"^Jdgodm-eaUmJ{V_| {V~Y' {dMmaJmo>rHo$ hoVw AmboIVw{VH$ma :

Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha

AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr Ama nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbr

H$m
Amngr Q>H$amd
(^Jdgodm_| {V~Y hmoZoHo$ gX^_|)

H$meH$ :
lrdb^mMm` Q>Q>, H$gmam ~Oma, _mS>dr, H$N>, JwOamV-370
465.

H$meZmW Am{WH$ gh`moJXmVm :

Jmodm_r lr`moJoeHw$_ma (JmoHw$b-_w~B),
lr{_bZ H$mQ>mdmbm (Ah_Xm~mX),
lr_Vr hgm~oZ gw.narI (Ah_Xm~mX),
lrOZH$ Ama. emh (Ah_Xm~mX),
lrnH$O^mB O~wg[a`m (_w~B).

H$meZdf : {d.g.2063.

Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha

{ZewH$H${dVaUmW

_wH$ :

mg[H$
lrdb^mMm` Q>Q>, _mS>dr mam {dJV H$B dfm]go dmb^ gXm`Ho$
Ym{_H$ Xme{ZH$ AmMma Am{Xgo OwS>o {d{^Z _wm|na Ogo {H$ dUddmVm,
A{YH$ma, gmYZmUmbr, eaUmJ{V, JwUJmZ, ^Jdgodm {df`m|na gmXm{`H$
Vana {dMmaJmo>rH$m Am`moOZ hmoVm Am ahm h. gmYZm{df`H$ {dMma Ho$ ~mX
H$_H$s {>go \$bg~Yr {dMma mg[H$ hmoZm Mm{hE Wm. naVw {H$gr ^r
H$maHo$ {V~Y-{dZ {~Zm grYo \$bHo$ {_b OmZona \$bH$m gMm AmdmX
H$go {_b gH$Vm h! AV \$b{df`H$ {dMmaJmo>rH$m Am`moOZ H$aZogo nyd
""nw{>^pV Ama nw{>n{m gmYZm_| {V~Y'' {df`na JV {gV~a 2006
_| EH$ {dMmaJmo>rH$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m.

OmJV H$aZo_| hr ahm hdm h.

Bg AmboInHo$ {hXr-JwOamVr d$nHo$ gmW hr gmW {gmVdMZmdbr
VWm A_VdMZmdbr ^r AmYma^yV gm_JrHo$ gX{^V H$s J`r hmoZogo Ch| ^r
`hm WmoS>o-~hmoV ha\$a Ho$ gmW nwZH$m{eV H$s Om ahr h. A` ^r Hw$N>
CX~moYH$ n[a{e>m|Ho$ gmW. Bg Ad` {dMmaUr` {Z~YHo$ {ZewH$ {dVaUmW
Am{WH$ gh`moJ XmZ H$aZodmbo g^r B>OZm|Ho$ {V H$VkVmkmnZ Ho$ gmW...

eaX Jmodm_r (_mS>dr-H$N>)

VwV nwVH$_| JwOamVr-AZwdmXHo$ gmW _yb_| {hXr_| Ambo{IV ""AmYw{ZH$

`m`Umbr Ama nw{>_mJu` gmYZm H$m Amngr Q>H$amd (^Jdgodm_| {V~YH$
hmoZoHo$ gX^_|)'' {Z~YH$mo ny.Jmo.lr`m__ZmohaOr (nmbm-{H$eZJT>) Zo
CV {dMmaJmo>r_| VwV {H$`m Wm.
ny`lrZo AnZo AmboIn_| JwKamo_| hE ^JdgodmHo$ ~mao_| H$^r
{e`g_wXm`Ho$ gmW, H$^r H$mQw>p~H$ OZm|_| nana, Vmo H$^r am`emgZ
Ho$ gmW `m`mb`m|_| {N>S >o {ddmXm|H$o B{VhmgH$m, BZ {ddmXm|H$o H$maU gXm`H$mo
nhMr AnyaUr` hm{Z, CgHo$ H$maUmoH$m Bgr Vah CZHo$ {ZdmaUHo$ Cnm`m|H$m
{Z$nU {H$`m h.
AmnlrHo$ AmboIn_| {H$`o J`o {Z$nUH$m Bgr Vah gXm`Ho$ B{VhmgH$m
g_JVmHo$ gmW {dMma H$aZona `h n> hmo OmVm h {H$ CV {ddmXm|Ho$
{N>S>ZoH$m Ama CZHo$ KmVH$ n[aUm_ AmZoHo$ nrN>o _yb H$maU Wo : gmXm{`H$
{gmV Ama ^mdZm Ho$ ~mao_| dV_mZ AkmZ, A`WmkmZ, ge`, Alm
Ama {Z>mhrZVm. AVEd Bg g_`mH$m g_mYmZ ^r d_mJu` {gmV Ama
^mdZm {df`H$ ew kmZH$s mpV_| Ama d_mJu` {gmVm|Ho$ {V AZ`{Z>m
1

Am_wI
nwpQ>gXm`_| O_ boZoHo$ H$maU O_OmV nwpQ>_mJu; AWdm ~mha H$htgo
Am H$a nwpQ>_mJ_| Xr{jV hmoZodmbo ZdmJVwH$, h_ g^r nwpQ>_mJmZwJm{_Am|H$mo
EH$ AmXe AnZr {>go H$^r AmoPb Zht hmoZo XoZm Mm{h`o. dh `h AmXe
h {H$ AnZo nwpQ>_mJu` OrdZgo h_ Omo Hw$N> Anojm aIVo hm| CZ AnojmAm|go
H$ht A{YH$ lo`H$m[aUr Anojm `h h {H$ Bg ^yVbna h_mam nwpQ>_mJu`
OrdZ h_ nwpQ>Ordm|go `m Anojm aIVm h? Bgna gmdYmZrHo$ gmW Hw$N>
CXmm {MVZ Ama VXZwgma AnZr gH$nepV H$mo J^raVmHo$ gmW ~b
~ZmZoH$s h.
hfH$m {df` h {H$ Bg {Xem_| lrdb^mMm` Q>Q> H$N>-_mS>dr d_mJu`
Y_{gmVm|na gmXm{`H$ {dMmaJmo>r VWm XeZ{gmVm|na dgXm`oVa
{dmZm|H$s ^r {dMmaJmo{>Am|H$m {ZVmV A{^ZXZr` g_m`moOZ BYa Hw$N>
dfm]go {ZaVa H$aVm Am ahm h. _wPo `h H$hZo_| V{ZH$ ^r gH$moM AZw^yV Zht
hmoVm {H$ AnZo gXm`_| AmO Mmho BgH$m _hd {H$grHo$ Jbo CVao `m Z CVao
^{d`_| BZ {dMmaJmo{>Am|Ho$ Am`moOZm|_| hdo {MVZH$s _hmm nw{>{MVZH$s
`mmHo$ B{Vhmg_| H$moeV^Ho$ $n_| _m` hm|Jr hr.
d_mJu` JWm|H$m {ZaVa A`mg H$aVo ahZoHo$ ~mdOyX BZ {dMmaJmo{>Am|Ho$
H$maU {H$VZr gmar d_mJu` YmaUm`| d` _wPo AnZo dMm[aH$ Ama ^mdm_H$
{MVZH$mo gwn>V`m XoI-g_P nmZo_| {H$VZr A{YH$ ghm{`H$m ~Zr h! AV
Ama^_| BZ_| gp_{bV hmoZo_| AnZr {PPH$ ~mdOyX AmO _wPo AnZr Eogr
drH${V H$Q> H$aZo_| boe_m gH$moM AZw^yV Zht hmoVm.
Ogo {H$gr JrVH$s damdbrH$mo ~hYm gwZVo ahZoHo$ H$maU, OmZ boZoHo$
~mdOyX, O~ VH$ d` AnZo H$R>go Cgo H$Q> Z {H$`m Om` V~ VH$
dag`moOZmH$m gy_gmX` AdJV Zht hmo nmVm. AWdm Ogo {H$gr a`
CmZHo$ {MH$mo {Zhma boZoHo$ ~mdOyX CgH$s gwa`Vm Cg CmZ_| {dhaU {H$`o
{~Zm XJV Zht hmo nmVr. Eogo hr d_mJu` Y_-XeZ-g~Yr {gmVm|H$s
3

J^raVmH$m ^r O~ VH$ {ZN>b ~moY_mHo$ `moOZde emV {Mmgo g~Ho$

gmW {_bOwb H$a Amng_| h_ AmH$bZ Zht H$aVo, V~ VH$ AnZr gy_Vm
do h_mar ~w{ Ama X` Ho$ gm_Zo PbH$mVo Zht h!
dV_mZ AdWm nw{>^pVgXm`H$s BVZr emoMZr` ~Z J`r h {H$ AnZr
Y_mMm`H$s nXdrgo OwS>r gmar embrZVm Ama J[a_m H$mo ^yb H$a d`
_hm^wHo$ deO Iwbo Am_ Eogm H$hZo_| ^r boe_m bOmH$m AZw^d Zht
H$aVo {H$O~ h_Zo AnZo go` ^wHo$ g_wI AnZo _mJHo$ AZwJm{_Am|H$mo
~_g~YXrjm XmZ H$aVo h CgHo$ AVJV "{dm' nXHo$ `moJHo$
H$maU XrjmWu dUdZo AnZm {dm h_mao go` ^wH$mo g_{nV H$a hr {X`m
h. Eogr pW{V_| h_mao go` ^wH$s godm_| dUd OZVmHo$ {dmH$m {d{Z`moJ
Xmofmdh An{gmV H$go hmo gH$Vm h?

AnZr AWbmobwnVmHo$ H$maU H$Q> hE XodbH$VmHo$ Bg ZZVmS>dH$mo

g`V {H$`m Om`o Vmo ghO hr `h g_P_| Am gH$Vm h {H$ XrjmW J__|
XrjmWuHo$ Xohm{X Ka~ma VWm n[adma g^rH$m ^Jdg_nU {VkmV h. Eogr
pW{V_| ^Jdgodm_| Ho$db {dmHo$ hr {d{Z`moJH$s BVZr Amgwar bmbgm
`m|? `m| Xr{jVHo$ `pVHo$ Ka_| AnZo go` ^wH$mo nYmam H$a CgHo$
n[admaOZm|H$mo godm gm|n Zht Xr OmVr! `m| nJmaXma ZmoH$am|go AnZo hr Kam|_|
godmH$m `dgm` Mbm`m OmZoH$m _moh nmbm Om ahm h? `{X {deof ^Jd_y{VHo$
hr AW_| g_nU A{^oV hmo Vmo gmjmV Cg ^Jd_y{VHo$ g_wI {Ogo Xrjm
Z Xr J`r hmo, H$_go H$_ Eogo XeZmWuHo$ YZH$mo Vmo AnZr ^Jdgodm_|
{d{Z`moJ H$aZoH$s bmbgmna Vmo AH$w e nmZm Mm{h`o Wm! `h g~ d{gmVJmad,
dgo`^wHo$ Jmad, YZbmobwnVma{hV nw{>^pVHo$ Jmad; Ama AVV
AmMm`deO hmoZoHo$ Am_Jmad Ho$ Aj` mgH$m Xwn[aUm_ h!
hmb_| hr lrdb^mMm` Q>Q> mam "^Jdgodm_| {V~Y' {df`na Am`mo{OV
{dMmaJmo>r_| `h AmboIn _Zo nT>m Wm. g_`m^mdde Cg {dMmaJmo>r_|
4

Bgna Ano{jV MMm-{dMmaUm hmo Zht nm`r. Bg {df`na g^r h_ nw{>_m{JAm|H$mo

H$^r Z H$^r Vmo J^raVmHo$ gmW {dMma Vmo H$aZm hr nS>oJm. AV {dMmaJmo>rH$m
gmam {ddaU H$Q> hmoZogo nyd ^r Bgo H$meZmW AZw_{V XmZ H$aZoHo$ hoVw CV
`mgHo$ {V AnZr H$VkVmkmnZHo$ gmW...
Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha

Xrnmdbr {d.g.2063
63, dpVH$ gmogm`Q>r,
4Wm aVm, OwhH$s_,
nmb} _w~B.

{df`gy{M

1.AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr Ama nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbr H$m

Amngr Q>H$amd
1.AmnH${_H$ n[a^mfm
1
2.{dMm`{df`Ho$ AmYma^yV _mUm|H$s n[a{Y
1
3.{dMm`{df`H$s n[a{Y
2
4.gJmonmm n>rH$aU
3
5.nw{>_mJu` B{VhmgHo$ H$mbIS>
7
6.Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm gm{VH$ Q>H$amdm|H$m VwbZm_H$ $n 8
7.dV_mZ-Q>H$amdHo$ {ZdmaUH$m Cnm`
37
8.gX^gyMr
38
3.{gmVdMZmdbr
4.A_VdMZmdbr (n[a{e>.2)
5.nwpQ> Ap_Vm
6.nwpQ>{gmVMMmg^mH$m g{jV dm

51
91
112
114

&&lrH$Um` Z_&&
&&lr_XmMm`MaUH$_bo`mo Z_&&

AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr Ama nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbr

H$m
Amngr Q>H$amd
(^Jdgodm_| {V~Y hmoZoHo$ gX^_|)

Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha

1.AmnH${_H$ n[a^mfm :

"AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr' nXH$m `moJ ^maVdfHo$ AJoOm|Ho$ Cn{Zdoe ~ZZoHo$

~mX Omo {b{IV `m`Umbr AJoOm|mam gmjmV em{gV Xoem|_| bmJy H$s
J`r VWm CZgo ^m{dV Xoer am`m|_| ^r Omo eZ-eZ VwV h`r; Ama,
dmYrZVm {_bZoHo$ ~mX am>Ho$ JUV Kmo{fV hmoZona Omo g{dYmZ Xoe_| _m`
hdm Cggo Omo `m`Umbr Wm{nV h`r, Cg AW_| {dd{jV h. Bgr Vah
"nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbr'nXH$m `moJ _hm^w lr_Xdb^mMm`MaUmam
H$R>V Cn{X> Ama CZHo$ CnXoem|na nadVu `m`mH$mam|mam {bIr J`r
{ddoMZmAm|_| H$Q> hmoVr ^JdgodmH$s UmbrH$m Omo d$n H$Q> hdm h Cg
AW_| {dd{jV h.

nS>Vm h. {\$a^r `m`Umbr hmo `m Y_Umbr `m A`^r Or{dV Um{b`m|H$m

CZHo$ _yb d$n Ed `moOZ Ho$ AZw$n dW$noU {dH${gV hmoZm EH$
g^mdZm h. Eogo hr Xygar g^mdZm CgHo$ {dH$V hmo OmZoH$s ^r CVZr hr
ghO hmoVr h.
AVEd VwV nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbrH$s {ddoMZm_| Xoe-H$mbH$s {df_
n[apW{VHo$ de H$Q> hE {dH$V d$nH$mo AmXe _mZZoHo$ ~Om` JWmon{X>
d$nH$mo hr h_ m_m{UH$ _mZ H$a `hm {d_emW dm hmoZm Mmh|Jo. `m|{H$
Cn{X> {gmVHo$ ~mao_| gmdYmZrHo$ gmW Omo Ny>Q>N>mQ> nanam_| br J`r hm|
AWdm Xoe-H$mbde nZnr AZMmhr {dH${V`m Omo nanam_| OwS> J`r hm|, Ch|
H$^r Z H$^r Vmo AnZo _yb$n_| dW ~ZmZoH$m Z{VH$ CmaXm{`d AZwJm{_Am|H$m
hmoVm hr h. `h `{X A^r> Z hmo Vmo Ch| _yb moVgo OmoS>Zm `m CZHo$ gmW
_yb moVH$m Zm_ OmoS>Zm AZr{VnyU H$` ~Z OmVm h. dh `{X OJVdMZm Zht
Vmo Cggo ^r J{hV Am_dMZm hr hmoVr h. AV nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbrH$m
JWmon{X> d$n hr Bg AmboIZH$s dh m_m`n[a{Y h {OgHo$ ^rVa ah H$a
hr Omo Hw$N> VwV H$aZm h gmo H$aZm h.
3.{dMm`{df`H$s n[a{Y :

AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr Ama nw{>_mJu` gmYZmUmbr Ho$ _hmdmm|Ho$ AV^yV

H${Vn` n[aJ{UV bKwdm hr `hm {dMmaUmW A{^b{fV h. `m|{H$ A` ^r
AZoH$ bKwdmm|H$s {ddoMZm Bg Ann[a_mUHo$ AmboIZ_| Z e` h Ama Z
A^r> hr.

