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(a) 2
Keswick School 1
(b) idea that 2
the (attractive) forces between molecules are weak
(not bonds between atoms)
so little energy is required / it is easy for molecules to escape from the liquid*
/ escape from other molecules*
(allow evaporate / change into a gas)
for 1 mark each
[6]
Keswick School 2
5. (a) idea that 2
copper has free electrons / electrons that move
throughout the structure
gains 1 mark
but
in copper, electrons from the highest (occupied) energy
level /outer shell, are
free / can move throughout the structure
gains 2 marks
Keswick School 3
(c) any two sensible ideas from eg: 2
• testing is expensive or testing costs money
allow it costs money
ignore litigation
• testing is time consuming
• don’t see any reason to test since normal sized particles
(of titanium oxide) do not cause harm
accept normal sun cream does not cause harm owtte
• don’t want to risk not producing a popular product (owtte)
eg if unsafe will have to stop production or have to remove
product if toxic
• testing process / unfavourable results might cause alarm /
reduce sales / reduce profit (less money)
• do not want to be seen doing animal testing
[5]
7. (a) (i) 27 2
(ii) 13
each for 1 mark
(b) each proton has a/1 positive charge and each electron has a/1 negative 2
charge OR electrons and protons have (equal but) opposite charges
there are equal numbers of protons and electrons in the atom/
so charges cancel or balance (each other)
each for 1 mark
(c) 3
Fluride atom 10
Fluride ion 9 10
Keswick School 4
8. (a) proton + (1) 3
both required
neutron 1
both required
electron (1)
both required
(b) 2.8.3 1
accept words or diagram to this effect
(c) (i) 24 1
(ii) 52 1
Keswick School 5