UNIT 5: THE MOLE/STOICHIOMETRY

Scientific Notation
Set up your notes

Think about it
The growth of a fingernail is measured in 0.000015
millimeters per hour
The suns core temperature reaches 27,000,000
degrees Fahrenheit.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about
93,000,000 miles.
Would you want to compute math problems with these
crazy numbers??
What can we do to make these more manageable?

Q: What is Scientific Notation?

Scientific notation is a way of writing a number
as a multiplication problem where..
The first number is greater than 1 but less than 10
And
The second number is a power of 10

Q: What is Scientific Notation?

The goal of writing a number in scientific
notation is to have
1. a decimal number
2. one digit to the left of the decimal point
3. followed by a x 10 to some power

Q: How Do We Write Scientific Notation?

1) Place decimal point so that there is only one nonzero number to the left of the decimal point.
2) Count the number of decimal places the decimal
has moved. This will be your exponent.
3) If the original number was less than 1, the exponent
will be negative. If it was greater than 1, the
exponent will be positive.

Example 1
The growth of a fingernail is measured in 0.000015
millimeters per hour
Lets put 0.000015 in scientific notation.

0.000015
How many times did we move the decimal point?

Since the original number was less than one, the

exponent will be negative.

Example 2
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about
93,000,000 miles.
Lets put 93,000,000 in scientific notation.

93,000,000
How many times did we move the decimal point?

Since the original number was greater than one,

the exponent will be positive.

Partner Practice
Convert the following
into scientific notation
61,500 kg
.000527mm
84,960,000 L
.000000036

Answers
6.15 x 104 kg
5.27 x 10-4 mm
8.496 x 107 L
3.6 x 10-8 cm3

Partner Practice
Convert the
following into
decimal notation
6.02 x 105 g
3.43 X 10-4 mL

Answers
602000 g
.000343 mL

Q: How Do I Perform Operations With

Scientific Notations?
Multiplication: To multiply two numbers written in
scientific notation
1. Multiply the coefficients
2. Add the exponents (leave base 10)
3. Leave answer in scientific notation unless otherwise
noted
Example: 1.02 x 105 X 3.43 x 10-4

Practice

2x

6
10

X 4x

2
10

Q: How Do I Perform Operations With

Scientific Notations?
Division: to divide two numbers written in scientific
notation:
1. Divide the coefficients
2. Subtract the exponents (base 10 remains)
3. Leave in scientific notation unless otherwise noted

Example: _8.496 x 107_

3.6 x 10-8

Practice

5
10

6.0 x
2
3.0 x 10

Lets Put It All Together

Independent Practice
Homework 5.1: Scientific Notation

New extra credit opportunity in 1st Block Extra

Credit Folder
Its REALLY good practice so highly encourage
everyone to partake in it

Warm Up
Thursday | October 23, 2014
1. Convert the following to scientific notation:

960,000, .000000045, 31,520,000,000,000

2. Convert the following to decimal notation

4.96 X 10-9 , 1. 56 X 104, 7.365 X 109

3. Solve the following:

(1.4 * 104) * (2.0 * 108)

3.95 x 102/1.5 x 106

4. What would be the easiest way to determine

how many peanuts are in this container?

Real World Example

Lets say that 100 peanuts have a mass of 55 grams.
The peanuts inside the container weigh 110 grams.
How can we determine how many peanuts we have
without counting them one by one?

What do peanuts have to do with chemistry?

In this unit we will use mass to determine how

many atoms are in substances.

Q: What is the Mole?

Instead of one jar of peanuts,
scientists came up with a unit to
count atoms, molecules, etc.
Because atoms, electrons, and
molecules are so tiny this number
needed to be REALLY BIG to make
counting easy!

Q: What is the Mole?

THE MOLE is used to measure the number of particles in a
sample.
1 MOLE of water = 18 grams
1 MOLE of salt = 58 grams
1 MOLE of sugar = 180 grams
But how many particles do you think are in a mole??????
(remember, it is the same number of particles for all of them)

Q: What is the Mole?

Just like 1 dozen = 12

1 mole = 6.022 x 1023

One mole of ANYTHING = 6.02 x 1023 particles
. Or 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000.0
This number is named Avogadros number for Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro.