2.{dMm`{df`Ho$ AmYma^yV _mUm|H$s n[a{Y :

`h Vmo dm^m{dH$ hr h {H$ Mmho amOH$s` `m`Umbr hmo `m Ym{_H$

gmYZmUmbr H$moB ^r AnZo _yb dVZmHo$ dMZm|_| ~Y H$a gXm ah Zht nmVr.
`m|{H$ nadVu {ddoMZmH$mam|H$s AnZr g_P, nanam_| CgHo$ AZwgaU_| AmVr
gw{dYm/Agw{dYm; VWm AV_| VmX Xoe-H$mbH$s AZwHy$bVm/{VHy$bVm `o
Eogo V` h, Omo {H$gr ^r `m` `m Y_ H$s dV_mZ `m Or{dV UmbrHo$
d$nH$mo KS>Zo_| _hdnyU KQ>H$ ~Z OmVo h. AV Bh| ^r {ZH$f Vmo _mZZm

EVXW AZno{jV {dVmago ~MZoH$o {b`o "{gmVdMZmdbr' Zm_H$ nwpVH$m_|

go hr dMZ CV H$aZm MmhJm. `h dMZmdbr gZ 1992Ho$ OZdar _mgH$s
VmarI 10go 13VH$ Mma {XZm| VH$ {ddH$_m~mJ (nmb}-_w~B) _|
nw{>{gmVMMmg^m_| {dMmaUmW VwV H$s J`r Wr. Bg_|go ^r Ho$db Mma
_wm|H$mo hr CnbjU{d{Ygo `hm CnWm{nV H$aZm MmhJ m : 1godmWb 2go`d$n
3
godm{YH$mar godmH$Vm VWm godmn[aMmaH$ 4godmd$n. `m|{H$ Bg godmd$n
_woHo$ ^rVa A` Mma _wo `Wm : H$godmonXoeXrjm IgodmXeZ Jgodm`moOZ

VWm KgodmW-AmOr{dH$m H$m ^r dma{gH$ AV^md {g h hr. VXW

`Wmnojm CaUgX^ ^r m` Cg {gmVdMZmdbrgo VwV {H$`o Om`|Jo.
AVw.
4.gJmonmm n>rH$aU :

Bg dMZmdbr_| BZ {df`m|Ho$ ~mao_| {dMmaUr` _ybdMZm|H$m gH$bZ Ama

^mdmZwdmX ^r V^r VwV {H$`m J`m Wm. V~go AmO VH$ gmpVH$ {>go
H$moB ^r J^ra w{Q> `m AWmVa BZ_| H$moB ^r {XIbm Zht nm`m. Hw$N>
~MH$mZr N>rN>mboXa Ad` H$m{eV h`r Wr. A` Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m|mam
^yVH$mb_| d`Kmo{fV {dYmZm|H$o dXVmo`mKmV H$aZodmbr AmbmoMZm ^r H$m{eV
H$s J`r. naVw CZH$s nyddrH${VH$mo m_m{UH$ _mZZm `m Am_drH${VHo$
IS>ZH$mo m_m{UH$ _mZZm `h gdmb CR>m`o OmZona gdmWgmYH$ _mZ! hr
`wma {_bm!
AV AJ{VH$V`m _ybdMZm|Ho$ AmYmana `h {ZpMV hmo OmVm h {H$
nw{>gXm`_|

Ama AVEd H$~_g~Y `m Am_{ZdoXZ H$s gmXm{`H$s Xrjm

^r d` VWm d`Ho$ nm[adm[aH$ OZm|Ho$ ^JdgodmHo$ A{YH$mamW br
OmVr h, nw{>gXm`_| doemW AWdm gmXm{`H$ gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb`m|_|
XeZmW, A` {H$gr mam H$s OmVr ^JdgodmHo$ hoVw YZXmZmW
AWdm ^JdgmXJhUmW Zht.
n[aUm_V`m Inw{>_mJu` ^Jdgodm_| XeZmW gp_{bV hmoZoH$m
H$V` `m A{YH$ma ^r {ZOr hr hmoVm h, gmdO{ZH$ Zht.
`hr V` nw{>_mJ_| H$s OmVr ^JdgodmHo$ J`moOZHo$ ~mao_o H$hm
Om gH$Vm h : godmH$m `moOZ ^pV$nm `m ^pVdW H$s OmVr
godmmam d`-{Zdo{XV AhVm-__VmnX nXmWm]H$m AnZo Ka_| {~amOVo
^Jdd$nHo$ hoVw {d{Z`moOZ hmoVm h. OZH$`mU `m OZ{ejU
Am{X Zht.
AV_| {ZH$fV`m nw{>_mJ_| K^Jdgodm go`d$nH$s AmamYZm,
AWmV gZVm, Ho$ {b`o hmoVr h Z{H$ godmH$Vm `m CgHo$ n[adma H$s
AmOr{dH$mHo$ CnmOZmW.
(>.{gm.dM.1-8 VWm nw{>{gmVMMmg^mH$m g{jV {ddaU
n.5-38)

^JdgodmW Ano{jV Wb godmH$VmH$m AnZm {ZOr Ka hmoVm h,

gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb` Zht.
2
go`d$n ^r godmH$Vm Ama CgHo$ n[adma mam H$s OmVr
^JdgodmHo$ hoVw dmW-{V>m{nV hmoVm h, namW Zht. AWmV
nw{>_mJmZwJm_r OZgmYmaUH$s Ym{_H$ gmYZm `m Ym{_H$ {hV Ho$ hoVw
{V>m{nV Zht.
AVEd Eogo {ZOJh_| {~amO_mZ {ZOr Amam` d$nHo$ ^OZmW
A{YH$ma ^r 3godmH$Vm, Ama CgH$s AZw_{VHo$ AmYmana, CgHo$
nm[adm[aH$ `m B> OZm|H$m hr hmoVm h, nw{>_mJ_| Xr{jV ha {H$gr
dUd `m OZgmYmaU H$m Zht.
VXZwgma 4^JdgodmH$m d$n ^r {ZOr hr hmoVm h gmdO{ZH$
Zht.
3

{gmVV Vmo `h {g hmo OmZona ^r EH$ ZZ g` `h Amah {H$ D$na

{XIbm`r J`r Umbrgo gdWm {dnarV hr nw{>_mJu` ^JdgodmH$m {dH$V
H$ma dV_mZ H$mb_| Mb ahm h. AnZr AmOr{dH$mHo$ CnmOZmW Am_{ddmg
Imo ~R>o h_ Y_m}nXoeH$m|H$s jw YZbmbgmHo$ H$maU OZVmH$mo ^r ^JdgodmH$s
{dH$V UmbrH$mo hr AZwgaZoH$mo AmO bw^m`m `m ~hH$m {X`m J`m h. Eogo
~hH$mZodmbo JWmon{X> {gmVm|H$mo JmU {XIbm H$a nanamH$s XwhmB XoVo h.
naVw nanamHo$ gdmhH$ CZ nydO m|H$o dMZ ^r, AVEd, Cg {gmVdMZmdbrHo$
n[a{e>_| "A_VdMZmdbr' erfH$Ho$ ZrMo gH${bV {H$`o J`o Wo. Vm{H$
nw{>_mJH$s gMr _m`Vmgo nanamH$s XwhmB {H$VZr {dnarV h, `h d` XoIm
Om gHo$.

EVmdVm `{X H$moB Eogo H$ho {H$ {gmV{> Mmho Omo Hw$N> ahr hmo, `dhma_|
CgH$m AZwgaU Zht {H$`m J`m hmoZogo, CgH$s ^m{dVm {Zeof hmo J`r, Vmo
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3
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5.nw{>_mJu` B{VhmgHo$ H$mbIS> :

5

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7

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1/I

nw{>_mJHo$ ^mVH$mbH$s Xygar nrT>rna AdpWV Jmodm_r lr{d>bZmW

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Z nw{>^pVHo$ AZwgma d` lrZmWOr {H$grHo$ Ka_| ZXmb`H$s ^mdZmHo$ gmW
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AZw_{V _hm^wZo XmZ H$s Wr(84d.dm.24&1). Jm_goOwQ>m`r ^JdmZH$s
8

^moJgm_JrH$s godmHo$ hoVw ^r j{` am_Xmg MmhmZH$mo A{YH$V {H$`m J`m Wm

(84 d.dm.48&2). `h g~ _hm^wH$s Jhgodm_| {~amOVo d$n lr_XZ_mohZOr
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^VOZVmgo OwQ>mZo Am{XH$s `dWmH$m A{YH$mar CV lrH$UXmgOrH$mo
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{V~Y bmJy H$a {X`m. dgo ^wMaUZo Vmo Bgo {Z{VdmX _m` hr aIm.
{\$a^r VH$mbrZ _wJb am`Ho$ _wI _r ~ra~bZo lrH$UXmgOrH$mo H$mamJh_|
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_mZZoHo$ H$maU ^wMaUZo d` _hm^wmam A{YH$V lrH$UXmgOrHo$ mam H$ho
OmZona hr godm H$aZr C{MV _mZr Wr (>. : 84 d.dm.84&7). Bggo {g
hmoVm h {H$ ^wMaUZo Ym{_H$ {df`_| am`mkmHo$ ~Om` AnZo {nVm _hm^w
AWmV Y_mMm`H$s AmkmHo$ nmbZH$mo AmXe _mZm ""gmo JwgmBOr Vmo godmqgJma H$[a Om` Ama H$mhgm| H$Nw> H$ho Zht. H$moB godH$ lrJwgmBOrgm| nyN>o V~
lrJwgmBOr Amn H$h| Omo H$UXmg A{YH$marHo$ nmg Omdmo - h_ OmZ| Zht''

(84 d.dm.84&2). d` Y_mMm` O~ Y_Ho$ {df`_| ^r Y_JWm|H$s Amkmgo

A{YH$ _wIVm H$mZyZH$s drH$maZo bJVm h, V~ dh d` hr H$mZyZHo$
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Y_}Va {df`_| g_mO_| gdm}n[a hmo gH$Vm h. Y_ Ama H$mZyZ H$s {H$Vw
AnZr-AnZr jo_`mXm Vmo hmoVr hr h. AmOHo$ h_ db^deO Y_mMm`m]Zo
Bg {df`_| AnZm Am_{ddmg Imo {X`m. AV AnZr gmYZmUmbr_|
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jo_| AV^yVhmo J`o. H$mZyZr jo_| AmVr ~mV-OZVmHo$ hoVw, OZVmHo$ `go
Ama OZVmHo$ {V{Z{YV`m -^Jdgodm$n dY_Ho$ AZw>mZH$mo h_Zo AnZo
na_Y_Ho$ $n_| A~ _m` H$a {b`m hmoZogo!
1/J

nw{>_mJH$o ^mVH$mbH$s Vrgar nrT>rna AdpWV lr{d>bZmW ^wMaUHo$

MVwWm_O lrJmoHw$bZmWOrHo$ B{Vdm_| ^r EH$ _hmZ PPmdmV `m H$mZyZgo
Q>H$amd nXm hdm Wm. CO{`ZrHo$ {Myn g`mgrHo$ ^md_| Am H$a O~
9

~mXemh OhmJraZo h_maomam ^Jdgodm_| Ad`YmaUr` Vwbgr_mbm Ama

D$dnwS>{VbH$ na {V~Y bJm {X`m Wm. V~ Cg {V~Ygo S>ao {~Zm AnZm
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Zht?'' nyN>o OmZona ""h_mar JaXZ CVmar OmZoHo$ gmW `o CVmar Om gH$Vr h''
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~mXemhZo _mbm-{VbH$ Z N>moS>Zo hm| Vmo JmoHw$b_| AnZo KaH$mo N>moS> Xmo! Eogm
{dH$n gm_Zo aIm. Bgna AnZr ^dZgn{mHo$ ~Om` AnZo godmW YmaUr`
{VbH$-_mbmHo$ {MZm|H$s CnmXo`Vm A{YH$ drH$maZodmbo lrJmoHw$bZmWOr
gmoa_ Om H$a ~g J`o (>. : _mbmom._mJ.5-6). Eogr dY_{Z>m AmO
h_mao ^rVa H$hm ~M nm`r h!
Eogr h AnZr gmYZmUmbr Ama `m`Umbr Ho$ Amngr Q>H$amdH$s
nw{>_mJHo$ ^mVH$mbHo$ B{VhmgH$s H$Wm!
2/I-J-K

