were drained to make way for
new towns, the
number of fish and turtles has declined.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. thick (line 2)
a) relatively great in
depth or in extent
b) dense, concentrated
c) not transparent or fluid
d) abounding
2. hunt (line 5)
a) seek
b) search for
c) chase and kill for food
d) catch
3. otherwise (line 13)
a) in other respects
b) or else
c) unlikely
d) in another way
BATS
People generally think bats are scary, but they aren't really all that
frightening. Bats are one of the very few types of mammals that fly. They have
fur on their bodies, and their wings are made of two layers of skin called
membrane. The membrane stretches over the bats' arms and finger
5 bones, and is also joined to their legs for additional strength. Because their
wings are like hands which can easily change shape, bats can do amazing
acrobatics in the air.
When bats want to rest, they fold up their wings like an umbrella, tuck their
heads inside, and hang upside down by their toes. They usually live
10 together with other bats in caves, bams, attics, and even trees.
When a mother bat is ready to give birth, she turns the right way up,
hangs from her thumbs, and makes a net by tucking her tail membrane
between her legs. The baby is born in the net and stays with its mother for a
few days, hanging on to her fur when she is in flight.
15 Bats rest in the daytime and come out at night to hunt- They find their
way around in the dark by squeaking as they fly. If there is an object in their
path, the squeaks make an echo which the bats can hear. Bats have very
large, sensitive ears. Some bats even find their food by using the echoes.
Bats usually eat smaLMnsects or rodents, but some prefer fruit instead of
20 meat. The well-known vampire bat from South America drinks the blood of
animals for nourishment.
At night, vampire bats bite sleeping animals and lick up the blood.
Because the bat moves so quietly, the animals generally don't even wake up.
A
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
bam
attic
scary
thumb
5.
6.
membrane
rodents
7. acrobatics
8. amazing
9. hang on
10. tuck
A.
B.
C.
D.
frightening
soft thin skin
very surprising
the art of balancing something or
somebody
E. fold in
F. building in which crop or animal food
is kept
G. area under the roof
H. the short first digit of the hand I.
small mammals like mice, squirrels etc. J.
hold tightly to prevent from falling
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1.
.......2.
.......3.
.......4.
.......5.
.......6.
.......7.
.......8.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
stretch (line 4)
a) pull
b) cover some area
c) continue forth
d) squeeze
a)
b)
c)
d)
feeding
eating
counting
drinking
refrigerators
air conditioners
food packaging
batteries
foam insulation
ozone molecules
the growth of plankton
the stratosphere
UVrays
chlorofluorocarbons
are damaged
cause cancer
penetrate the oceans
change coast life
affect weather conditions
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
veil
layer
destructive
release
insulation
penetrate
overexposure
reduce
crops
cotton
A.
B.
C.
D.
damaging
go through
agricultural products
being left to face something for a long
time
E. thin material used to cover something
F. protective layer
G. set free
H. piece of a material covering a surface
I. textile material
J. decrease
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The ozone layer is found be tween the stratosphere and the
ionosphere.
....... 2. The protective layer above the earth consists of CFCs.
.......3. Broken down CFCs are called chlorine.
....... 4. "Holes" in the ozone layer are formed when the chlorine attacks
ozone molecules.
.....5. Skin cancer and damage to the retina are caused by
overexposure to UV rays.
....... 6. UV rays strengthen the immune system.
....... 7. Rest of the U.S. skin cancer is rare.
.......8. UV rays can damage marine life as well as agricultural products.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. damage (line 4)
a) rise rapidly
b) happen daily
c) harm
d) surround
OUR WILDLIFE
When a plant or animal is gone forever, we say it is extinct. Although
extinction is a natural process, in today's world it is happening at an
alarming rate. Some experts estimate that one species plant, animal, or
insect becomes extinct every day. At that rate, within the next 20 years,
5 one-fifth of all species could be extinct.
To prevent wildlife in the United States from becoming extinct,
Congress passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973. This law established
two categories for species in trouble: endangered and threatened. A species
is listed as endangered when there are so few members of the species left
JO that it is on the brink of extinction. A species is threatened when, if not
protected, it is likely to become endangered.
The African elephant is one of approximately 1,117 species on the
endangered species list, and there are more than 4,000 specie s waiting to be
put on the list. Sadly, some may become extinct while waiting to be listed.
15 The African elephant is the largest land mammal on earth. In the 1970s,
African elephants numbered in the millions; today there are only about
609,000. This decline has been brought about by loss of habitat (through
encroachment by people), drought, and the ivory trade.
