WIRING, LAMPS & LIGHTING

LECTURE 7
SEM IV

SIZES

WIRES
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CURRENT CAPACITY & LENGH

WIRES

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STRIPPING AND JOINTING

WIRES
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STRIPPING AND JOINTING

WIRES
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WIRING
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WORKING WITH
WIRES AND
BOXES

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ON RUNS OVER 150 FEET OR WHEN 10 OR MORE LAMPS ARE

CONNECTED TO ONE LINE, CONSIDER USING HEAVIER CABLE (12
OR 14 GUAGE) WHICH WILL REDUCE VOLTAGE DROP AND
PRODUCE GREATER EFFICIENCY FROM THE LAMPS.

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THE LANGUAGE OF LIGHTING

AMPERES
MEASUREMENT OF CURRNET
FLOW IN APERES OR AMPS .
THE AMP RATING IS MARKED ON
MANY ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS
AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE LIGHTS
TO ENSURE THAT ADEQUAT
WIRING WILL BE USED FOR THE
APPLICATION.
BULBS AND TUBES
EXPERTS OFTEN REFER TO THESE
LIGHT SOURCES AS LAMPS,
ENCOMPASSING THE BULB, ITS
BASE ,THE FILAMENT OR ARC,
THE INTENAL PART THAT
PRODUCES LIGHT.
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700

650

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600

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550

500

450

400

THE VISIBLE LIGHT PORTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM EXTENDS FROM

770 NANOMETERS (INFRARED END) DOWN TO 380 NANOMETERS (ULTRAVIOLET END)
LIGHT MEASURED FROM DIFFERENT BULBS CAN BE EXPRESSED IN GRAPH FROM TO
IDENTIFY ITS QUALITY. FOR INSTANCE, A BULB WHOSE LIGHT IS EXTREMELY WARM AND
SIMULATES CANDLELIGGHT WOULD HAVE AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT SPECTRUM PROFILE
THAN ONE WITH A BRIGHT BLUE-WHITE LIGHT
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PSYCHOLOGICALLY PEOPLE RESPOND POSITIVELY

TO INDOOR LIGHT THAT SIMULATES FIRELIGHT
OR CANDLELIGHT AND SUNLIGHT.
BULBS VARY IN THE DEGREE THAT THEY
MATCH THESE PSYCHOLOGICALLY PLEASING
LIGHT BALANCES.
A FIXTURE AND THE REFLECTED LIGHT IT
CREATES CAN ALTER THE PERCEPTION OF
THE LIGHT FROM ITS BULB, MAKING IT
APPEAR WARMER OR COOLER , BRIGHTER
OR DIMMER.
THE ENTIRE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
FROM ITS LONGEST TO ITS SHORTEST WAVES,
ENCOMPASSES ENERGY COMMONLY DICUUSSED
TODAY, BUT THE SPECTRUM WAS RELATEVELY
UNKNOWN 80 YEARS AGO. CONSIDER RADIO
WAVES, X-RAYS, GAMMA RAYS AND COSMIC
RAYS.
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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)

CCT IS USED IN COMPARING THE WARMTH OR COOLNESS OF THE LIGHT AS IT IS PRODUCED, OR
THE SOURCE AS IT APPEARS TO THE VIEWER. THIS DESCRIBES THE COLOUR APPEARANCE OF LIGHT
IN TERMS OF WARMTH OR COOLNESS. TO DEFINE THIS IN MEASURABLE AMOUNTS, IN THE LAMP
A REFERENCE SOURCE OF METAL IS HEATED, PRODUCING DIFFERENT COLOURS AS IT HEATS. THESE
RANGE FROM RED TO ORANGE TO YELLOW TO BLUE TO BLUE-WHITE AND ARE DESIGNATED
ACCORDING TO THE KELVIN(K) TEMPERATERE SCALE. LAMPS OR BULBS ARE RATED ACCORDING TO
THE TEMPERATURE OF THE METAL PRODUCING THE COLOUR OF LIGHT THEY EMIT.
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LIGHT IS THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT
FALLS ALONG THE CONTINUUM OF
LONG AND SHORT WAVELENGTHS. THE
HUMAN EYE AND BRAIN INTERPRET
THESE WAVES AS LIGHT.

WE INPRET THEIR INTENSITY AS

BRIGHTNESS (HENCE THE SAD
SYNDROME ON THE DARKER WINTER
DAYS). WE INTERPRET WAVELENGTH
AS COLOUR. A BEAM OF SUNLIGHT
PASSING THRU CRYSTALS OR A PRISM IS
REFRACTED OR BROKEN UP INTO
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS, AT
DIFFERENT ANGLES, PRODUCING A
CONTINUOS SPECTRUM OF COLOURS IN
A RAINBOW.
COLOURS IN LIGHT, GRADED FROM
LONGESST WAVES TO SHORTEST
WAVES, ARE RED, ORANGE, YELLOW,
GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, AND VIOLET.