W_ Mma nr{T>Am|_|go VrZ nrT>rHo$ Cpb{IV B{VdmHo$ ~mX Xygar

Mma nr{T>`m|_| AWmV nmMdt N>>r gmVdt Ama AmR>dt nr{T>Am|_| hdo H${Vn`
Q>H$amdm|_| EH$ CboIZr` Q>H$amdH$m dmmV 120dMZm_VH$ma lr{JaYabmbOrZo
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Cmam{YH$mar Z ah OmZona bKw^mVmAm|Ho$ Kam|_|go Cmamoma `H${Z>Jhm|Ho$ H$__|
Omo `o> hmo VXZwgma JmoX boZm `m Omo ad`H$__| `o> hmo VXZwgma JmoX boZm.
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d
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emgZmW Xm gwaV eha_| Om ~gm. V~go CR>m hdm `h {ddmX A^r VH$
dV ^maVHo$ `m`mb`m|_| Mb hr ahm h!
10

dgo _yb_| Vmo `h ^JdmZHo$ go` d$nH$mo na_{Z{Y _mZZodmbm|Ho$ ~rM

^JdgodmHo$ Cmam{YH$maHo$ ~mao_| {ddmX Wm. ^dZ gnXm nX `m nXdr Ho$
~mao_| Cmam{YH$maH$m {ddmX Zht! naVw {dJV _`nmVr H$mb_| BgZo Xygam hr
$n bo {b`m h. A~ `h go`d$nHo$ AmYmana Jh/nrR>H$m d$n {ZYm[aV
hmoVm h `m godmH$VmHo$ n[admaHo$ Jh/nrR>Ho$ AmYmana go`d$nm|_| `o>d
`m dar`d H$_ _m` H$aZm, `m| nXdr g~Yr {ddmXH$m $n bo MwH$m h.
Bg {df`_| "nw{>_mJu` nrR>mYre d$n Ama H$V`' erfH$Ho$ gmW nhbo ^r
EH$ bYwJWH$m W_ H$aU _Zo {bIm VWm H$m{eV ^r H$adm`m h. Bg
~mao_| _oao {dMmam|H$mo dhmgo OmZm Om gH$Vm h.
Omo Bg_| gmXm{`H$ {MVmH$m {df` h dh Vmo Xygam hr h. `m|{H$ _mZ
H$a Mb| {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `m`mb` Bg {dH$n_| go`d$nHo$ {H$gr VWmH${WV
dar`VmHo$ hr AmYmana Jh/nrR>H$s dar`Vm {ZYm[aV H$a X|, Vmo CgH$s grYr
Aga h_maomam CnWm{nV {dMmaUr` _wm|Ho$ AVJV Xygao-Vrgao _wm|na
nS>oJr-

Am_KmVr {gmV _mZ boZoHo$ Xwn[aUm_m|go `o JV hm|Jo hr. dgo Vmo _wH$X_o_|
g^m{dV O`/namO`go d`H$mo A^m{dV aIZoH$s A{dMm[aV bmbgmHo$
de Eogm {H$`m J`m. {\$a^r O` `m namO` {H$gr ^r pW{V_| `h AnZo
go`d$nH$s dmW{V>mH$s h{g`VH$mo ^m{dV Vmo H$aoJm hr. `m| gmpVH$
{dH${VH$mo H$mZyZr Om_m nhZm`o OmZoH$s XwKQ>Zm `h {g hmoJr.
3-4/H$-I-J-K

Vrgar-MmWr g{XAm|H$s Zm_tgo gmobhdt nr{T>`m|_| hE Q>H$amdm|H$o

B{Vdmm|H$s Vmo BVZr ^a_ma h {H$ Z Vmo g^rH$s {ddoMZm Ama Z n[aJUZm ^r
Bg bKwH$m` AmboI_| g_oQ>r Om gH$Vr h. {\$a^r Hw$N> Ad` CXmhaUr`
B{Vdmm|H$s MMm {dMm`{df`H$s J^raVmH$mo ^br^m{V g_PZo_| AVrd CnH$maH$
hmoZogo H$aZr hr nS>oJr.

AnZo {gmVHo$ `o _wo A~ gdZmer H$mZyZHo$ gmW Q>H$am`|Jo hr. `h

{deof_| Bg{b`o ^r {H$ A~ `h {ddmX XoeHo$ CMV_ `m`mb`_| {ZU`mW
VwV hmoZoOmahmh. AV CgH$m {ZU` gmao Xoe_| H$mZyZH$s h{g`V aIVm
hmoZogo {OZ nw{>_mJu` Kam|_| Eogm {ddmX Z hmo CZna ^r EH$ gmd^m{_H$
H$mZyZH$s Vah bXZo bJoJm! `m|{H$ {ZMbr AXmbVm|_| `h _wH$X_m d`
nrR>mYre hmoZoHo$ XmdoXmam|Zo Xm`a Zht {H$`m. AnZo AZwJm{_Am| mam Xm`a
H$adm`m J`m. AV OmZo-AZOmZo AnZo go`d$nH$s namW-{V>mH$m

_wJb ~mXemh AmoaJOo~H$s ~~a Zr{VAm|go ~MZoHo$ {b`o _odmS>_| Aml`

boZHo $o ~mdOyX dmb^ gXm`Ho$ YmZnrR>mYre m` g^r Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`V
_hmamO gdXm, AnZo ZrOr R>mHw$aOr lrZdZrV{`Or VWm lrdb^deO
Jmodm{_n[admaHo$ A{d^V dddmbo lrJmodYZmWOr H$mo, nwZ AnZo
dm{_ddmbo JmoHw$b-O{Vnwam Jm_m|_| nYam H$a bmQ> OmZo(1)H$m _ZmoaW
gOmoVo hr aho! _odmS>Ho$ amUmAm|Ho$, naVw, H$^r ^pV^mdHo$ de Vmo H$^r
amOmkmHo$ ~YZ_| ~Yo hmoZoHo$ H$maU dh dZ H$^r nyU Z hmo nm`m!! AJoOm|Ho$
gmW _odmS> am`Ho$ _rHo$ g_PmVoHo$ _gmXoHo$ H$B AZw~Ym|_| EH$ AZw~Y `h
^r Wm {H$ _odmS> am`Ho$ VH$mbrZ H$mZyZH$s Vah AJoOm| mam em{gV
Xoem|_| Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`V _hmamOlrH$m Jmad Ogm {H$ CX`nwa am`_|
{Z^m`m OmVm h dgm {Z^m`m Om`oJm(2). Bgr Vah _odmS> am`Zo ^r AJoOm|Ho$
{hVHo$ {dnarV OmZodmbm|H$mo AnZo am`_| l` Z XoZoH$m AZw~Y drH$mam Wm.
{\$a^r gZ 11 \$adar 1859_| dmV` goZmZr lrVm`m Q>monoHo$ ^mJ H$a _odmS>
Xoe_| Am OmZona, em`X `o bmoJ {dO`r hmo Om`| Vmo amUmHo$ ~YZgo h_| ^r
_wpV {Xbdm X|Jo, Eogr _hdmH$mjmHo$ de VH$mbrZ Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`V
_hmamOlrZo dVVmHo$ goZm{ZAm|H$s nyao VrZ {XZm| VH$ ZmWmam_| Amd^JV
H$s Wr. V~go _odmS> am` Ama Jmo.{V._.Ho$ g~Y H$Qw> ~ZVo Mbo J`o. gmo
Bg hX VH$ {H$ dmV` gJm_H$mo emV hmo OmZoHo$ ~mX AJoOr amOHo$ pWa

11

12

go`d$n ^r godmH$Vm Ama CgHo$ n[adma mam H$s OmVr ^JdgodmHo$

hoVw dmW-{V>m{nV hmoVm h, namW Zht. AWmV nw{>_mJmZwJm_r
OZgmYmaUH$s Ym{_H$ gmYZmHo$ hoVw {V>m{nV Zht. AVEd Eogo {ZOJh_|
{~amO_mZ {ZOr Amam` d$nHo$ ^OZmW A{YH$ma ^r 3godmH$Vm, Ama

CgH$s AZw_{VHo$ AmYmana, CgHo$ nm[adm[aH$ OZm|H$m hr hmoVm

h, nw{>_mJ_| Xr{jV ha {H$gr dUd `m OZgmYmaU H$m Zht.

hmo OmZona Jmo.{V._.lrZo JdZaOZabHo$ EO|Q> [aMS> H|$S>{deHo$ nmg AnZo

{V{Z{Y ^oOZo ew {H$`o {H$ Ch| dVVm XmZ H$s Om`o (dra{dZmo.n.179395). ~mX_| Vmo g~Ym|Ho$ nyar Vah {~JS> OmZona 1875_| 21_BHo$ {XZ
amOmohHo$ Amamon_| Jmo.{V._.lrH$mo H$X H$aHo$ Xoe{ZH$mbm {X`m J`m ""BZ
{XZm|_| ZmWmamH$m Jmodm_r {JaYabmb AnZo H$Xr_r T>JH$mo N>moS> H$a aBgmZh
_J$arHo$ g~~ [a`mgVr hHy$_Vgo ~m{ha {ZH$bZoH$s Mo>m H$aZo bJm... Bg
dV ~hVgo ~IoS>o CR>o. lrJmodYZmWOrH$s Omo ^oQ> H$moQ>m JwOamV dJoahgo AmVr
Wr Cg_| ^r... Ibb S>mbZm Mmhm.'' (dra{dZmo.n.2153-57).
CboIZr` h {H$ dmb^ gXm` Z Vmo _odmS>_| amOmkmgo d{VV Y_
Wm, Z am`m{lV Y_ Wm Ama Z dh am`H$s gr_mAm|_| {Kam hr H$moB
Y_gXm`(3) Wm. hm _wJb ~mXemh AmoaJOo~H$s ~~aVmgo ~MZoH$mo CgH$s
YmZnrR> _odmS>_| WbmVaU Ad` H$a MwH$s Wr. AV _odmS>am`_| AmVr
MbmMb gn{mna Jmo.{V.Ho$ dm{_dH$mo _m` aIZm `m CZgo N>rZ boZm, `h
Vmo am`H$s gmd^m{_H$ BN>m `m {Z`_ H$m {df` {ZpMV Wm hr. naVw
gXm`{deofHo$ YmZnrR>mYre hmoZoHo$ A{YH$mam|H$mo {ZaV H$aZm _odmS>am`Ho$
Zao e m| H o A{YH$mago ~m {df` Wm. AVEd lr{J[aYabmbOrH$mo
Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`VHo$ nXgo `wV H$a Ed ZmWmamgo {ZH$m{gV H$a dh nX
CZHo$ nw lrJmodYZbmbOrH$mo gm|n XoZm am`{hV_| hmoZona ^r EH$ A`m` hr
Wm. `hr H$maU Wm {H$ _odmS>am`go lr{J[aYmarOr _hmamOHo$ {ZH$mgZHo$
~mdOyX XoeHo$ A`m` ^y^mJm|_| ahr CZH$s gn{mna Jmo.{V.lr{J[aYabmbOrHo$
dm{_dH$mo XoeH$s A`m` [a`mgVm|Zo, Zm_e, hXam~mX H$moQ>m Am{XZo A_m`
Zht {H$`m. d` AJoOm|mam em{gV Xoem|Ho$ `m`mb`m|Zo ^r A_m` Zht
{H$`m. Bg ~maoHo$ H$B XVmdoO ^r CMV_ `m`mb`_| Jmo.{V._.lrZo VwV
{H$`o Wo na {OahHo$ g_` CZna `m`mYreH$m `mZ Zht ItMm J`m.

dmb^ gXm`_| ~Jmbr nwOm[aAm|H$mo YmZ Y_mMm` _mZZm nS>oJm! dVwV

Vmo lr{d>bZmW ^wMaUHo$ g_` hdo {ZOm_Om|Ho$ gmW Jh{d^mOZ_| _wI
Ka {nVmH$m Ama eof gmV Ka nwm|Ho$, `m| EH$ YmZnrR>mYre Ama gmV
CnnrR>mYre, Eogm d[a>VmH$_ {ZYm[aV hdm Wm. Jmo.{V._.lrH$mo, AVEd
g`wV n[admaH$s A{d^V {Z{Yd$n lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m {deofm{YH$ma
gm|nm J`m. `h ^r dfHo$ Ho$db 60 {XZm|H$m hr Wm. BgHo$ {dnarV `{n VrZ
{XZgo A{YH$ {H$gr ^r EH$ db^deO `pVH$m godm{YH$ma Z hmoZona ^r
eof db^Hw$bHo$ Jmodm{_Am|H$o ~Q>_| 300 {XZ _wV aIo J`o Wo. Jmo.{V._.lrHo$
_wI go`d$n Vmo lrZdZrV{`Or hr Wo. AVEd AmOH$s VmarI VH$ Bh|
lrZmWOrHo$ d$ngo nWJ-^dZ nWJ ZoJ ^moJ amJ VWm H$_Mmar dXH$s
nWJ-`dWmHo$ AVJV nYam`o aIm J`m h. Z Ho$db BVZm `wV BZHo$
amO^moJ YaZoHo$ g_` lrZmWOrH$mo ^r ^moJ YaZoH$s ^mdZm aI H$a Xmo Wmb
nYam`o OmVo h . `h n W J `dWm hr Bg V`H$m _mU Wr
(.120dMZm.6,46,51,68). `h Iwbmgm ^r {_bVm h {H$ ""gmo gmV
d$n Ama lrZmWOr Vmo EH$ hr h, `m_| gXoh Zmhr h. n[a lrZmWOrH$mo Ka h
gmo lr_hm^wOr-lrJwgmBOrZo Xodma am`mo h; Ama, Ama d$n Vmo AnZoAnZo Ka_| {~amOo h'' (dht.dMZm.81). nhbo `h Xodmb` gmdO{ZH$ Wm

AdYo` h {H$ Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`V hmoZHo $m nX lrZmWOrH$s _y{VH$o YmZnwOmar

hmoZona {Z^a Z Wm. `m|{H$ Eogm hmoVm Vmo Ama^_| O~ AgmXm{`H$ ~Jmbr
nwOm[aAm|H$mo godm{YH$mar ~Zm`m J`m V~, d` _hm^w lrdb^mMm`, ^wMaU
Jmodm_r lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{d>bZmWOr ^r {d_mZ Wo hr, AV V~ ^r

naVw ^wMaUHo$ gVKam_| lrZmWOrHo$ {~amOZoHo$ ~mX AWmV nwZ{V>mHo$

~mX O{V {\$a^r _odmS> am`Zo A`m`nyU VarHo$go Jmo.{V.Ho$ Am_OHo$ V~
And`H$ hmoZoHo$ H$maU dmb^ gm`H$s YmZnrR>H$mo _odmS> am`Ho$
AmYrZ dUdm|H$m _pXa Kmo{fV {H$`m. nwZ `hm CboIZr` hmo OmVm h {H$
Jmo.{V.lrJmodYZbmb _hmamOlrZo AnZr Am`wHo$ CmamY_| CX`nwaZaoeH$mo o{fV
EH$ KmofUmn_| _odmS> am`mam {Z`wV ~Yg{_{VHo$ AZwgma gWmZHo$
~YH$mo gXm`m{^_V {gmV Ama nanamgo A{dnarV hmoZona hr _m`
aIZoHo$ geV AmdmgZHo$ gmW-gmW AnZo gWmZgo OwS>r `M-`mdV
MbmMb gn{mna AnZo nyU dm{_dH$s KmofUm ^r H$s Wr. dh ^r Bg
n>rH$aUHo$ gmW {H$ Xodmoma gn{m CZHo$ `pVJV Cn^moJ_| br OmZoH$s Z
Vmo nanam h Ama Z Eogm H$m` do H$^r H$a|Jo hr (.A_.dM.8). Bg
KmofUmn_| {H$`o J`o XmdoH$mo Z Vmo VH$mbrZ _odmS>am`Ho$ ZaoeZo A_m`
{H$`m Wm Ama Z H$moB AZ{YH$maMo>m H$aZoH$m AnamYr Jmo.{V._hmamOlrH$mo
_mZm Wm. Bgr Ad{YHo$ ~rM BZHo$ nw Jmo.lrXm_moXabmbOrH$m AdmN>Zr`