To reduce elephant-poaching and eliminate the market for ivory, in 1989
20 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
banned the ivory trade. However, poaching continues. "What is the
solution? On the road from Makuti to Kariba, far from the preserves, in the
Zambezi valley, vast stretches of savanna bear the scars left by giants. Will
they be left to proliferate, even if ivory loses its value?"
A
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B)
C)
D)
E)
almost extinct
the largest land mammal
not in danger today
not on the threatened species list yet
3. According to scientists .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. extinction
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
proliferate
prevent
threatened
brink
habitat
drought
stretch
valley
scar
A. edge
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The extinction rate of animal species is relatively low today.
....... 2. The ESA of 73 was passed by Congress to prevent the
extinction of wildlife.
.....3. There are two types of all animal species: endangered and
threatened.
....... 4. The Asian elephant is extinct in most parts of the world.
....... 5. Some species of animals will become extinct while they wait to
be listed.
.....6. The decrease in the number of elephants is mostly due to loss of
habitat.
.....7. Poaching has stopped with the banning of the ivory trade in
1989.
.....8. Elephants used to proliferate in the broad stretches of savanna.
I)
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. estimate (line 3)
a) judge
b) indicate
c) mark
d) guess
POLLUTION
"The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the
environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers
and sea with dangerous and even lethal chemicals."
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
Air pollution is the result of man's use of lethal chemicals, and is a
common hazard in both industrial and developing countries. One form of
air pollution is acid rain.
Acid rain results from the release into the atmosphere of sulfur oxide
5 and nitrogen oxide. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers,
large smelters, and automobiles are among the chief source of these
emissions. The gases react with water droplets, forming a diluted mixture
of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and it is this mixture that returns to earth in
the form of acid rain, mist, or snow. Pushed by wind currents, the acid rain
often falls
1O to the ground far from its point of origin.
Acid rain is killing vast stretches of forest in Canada, the United States, and
central and northern Europe. In Europe nearly every species of tree is
affected. Symptoms include the thinning of leaves and needles, deformed
growth, and, in some cases, death. Acid rain has acidified lakes and
15 streams, rendering them unable to support fish, wildlife, plants, or
insects. In Sweden at least 40,000 of the 90,000 lakes have been affected,
and in the United States one in five lakes suffers from this type of pollution.
A
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2. Acid rain falls to the ground far from its point of origin because
of-.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
lakes
trees
streams
chemicals
wildlife
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. droplet
2. hazard
3. affect
4. smelter
5. dilute
6. contamination
7. assault
8. lethal
9. emission
10. boiler
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
attack
pollution
deadly
danger
something that provides hot water
something to melt material in
something put into circulation
small drop
make weaker by adding water
have an effect on
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Air pollution is a danger in industrial and developing countries.
....... 2. Sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere are the causes
of acid rain.
.....3. Acid in the air is seen only in the form of rain.
... 4. Acid mist is also called "smog".
ef
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. stretch (line 11)
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
5.
hill
area
valley
source
incongruent
gathered together
out of shape
cut down
a)
b)
c)
d)
contamination
stop existing
starting to grow
finding
10
15
20
25
30
In 1530, during the conquest of Peru by the Spanish, some of the last
survivors of the Inca dynasty fled into the high Andes mountains.
According to legend, they built a great fortress city in a remote area to
defend themselves against the Spaniards.
Many explorers searched for this city in the jungles and hills around the
mountain of Machu Picchu. But they failed to discover any trace of the
fortress, and scholars decided that it didn't really exist,
Hiram Bingham, a young American history professor, would not give
up. He was convinced that the city existed, and he led a number of
expeditions into the Andes to find it. On one trip in 1911, a local farmer
near Machu Picchu told him a story about a ruined city on top of the
mountain.
Even though Bingham's companions didn't take the story seriously, the
professor had the farmer guide him up the mountain. After a long, difficult
climb of more than 2,000 feet, they came upon the ancient city. It had
walls, white granite buildings, and a hundred terraces made with soil
carried up from the valleys below. The city was more magnificent and
beautiful than Bingham had ever imagined.
The fortress of Machu Picchu was well constructed. The Incas had
moved huge blocks of granite up the sides of the mountain without the help
of wheels. The pieces of stone were cut perfectly, and they fit together like
the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
The fate of the city's inhabitants is a mystery to this day. There are no
written records to tell us what happened. By examining the remains of
burial sites in the area, scholars have discovered that most of the people in
Machu Picchu were women. They were probably members of a special
group of beautiful girls called the "Chosen Women". They were selected
from throughout the Inca empire to receive special training to serve the
nobility and assist in religious rituals.