Mole Conversions

Q: Mole Conversions?
1 mole = 6.02 x1023
atoms/molecules/particles
1 mole = molar mass of a molecule
(grams)
1 mole = 22.4 L of gas
(@ standard temperature and pressure (STP))

Q: Mole Conversions?
Converting

Conversion Factor

Moles atoms/molecules
/particles
Moles L (volume)

1 mole of anything = 6.02 x 1023

atoms/molecules/particles
1 mole of gas = 22.4 liters @ STP

Moles g (mass)

1 mole of anything = molar mass (g)

1 dozen egg = 12 eggs. How many eggs are in 3 dozen eggs?

1 mole of anything = 6.02 x 1023 particles/atoms/molecules. How
many particles are in 2 moles of oxygen?

Q: Molar conversions?
Conversion Steps
1. Identify GIVEN and FIND
2. Set Up: ***Start by writing down units!
Given * unit you want to find = Find
unit you started with

3. Multiply straight across (multiply all top numbers

and divide by all bottom numbers)

Examples
How many particles are in 2 moles of oxygen?
Given:
Find:

Example #2
How many particles are in 3.0 moles of
hydrogen?
Given:
Find:

You Try!
How many particles are in 134 moles of sugar?
Given:
Find:

Going Backwards??
If you have 8.9 x1035 particles of water, how
many moles do you have?
Given:
Find:

 Calculate the number of moles in each of the

following quantities:
9.99 x 1032 particles of HBr
Given:
Find:

Q: What is the Molar Mass?

Particles are usually impractical! Scientists want to know the MASS of
molecules!

Molar mass = the mass of 1 mole of a given element or

compound
(use atomic mass on PToE)

Where do we find the

ATOMIC MASS on our PToE?
(This is the number we
NEVER used before!)

Example

1 mole of magnesium = ___________grams

1 mole of calcium = ____________grams
1 mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) = ___________grams

 1 mole of sulfur trioxide(SO3)_____________grams

1 mole of magnesium phosphate(Mg3(PO4)2)=
____________grams

You Try!

What is the mass of one mole of

KBr?
Use the formula:

Q: Moles to Mass?
Putting Molar Mass to use mole conversions
Steps:
1. Analyze the problem

What are your givens? What do you need to find?

2. Solve for the unknown

Formulas:

Mass = # moles x # grams/1 mol

Moles = mass x 1 mole/ # grams

3. Check Answer
Find the mass of 4 moles of NaCl.
Given:
Find:

You Try!
Find the mass of 6.7 moles of SO3
Given
Find

Example
If you have 184 grams of H2O, how many moles
do you have?

You Try!
8.76 grams of NaOH is how many moles?
Given:
Find:

Jumbo Exit Ticket

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is the molar mass of CaSO4?

What is the molar mass of MgCl2
If you have 79 grams of NaCl, how many moles do you have?
If you have 4.3 moles of water, how many molecules do you have?
How many moles do you have if you have 1.16 x 1024 atoms of magnesium
chloride?
If you have 152 grams of water, how many moles of water do you have?
If you have 5.5 moles of SO3, how many grams do you have?

Warm Up
#FutureFocusedFridays | October 24, 2014
1. How many particles are in 64.3 moles of copper
(II) nitrate?
2. How many particles are in 2 moles of Ag?
3. How many moles are in 8.32 x 10-10 particles of
CO?
4. How many moles are in 1.44 x 1040 particles of
manganese (IV) chloride?

Agenda
Warm Up/SATWOTD
Turn in warm ups and any extra credit opportunities

Homework questions?
Lecture
Mole
Volume
2 Step Conversions

Partner Practice
Exit Ticket/Homework

So far weve learned

Scientific Notation
Mole to Mass Conversions
Use molar mass

Mole to Molecule/Particle/Atom conversions

Use Avogadros Number
6.02 x 10 23

Set up your notes

MORE MOLAR CONVERSIONS

Q: How do we calculate Molar

Volume?
If you have 2.7 moles of water at STP, how many
liters do you have?
What is the conversion factor that we use?

If you have 78.2 liters of carbon dioxide at STP,

how many moles do you have?

Practice!

Calculate the volume of

each of the following
quantities.

Calculate the number

of moles of each of the
following volumes.

0.200 moles of H2S

0.100 moles of KI
2.55 mole Cu2CrO4
1.95 mole HNO3

1,500L of KClO
200 L HC2H3O2
75 L of NaOH
20.0 L NaCl

Q: WHAT DO I DO IF THE PROBLEM

REQUIRES MULTIPLE STEPS?