13

14

H$aU {N>S> OmZogo d` {nVmZo AnZo nwH$mo Jmo.{V.Ho$ nXHo$ A`mo` Kmo{fV H$a
AnZo nm Jmo.lrJmo{dXbmbOrH$mo Cmam{YH$mar Kmo{fV {H$`m BgH$s gnw{>
_odmS>am`Ho$ Zaoemam H$s J`r(5). ~mX_| XoeHo$ dV hmoZona d`
Jmo.{V.lrJmo{dXbmb _hmamOlr lrZmWmamH$m ~Ym{YH$ma d` AnZr Amoago
gaH$maH$mo gm|nZo CV(6) hmo J`o. V~ amOWmZHo$ CM `m`mb`_| g^r
Jmodm{_Am|Ho$ {V{Z{YAm|Zo {_b H$a d` Jmo.{V._hmamOlr VWm gaH$ma
XmoZm|na AnZo A{YH$ma Ama {hV Ho$ {d H$m` H$aZoH$m _wH$X_m Mbm H$a
OrV {b`m Wm. Bggo > hmo H$a ^maVgaH$maZo am>n{VHo$ A`mXoemam
lrZmWmampWV _pXaH$mo gaH$maHo$ Vm~o_| A{YJhrV H$a {b`m. ~mX_| dgo Vmo
Jmo.{V._hmamOlrZo ^r A`m` hoVwAm|Ho$ H$maU gaH$mana Xmdm {H$`m {H$
gaH$ma Bg H$madmBgo CZHo$ _m{bH$ A{YH$mam|H$m hZZ hmoVm h. gmo amOWmZHo$
CM`m`mb`_| Vmo do AeV OrVo ^r. bo{H$Z XoeHo$ CMV_ `m`mb`_|
{H$Vw Ch| AV_| nam{OV hmoZm hr nS>m. `m|{H$ CMV_ `m`mb`H$m gmoM
`h Wm {H$ gaH$ma `{X A{YJhrV Z H$a gH$Vr hmo Vmo Jmo.{V._.lr d`
(>.6) Cgo gm|nZo `m| J`o?
`h h dmb^ gXm`H$s YmZnrR>H$s AmYw{ZH$ `m`UmbrHo$ gmW
Q>H$amd Ama namO` H$s H$Wm. `h H$Wm Bg gXm`Ho$ YmZ Y_mMm`H$mo
ZmWmamHo$ _pXa_| H$mZyZZ OZ{V{Z{Y YmZnwOmar VWm AmZwd{ eH$ `dWmnH$
`mgr(7) ~Zm XoZoH$s!

XygaoZo O~{H$ {ZOr Jh VWm godmar{V H$m CboI_m {H$`m h. Eogm {H$Vw Z
Vmo EVg~Yr _ybJWm|_| CnbY hmoVo {gmVm|Ho$ AdJmhZmam {H$`m J`m
Ama Z CZH$m Zm_moboI ^r. godmWb go`d$n godm{YH$ma VWm godm`moOZ
H$mo AH$mQ $n_| {ZOr {g H$aZodmbo Omo V`Xeu XVmdoOm|Ho$ A~ma
`m`mb`_| VwV {H$`o J`o, CZna ^r {OahHo$ g_` `m`mYrem|H$m `mZ
AmH$> Zht {H$`m J`m! AVEd CMV_ `m`mYrem|Ho$ `o CXJma {H$""Bg gXm`Ho$ Hw$N> _pXa ^yVH$mb_| {ZOr aho hm|Jo, Hw$N>
dV_mZ H$mb_| ^r {ZOr hmo gH$Vo h. H$moB _pXa {ZOr h `m Zht
Bg ~mVH$m {ZU` Cg _pXago OwS>o V`m|na Adbp~V hmoZm
Mm{h`o. Eogm H$moB gm_m` {Z`_ Zht h {H$ dmb^ gXm`_|
gmdO{ZH$ _pXa {Z{f hmo Ama AVEd ZmWmamH$mo gmdO{ZH$
Z _mZm Om`o.''

(AZw.22&Eg.gr.Ama.439/1968. Jmo.{V. lrJmo{dXbmb

{d. amOWmZ gaH$ma).
""`{X `h _pXa {ZOr hmo V m Am a _pXaH$s gn{m
{VbH$m`VH$s hmoVr Vmo ~mV Xygar Wr naVw EH$ ~ma `h drH$ma
boZona `h _pXa gmdO{ZH$ h `h VH$ Xw~m}Y hmo OmVm h {H$
gn{mH$s `dWm {VbH$m`Vmam hmoZr gXm`Ho$ {gmVHo$
AZwgma EH$ Ym{_H$ {df` h. dVwV Eogm H$moB {gmV h_mao
gm_Zo VwV {H$`m hr Zht J`m.''

(dht AZw.69)

Bg Q>H$amd_| _wI CboIZr` nhbw `h h {H$ Jmo.{V._hmamOlrHo$ dH$sbm|Zo

CZHo$ gn{mHo$ Cn^moJ Ama `dWm Ho$ _m{bH$ A{YH$maHo$ hZZH$m _wH$X_m
{H$`m Wm, Ym{_H$ dmV` VWm nXm{YH$mam|H$o Ym{_H$ {hVHo$ _m{bH$ A{YH$mam|H$o
hZZH$m Zht. Bgr Vah gXm`Ho$ {gmV ^r d` gXm`dVH$ AmMm`MaU^wMaU Am{XHo$ JWmon{X> {gmVdMZm|Ho$ CaU `m`mb`Ho$ g_j {dMmamW
VwV Zht {H$`o J`o. gdnbr lramYmH$UZH$m "^maVr` XeZH$m B{Vhmg'
Ama lrAma.Or.^mS>maH$aH$m "e{dO_ ES> dU{dO_...' Am{X AgXm`r
boIH$moHo$ dMZm|H$mo VwV {H$`m J`m Wm. BZ JWH$mam|_|go W_Zo Vmo AnZo
boIZ_| H$ht ^r ^JdgodmHo$ {ZOr `m gmdO{ZH$ hmoZoH$s MMm hr Zht H$s h.

h_ XoI gH$Vo h {H$ Z Ho$db gmpVH$ dmV{dH$Vm gdWm hr {dnarV

h `wV amUmAm|Ho$ mam Omar {H$`o J`o {d{^Z nm|_| Z Ho$db CV
gWmZH$s MbmMb gn{mna A{nVw ZmWmam Jmd Ama dhm {~amO_mZ
lrZmWOrH$s _y{Vna ^r Jmo.{V._.lrH$m dm{_d ^yVH$mb_| drH$mam J`m
Wm(8). {\$a^r `m`mYrem|Zo `h Ama H$h {X`m _pXaH$m ~mhar $n _hm^w
lrdb^mMm` Ama ^wMaU lr{d>bZmWOr Zo AmoaJOo~H$s _pXam|H$mo VmoS>
XoZoHo$ Zr{VHo$ H$maU OmZ~yP H$a Ka Ogm aIm hmoJm, VyQ>Zogo ~MmZoHo$ Cnm`Ho$

15

16

$n_| (9). O~{H$ AmoaJOo~Ho$ nydO emhOhm OhmJra AH$~a h_m`w Ama
~m~ago ^r nhbo {gH$Xa bmoXrHo$ H$mb_| _hm^wZo Vmo AnZo gmpVH$
_w`H$nHo$ AZwgma {ZOJh_| godmHo$ e` Z hmoZona AZwH$nV`m gmdO{ZH$
_pXa_| ^r H$Ugodm hr H$aZoHo$ AmJhHo$ AZw$n gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb` ~Zdm`m
Wm. {Ogo ~mX_| AH$~aHo$ nyU gX^md Ama AmXa^md aIZoHo$ H$mb_| _hm^wHo$
Am_O ^wMaUZo {ZOr hmoZoHo$ _w`H$nH$m $n {X`m Wm. `h _pXaHo$ Mmam|
AmoaH$s ^y{_Ho$ {ZOr dm{_dHo$ hoVw n[aH$`mam {H$`m J`m. _hm^wHo$ g_`H$s
^Jdd$nH$s {V>m Aj`VVr`mHo$ {XZ gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb`_| H$s J`r Wr.
CgHo$ WmZna AnZo {ZOr {Zdmg gVKam_| \$mJwZ dX gV_r(10)H$mo Omo
nwZ{V>m h`r CgHo$ CgdHo$ dVZmam ^r. dgo AmO VH$ `h nanam AnZr
Am_mH$mo Imo H$a ^r {d_mZ h.
`m| gXm`H$s YmZnrR>Ho$ ~mao_| gmXm{`H$ {gmV nanam Ama
XVmdoOm| Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbr mam n[ad{VV {dnarV d$nHo$ {MH$mo
XoIZo boZoHo$ ~mX CZgo Q>H$amZodmbr `m`UmbrHo$ ^r Hw$N> nhbwAm|na {>nmV
H$a boZm C{MV hmoJm :
VwV AmboInH$maHo$ {nVm_hZo AnZr ApV_ AdWm_| AnZr AmYr
gn{mH$m AnZo gmV nwm|Ho$ ~rM g_{d^mOZ H$a Ad{e> AmYr gn{m
A{d^V n[admaHo$ `mgHo$ $n_| aIr Wr. AnZo go` ^Jdd$nm|H$mo Bgr
A{d^V nm[adm[aH$ `mgHo$ AVJV hr nwm|H$mo gm|no Wo. CZHo$ XohmdgmZHo$
~mX `o>nw Ama CZHo$ A` N>h ^mBAm|Ho$ ~rM `o>nwHo$ EH$m{YH$maHo$ ~mao_|
{ddmX ~T> H$a `m`mb` VH$ nhM J`m. n[admaH$s _wI go`_y{VH$s godmH$m
A{YH$ma `o>nwH$m Z _mZZona MoarQ>r-H${_ZaHo$ nmg A`dWmH$s \$[a`mX
bo H$a ~S>o ^mBHo$ OmZona n[admaHo$ eof N>moQ>o ^mBAm|Zo AnZo ~S>o ^mBH$mo XoZoHo$
~Om` ^Jd_y{VAm|H$mo VWm ^Jd_pXaH$s MbmMb gn{mH$mo gmdO{ZH$
`mg _mZ boZoH$m _Z ~Zm {b`m. BgHo$ g_WZmW `h `wpV IS>r H$s J`r {H$
dUd OZVmH$mo O~ ~_g~YXrjm Xr OmVr h V~ dh ^Jd_y{VHo$ gm_Zo
hr Xr OmVr h Ama dh Cg _y{VH$s godmH$m dUd OZVmH$mo {X`m OmVm Ym{_H$
A{YH$ma h. Bg `wpVHo$ Abmdm _pXaHo$ gWmnH$ Jmo.lrJmodYZe
o Or _hmamOZo
17

AnZr ApV_ AdWm_| Cmam{YH$mar gVVrHo$ Z ah OmZoHo$ H$maU, `mo`

Cmam{YH$mar Z {_bZo VH$, AnZo {ddV dUdm|H$mo gwMm ~YHo$ hoVw
`mgg{_{V ~Zm`r Wr. dh dUdm|H$s `mgg{_{V _hmamOlrH$s {dYdm
nZrHo$ mam Jmo.lrOrdZbmbOrH$mo Y_nwV`m JmoX boZona dgo Vmo dVmo{dg{OV
hmo J`r Wr. {H$Vw Jmo.lrOrdZbmbOrH$s ^r ApV_ AdWm_| Cmam{YH$mar
gVVrHo$ A^mdHo$ H$maU nwZ dgr ~YH$-`mgg{_{V ~ZmZr nS>r Wr. `h
`mgg{_{V ^r _hmamOlrH$s {dYdm nZrHo$ mam CV Jmo.lrJmoHw$bZmWOrH$mo
Y_nwV`m boZona dVmo{dg{OV hmo J`r Wr. {\$a^r `m`mb`Zo BZ nydH$mb_|
J{R>V ~YH$-`mgg{_{VAm|H$mo gmdO{ZH$ `mgHo$ _mUV`m drH$ma {b`m.
Ama Jmo.lrJmoHw$bZmWOrHo$ CV gn{mHo$ AYme A{d^V g`wV nm[adm[aH$
`mgH$mo gmdO{ZH$ `mg _mZ {b`m. AdYo` hmoVm h {H$ hdobrHo$ gWmnH$
Jmo.lrJmodYZoeOrHo$ `mgboIH$m `{X H$moB XVmdoOr _hd dVwV hmo Vmo
gnyU gn{mH$mo gmdO{ZH$ _mZZm VH$gJV hmoVm, `m|{H$ AYmeH$m AnZo
gmV nwm|Ho$ ~rM g_{d^mOZ Ama AYmeH$m A{d^V nm[adm[aH$ `mgH$m
boI d`_| AZ{YH$maMo>m _mZr OmZr Mm{h`o Wr. na `h _wm dmXr{VdmXr XmoZm|_| go {H$grZo N>oS>m Zht gmo `m`mb`Ho$ ^r `mZgo ~mha Mbm
J`m! `h gZ gmR>Ho$ XeH$H$s H$Wm h. naVw Vrgd| XeH$_| EH$ _wH$X_m
AJoOm|Ho$ AmYrZ ^maV_|, YaUJmd_| Omo Jmo.lrOrdZbmbOrH$s EH$ d`H$s
hdobr Wr dh CZHo$ AdgmZHo$ ~mX ~YH$-`mgg{_{VH$s XoIaoI_| Wr,
BgHo$ ~mao_| Mbm Wm. Cg ~YH$-`mgg{_{VH$mo Y_nw Jmo.lrJmoH$w bZmWOrH$m
Cmam{YH$ma _m` Zht Wm. naVw V~ `m`mYreH$m {ZU` Hw$N> Eogm Wm nw{>_mJH$o {gmV {ZVmV ~oVHw $o h {H$ AnZo AZwJm{_Am|H$m
A{YH$ma AnZo _pXam|_| Bg gXm`_| drH$mam Zht OmVm h.
Amem H$aZr Mm{h`o {H$ dUdOZVmHo$ nT>-{bI OmZona Eogo
gXm`H$m `mJ H$a dh A` `mo` gXm`H$s AZwJm_r ~Z
Om`|Jr! naVw Bg gXm`Ho$ {gmVm|H$mo XoIVo hdo gmdO{ZH$
_pXa Bg gXm`_| _mZm Zht Om gH$Vm.(11).