Bingham thought that these women were brought to Machu Picchu to
carry out their duties and pray for the Spaniards to be defeated. Eventually,
however, the women grew old and died. The men guarding them went
away, leaving no one tell the story of this remarkable city hidden high in
the mountains of Peru.
cliffs
the Northern Plains
fortress city
forests
area near Machu Picchu
many terraces
many caves
area for mountain sports
many visitors in the tourism season
sports tournaments
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
survivor
dynasty
A.
B.
3.
fortress
C.
4.
jungle
D.
5. scholar
E.
6. expedition
7. ruined
8. assist
F.
G.
H.
9. terrace
10. jigsaw puzzle
I.
J.
help
person noted for wisdom, knowledge and
judgement
a raised bank of earth with vertical or
sloping sides.
an organized journey that is made for a
particular purpose
series of rulers of a country who all
belong to the same family
a person who remains alive
castle which is difficult for enemies to enter
a game using a picture on cardboard or
wood that has been cut up into odd shapes
severely harmed, damaged or spoiled
thick forest
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. The Incas had a well-designed defensive system.
....... 2. The researchers looked for the lost city near the Rocky
Mountains.
....... 3. The American professor didn't pay attention to the story the
farmer told.
....... 4. The ancient city was full of granite buildings and many terraces.
....... 5. It took years to build the fortress city.
....... 6. We don't have enough knowledge about the inhabitants of
Macchu Picchu.
....... 7. Chosen women were assisted in mystical functions.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. inhabitant (line 23)
a) people who migrate to a country
b) people who have strong habits
c) people who live in a place
d) strangers in a town
2. burial (line 25)
a) act of placing a body in a grave or tomb
b) act of capturing people
c) act of burning a city
d) acting in a theatre
3. nobility (line 29)
a) ability
b) being on a high intellectual level
c) belonging to ruling class
d) without payment
4. ritual (line 29)
a) ceremonial
b) actions which people carry out in a fixed order
c) melodramatic
,
d) actions of a group of people
5. carry out (line 31)
a) move away
b) remove
c) produce
d) accomplish
A)
B)
C)
D)
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
bulge
predict
tremor
erupt
alter
quantity
flee
8. mound
9. summit
10. eventually
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H. escape
I. eject, explode
J. change, reshape
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Mt. Saint Helens is a 2,900 meter-high dead volcano in the
United States.
....... 2. Paricutin erupted in a farmer's field in 1943,
....... 3. Paricutin stands for the farmer who found it first.
...... 4.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. rumbling (line 3)
a) outcoming noise
b) strong voice
c) rolling sound
d) beating drum
2. blast (line 8)
a) scream
b) explosion
c) forgiven
d) destruction
3. ash
a)
b)
c)
d)
(lines 16)
burst
burying
powdery substance
feeling of guilt
2. A blue ocean .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
is full of life
contains many tiny animals and other things
has tiny animals which contain chlorophyll
is much better than a green one despite its appearance
can be compared to a desert
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
arid
beach
pure
shadow
A.
B.
C.
D.
5. faint
6. molecule
7. reflecting
8. bit
9. desert
10. contain
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) o not
stated (NS) according to the text.
*
.....1. Chlorophyll is a substance which is found only in green plants.
....... 2. A blue ocean is better than a green one.
....... 3. A green ocean contains many living things.
....... 4. Water molecules absorb only red and green colours.
....... 5. Water molecules reflect the blue part of the spectrum.
....... 6. The colour of oceans vary a!l around the world.
....... 7. It is more difficult to swim in green oceans.
1.
absorb (line 6)
a)
b)
c)
d)
give out
contain something
take interest in or deal with something
soak up or take in
2. spectrum (line 7)
a) the distribution of a characteristic of a physical system
arranged in order of wavelengths
b) the range of a particular type of thing
c) a range of light waves or radio waves
d) something which appears after a rain
c) extremely small
d) not huge
PERFECT WISDOM
One day, Nasruddin was working in his garden. It was a hot
summer's day and he was getting very hot and sweaty. When the sun
reached its highest point in the sky, work became unbearable for him and
he decided to rest for a while. He looked around and saw a big tree
nearby. Nasruddin
5 walked over to the tree and sat down in its shade with his back against the
trunk of the tree. He stretched out his legs in front of him in the cool
shade of the tree and immediately felt more relaxed.