If you dont see moles at the beginning or at the end, it

is a two step problem, and you need moles in the
middle!
Steps to solving Two-Step Problems:
1. Identify given and find
2. Set up the equation
3. Solve and check work
Lets add to our mole maps
Ok! Now were ready to practice!

Practice!!

Are moles at
the beginning
or end?

Determine the number of H2O molecules in 3.26 g

of H2O.
Given:
Find:

Strategy
Use molar mass and Avogadros number to convert from mass to molecules, and vice
versa.

Setup
Starting with mass (3.26 g of water), we use molar mass (18.02 g/mol) to convert to
moles of water.
From moles, we use Avogadros number to convert to number of water molecules.

You try
Determine the mass of 7.92 x 1019 CO2 molecules.
Calculate the number of O2 molecules in 35.5 g O2.

Partner Practice
Will be turned in for a grade

Determine the mass of 8.43 x 1025 molecules of hydrogen

phosphate (H3PO4)
Calculate the number of liters that 11.3 g of NaHCO3.
Calculate the number of molecules in 2.52 moles of H2SO4.
Determine the mass of 2.52 moles of H2SO4.
How many moles are present in 5.46 g of MgO?
Determine how many liters of ammonia (NH3) are present in
3.56 g of ammonia.
Determine how many grams of ethanol (C2H5O) are present in
2.38 x 1026 molecules.
Calculate the number of moles of ammonium phosphate
((NH4)3PO4) that contain 8.63 x 1021 formula units.

Homework
Finish Worksheet #1 and #2!

Warm Up
Monday | October 26, 2014

How can you tell if a problem requires one or two steps?

Determine the mass of 8.43 x 1025 molecules of hydrogen
phosphate (H3PO4)
Calculate the number of liters in 11.3 g of NaHCO3
Calculate the number of molecules in 2.52 moles of H2SO4
Determine how many liters of ammonia (NH3) are present
in 3.56 g of ammonia
How many moles are present in 5.46 g of MgO?

Moldable

Warm-Up
Tuesday | October 28, 2014
When do you have to use molar mass in
a conversion problem?
List the three conversion factors (1 mole
= )
What volume would 233 grams of water
vapor occupy?
How many particles are in 2.3 moles of
KBr?
How many moles are in 34.78 liters of N2
gas?
What percentage of a piece of chewing
gum (think Double Bubble) do you think
is just sugar

Q: What is percent composition?

Percent Composition
The percent by mass of each element in the
compound.
Very simple calculations:

Mass of element x 100% =

Total mass of compound

% by mass of
element

Examples

What is the percent by mass of oxygen in CaCO3?

What is the percent by mass of copper in Cu2S?
What is the percent by mass of oxygen in Mg(OH)2
What is the percent by mass of nitrogen in Mg(NO3)2?

Warm Up
Wednesday | October 29, 2014
1. What is the mass of one mole of fluorine, F2?
2. How many molecules are there in 3.8 moles of glucose?
3. Determine the number of moles present in 158 liters of
carbon dioxide.
4. Determine how many grams of ethanol (C2H5O) are
present in 2.38 x 1026 molecules.
5. Determine how many liters of ammonia (NH3) are
present in 3.56 g of ammonia.
6. What is the percent composition by mass of oxygen in
Mg(OH)2?

Warm Up
Thursday | October 30, 2014
1. What is the mass of 5.7 L of NH3 at STP?
2. Convert 12.2 g of Sn(CO3)2 to moles
3. Find the percent composition of all the elements
in the following compounds:
1. CuBr2
2. NaOH
3. (NH4)2S

4. Calculate the percent of carbon in butane (C4H10)

Set Up Your Notse

MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS

Q: Empirical Vs. Molecular?

Empirical Formula
A formula giving the proportions of the elements
present in a compound but not the actual numbers or
arrangement of atoms.

Molecular Formula:
A formula giving the actual number of atoms of each
of the elements present in one molecule of a specific
compound.

Q: Empirical Vs. Molecular?

Molecular Formula

Glucose:

C6H12O6
Molar Mass =
180.2 g/mol

Empirical Formula

Glucose:

CH2O
Molar Mass =
30.03 g/mol

The subscripts represent moles!