`h BgmB MMH$o d$nH$s nydY maUmgo JV gmoMdmbr {dXoer `m`UmbrH$m

{ZU` Wm. Bgo naVw _w~BHo$ CM `m`mYreHo$ gm_Zo `m Vmo {d_eHo$ hoVw
18

VwV Zht {H$`m J`m hmoJm `m Chm|Zo Bgna `mZ Zht {X`m hmoJm. AV V~
_w~ B CM `m`mb`Ho$ `m`mYre g_m` JOo JS>H$aZo _w~ BpWV Jmodm{_Am|H$o
^Jdgodmon`moJr AmdmggHw$bH$mo gmdO{ZH$ _pXa Kmo{fV H$a {X`m.
d` _oao O_go nhbo h_mao AmdmgWbH$mo "_moQ>r hdobr' H$hm OmVm Wm
dh Z OmZo H$~-H$go "~S>m _pXa' _oao ~m`H$mb_| ~Z J`m. ~mX_| _hm_m
JmYrHo$ "h[aOZ-_pXa-doe'Ho$ AmXmobZHo$ g_` ^JdX-XeZ ~X H$aZoHo$
hoVw nwZ Cgo {ZOr Amdmg_| n[ad{VV H$aZoH$mo _oao {nVm_h Jmo.lrJmoH$w bZmWOrHo$
O_Zm_Ho$ gmW Cgo "Jmo{dX^dZ' ~Zm`m J`m. Bg nm[adm[aH$ {ZU` boZoH$mo
EH${V n[admaHo$ g^r gX`m|Ho$ AVJV _ ^r A~moY _yH$ >m ~Zm V~
CnpWV Wm Omo AmO VH$ _oao _{VnQ>b A{H$V h. ~mX_| h[aOZ _pXadoeHo$
AmXmobZHo$ _X nS> OmZona ~X hdm ^JdgodmH$m XeZ _oao MMoao ^mBHo$
O_H$s Iwer_| Xmo~mam Q>oam Imob H$a ew {H$`m J`m. Ama AV_| dh
Jmo{dX^dZ AmO Vmo "~S>m _pXa-gmdO{ZH$ `mg' ~Z J`m. A~ h_mao
n[admaH$mo AnZo go` ^Jdd$nH$s godmHo$ hoVw `mgr ~Z ~R>o dUd
Y{ZH$m|H$mo AmdoXZ H$aZona godmH$s AZwkm {_bVr h! O~{H$ `m`mb`m|_| H$hm
OmVm ahm h {H$ Jmodm_r _hmamOm|H$s AZwkm Ama _m`_ Ho$ {~Zm dUd
AZw`m{`Am|H$mo ^Jdgodm H$aZoH$s _mJar{V Zht h! {H$_ AmM`_ AV
na_!
AVw. Bg VahH$m `m`{ZU` XmZ H$a O~ g_m` JOo JS>H$a XoeHo$
CMV_ `m`mb`_| `m`mYre ~Z H$a nhMo V^r Jmo.{V._.lrH$m _wH$X_m
amOWmZHo$ CM `m`mb`_| Mb ahm Wm. dhm Bg _w~BHo$ CM `m`mb`Ho$
{ZU`H$m AZwgaU H$aVo hdo Jmo.{V._.lrH$mo `m`{ZU`_| Am{eH$ {dO` XmZ
H$s J`r. naVw O~ Jmo.{V._.lr XoeHo$ CMV_ `m`mb`_| Bg Am{eH$
O`Ho$ {damoY_| AmdoXH$ ~Z H$a J`o V~ dhm _wI `m`mYre d` lrJOo
JS>H$a hr Wo. Ama CZHo$ `m`{ZU`m|na Adb{~V hmo H$a {X`o J`o {ZU`na O~
Ch| XoeHo$ CMV_ `m`mb`Ho$ `m`mYreH$s h{g`V_| {ZU` XoZm Wm V~
Xygao {H$gr VahHo$ {ZU`H$s g^mdZm dV jrU ~Z OmZr dm^m{dH$ ~mV
Wr. AV YmZnrR>mYreH$mo dhm nam{OV hmoZm nS>m! Bg AmdmgZHo$ gmW {H$
19

gaH$mamam A{YJhrV {H$`o OmZoHo$ H$maU Omo Am{WH$ hm{Z Jmo.{V._.lrH$mo

hmoVr hmo Cgo ZmWmamHo$ gmX{dH$`Ho$ ~rg-{VeV ^wJVmZ mam ^anmB
{H$`m Om`oJm. {gmVV ZmWmamH$s Am`-gn{m `{X Xoddm{_H$ hmo Vmo
CgH$m Cn^moJ Jmo.{V._.lrH$mo dmb^ gXm`Ho$ AZwJm_r _mZZo_| ^r ~mYH$
hmoZm Mm{h`o Wm, YmZnrR>mYre hmoZoH$s Vmo H$nZm ^r Ae` h. Xod`Ho$
Cn^moJHo$ A{Ve` d{OV hmoZoHo$ H$maU (.""XmZo Z d{d{Z`moJmo ZVw {ZdoXZo''
Zd.a.H$m.1 A_.dM.1,4,8,16,17,18). Ama Bg Am` `m gn{m H$mo
AeV Cn^moJ H$aZoH$m Jmo.{V._.lrH$m H$mZyZr A{YH$ma hmo Vmo ZmWmamH$s
Am`-gnXm Xodmoma-gnXm hmoZr Zht Mm{h`o, `{X `h gWmZ nw{>gXm`H$m
hmo Vmo! na Bg {gmVH$mo A~ H$go `m`mb` Ama AZwJm_r OZVmHo$ Jbo
CVmaZm?
dmb^ gXm`H$s YmZnrR>_| hr {Og {gmVH$s {Zw>a AdhobZm hmo
ahr hmo! Vmo A` WmZmoHo$ ~M nmZoHo$ H$moB `m`nyU AmYma ^r ~M Zht OmVo.
Bg `m`{ZU`H$mo AmXe {ZH$f _mZ H$a ~mX_| Z{S>`mXH$s hdobrH$mo ^r
gmdO{ZH$ _pXa _mZ {b`m J`m. O~ dh AnZm {ddmX bo H$a XoeHo$ CMV_
`m`mb`_| nhMr. Bgr Vah H$N>-_mS>drHo$ KaHo$ gmdO{ZH$ _pXa hmoZoH$m
Xmdm dhmHo$ H${Vn` dUdm|Zo {H$`m. dhm ZrMoHo$ `m`mb`_| Bg {ddmX_|,
_w~BHo$ CM `m`mb`_| Mbo {ddmXHo$ AVJV Omo ~_g~YXrjmH$mo
OZVmH$mo {X`o OmVo godm{YH$maHo$ $n_| _mZm J`m, Cgo ^r _wI {ZH$f _mZm
J`m. gm^m`de CgHo$ {damoY_| CM `m`mb`_| {ddmXerb dmXr-{Vdm{XAm|Zo
Amngr _V^oXH$m `mJ H$a MoarQ>rH${_ZaHo$ nmg {gmVgo A{dnarV KS>r
J`r ~Y`moOZmHo$ mam AnZo-AmnH$mo {JaVo-{JaVo ghmb {b`m.
`h `m`Umbr Ama gmYZmUmbr Ho$ Amngr Q>H$amdHo$ ~mdOyX
nw{>gXm`Ho$ B{Vhmg_| Xygar CboIZr` KQ>Zm h. nhbr KQ>Zm Bg gXm`H$s
MVwWnrR>Ho$ ^r `m`b`_| namO`Ho$ ~mdOyX ~Y`moOZm_| {gmVmo{MV
gwYma nmZoH$s {g{Ho$ ~mX!
20

Ohm VH$ Xrjmmam godm{YH$ma {_bZoHo$ gmpVH$ V`H$m Z h Vmo d`

"A{YH$ma' eX gH$V^mfm_| 1Ama^ 2H$Vdmon^moJr ^moVdmon^moJr Ama
`dWmon^moJr dm{_d 3`mo`Vm 4H$V` `m 5AZwd{m Am{X AZoH$ AWm]_|
`wV hmoVm h. Bgna `mZ Zht {X`o OmZoHo$ H$maU `h _wm {~\$am h.
{gmVV ~_g~YXrjm mam {X`m OmVm "godm{YH$ma' nX, Cn^moJ `m
`dWm Am{X H$aZoHo$ A{YH$maHo$ AW_|, Zht `wV `mo`Vm `m H$V` Ho$
AW_| hr `wV hdm h. A`Wm Jmodm{_Am|Ho$ Kam|_| gmjmV ^Jd_y{VH$mo Ny>
H$a H$s OmVr godm_| OZVmH$m {Z~mY doem{YH$ma Ama Eogr godm _wI H$V`
hmoZr Mm{h`o Wr (.""...{ZdoXZ... gmjmX JmoHw$boe^OZm{YH$ma$ndmV''
Zd.a.H$m.1). AVrd Am_bm{ZHo$ gmW drH$maZm nS>Vm h {H$ d` h_
Jmodm{__hmZw^mdm|Zo AnZr AmOr{dH$mHo$ CnmOZHo$ bmo^de h_mar ^Jdgodm_|
XeZ-^|Q>-gmX-_ZmoaWHo$ hoVw dUd OZVmH$mo gp_{bV hmoZoH$mo bw^m`m.
BgH$m n[aUm_ `h hdm {H$ OZVm Ama `m`{H$`m XmoZm| Bg An{gmVH$mo
nw{>_mJu` Y_(12) _mZ H$a MbZo bJo! O~{H$ dVwV Vmo AnZr ^JdXmamYZm_|
AnZo {ZOr ^VOZm|Ho$ Abmdm A`H$mo XeZ H$amZm gdWm d{OV _mZm J`m
h (.{g.d.3) nam`o {H$grgo AnZr ^JdgodmHo$ hoVw YZ drH$maZm hr
{ZVmV J{hV _mZm J`m h. Xygao {H$grH$s ^Jgodm_| YZXmZ H$a gmX boZm
Am{X ^r {ZVmV J{hV H$` _mZo J`o h (.{g.d.2,4,7,11 VWm
A_.dM.2,3,4,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,18). Eogm n>rH$aU `m Vmo _w~BHo$
CM`m`mb`_| gwZdmBHo$ g_` {X`m Zht J`m AWdm Cgna `mZ Zht {X`m
J`m hmoJm. h_mao Kam|_| ^Jdgodm H$aZoHo$ OZVmHo$ A{YH$maH$s ~mV {gmVV
gdWm AgV hmoZr Mm{h`o Wr; `m|{H$ ~_g~YXrjm Ch| d` AnZo
Kam|_| ^JdmZHo$ d$nH$s godmH$mo Ad`H$V`V`m {Z^mZoH$mo AZw~{YV H$aVr
Wr ({gm.dM.5, A_.dM.3,5,6,11,12,19,21). naVw `dhmaH$s
{dnarVVmZo {gmVH$m {M hr {~JmS> H$a aI {X`m.
CXmhaUV`m CnZ`Z-gH$maHo$ ~mX hr {OHw$_ma {ddmhH$m A{YH$mar
_mZm OmVm h. `h `mo`Vm `m H$V` Ho$ AW_| `wV "A{YH$ma' eX h,
{H$grH$s H$`mHo$ ~mao_| AnZr nZr ~Zm boZoHo$ A{YH$maH$m Xmdm `m`mb`_|
VwV H$a nmZoHo$ AW_| Zht. BgHo$ {dnarV nwH$m AnZr {nVm_hH$s gn{m_|
21

Xm`m{YH$ma Ho$db `mo`VmHo$ AW_| Zht `wV d`H$ hmoZona Cn^moJmZwHy$b

dm{_dHo$ AW_| hmoVm h. Bg Vah godmHo$ A{YH$ma d$n Ama `moOZ Ho$
{gmVm{^_V $n dV_mZ `m`{ZU`m|Ho$ gmW grYo Q>H$amdH$s pW{V_| Am
nS>o h.
Bggo ^r A{YH$ ^`H$a n[apW{V BZ _wH$X_m|Ho$ ~mX, Agr {VeV
JwH$s MaU^oQ>go {OgH$m IMm MbVm Wm Eogr, OwZmJT>H$s hdobrHo$ ~mao_| {X`o
J`o `m`{ZU`Ho$ H$maU CnZ h`r h. ZmWmam Z{S>`mX ~~B Ho$ _wH$X_m|_| `h
H$hm J`m Wm {H$ dUd gmjmV ^Jdgodm Zht H$aVo naVw nw{>_mJu`
hdo{b`m|Ho$ ^rVa ahZodmbo Jmodm{_Am|Ho$ mam d` AnZo _ZmoaWHo$ AZwgma
`XmZ H$a ^Jdgodm H$admVo h. AV JwOamVHo$ CM `m`mb`Zo hdo{b`m|Ho$
Jmodm{_Am|H$mo Xod_y{VH$s gmjmV godm mam OZVmH$s YZam{eH$mo Xod_y{V VH$
nhMmZodmbr _moar (H$mZSyBQ> nmBn) Ho$ $n_| {~aXm {X`m. Ama AVEd
Y_Jw H$s h{g`V_| Ch| {_bVr MaU^|Q>H$mo ^r Xodmoma gn{mHo$ $n_| gmdO{ZH$
Kmo{fV H$a {X`m. `m|{H$ ~_g~YH$s Xrjm_| g~ Hw$N> ^JdmZH$mo g_{nV
H$a XoZoH$s ^mdZm ~Vm`r J`r h(13).
`h "g_nU'="{ZdoXZ', "XmZ' Ama "`mJ' Ho$ ~rM aho ^oXH$mo g_Po
{~Zm {H$`m J`m {dYmZ h. g_nUH$s {H$`mmam Hw$N> {H$grH$mo Ho$db
Cn^moJmW hr {X`m OmVm h, Bg_| XoZodmboHo$ dm{_dH$m Z Vmo `mJ Ama Z
hVmVaU hr A{^b{fV hmoVm h. BgHo$ {dnarV XmZH$s {H$`mmam Hw$N>
{H$grH$mo {X`o OmZona XoZodmbm AnZo dm{_dH$mo {ZaV H$a boZodmboHo$ nj_|
Cgo hVmV[aV H$aVm h ({gm.dM.11). `mJH$s {H$`mmam XoZodmbm Xr
OmVr dVwna AnZm dd `m dm{_d {ZaV Vmo H$aVm h na A` {H$grH$mo
hVmV[aV Zht H$aVm. `m|{H$ g_nU, XmZ Ama `mJ Ho$ ~rM aho gy_
VmaV`H$mo _mZm Z Om`o Vmo ~_g~Y Xrjm boZodmbr dUd OZVmHo$ JhgnXm-Am` g^rH$m dm{_d {Og hdobr_| ~_g~Y {b`m hmo dhm
{~amOVr ^Jd_y{VH$m hmoZm Mm{h`o Wm! {\$a Vmo {ZandmX nw{>gXm`Ho$
AZwJm{_Am|H$s gn{m VWm Am` Xodmoma hmoZogo gmdO{ZH$ `mg Kmo{fV hmoZr
Mm{h`o Wr!!
22

A^r VH$ gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb`_| godm{YH$mar (eo~mBQ>) H$s VWm AmZwd{eH$