After a while he gazed over to Ms small pumpkin field and
wondered why such big produce were growing on such puny plants.
When he looked
10 at the tree he was leaning against, he realized that he was sitting under
the branches of a walnut tree. This time he was astonished to see such
small produce growing on a huge tree.
"Nobody can question the wisdom of Allah," he thought to
himself. "But if I were him, I'd do things differently. I would let the
walnut grow on
75 the small plants and the pumpkins on the huge tree." He muttered on
about this for a while and fell asleep still thinking about the same
problem. His midday nap was unexpectedly disturbed by a walnut falling
on his head. As soon as he realized that a walnut was responsible for
the pain and the swelling on his head, he fell to his knees saying:
20 "Oh my Almighty God! Forgive me for criticizing your wisdom. What
would the situation be now if a pumpkin had fallen on my head from
such a height? Allah, you are greater than I supposed. Please pardon
me for interfering in your business."
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement
below, according to the text.
1. Working became very hard for Nasruddin because .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Unit 31
Vocabulary
1. sweaty
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
C.
D.
E.
criticize
wisdom
swelling
unbearable
6. relax
7. disturb
8.
9.
10.
11.
C
gaze
mutter
astonish
responsible (for)
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1. Nasruddin decided to relax under a tree.
.......2. He wondered how a pumpkin grows.
.......3. Nasruddin always had a rest when he was fed up with tiring
....... 4.
....... 5.
....... 6.
....... 7.
....... 8.
work.
He realized that he was leaning against a pumpkin tree.
A walnut fell on Nasruddin's hand.
The walnut that fell on him caused him pain.
He felt sorry for questioning the wisdom of Allah.
He stood up when the walnut hit his head and prayed to God.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
shade (line 5)
a) slight variation
b) ghost
c) shadow
d) graded colour
2. puny (line 9)
a) very thin
b) small and weak
c) not healthy
d) thin and long branch
OCEANS
Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface. Despite the vastness
of this area, we know little about it. The oceans are just as diverse as the
land. They are interwoven with history, although man has looked upon
them as barriers and alien spaces.
5 Life began in the ocean. More than 1/2 billion years ago there were
simple single -celled organisms. Today the oceans support a wealth of
simple and complex sea life, from phytoplankton (drifting plants) to
crustaceans (shrimp, crabs) to marine mammals (whales, dolphins). But
through ignorance and misunderstanding we are placing these resources in
10 jeopardy. There is widespread pollution and disruption of our coastal
waters, whales and dolphins are hunted to near extinction, and many
fishing areas are being depleted.
The oceans do not belong to a single nation, but are free, open territory
to be enjoyed and shared. However, too often nations are overly aggressive
15 in taking the resources the oceans have to offer. A tragic result has been the
systematic hunting of whales from one species to another for whalebone,
blubber, and oil. In 1985 whales were given a reprieve when the
International Whaling Commission imposed a moratorium on killing
whales.
20 Unfortunately, some harve sting of whales continues. Also, the tuna
industry has put the dolphin population at risk and onto the endangered
species list. In the past 30 years the tuna-fishing industry has killed more
than 6 million dolphins. In the United States steps have been taken to
protect the dolphins with the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information
25 Act of 1990, a ban on all drift-net catching of tuna beginning in July 1991
and on the importation of all drift-net-caught fish products beginning in
July 1992.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1. vastness
2. diverse
3. interwoven
4. ban
5. alien
6. evolve
7. resource
8. deplete
9. share
10. barrier
A. strange, unknown
B. natural supply
C. develop
D. mixed, joined together
E. broadness
F. use together with others
G. having variety
H. limit reduce
I. forbid
J.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. One third of our bodies consist of water.
....... 2. Scientists don't know where life first began.
.......3. There is widespread air pollution today.
....... 4. The oceans are for the use of certain countries.
....... 5. It is obvious that there is destruction of fish in oceans.
....... 6. Whales shouldn't be killed only for their oil but also for other uses.
....... 7. Because of the oil industry, the dolphin population is at the
threshold of extinction.
.....8. All other countries kill dolphins but only the United States tries
to protect them.
.....9. After the ban on all drift-net catching of tuna, the tuna
population increased.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. ignorance (line 9)
a)
b)
c)
d)
lack of knowledge
bad reputation
misuse
diagnosing
a)
b)
c)
d)
go out of sight
scratch
certain place
danger
a)
b)
c)
d)
hunting
killing
searching
gathering
a)
b)
c)
d)
help
save
find
ask
SHARKS
Most people think that sharks are large, dangerous fish, but sharks come in all sizes,
and the biggest, the whale shark, is totally harmless.