CH2O

1 mole of carbon

1 mole of oxygen

2 moles of hydrogen

Practice Writing Empirical Formulas

Quick Check

Q: How Do We Determine The

Molecular Formulas from Data?
A compound with a molecular mass of 78 g/mol
contains the elements carbon and hydrogen in a ratio
of 1 carbon : 1 hydrogen. Answer the questions using
the data provided. Show your work.
What is the empirical formula for this compound?
What is the molecular formula for this compound?
What is the percent composition of carbon in this
compound?
NC Final Exam
Question

Q: How Do We Determine The

Molecular Formulas from Data?
Step 1: Determine the empirical formula
Step 2: Determine the molar mass of the empirical formula
Step 3: Compare molar mass of Empirical Formula to that of
the molar mass of the compound.
Step 4: If the masses are not the same, divide the molecular
molar mass by the empirical molar mass.
Step 5: Multiply empirical formula by coefficient derived by
dividing molecular molar mass by empirical molar mass.

1. Determine Empirical Formula.

A compound with a molecular mass of 78 g/mol
contains the elements carbon and hydrogen in a
ratio of 1 carbon : 1 hydrogen
Empirical formula = CH

2. Determine Molar Mass

Empirical Formula = CH
12.01 + 1.01 = 13.02 g/mol

3. Compare Molar Masses

A compound with a molecular mass of 78 g/mol
contains the elements carbon and hydrogen in a
ratio of 1 carbon : 1 hydrogen.
Molar mass of CH = 13.02 g/mol

13.02 g/mol 78 g/mol

4. Divide molar by empirical

Molar mass: 78 g/mol
Empirical mass: 13.02 g/mol

78 g/mol 13.02 g/mol = 5.99

~6

5. Multiple empirical by coefficient

Coefficient derived = 6

CH C6H6

 A compound with a molecular mass of 78 g/mol contains

the elements carbon and hydrogen in a ratio of 1 carbon :
1 hydrogen. Answer the questions using the data provided.
Show your work.
What is the empirical formula for this compound?

CH
What is the molecular formula for this compound?

C6H6

What is the percent composition of carbon in this compound?

 A compound with a molecular mass of 120.0

g/mol contains the elements carbon and
hydrogen in a ratio of 1 carbon : 3 oxygen.
What is the empirical formula for this compound?
What is the molecular formula for this compound?
You try!

How to Determine Molecular Formulas

from Data
I perform an experiment and I evolve a gas
that contains 2 moles of carbon for every 3
moles of hydrogen. What is the empirical
formula for my compound? What is the
molecular formula of my compound if my
molecular molar mass is 216.4 g/mol?

How to Determine Molecular Formulas

from Data
A compound was analyzed and found to
contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O, and 0.675 g
H. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?

Determining Molecular Formula from

Data
NutraSweet is 57.14% C, 6.16% H, 9.52% N, and
27.18% O. Calculate the empirical formula of
NutraSweet and find the molecular
formula. (The molar mass of NutraSweet is
294.30 g/mol)

Exit Ticket
1. What is the difference between empirical and
molecular formula? Give an example.
2. If I have six carbon atoms for every 10
hydrogen atoms, give the empirical formula
and the molecular formula for this compound.

Welcome Back!
Monday | November 3, 2014
1. Explain WHY we put the starting unit at the bottom of
our conversion and the unit we want at the top
2. How many particles are present in 5.46 g of MgO?
3. Find the percent composition of all the elements in
NaOH
4. A compound contains 18.8% sodium, 29.0% chlorine,
and 52.2% oxygen, by mass. If the molar mass of the
compound is 122.44 g/mol, determine the empirical and
molecular formulas.

Ms. Fields has a recipe for 12 brownies that needs 2 eggs

and 3 cups of flour. She has 6 eggs and 6 cups of flour
available. Does Ms. Fields have enough flour to make
enough brownies for the class (approx. 24)? How many
brownies will Ms. Fields be able to make?

Ms. Fields does not have enough flour to make 24

brownies (even though she definitely has enough eggs!)

What does this have to do with

chemistry?
In chemistry, the relative proportions of ingredients is determined by
a special kind of math called

Stoichiometry!
Set up your notes

Q: What is Stoichiometry?
Branch of chemistry that studies AMOUNTS of
substances that are involved in reactions.
Stoichiometry can be used to predict:
How much product will be produced in a reaction
given a certain amount of reactant
How much reactant you need to make a certain
amount of product

Real World Examples: Medicine manufacturing

Q: What is Stoichiometry?
How do we solve stoichiometric problems?
The steps are simple!
Put this on the back of your mole map!