Cmam{YH$ma mam mV hmoVo `dWmnH$ hmoZoHo$ A{YH$maH$s h{g`V_| Xodmoma
gn{m_| `m`mb`mam {_bo ^moJm{YH$ma `dWm{YH$ma Ama Xm`m{YH$ma H$mo
^moJZodmbo h_ Jmodm{__hmamOm|Zo, {ZOr Z hmo Vmo Z ghr `mgrHo$ $n_| hr
gn{mHo$ Cn^moJ H$aZo_| gVw> Wo. Bg MH$a_| {H$Vw {ZOr MaU^|Q> ^r
ImoZoH$s ~mar AmZona g^r C{Z hmo J`o! AV m` g^r Jmodm{__hmZw^mdm|Zo
gy{MV {H$`o OmZona VwV AmboIH$maH$mo Bg OwZmJT>Ho$ _wH$X_o_|, dmXr `m
{VdmXr Z hmoZona ^r, ~m AmdoXZH$Vm `pVHo$ $n_| CMV_ `m`mb`_|
CnpWV hmoZoH$mo m{YH$V {H$`m Wm. V~ _Zo CM `m`mb`_| VwV Cg
AmdoXZ_| Z Ho$db OwZmJT> A{nVw ZmWmam-Z{S>`mXHo$ _wH$X_m|H$s ^r gmpVH$
g_rjm Xr Wr, {Ogo H$m{eV hmo OmZona AdbmoH$Z {H$`m Om gHo$Jm.
_wH$X_oH$s gwZdmBHo$ Xa{_`mZ {H$Vw gmam {ddmX gn{mHo$ gmdO{ZH$ `m {ZOr
hmoZona dmXr-{VdmXrHo$ ~rM MbVm ahm. AV `m`mYrem|Zo VwV
AmboIH$maH$mo `m`mb`Ho$ CR>Zogo nhbo Ho$db Xg {_{ZQ> XmZ H$s. ^manydH$
AZoH$Ym AZwamoY H$aZona ^r gmpVH$ _wm|na Hw$N> gwZZm `m`mYrem|H$mo
Amd`H$ Zht bJm. {\$a^r Jmodm{__hmamOm|H$s MaU^|Q>H$mo gmdO{ZH$
_mZZoHo$ JwOamV-`m`mb`Ho$ {ZU`H$mo A_m` H$aZoHo$ Abmdm A` {H$gr ^r
gmpVH$ _wm|na `mZ Zht {X`m J`m. n[aUm_d$n Omo Jmodm{__hmamO
VwV AmboIH$maHo$ g_WH$ Wo do ^r AmJo Bg _woH$mo Ama Z ^S>H$mZoHo$ _VHo$
hmo J`o!!!
EVXW nw{>_mJu` Y_mMm`m]H$m g`wVKmofUmn H$Q> H$aZoH$s ~mV MbmZona
^r Cg KmofUmnna hVmja H$a XoZoHo$ ~mX nwZ _wH$a OmZm Am{X AZoH${dY
Hy$Q>Zr{V Iobr J`r. ~mX_| nw{>{gmVMMmg^m_| ^r Cgr Hy$Q>Zr{VHo$ IobH$mo
Iob H$a Cgo ^r A{ZUuV aIdm Xr J`r. gmW hr gmW An{gmVm|Ho$ njH$mo
gMo {gmVm|H$s Vw{VHo$ $n_| ghVmja {~aXm {X`m J`m. dh ^r CZ
_hmZw^mdm|Ho$ mam Omo d` MMmg^m_| AZwnpWV Wo! O~{H$ dmV{dH$Vm `h
Wr {H$ CV KmofUmn `m MMmg^m _| {dMmamW VwV {gmVdMZmdbrHo$
^mdmZwdmX_| Omo Hw$N> VwV AmboIH$maZo gH${bV {H$`m Wm, Cgo m` g^r
{damoYH$Vm nhbo drH${V Xo hr MwHo$ Wo. ZmWmamHo$ _wH$X_o_| namO`Ho$ ~mX
23

{XdJV lrAma.Ho$.^> mam {b{IV "lrdb^mMm`Ho$ Xme{ZH$ AmMmaH$s

nanam' Zm_H$ nwpVH$m Omo ZmWmam_pXaH$s ~Y`moOZmHo$ _gmXoHo$ $n_|
Vm{dV Wr CgH$s Vw{V_| `o hr _hmZw^md ~hV Hw$N> drH$ma MwHo$ Wo (Bgo
{dVmago XoIZm hmo Vmo VwV AmboIH$mamam {b{IV "{demoY{ZH$m' Ho$ VrZ
^mJm|_| XoIm Om gH$Vm h).
_wm `h Zht {H$ VwV AmboIH$ma ghr Wm `m CgHo$ {damoYH$Vm. naVw
`m`mb`m|_| {gmVH$s AVw{V 2OZVmHo$ g_j ^r nyddrH$V YmaUmAm|H$m
AdrH$ma, 3`dhma_| dhr {gmV{dnarV AmMmaUm|Ho$ CXmhaUm|H$mo mogm{hV
H$aZoH$s ar{VZr{V, `o Hw$N> Eogr ~mV| h Omo dV_mZ_| nw{>_mJu` {gmVm|Ho$
AmYw{ZH$ `m`Umbrgo Q>H$amdH$mo _mJH$s Ywd{Z`{V ~Zm XoVr h. d` ~hmoV
nhbo H$^r qghJOZmHo$ gmW ""...~_g~Y bo H$a godm H$aZogo `oH$
1

Bp`m|H$m ^JdmZ_| {d{Z`moJ hmoVm h... _pXa=JwKa Vmo Ho$db CnXoeJhU

H$aZoHo$ {b`o h. godm Vmo h_| AnZo Kam|_| H$aZr h'' H$hZodmbo _hmZw^md CV

{gmVMMmg^m_| AnZm _V _oao mam {dMmamW VwV {gmVdMZmdbrHo$

^mdmZwdmXHo$ {damoY_| Xo H$a; nwZ EH$ {XZ, _wPo {_bZo Am`o. X~r AmdmO_|
g\$mB XoZo bJo {H$ ~mV Vmo AmnH$s gMr h naVw {OZ bmoJm|Zo AnZo Kam|H$mo
gmdO{ZH$ _pXa `mgHo$ $n_| gaH$mar ImVm|_| a{OQ>S> H$adm {b`m hmo do
H$hm Om`|? _Zo H$hm ""do ^r, O~ VH$ H$moB H$mZyZr Cnm` {_b Zht OmVm V~
VH$, d_mJu` {gmV Vmo Iwb H$a OZVmHo$ g_j H$~yb H$a hr gH$Vo h''.
_oar `h ~mV gwZ H$a gZ hmo J`o Ama ~mobo {H$ ""AN>m {gmV {g\$
OZVmHo$ gm_Zo H$hVo ahZoH$s ~mV Amn H$h aho hmo! h_ Vmo g_Po {H$ Amn Cgo
A_b bmZoH$m PJS>m H$a aho hmo! _oam Vmo _Z Zht _mZVm Wm {H$ `m_ _ZmohaOr
Eogr A`mdhm[aH$ ~mV H$^r H$a gH$Vo h!!'' Eogr AnZr egm gwZ _ BVZm
bpOV hdm {H$ nhbo H$^r H$B gmar w{Q>`m|H$s {ZXm gwZ H$a ^r OrdZ_| H$^r
BVZm bpOV Zht hdm!
`h {H$gr `pV{ZXmHo$ $n_| H$Q> Zht H$a ahm h naVw m` A{YH$me
h_ Jmodm{_Am|H$s d{gmV_| ApWa AmWm Ama VH$m{bH$ bm{H$H$
dmWnyU {hVm|H$s VwbZm_| gZmVZ Amp_H$ {hVm|H$s AdhobZm H$s ~MH$mZr
24

_Zmod{mHo$ {ZXeZmW hr h. `m|{H$ BgHo$ H$maU AnZm dmV{dH$ XyaJm_r {hV

h_| ~hYm ~wqJV Zht hmo nmVm Ama {nQ>Vo ahVo h. `h XoeHo$ dV hmoZogo
nhbo A_aobrH$s hdobrHo$ ~mao_| dh gmdO{ZH$ Xodmb` h `m {ZOr, Bg ~mao_|
EH$ _wH$X_m Jm`H$dmS>r am`_| Mbm Wm, CgH$s Xw{Z`{VH$mo XoIZona g_Pr
Om gHo$ Eogr KQ>Zm h. Cg g_` {gmV{dX empAm| Ama gw{dk
dUd{V{Z{YAm| H$s Ow~mZr gwZZoHo$ ~mX [a`mgVr AXmbVZo A_aobrH$s
hdobrH$mo {ZOr Kmo{fV H$a {X`m Wm. OwZmJT>Ho$ _wH$X_o_| Bg `m`{ZU`H$mo
CV ^r {H$`m J`m, {OahHo$ g_`; Ama Cgna `m`mYrem|H$m `mZ ^r
AmH$> {H$`m J`m. JwOamV CM`m`mb`Ho$ `m`mYrem|Zo naVw Cgo Bg{b`o
_hdnyU _mU Zht _mZm; `m|{H$, CgHo$ ~mX dhmHo$ _hmamOlrZo Mbm H$a
Cgo gmdO{ZH$ `mgHo$ $n_| gaH$ma_| XO H$adm Xr Wr! h_mao {gmVm|Ho$
~mao_| h_mar Eogr ApWa {Z>m h_mar godmHo$ {Z~mY {gmVmZw$n AZwgaU_|
g~go ~S>m {V~Y h. H$mZyZr {V~Y Vmo ~hYm Bg ApWa{Z>mHo$ H$maU hr
h_na bXVo ahVo h.
hmb hr _| maH$mYm_Ho$ _pXam|_| Omo JwJwbr ~m_Um|H$m nyOm{YH$ma h CZ_|
{H$grHo$ nwhrZ hmoZno a nwrH$mo dh A{YH$ma {_bZm Mm{h`o `m|{H$ Am{WH$bm^dmbo
nXm|H$m Cmam{YH$ma nwr Ama nw H$m g_mZ hmoZoH$m H$mZyZ h. Eogr pW{V_|
h_mao go` ^JdX{dJhH$s godmH$m A{YH$ma ^r `{X Am{WH$ bm^dmbm nX
h Eogr Vw{V `m`mb`_| H$s OmZona Jmodm_rVa n[admam|_| n[aUrV h_mar
~hZ-nwrAm|H$m, Mmho A~ `wJmZwgma dUmVa `m Y_mVa _| `m| {ddm{hV Z
hmo drH$maZm nS>oJm. AmajUZr{VHo$ MbVo AZwgy{MV Om{Vdmbm|H$mo h_mar
^Jdgodm_| godmH$VmH$s ~Q>m{b`Z_| Hw$N> AmZwnm{VH$ A{YH$ma drH$maZm
nS>oJm. ~mX_| nXmoZ{VH$s {H$`m_| AmajUHo$ _wmHo$ CR>Zona Ch| Jmodm_rVa
nwrdeOm|Ho$ A{YH$maH$s Vah nw{>_mJu` hdo{b`m|_| Jmodm{_nXna ^r H$^r Z
H$^r ~T>momar XoZr nS>oJr. `m|{H$ A~ h_mar ^Jdgodm gmdO{ZH$ AZw>mZ
H$mZyZZ d` Jmodm{__hmZw^mdm|Zo drH$ma br h. Eogr n[apW{V_| hmb_|
^mJdVH$WmdmMH$ {H$arQ> ^mB \$Q>m{Z`mH$mo ~_g~Y Xrjm XmZ H$aZoH$m
A{YH$ma h {H$ Zht Bg {df`_| Omo {ddmX gXm`_| {N>S>m hdm h, Cg_|
d_mJu` nanamHo$ ^madmhr h_ db^deOm|H$mo nanam^maHo$ gmW hr gmW
25

{H$arQ>^mB Ogm|H$m ^r Xrjm{YH$ma T>moZm hr nS>oJm!

AV_| nw{>_mJna gZmVZ ~XZm_rHo$ gZmVZ R>nm(!) Ogm "lr`XwZmWOr
_hmamO bm`~bHo$g' Ho$ ~mao_| Hw$N> XoI boZm C{MV hmoJm. Bg Ho$gH$m _yb
Xmo {ddmX Wo : 1Anw{>_mJu` _hmXod_pXa_| N>nZ^moJH$m _ZmoaW hmo gH$Vm
h `m Zht? 2{dYdm rH$m nwZ{ddmh hmo gH$Vm h `m Zht?
Bgna h_ nw{>_mJHo$ Y_JwAm|Zo V~ ~S>m ~dS>a IS>m H$a {X`m Wm {H$ Eogm
gZmVZY_Ho$ emm|Ho$ AmYmana hmo Zht gH$Vm.
Cg g_` H${ed^Vm|H$s, IgwYmadm{X`m|H$s Ama _w~B_| A~ "dr.nr.amoS>'
H$ho OmVo _mJna V~ Iwbo JBgmB MMHo$ nmXar {dgZ H$s EH$ g`wV Ywar
nw{>_mJHo$ {damoY_| gm_Zo Am IS>r h`r.
H$

BZ {ed^V ~m_Um| VWm db^deO Jmodm_r _hmZw^mdm| H$m V~

Amngr gmXm{`H$ d_Z` H$m_ H$a ahm Wm. gmo S>oT> gmo dfnyd _w~BHo$
^wboda _hmXod _pXam|_| Hw$N> bmoJm|Zo N>nZ^moJHo$ _ZmoaWH$m Am`moOZ {H$`m.
V~ N>nZ^moJHo$ Am`moOZm|H$s {VnYm_| nw{>_mJgo _hmXod_pXa AmJo ~T>
H$a OZVmH$mo AmH${fV Z H$aZo bJo, Bg ^r{VHo$ H$maU CgHo$ {d nw{>_mJu`
Y_JwAm|Zo ~dS>a IS>m H$a {X`m. `m|{H$ CZHo$ AZwgma `h Vmo Ho$db
nw{>_mJu` hdo{b`m|_| hr hmo gH$Vm Wm. gmpVH$ dmV{dH$Vm O~{H$ `h h
d` AnZo `go H$aZm hmo Vmo ""ZXJmdHo$ ~S>o Jmon lrZXam`OrZo ~agmZoHo$
~S>o Jmon lrdf^mZOrH$mo CZHo$ JmdHo$ g{hV JmoR> Xo H$a Am_pV {H$`m'' Eogr
brbm^mdZm H$aZoH$mo dh H$moB ^r nw{>_mJu` N>nZ^moJ H$a hr gH$Vm h. Bgr
VahH$s brbm^mdZmHo$ {~Zm Vmo H$moB ^r AnZo Amam`H$mo N>nZ `m EH$ gm
AS>gR> VahH$s ^moJgm_Jr `m| {Zdo{XV Zht H$a gH$Vm?
CboIZr` h {H$ dVwV Vmo 56x3=168 go ^r A{YH$ Imgm_Jr
AnZo `hm ^JdmZH$mo ^moJ Yar OmVr hm|Jr. {\$a^r OZgmYmaUHo$ gm_Zo `h
26