People have been attacked by sharks, but sharks don't deliberately hunt for them.
They prefer eating other fish. The largest sharks, the whale shark
5 and the basking shark, eat tiny fish and plankton made up of very small sea
creatures and plants. More dangerous sharks, such as the great white and tiger
sharks, will eat almost anything - large fish, seals, sea turtles, and even garbage
from ships. The hammerhead is another dangerous shark. It has a head shaped like a
hammer and has big eyes at each end. 10 Sharks are different from other fish in a
number of ways. For instance, their skeletons are made of cartilage, not bone.
They don't have smooth scales either. Their scales are like millions of tiny teeth,
making the shark's skin feel very rough.
Shark's gills are also different from those of other fish. They are open,
15 not covered, and look like slits behind their heads. Sharks don't have an air
bladder either, so they will sink if they stop swimming.
Fish usually lay large quantities of very soft eggs, but most sharks give birth to live
young. Some sharks do lay eggs, but they are enclosed in very hard cases.
Sometimes these cases, called mermaid's purses, wash up on 20 the seashore.
Sharks generally live in warm waters, but one type of shark prefers the
cold water near the North Pole. Because it moves so slowly, it has been
named the sleeper shark. Sleeper sharks generally eat dead animals floating
in the water. Sometimes, however, they eat seals, although it is a mystery
25 how they can move fast enough to catch one.
Another type of shark, called the wobbegong, lives on the sea floor most of the time.
It's very well disguised. Crabs and small fish think the shark is a rock or a piece of
seaweed and swim near it. When they approach, the wobbegong opens its mouth and
grabs them for a tasty meal!
A
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
harmless
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
deliberately
tiny
plankton
garbage
enclosed
7. scale
8. rough
9. gills
10. approach
A.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Wobbegong are very well disguised so they can catch and eat
fish easily.
....... 2. People have been attacked by sharks.
....... 3. Sharks' skeletons are made of hard bone.
....... 4. Digestion in sharks is similar to that of other fish.
....... 5. Sleeper sharks are known to eat dead animals floating in the
water.
....... 6. Many movies have been made about sharks.
....... 7. Seals and garbage from ships are also meals for dangerous sharks.
....... 8. Sharks are like whales in many respects.
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
(line 23)
1. float
a) start
2.
3.
confusion
unknown
story
natural happening
place slowly
catch kindly
take suddenly
move quickly
SPIDERS
Spiders are part of a group of arthropods called arachnids. Even though spiders are
helpful, many people are afraid of them. They eat bugs that harm people and
crops.
Most spiders spin silk webs to catch flying insects. The silk thread is 5 made
from a liquid which comes out of tiny holes called spinnerets at the back end of
the spider's body.
The most common spider's web is called an orb web. It is circular with threads
stretching out from the middle like spokes on a wheel. Smaller circles, one inside
the other, are made from other threads.
10
Spiders lie in wait on or near their webs. When insects fly into the web,
they get trapped in the threads. Their movement as they struggle to escape lets the
spider know something is trapped. It rushes to the insect and wraps it in more silk.
The insect then is unable to move.
Sometimes spiders paralyze trapped insects with poisonous bites. When 15 the
bug cannot move anymore, the spider carries it to the middle of the web and eats it.
The bolas spider spins one silken thread and attaches a blob of sticky
gum at the end. The spider then swings this sticky ball back and forth like a
pendulum. When an insect flies by, the bolas spider swings the ball toward
20 it- The ball sticks to the bug, and the spider pulls it back and grabs the
trapped insect.
Ogre-faced spiders have two big, staring eyes. They catch insects in a silken net.
The more the bug tries to free itself, the more trapped it becomes in the net.
25
Colorful jumping spiders don't spin webs. They catch insects by
jumping on them. The spider attaches itself to a silken thread, then leaps into the
air hanging from the line of silk.
1. Spiders .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
are harmful
are scary but helpful
belong to the amphibious group
like silk
are powerful animals
78
Match the words on the left with their meanings on She right.
1. arachnids
2. bug
3. crop
4. spin
5. web
6. thread
7. trap
8. paralyze
9. free
10. gum
A. a kind of string
B. sticky substance that you chew
C. product of a spider
D. make something unable to move
E. small insect
F. catch using a trick
G. release from bondage or restraint
H. an animal group
I. make a web
J. agricultural product
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
.......1. Spiders' nets are of great importance to the textile industry.