1st Step: Balance the equation (if

necessary)
2nd Step: Identify GIVEN and FIND
3rd Step: Convert to moles (if necessary)
4th Step: Use the MOLE BRIDGE (use
coefficients from balanced chemical
equation)
5th Step: Convert the moles into the units
question is asking for (if necessary)

A = GIVEN
B = FIND

Practice!
We will start with ONLY step 3 of our stoichiometry
conversions
THE MOLE BRIDGE!!!
We need to use the COEFFICIENTS to set the
problems up.

Practice
In your notes, only write down the Given Find and the
equation!
Lead(II) sulfide, PbS, reacts with oxygen gas to produce lead(II)
oxide and sulfur dioxide. If 0.500 moles of O2 were consumed using
this chemical reaction, how many moles of lead(II) oxide would
be produced?
Equation:
Given:
Find:

___ PbS

____ O2 ____ PbO

+____ SO2

You Try
Independent Practice #1

The equation for the Haber process for the production of

ammonia is represented by the equation N2(g) +3 H2(g)
2NH3(g). The complete conversion of 9.0 moles of hydrogen
to ammonia would require how many moles of nitrogen?
Given:

Find:

You Try
Independent Practice #2

In the equation 2KCl03 2KCl + 302, how many

moles of oxygen are produced when 3.0 moles of
KCl03 decompose completely?
Given:
Find:

Welcome Back!
Tuesday | November 4, 2014
1. If we have 2.00 mol of N2 reacting with sufficient H2, how
many moles of NH3 will be produced?
N2 + ___H2 ---> ___NH3
2. Liquid sodium reacts with chlorine gas to produce sodium
chloride. You want to produce 400 moles of sodium
chloride. How many moles of sodium are needed?
2Na(l) +Cl2(g) 2 NaCl(s)
4. A student reacts 15 moles of silver nitrate according to
the balanced equation below. How many moles of silver
will be produced?
2 AgNO3 + 1 Cu 1 CuCl2 + 2 Ag

STOICHIOMETRY

Q: 3-Step Equations?
VERY similar to 2-step molar equations!
Steps:
1.Identify the given (with units) and find (with units)
2.Set up the problem
Convert given mass to moles
Mole Bridge
Moles back to mass

Lets Practice!

Q: 3-Step Equations?
Practice!
How many grams of calcium carbonate are required to
prepare 50.0 g of calcium oxide?
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Q: 3-Step Equations?
Question #1 on part B of worksheet
Using the Hoffman apparatus for electrolysis, a chemist
decomposes 36 g of water according to the balanced
chemical equation below. How many grams of hydrogen
gas should she get?
Equation: 2 H2O(l) 2 H2 (g) + 1 O2 (g)
Given:
Find:

Q: 3-Step Equations?
2. Ammonia, NH3, for fertilizer is made by causing
hydrogen and nitrogen to react at high
temperature and pressure. How many grams
of ammonia can be made from 0.15 grams of
nitrogen gas? Equation: N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
Given:
Find:

Q: 3-Step Equations?
Mandatory: #3-5
Challenge = #6

Next:
Part C
New Stoichiometry Worksheet
Answers are at solution stations!
What you do not finish is HOMEWORK!

Warm Up
Thursday | November 6, 2014
Consider the following reaction: NH4NO3 +
Na3PO4 (NH4)3PO4 + NaNO3
Which reactant is limiting, assuming we started
with 30.0 grams of ammonium nitrate and 50.0
grams of sodium phosphate.
What is the mass of each product that can be
formed?
What mass of the excess reactant(s) is left over?

Warm Up
Friday | November 7, 2014

A compound with a molecular mass of 84 g/mol

contains the elements carbon and hydrogen in a
ratio of 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen. Answer the
questions using the data provided. Show your work.
What is the empirical formula for this compound?
What is the molecular formula for this compound?

Take out review sheet what questions do you

have?

Agenda
Warm Up
Turn em in

Test Review 5 minutes

Testy Test!

Warm Up
Monday | November 10, 2014
Suppose 13.7 g of C2H2 reacts with 18.5 g O2 according to
the reaction below. What is the mass of CO2 produced?
What is the limiting reagent? How much of your excess
reactant remains?

___C2H2(g) + ___O2(g) ___CO2(g) + ___H2O()

Warm Up
Wednesday| November 12, 2014
Consider the following unbalanced equation.

___Al + ___ HBr ___AlBr3 + ___H2

When 3.22 grams of Al react with 4.96 grams of HBr, how
many grams of H2 are formed? What is the limiting
reagent? How much of your excess reagent is left over?