bw^mdZr aIr OmVr h {H$ 84,00000 `mo{Z`m|H$o ~mX {_br ApV_ _mZd`mo{ZHo$
~mX Xygao 83,99999 `mo{Z`m|Ho$ MH$H$mo ew hmoZogo amoH$Zm hmo Vmo
""8+3+9+9+9+9+9(`mo{Z`m)=56 `moJ hmoVm hmoZogo N>nZ^moJHo$ Cgd_|
^|Q>-XeZ-gmXJhU mam _wV hdm Om gHo$Jm! gdmb `h Zht {H$ gM_wM
Eogo CnhmgmnX `mdgm{`H$ gm_JrXeZmogd_| gp_{bV hmoZona Mmamgr
bmI `mo{ZH$m MH$ ~X hmoJm `m Zht! ^rfU g_`m Vmo `h h {H$ O~ h_mao
Amam` d$nHo$ gm_Zo N>nZ^moJH$s gOmdQ>Ho$ XeZH$m Eogm Am`moOZ h_
namW H$aVo h, V~ dh ^pV^md$n Z hmo H$a EH$ WmoWm H$_H$mS> ~Z OmVm
h. dh Vmo ^wbodaHo$ _hmXodOrHo$ _pXaH$s Vah BgmB MM Ama _wg_mZr
XaJmh `m nMVmaH$ hmoQ>b `m b~hmb _| ^r `m| Zht hmo gH$Vm? AV `m
Vmo ^pVHo$ Eogo `mdgm{`H$ XeZm|_| ^moJgm_JrH$s g`m gdWm 56 hr
hmoZr Mm{h`o Wr A`Wm ""(84,00000- 1)=(8+3+9+9+9+9+9)=56
^moJ'' g_rH$aU w{Q>nyU bJVm h! Ia Eogo CnhmgmnX ~MH$mZo bw^mdZH$m
H$moB ^r gmpVH$ `m dMm[aH$ AWdm ^mdZm_H$ _hd Vmo Zht hmoVm.
{\$a^r BgHo$ H$maU h_mao gXm`_| H$s OmVr ^Jdgodm Z Vmo nw{>^pV$n
Z nw{>^`W Z Am_momamW hr naVw H$mZyZZ OZVmHo$ `go OZVmHo$ hoVw
OZVmHo$ {V{Z{YAm| mam {H$`m J`m VWmH${WV Ym{_H$ H$_H$mS> hmoZogo
h_mao go`d$n godmWb godm`moOZ Ama godmd$n H$mo gmdO{ZH$ {g
H$aZoH$m n`mV hoVw {g hmo OmVm h. {d_`OZH$ ~mV Vmo `h h {H$ Bgna
^r h_ H$m`_ Z aho Ama A~ Anw{>_mJu` _pXam|_| d` Jmodm_r _hmamOlr
gp_{bV hmoZo bJo! Ia (14).

H$aZodmbm d` AgV eygo OK`H$mo{Q>H$m n{VV hmoVm h, ndmZ$n gmXH$m

{dH$` H$aZodmbm Vmo d` gn{VV hmo OmVm h, Eogr dUml_emm|H$s
`dWm h_mao ^OZHo$ gmao H$mam|Ho$ {damoY_| _wI[aV Wr hr. Eogr pW{V_|
H$moB {dYdm r; `m CgHo$ gmW {ddmh H$aZodmbm nwf, Ama {H$VZm A{YH$
OK`H$mo{Q>_| n{VV hmoVm? Ama hmoVm Vmo hmoVm dUml_emm|Ho$ nm~X A` ^r
gZmVZr h_| {nQ>Vo hdo ~MmZo Vmo Z Am`o! {\$a^r `W_| gZmVZY_Ho$ R>oHo$Xma
~Z H$a h_Zo "_hmamO-bm`~b' Ho$gH$s XwKQ>ZmH$mo d` Am_pV {H$`m Wm.
hoVw Ho$db EH$ hr Wm : Z Vmo dUml_Y__| h_mar {Z>m pWa Wr Ama Z
dUml_Y_Ho$ {damoY_| hr. Ama Vmo Ama dUml_Y__| Z ~YZodmbr nw{>^pV_|
^r h_mar {Z>m pWa Z Wr! AmO ^r dUml_Y_H$s nm~XrHo$ ~mdOyX YS>bogo
h_| `yamon-A_arH$mH$s `mm S>mba Am{X _hJr _wmAm|Ho$ bm^Ho$ H$maU
bw^mdZr bJVr h. ~mX_| dhm `mm H$aZoH$m m`pMm Ama {Z`V H$a aIm
h. dh ^r 12,000 JCAm|Ho$ XmZH$m H$merHo$ npS>Vm|Zo nyN>Zona ~Vm`m Wm,
{OgHo$ {Z{_m A~ Hw$N> nmM hOma n`m|H$m m`pMm h_ H$aVo h! Bg
YZam{e mam bmpQ>H$H$s ^r 12000 Jm` IarXr `m XmZ _| Xr Zht Om
gH$Vr! `h h h_mar ApWa Y_{Z>mH$m AH$mS>VmS>d! A~ Vmo d` h_|
hr nwZ{ddmh `m {dYdm{ddmh _| H$moB Amn{m J^ra Zht bJVr!
J

(V.Xr.{Z.2&223 - 215) Iwbmgm Xo hr MwHo$ Wo. Vmo ^r {dYdm{ddmhHo$

gZmVZ dUml_Y_go {d hmoZoH$m ~dS>a IS>m H$a `W_| nw{>gXm`H$mo
~XZm_ H$admZoH$m h_Zo nwfmW {H$`m. O~{H$ AmOr{dH$mW Xod_y{VH$s AmamYZm

{hXwY_Ho$ JWm|H$m A``Z H$aZodmbo `wamonHo$ {dmZm|H$mo V~ bJ ahm Wm

{H$ F$doX Am{XH$s g{hVmAm|_| d{UV Y_ Vmo dgo ^r ^mdhrZ hmo J`m h.
^maV_| Omo Mb ahm h dh Vmo ed dUd emV Am{X nmam{UH$ Y_ hr. AV
Ch| `{X g_mV {H$`m Om gHo$ Vmo BgmB Y_Ho$ MmaH$mo _wV dmVmdaU {_b
nm`oJm. AV _og_yba (16), _mo{Z`a {d{b`_ (17), nydm}V MMHo$ nmXar
{dgZ Am{X AZoH$ ^maVr`{dm{dXm|Zo Bg {Xem_| nwfmW ma^ H$a hr aIm
Wm. gmW hr gmW d` {hXwAm|_| ^rVago gwYmaH$s hdm MbmZoH$mo Z`o nW ^r
Mbdm`o J`o Wo. Eogm {gZm[a`mo V~ Wm(18). A~ Vmo d` `yamon-A_arH$mHo$
bmoJ h_mao nmam{UH$ Y_Ho$ {d{dY gXm`m|_| Xr{jV AZw`m`r ~Z H$a CZH$m
AZwgaU H$aZo bJo h. V~ N>nZ^moJ Hw$S>dmam Am{XHo$ `mdgm{`H$ XeZm|Ho$
gmW A~ mMrZ `k`mJm{X Ama IoMar`moJ Ogr gmYZmAm|Ho$ Am{WH$
bm^H$mar _mJXeZH$s _hmm h_ dhmH$s OZVmH$mo g_PmZm MmhVo h. `h nwZ

27

28

{hXwgwYmadmXr H${d Z_X d` {H$gr {dYdm rHo$ {V AmgV hmoZoHo$

H$maU V~ {dYdm{ddmhH$s nadr H$a aho Wo (15). Chm|Zo Jmodm_r lr`XwZmWOrH$mo
Bg {df`_| gh_V H$aZm Mmhm. dgo nw{>^pVHo$ {gmVH$s {>go XoIZona
d` _hm^w ""dUml_dVm _w`o Y_} Z>o N>boZ Vw {H$`_mUo Z Y_ `mX AV
V_mX Z _moMZ_''- ""AWm{n Y__mJ}U pWdm H$U ^OoX ~wY''

h_mar AYyar {Z>m h_| H$ht AVaam{>` Vana H$ht bo Z Sy>~o!

`o Wo _yb hoVw h_| bm`~b Ho$g H$aZoH$mo {dde H$a XoZoH$s gr_m VH$
CH$gmZoHo$. CgHo$ ~mX Cg Ho$g_| h_mao ^Jdg_nUHo$ {X` {gmVH$mo
AZ{VH$ `{^MmaH$mo mogm{hV H$aZodmbo {gmV Ama gXm`H$s XrjmHo$
$n_| {dH$VV`m `m`m{`V H$a {X`m, AJoO `m`mYrem|Zo. bm`~b Ho$gH$m
_wH$X_m Xm`a H$aZodmbo lr`XwZmWOrna Omo An_mZOZH$ Amamon Wo Ch| {g
Z hmoZoHo$ H$maU CZH$s {V>m A{^`m{MV nMmg hOmaHo$ WmZna nMmg ngm
_mZ H$a Ch| Amamon_wV H$a {X`m J`m!
7.dV_mZ Q>H$amdHo$ {ZdmaUH$m Cnm` :

{ZH$fV`m H$hZm MmhJm {H$ h_mao ^rVa ^ao hdo nw{>^pVHo$ ~rO^mdgo
AmdV Ama {V~ nw{>OrdHo${b`o Vmo gmYmaU `m AgmYmaU, g AWdm
Ag, g^r VahHo$ {V~Y nw{>^wH$s {H$gr AV` brbmHo$ AZw^mdHo$
$n_| drH$mao Ama gwIgdo ~Z gH$Vo h. naVw ^Jdgodm `m ^JdX^pV
_| IQ>H$Zodmbo {V~Ym|Ho$ hr h_ `gZr H$ht ~Zo ahZm MmhVo hm| Vmo h_mao
{V~Ym|H$mo ^JdbrbmHo$ $n_| {ZhmaZo `m AmZX boZm H$m h_mam _Zmo^md
hr ^Jdgodm_| g~go ~S>m {V~Y ~Z OmVm hmoVm h! Bg_| {H$gr VahH$s
eH$mH$m H$moB AdH$me Zht. nw{>g{>Ho$ Ordm|Ho$ ^rVa nw{>~rO nw{>^wZo {H$g
`moOZde ~mo`o h Cg {df`_| g^mZVm Omo nw{>Ordm|Ho$ ^rVa gwa{jV ahVr
h Vmo A`V {df_ dmVmdaU_| ^r nw{>^mdH$mo {H$g H$ma ~Mm`o aIZm CgH$m
H$ma H$ho {~Zm ^r d`\y$V hmo nm`oJm. na nw{>OrdH$mo H$go {V~YH$m
VrH$ma {H$g H$ma H$aZm CZ g^mdZmAm|H$s {dVV gy{M CnbY H$am
XoZona ^r AnZo d$nHo$ `moOZHo$ ~mao_| g^mZVm Imo XoZodmboH$mo ~Mm nmZm
gab Zht hmoVm. AV A~ ^r g_` ahVo h_mao AmMm`MaUH$s dmUr_| hm{XH$
{Z>m h_ nZnm nm`| Ama VXZwgma dUd OZVmH$mo ^r o[aV H$aVo ahZoH$s
AmMm`m}{MV {Z^uH$Vm Ama CmaXm{`Vm drH$ma| Vmo _mJH$m dmV{dH$ CH$f
hmo Zht gH$Vm, Eogm H$_go H$_ _wPo Vmo Zht bJVm. Amd`H$Vm h gMo
X`go ^JdXml`H$s, dmn{VH$s dmUrHo$ gmW {V~VmH$s Ama AnZr
MmdmH$m|Ho$ Ogr _ZmoJpWHo$ N>oXZH$s {H$ ""AmJo ^r OmZo Z Vy nrN>o ^r OmZo
29

Z Vy Omo ^r h ~g `hr EH$ nb h!''

AV_| lrh[aam` _hm^wHo$ eXm|_| Hw$N> H$hZm hmo Vmo H$hZm MmhJm {H$""nwZ Hw$ Be O_? d AmMm`MaUml`? Hw$V
gmYZgn{m, gm_Jr Xwb^m A{Ibm?
X`mbmo! XrZgmhmX!!, dgodm{d_wI OZ godm`m gVV dV`,
namna!!!''

(d^w{dkpV : 11-12).
gH$bmVam_m lrh[a gZmo ^dVw!

::gX^gyMr::
(1)lrZmWOrH$mo CX`nwaam`Ho$ qghmS> Jmd_| {~amOZoH$s gw{dYmXmZ
H$aVo g_` Jmodm{_{VbH$m{`VH$s Vah _hmamUm CX`nwaH$s ^r g_P `hr Wr
{H$ n[apW{V gwYaZona lrZmWOr nwZ ~O nYmaZodmbo h :
"Maharajadhiraj Maharana Shri Rajsinghji
commands from the auspicious Udaipur the Jagirdar
of Sinhad and Brahmans and all inhabitants. Be it
known that Shrinathji residing at Sinhad let
uncultivated land as may desire be cultivated till
such time, when Shrinathji goes back to Brij the
land of those to whom it belong will... in fact. If any
one then obstructs in any way he will be rebuked.
Grant masani loghs in smt.1729 on Asoj sudi 15
Thursday.'',
"Maharana Maharajadhiraj Shri Rajsinghji
commands from the auspisious place of victory.
Brahman Joshi Krisna Khemia Mohan Hari Jagha
and Hava Pitha and all inhabitants of the Kheda of
Sinhad. Be it known that when Shrinathji goes to
30

Brij from Sinhad Brahmins will get the land which is

of the Brahmins. They will get the land as is entered
in previous records. So long as Shrinathji... Loghu in
smt.1736 on Bhadwa sudi 6 Monday.''
(As an Annexture No.5/13, 5/13A along with
appppeal in Supreme Court case no.652 and 757 in
the year 1962 by T.G. against State of Rajsthan)

(2-3)_hmamUm CX`nwa mam ^maVHo$ AJoO JdZa OZabH$mo {X. 17

OZdar 1825 Ho$ {XZ ^oOm J`m n :
"In time of Maharana Rajsingji the God Shri
Govaerdhannathji and the ancestors of Gosainji or
the High Priest of the Vaishnavas came from Brij to
Mewar in the month of Falgun Samvat 1735. Our
ancestors kept the Thakurji Maharaj and the Gosainji
Maharaj at the village of Sinhad... After this our
ancestors and all other Rajas great or little i.e. Jaipur
Jodhpur Bundi Kota etc. became followers of that
religion and agreed to obey orders... These are the
practices and usages confirmed from old times of
our ancestors. All the former Rajas and chiefs of
Hindosthan did obey and the present to obey the
orders of Sri Thakurji and Sri Gusainji Maharaj.
The orders will not be departed in any way... As a
friend I earnestly request Government to issue orders
to the several Agents of Government, accredited at
the courts of the different Rajas to see that in any
case in which the Maharaj is concerned, no agent is
to raise any dispute with regard to the abovementioned matters ''(As an Annexture No.13 along
with appppeal in Supreme Court case no.652 and
757 in the year 1962 by T.G. against State of
Rajsthan)