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WHEN LAMPS OR BULBS ARE RATED ACCORDING TO THEIR KELVIN(K) COLOR

TEMPERATURE, YOU CAN SELECT THOSE WHOSE LIGHT IS CLOSELY MATCHED. OR YOU
CAN VARY THE COOLNESS OR WARMTH OF LIGHTING FOR SPECIFIC SITAUTIONS.
THE BLUE OF THE SKY IS NEAR THE TOP OF THE KELVIN SCALE IS AT 10,000K. THE
MEASUREMENTS THEN RANGE DOWN TO NEUTRAL COLOUR, WHICH IS NEITHER
EXTRA WARM NOT ETRA COLD, FROM ABOUT 3,200 TO 3,600K THEN TO BELOW
1,000K WHICH IS THE RUDDY WARMTH OF CANDLELIGHT. GENERALLY, LIGHT
SOURCES BELOW 3,000K ARE CONSIDERED WARM SOURCES, WHILE THOSE ABOVE
4,100K ARE CONSIDERED COOL SOURCES.

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INCANDESCENT
BULB

THE BULB CONVERTS ELECRIC POWER INTO LIGHT BY

PASSING ELECTRIC CURRNET THROUGH A LILAMENT OF
TUNGSTEN WIRE. THE WIRE CONSISTSS OF MICRO
COILS. THE CURRENT HEATS THE TUNGSTEN FILAMENT
UNTIL IT GLOWS. TUNGSTENS HIGH MELTING POINT
SLOWS THE FILAMENTS EVAPORATION. TO FURTHER
RETARD IT, TH E LAMPS ARE USUALLY FILLED WITH AN
INTERT GAS MIXTURE PRIMARILY OF ARGON WITH
NITROGEN.
ATTACHED TO THE FILAMENT ARE LEAD-IN WIRES THAT
HOLD THE FILAMENT IN PLACE AND CARRY THE
ELECTRICAL CURRENT FROM THE BASE.
THE BULB ITSELF IS USUALLY MADE OUT OF GLASS THAT
MAY BE CLEAR, DIFFFUSE, TINTED OR COLOURED AND
CAN HAVE REFLECTIVE COATING INSIDE. IT CAN BE
DESIGNED TO BE DIRECTIONAL OR NON DIRECTIONAL.
AN EXHAUST TUBE BELOW THE FILAMENT IS USED
DURING MANUFACTURE TO REMOVE AIR AND
INTRODUCE INERT FASSES INSIDE THE BULB. THE BASE
TYPICALLY IS MADE OF ALUMINIUM OR BRASS WITH
ONE LEAD WIRE SOLDERED TO THE CENTER CONTACT AT
THE BOTTOM AND THE OTHER LEAD WIRE SOLDERED TO
ITS UPPER RIM.

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UNLIKE INCANDESCENT LAMPS,

FLUORESCENT S CANNOT CONTROL THEIR
CURRRNET CONSUMPTION. UNLESS THE
CURRENT IS REGULATED, THE LAMP BURNS
ITSELF OUT IMMEDIATELY. TO AVOID THIS,
BALLASTS THAT PROVISE THE NECESSARY
HIGH STARTING VOLTAGE AD LIMMIT
CURRENT TO THE PROPER OPERATING
VALUE ARE PART OF FLOURESCENT
FIXTURES. ONLY BALLAST LABELLED HIGH
POWER FACTOR CAN ACCOMMODAE SOME
OF THE ENERGY SAING FLOURSCENT LAMPS.

FLUORESCENT
LAMPS

THE TWO TYPES OF BALLASTS SOMMONLY

USED FOR RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING ARE
MAGNETIC(COPPER CHOKE) AND
ELECTRONIC. ELECTRONIC BALLASTS ARE
LIGHTER IN WEIGHT, OPERATE MORE
QUIENTLY AND DO NOT AUSE THE LAMP TO
FLICKER AS MUCH AS THEIR MAGNETIC
CONTERPARTS.

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BASIC
COMPONENTS
OF A
FLUORESCENT
LAMP

1)
2)
1)
2)

BULB
- USUALLY A STRAIGHT GLASS TUBE. MAY BE CIRCULAR, U-SHAPED OR BENT
CATHODE LOCATED AT EACH END OF THE LAMP THEY ARE COATED WITH A METIAL THAT EMITS ELECTONS
AND USUALLY ARE MADE OF COILED-COIL OR SIGLE-COIL TUNGSTEN WIRE.
GAS
ARGON OR A MIXTURE OF INERT GASSES AT LOW PRESSURE. KRYPTON IS SOMETIMES USED.
MERCURY A MINUTE QUNATIT OF LIQUID MERCURY IS PLACED INT THE BULB TO FURNISH MERCURY
VAPOUR
FLUORESCENT TUBES ARE DESIGNATED BY THE CODE LETTER T WIH THE DIAMETER OF THE TUBE
EXPRESSED IN EIGHTHS OF AN INCH. FLUORESCENT TUBES VARY IN DIAMETER FROM T-5 TO T-17. HIGHER
WATTAGES GO WITH LONGER TYBES
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