.......2. Although insects get trapped in the web they can also catch
spiders.
.....3. The orb web is known by its threads which stretch out from the
middle.
.......4. Spiders make webs to catch bugs or insects.
.......5. Spiders' nets are made of cotton which is produced from their
mouth.
.......6. Spiders wait for their enemies in the center of their webs.
....... 7. Colourful spiders can also spin webs and catch insects by jumping
on them.
.....8. After spinning a web all spiders attach a kind of sticky gum.
D
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. struggle (line 11)
4. staring (line 22)
a) make effort to overcome a problem
a) looking constantly
b) having difficulty in bread winning
b) seem like
c) facing problems while finding solutions c) showing well
d) work vigorously to be the best d) watching directly
2. sticky (line 18)
a) removable
b) reinforced
c) strong
d) gummy
35
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF
FIGHTING
The adverse consequences of animal fights, besides the obvious risk of
injury or death, include a considerable waste of precious energy and time.
Many animal conflicts are resolved without full escalation, even though the
animals concerned possess potentially lethal weapons. For this reason,
5 animal fights used to be viewed as harmless trials of strength. But it is now
clear that, in certain circumstances, and notwithstanding defensive
behaviour, weapons are used to injure and kill during animal fights.
One study of mountain sheep during two rutting seasons found that
small rams were tele scoped by the force of direct charges by larger
10 opponents, horn tips were often broken, and a variety of cuts, tears, and
bruises were commonly incurred during fights. Almost 50 percent of males
sustained serious injury during the study period. Figures for a range of
other species tell the same story.
One particular fight between rutting male mountain sheep lasted more
15 than 25 hours - time that the participants could potentially have spent doing
something else, such as eating or mating, and left both participants
exhausted. More precise studies estimate that fighting can raise the
metabolic rate considerably above that of resting animals. Using an analogy
from economics, these adverse consequences are referred to as "cost of
20 fighting."
Given such high costs, fighting must have some benefits. Two general
reasons why animals fight is: fighting serves to protect an animal or its
young against a direct threat; and, in other cases, animals fight in order to
gain exclusive or preferential access to some valued resource. The more
25 valuable the resource, the fiercer the fight - and the higher the benefit to
the winner.
Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below,
according to the text.
1. Although animal fights used to be thought of as harmless trials
of strength, -.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
80
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
adverse
to resolve
possess
lethal
5. trial
6. rut
7. consequence
8. opponent
9. conflict
10. obvious
A.
B.
C.
D.
Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not
stated (NS) according to the text.
....... 1. Animal fights are considered as harmless trials of strength.
...... 2. In no circumstances do animals injure and kill each other.
...... 3. More than 50 percent of female deer injured each other
Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the
text.
1. sustain (line 12)
a)
b)
c)
d)
<r^-r-rr;,r,:;..... T i ^ ^ ^ . ^ . . . ; ^ ; ! ^ ^
Giivender Yaymlan
Book
UNIT
o ne
UNIT 2
GMSTONS
POMP&I
1-C
2-B
1-D6I
2-J
B
1-NS
6-F
2-T
NS
3-T
4-F
5-NS 7-
1-A
2-B
3-A
4-C
5-D
3-A
3-F
4-E
8-C
9-H
5-G 710-A
1-B
2-E
1-D
6-C
2-G 7- 3-J
1
B
4-A
9-E
1-F
6-F
2-NS
7-T
3-T
4-F
5-F
1-B
2-C
3-D
4-B
5-C
UNIT
3-B
5-F 810-H
UNIT 4
fiftlNBOUJS
ft
1-B
2-D
1-16C
2-G
3-H
4-A
D
8-E
9-J
1-T
6-F
2-T
7-T
3-F
1-A
2-C
3-C
1-C
2-C
3-D
5-F 710-B
1-H
6-J
2-G
7-C
3-B
4-A
E
9-D
4-NS
5-T
1-F
6-T
2-NS
3-NS
4-T
5-T
4-A
5-B
1-D
2-A
3-B
4-C
5-A
3-E
THeMnvn
A
1-B
2-B
1-J 6C
2-D
3-B
4-H
E
8-F
9-A
1-T 6- 2-F
NS
7-F
3-T
4-F
1-B
3-B
4-C
Guvender "Yayinlart
5-( 810-F
UNIT 6
voLcnNoes
UNIT 5
2-D
LON TRIP
G
1-C
2-C
3-E
1-H 2-F
6-C 7-A
3-B
8-D
4-I
9-E
5-J
10-1
5-T
1-NS 2-F
6-NS 7-F
3-T
8-F
4-F
5-T
5-A
3-C
4-B
5-C
3-D
5-G 710-1
1-A
2-A
205
UNIT 7
UNITS
RT TH CNTR OF TH
STORM
1-A
2-C
3-B
1-A
2-E
3-A
B
D
1-J
7-I
2-H
8-B
3-A 6-
4-E
9-F
5-G
10-C
B
J
1-E
7-C
2-A
8-G
3-D 6-
4-I 9B
5-H
10-F
C
6-F
1-T
2-T
7- F
3-F
4-T
5-T
C
6-F
1-T
7-F
2-F
3-T
4-NS
5-F
1-B
3-C
4-B
5-A
1-A
2-C
3-D
4-D
5-A
2-B
UNIT 9
UNIT 1 O
TH M6CHRNICRL
CHSS-PLRVING TURK
1-B
2-C
3-D
B
H
1-G
7-B
2-F
8-J
3-I 6-
4-C
9-E
5-D
10-A
1-C
B
1-D
6-E
7-J
2-E
3-C
2-G
3-I
8-A
4-H
9-C
5-B
10-F
C
6-T
1-F
2-T
3-F
7-NS 8-F
4-T
5-F
C
1-T
6-NS 7-F
2-F
3-T
4-T
5-T
1-C
4-D
5-A
2-C
3-C
4-C
5-A
2-B
3-A
1-C
<
UNIT 1 1
UNIT 1 2
RN RRMV OF RNTS
TH TROJRN HORS
1-C
2-D
3-E
1-E
2-C
3-B
B
A
1-1
7-D
2-E
8-G
3-J 6-
4-B
9-C
B
J
1-B
7-C
2-F
8-D
3-H 6-
4-G
9-A
5-I10E
C
F
1-T
7- T
2-NS
3-T 6-
4-NS
5-T
C
6-T
1-F
7-F
2-T
3-NS
4-F
5-F
1-D
2-C
3-A
4-A
5-D
1-A
2-C
3-A
4-B
5-D
206'
5-H
10-F
Giivender Yaymlari
UNIT 1 3
UNIT 14
TH STORY OF RUSTRRUR
UJRTCHING TH UJRTHR
1-C
2-B
3-C
1-E
2-D
3-C
B
I
1-B
7-C
2-G
8-J
3-D
9-E
4-F
10-A
5-H 6-
B
C
1-H
7-D
2-I
8-F
3-J
9-B
4-A
10-E
5-G 6-
C
6-F
1-F
7-T
2-T
3-F
4-T
5-NS
C
F
1-T
7-T
2-F
8-F
3-NS
4-T
5-T 6-
1-C
2-C
3-A
4-D
5-B
1-A
2-A
3-B
4-C
5-D
UNIT 1 5
UNIT 1 6
RFRICRN CROCODIL6S
1-E
2-C
3-C
B
I
1-C
7-B
2-G
8-A
3-E
9-H
4-F
5-D 6-
B
H
C
NS
1-T
7-F
2-F
8-F
3-F
4-NS
5-T 6-
1-B
2-C
3-C
4-A
5-B
1-B
2-E
3-B
1-F
7-C
2-G
8-A
3-I
9-D
4-B
10-E
5-J 6-
C
F
1-T
7-F
2-T
3-T
4-NS
5-F 6-
1-D
2-D
3-B
4-A
5-C
UNIT 1 7
UNIT 18
TML ON RN ISLRND
1-D
2-C
3-E
1-C
2-B
3-B
B
E
1-H
7-C
2-D
8-A
3-G
9-F
4-B
5-I 6-
B
B
1-H
7-C
2-J
8-E
3-I
9-D
C
F
1-NS
7- T
2-F
8-T
3-T
4-F
5-F 6-
C
1-F
6-NS 7- T
1-B
2-A
3-A
4-D
5-C
Giivender Yaytnlan
1-C
4-A
10-F
5-G 6-
2-NS 3-T
8- F
4-T
5-T
2-A
4-D
5-B
3-A
207
UNIT 19
UNIT
OUR 6NVIfiONMNT
CLOS6 CRLL
1-C
2-D
1-H
6-B
2-C
3-E
4-J
D
8-G
9-A
1-T
6-F
2-F
3-NS
T
8-F
1-A
2-C
3-B
3-C
1-B
2-C
3-E
5-1 710-F
B
1-J
6-D
2-G
3-E
I
8-F
4-T
5-F 7-
C
1-T
6-F
2-T
7-NS
4-B
5-D
2-A
.1-C
4-H 79-A
5-B
10-C
3-NS
8-F
4-T
9-F
5-F
3-B
4-D
5-A
UNIT 21
UNIT 22
RRSING R FRMILY
1-C
2-D
1-C
6-I
3-E
1-C
2-C
3-B
2-D
3-G
4-E
5-J 7B
8-A
9-H
10-F
B
1-C
6-D
2-J
E
3-G
8-H
1-F
6-T
2-T
7-F
3-F
4-NI
5-F
C
1-T
6-T
2-T
7-NS
3-F
8-NS
4-NS
5-F
1-A
2-D
3-B
4-C
5-B
2-D
3-B
4-B
5-C
1-A
4-B 79-A
5-I
10-F
UNIT 23
UNIT 24
RM6RICRN RLUGRTORS
BRTS
1-D
2-C
3-E
1-D
2-B
3-A
1-J 6D
2-G
7-I
3-B
8-E
4-H
9-C
5-F
10-A
B
6-I
1-F
2-G
7-D
3-A
8-C
4-H
9-J
5-B
10-E
1-T
6-T
2-T
7-NS
3-F
4-F
5-T
C
1-T
6-NS
2-F
7-T
3-T
8-F
4-T
5-F
1-B
2-C
3-D
4-C
5-D
2-C
3-B
4-A
5-A
208'
1-B
Giivender Yaym/ari
UNIT 25
UNIT 26
TH TH OZOHe LBYGR
OUR LUILDUF
1-D
2-E
3-C
1-B
2-C
3-E
B
B
1-E
7-D
2-H
8-J
3-A
9-C
B
G
1-J
7-D
2-H
8-E
3-1
9-B
4-F
10-C
5-A 6-
C
6-F
1-NS 2-F
3-T
7-NS 8-T
4-T
5-T
C
NS
1-F
7-F
2-T
8-T
3-F
4-NS
5-T 6-
1-C
4-C
5-D
1-A
2-B
3-B
4-A
5-C
2-A
3-B
4-G
10-1
5-F 6-
UNIT 27
UNIT 28
POLLUTION
1-C
2-E
3-D
1-E
2-A
3-D
B
B
1-H
7-A
2-D
8-C
3-J
9-G
4-F
10-E
5-I 6-
B
D
1-F
7-!
2-E
8-A
3-G
9-C
4-J
10-H
5-B 6-
C
T
1-T
7-T
2-T
8-F
3-NS
4-NS
5-F 6-
C
T
1-NS
7-F
2-F
3-F
4-T
5-NS 6-
1-B
2-C
3-A
4-D
5-A
1-C
2-A
3-C
4-B
5-D
UNIT 29
UNIT 3O
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1-J
7-D
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2-F
3-T
4-F
5-T 6-
1-C
2-B
Guvender Y a y m l a r i
3-C
4-A
5-C
1-D
2-B
3-C
4-A
5-B
209
UNIT 31
UNIT 32
PFtFCT WISDOM
OCGftNS
1-B
2-C
1-G
6-A
2-I
7-J
1-T
6-T
2-F
7-T
A
5-B 10-D
11-K
1-C
2-D
1-E
6-C
4-J
9-F
2-G
7-B
5-F
1-NS
6-NS
3-A
3-B
2-F
7-F
5-A 10-H
5-T
3-D
8-I
3-NS
8-F
4-F
9-NS
3-E 8- 4-H
9-F
C
3-NS
4-F 8-F
1-C
2-B
3-D
4-A
5-D
1-A
2-D
UNIT 33
UNIT 34
SHflRKS
SPIDfiS
A
B
1-E
2-D
3-D
1-G
6-H
2-I
7-F
1-T
6-NS
2-T
7-T
1-B
2-B
5-J
10-C
4A
3-D
8-E
4-NS
3-C
1-B
3-E
1-H
6-A
3-J
8-D
4-A
4-I 9-G
5-C
10-B
4-T
3-T
8-F
5-T
5-F
4-A
5-C
5-B
2-E
3-D
2-E
7-F
1-NS
6-F
2-F
7-F
1-A
2-D
UNIT 35
TH COSTS RND BNFITS OF
FIGHTING
3-D
1-E
2-D
1-E6-J
2-F
7-A
3-C
4-B
9-D
1-F 6-F
5-NS
2-F
7-T
1-C
210 C
5-C 10-H
2-B
3-F
8-NS
3-A
4-B
4-F
5-A
Giivender Yaymlan