(4)\$a_mZ ~-AmbmemZ A{VE Obmbw{Z _moh_X AH$~a ~mXemho J mOr

:
""Bg _w~m[aH $dV_| \$a_mZ Omar hdm {H$ JwgmB {d>bam` gm{H$Z JmoHw$b _moOo
O{Vnwam _wm{gb naJZo JmoaYZ _| O_tXmam| go n`m Xo H$a O_rZ IarX H$a _H$mZmV d
~mJmV d Jm`m| Ho$ {IS>H$ d _{Xa JmoaYZZmW Ho$ H$maImZo V`ma H$am H$a ahVm h. Bg{b`o
31

h_ Omar hdm {H$ D$na {bIo _moOo H$mo JwgmB _OHy$a Ho$ H$Oo _| ZgbZ ~mX Zgb _m\$
dm ~mJwOmV N>moS>m J`m h. Bg{b`o _moOyXm d AmBXm hmoZodmbo hm{H$_, Am{_b, _w{h_mo
Ho$ _wVgr H$moS>r, OmJraXma d O_tXma Bg ~S>o h_ H$s Vm_rb H$a _moOo _OHy$a H$mo _`
O_rZ Oa IarX Ho$ CgHo$ H$Oo _| ZgbZ ~mX Zgb ahZo Xod|. Ama A~dm~ __ZyAm
VH$mbr\$ XrdmZr d _Vmb~mV gwbVmZr d _mb dOhmV d Hw$b Adm[aOmV d gaXaIVr
dhm Ho$ ~m~V _wOmh_ Z hmo H$a EVamO Z H$a|. Ama ha gmb Z`m \$a_mZ d nadmZm Z _mJo
d BgHo$ {Ibm\$ Z H$a|. VmHo$ _m[a\$V AmJmh JwgmB ~mXemhr _ha~m{Z`m| go _eHy$a hmo H$a
Bg gVZV Ho$ h_|em H$`m_ H$s XwAm H$aVm aho. Vhara VmarI 9 IwaXmX _mh Bbmhr 39
Obygr (_wVm{~H$ 1594 Bdr).
(5)ZmWmamH$s JmXrHo$ Cmam{YH$maHo$ {ddmX {N>S>Zona CX`nwaam`Ho$ VrZ _hmamUmAm|
(A)^r_qghOr mam {X. 25/9/1826 Ho$ {XZ, (B)gOZqghOr mam {X.25/3/
1873 VWm (C)CX`nwaam`Ho$ _hmamUmHo$ H$m`mb`go Omar {H$`o J`o {X.10/10/1933
VWm {X.23/3/1948 Ho$ {XZ Kmo{fV amOmkmn :
(A)"Father Gosain Shri Damodarji Maharaj has
departed this life, after which Gosain Gopeshwarji
and Shri Krishnraiji having raised despute... you
were found to be in the right. No one else has
therefore heritable right to your house(estste), you
are Malik (owner) of the Shriji's sewa...''. "Our
salutation be known... to Shri Shri Shri Dadi Kamala
Bahuji Maharaj... Moreover you may do service and
worship of Shriji(God) in accordance with your
wishes. It is your house. You are the owner. You
live with pleasure.''
(ibid.Annexture 5/4-5).
(B)"... on 8th may 1876 A.D.... Shri
Maharajadhiraj Shri Sajjansinghji... and the politica
agent... Bahadur of Mewar enthroned on the seat of
divine estate of Nathdwara Shri lalbaba
Shrigovardhanlalji Maharaj after reminding him for
the said seat... Goswami Maharajshri Govardhanlalji
Maharaj will enjoy the whole income movable and
immovable concerned with the temple of Nathdwara.
Now the owner of the said Devasthan Nathdwara
and the properties of all kinds movable and
immovaaable connected with it will be of the said
32

Tilkayat Goswami Maharajshri Govardhanlalji alone.

The said removed Maharajshri Giridharilalji has no
connection what so ever with the said Devasthan
Nathdwara. Dt.25th March 1878 A.D...
(ibid. Annexture 15)
(C)"Nathdwara estate [Note: like other 16 estates
of jagirdars of the then Mewar State. But nay, never,
the main religious seat of Shri Vallabha's sect] has
been established by kingdom of Mewar and is
dependent on it, in continuity Tilkayt Goswami
Govardhanlalji Maharaj absented himself. The
immoral character and the conduct against the
eternal usage of his son Damodarlalji has not left
him a fit person so that he can be appointed in the
place of his father as Tilkayat Goswami of
Nathdwara... Beside this on the very day Goswami
Govardhalalji also after getting consent with the
written letter of Damodarlalji presented the following
in writing "if the character of Damodarlalji be not
good then he should remain aloof from the office of
Tilkayat and the seat, and my grandson Govindlalji
will be the owner of the seat'.'' "Government of
Mewar order no.7676 of 1948: Government are
pleased to order that the management of Thikana
Nathdwara may be withdrawn with effect from 1st
April 1948. The advisory committee appointed during
the period of minority of Tilkayat Goswami Shri
Govindlalji Maharaj is also dissolved. Sd.
S.V.Rammurty Prime Minister''.
(ibid.Annexture 30)
(6)
"The Tilkayat also expressed his concurrence
with the proposal made in this report and signed in
token of his agreement. It appears that after orders
were issued in accordance with the decision of the
Tilkayat, the two templs were treated as part of the
bigger temple of Srinathji. This is evident by the
resolution which was passed at the meeting of the
Power of Attorney Holders of the Tilkayat on the
same day i.e. 15 October 1956. One of the resolution
passed at the said meeting shows that the proposal
33

regareing the Temple and Baithaks owned by His

Holiness stating therein that His Holiness had been
pleased to transfer the ownership theirof to Srinathji
was considered. That proposal along with the list of
temples and Baithaks was produced before the
Committee. The Tilkayat was present at the meeting
and he confirmed the proposal and put his signatuer
thereon before the Committee. Thereupon, the
Committee accepted the proposal with thanks and
instructed the Exicutive Officer to the needful in
that behalf. Thus, the Tilkayat propossed to the
committee of his Power Of Attorney Holders that
the two idols and their Baithaks should be transferred
from his private estate to the pincipal temple of
Srinathji and that proposal was accepted and therafter
the two idols were treated as part of the principal
temple. After this transfer was thus formally
completed it appears that the Tilkayat was inclined
to change his mind and so, in submitting to the
committee a list of temples and Baithaks transferred
by him to the principal temple of Srinathji he put a
heading to the list which showed that the said transfer
had been made for management and administration
only and was not intended to be an absolute transfer.
This was done on or about 23 November 1956.''
(T.G.Vs. State of Raj. A.I.R.1963 SC 1638)

(7)
"The Firman then clearly provides that the
Tilkayat Maharaj is merely a Custodian, Manager
and Trustee of the said property and finally
determines the nature of the office held by Tilkayat
Maharaj. He can claim no better and no higher rights
after the Firman was issued [Note:1.Even after the
Firman ex-Tilkayat in his declaration of the successor
clearly intimated to the State of Mewar that his grandson
would be owner of the estat Nathdwara which the State
had also taken care to mention without any rebuke 2.If
the Tilkayats, were not de facto as well as de jure owners
of the Nathdwara estat, where the temple of Shri Nathji
was happen to be situated due historical and accidental
condition, why the committee was dissolved ?].

34

bm{H$H$_ Am{l` lr{d>bJho AJ_V. CgdVw _hmZ AmgrV.

g Z e`mo ApV dUZo VXmJ_ZgOmV lr{d>bHw$bo VXm...''
""AW \$mJwZmogd{d{Y AW \$mJwZHo$ _m{g gV`m
H$UnjHo$ lrJmodYZZmW` ^mo n>_hmogd.''
(CgdVmZ : lrd O am`H $ V g d gamo gdH$nbVm
_R>e
o lrBpXaoeH$V gdgamogd{d{YH$me H$meZdf-1949).

(T.G. Vs. State of Raj. A.I.R.1963 SC 1638 para

34)

(8)
"If Shri Lal Baba of Goswami (Girdharlalji)
Maharaj intends to come here, then it is proper now
also that permission be got issued from Shriman
Goswami Sri Tilkayat Govindlalji Maharaj for
touching of feet and toilet (of deity)... Therefore
according to old custom, the independence of Sriaman
Tilkayat Maharaj should be maintained... In this
State, the owner is minor...''
( ibid. The Annexture no.10)

(11)
"This conclusion that a temple, which is managed
out of the funds collected from the public, is the
Maharaja's property may seem startling, but it is
non the less inevitable by reason of the peculiar
tenets of the sect and the blind faith with which they
were adhered to by its followers. The Maharaja
having already acquired proprietary rights by what
was done by himself and his devotees at the time
of, and subsequent to, the construction of the temple,
he can not be deprived of them by the mere modern
change in the angle of the vision of some of his
present devotees. The latter may disallow the tenets
if they deem hard or unjust, refuse to pay contribution
and even establish an independent public place of
worship. But so far as the existing tempel and its
property are concerned, they are not at liberty to
question the Maharaja's title to them'' (The
Judgement given on the date 1st June 1927 in the
court of the District Judge, East Khandesh, at Jalgaon.
In the Civil Suit no.2 of 1927 by The Distruct Judge
N.S.Lokur ).

(9)
"(Havelies)... though they are grand and majestik
inside, the outside appearance is always attempted
to resemble that of a private house. This feature
can, however, be easily explained if we recall the
fact that during the time when Vitthalnathji with his
greate missionary zeal spread the doctrine of Vallabh,
Hindu temples were constantly faced with the danger
of attack from Aurangzeb... Faced with this immediate
problem Vitthalnathji may have started building the
temples in the form of Havelies so that outside
nobody should knwo that there is temple within''.
(T.G. Vs. State of Raj. SC AIR 1962 para 21).

(10)O{Vnwam_| lrZmWOrHo$ Aj`VVr`mHo$ {XZ nmQ>mogdHo$ ~mX \$mJwZ

dX gV_rHo$ {XZ lr{d>bZmW ^wMaUHo$ Ka_| nwZnmQ>mogdH$m _mU :
"When the big temple was completed, at that
time Sri Acharyji Mahaprabhu came to vraj... And
Srinathji was installed in the newly constructed and
big temple by Sri Acharya Mahaprabhu in Smt.1579
on Vashakh Sudi 3 Akshay Tritiya''.
(ibid. the Annexture no.54).

(12)

""AW \$mJwZmogdm AW lrJmodYZZmW^wmH$Q>`mogd

: AW Cgdm {Z$`Vo _m{g \$mJwZgkHo$ \$mJw`{gVgV`m
lr_XJmodYZm{Yn o_m{VfJ~moYmW o_m{Ve`dgb `mO

(A)"The participation of the member of the public

in the Darshan in temple and in the acts of worship
or in celebration of festival occasions may be a
very important factor to concider in determining, the
character of the temple.'' (T.G. Vs. State of Rajasthan
para.23).
(B)"There is nothing on record to indicate that in

35

36

the long past in Patadi, any ruler had put any

restriction on the use of temples for Darshan over a
fairly long period during which public visited the
temples, as if they were thier temples and this
establishes thier right... Although there was a sort
of private passage running from Darbargadh to the
public road, presumably meant for the use of
"pardanashin' ladies of royal family, this would not
indicate that that the temples were attached to the
Darbargadh... The general public and particularly
the members of the vaishanva sect had unrestricted
right of worship at temples as a matter of course
and participated in the the festivals of Hindola and
Annakut functions and seva'' ( Pratapsinji Vs. Deputy
Charity Commissioner Gujrat SC.1987).

{ZdoXZ H$ar. Vo CnaWr MmoamerZmVdmimAmoAo H$ar KUmH$

lr_VmoZo g_Omdr Ao bmoH$moZmo OyR>mo Xmoa VmoS>r Zm`mo. Vo dIVo
AoH$ {ed^Vo AoAmoZr Cn{m {dfo dmV bIr Vo Am _mUo N>o
: ... Vo {eyb dS>o XodrAo _{hfmgwa... dJ_mWr ZgmS>r
_w`m... nN>r ndr Cna bmoH$moZo {gmB XoImS>dm nmoVmZr
_m`mdS>o ApZ H$arZo dMo ~miH$ WBZo amo VoZo b_U^> bB
J`mo `m _hmoQ>mo Wdm nyd} new hVmo _mQ>o VoZo new_mJ, nw{>_mJ
Ho$ Oo_m H$moBZr _`mXm Zht Vo Mbm`mo.
(15)
I

""(...) VWm H$aobm H$`mo g~Yr AZo _mam dm^m{dH$

JwU{dfo _mamO H$aobm {ddoMZ g~Yr hmb bIdmWr _Zo WmoSw>;
nU _mam g~YrAmoZo KUwO ZwH$gmZ Wm` AZo Vodr hmo-hmo WB
aoho _mQ>o Vo dmVmo KQ>Vo gJo KQ>Vr arVo bIm` Vo_ bIdmZo
_wbVdr amIw Nw>''(_mar hH$sH$V n.94)""Am ~Yr Z~imB
Amo_m hOr AoH$ C_oamo WB eHo$ Vo_ N>o.Ao N>o Z_XZr rAmo
g~YrZr Z~imB. rAmo gmWoZm nmoVmZm g~Ymo ~m~V_m Z_XZo
Z{VH$ ~YZmo ~h WmoS>m ZS>Vm(...) {dYdm Z_XmJmarZo naUdmZmo
VoUo Oo {ZU` H$`m}. Vo_m nU Amdr OmVZr qh_VZr O$a hVr.
AoH$ nZr OrdVr hmodm N>Vm AZo Vo nU dir emV AZo gwerb
hmodm N>Vm VoUo Oo Am nJbw ^`w Vo gmMw hVw Vo_ Vmo H$moB O H$
ho(...)AmnUo g`Zo gmjr amIrZo Z_X {dfo nU H$hr eH$sAo
Ho$ VoUo nU `{^Mma H$`m} O hVmo...("Z_X' n.87-88. bo.
Jwbm~Xmg ~moH$a).

(13)>` : OwZmJT> hdobr _wH$X_oHo$ \$gbmHo$ n> : 138-139,

143-146, 156-158, 161-162 VWm 306. BZ n>m|na `h ^manydH$
H$hm J`m h {H$ ^Jd_y{VHo$ gm_Zo ~_g~YXrjm boZona gdg_nU H$a
XoZoHo$ ~mX ^dZ `m gn{m na g_nUH$VmHo$ dm_r hmoZoH$m Xmdm _m` Zht
hmo gH$Vm. `h naVw {gmVV g` hmo Vmo nw{>_mJH$s AZwJm_r OZVm ^r
~_g~Y Xrjm boVr hmoZogo CZHo$ ^r AnZo ^dZ CmoJ Ed gn{m na
dm{_d {ZaV hmo H$a _pXaH$s _y{VH$m dm{_d Wm{nV hmoZm Mm{h`o Wm.
Ho$db nw{>_mJu` Jmodm_r _hmamO hr WmoS>o ~_g~YXrjm boVo h. AnZo
Ka_| ^Jdgodm H$aZo_| gj_ g^r r-nwf ~mb-d YZdmZ-AYZdmZ
g^r dUOm{VHo$ bmoJ bo gH$Vo h Ama boVo ^r h.
(14)
H$

nw{>_mJ AWdm _hmamOmoZmo nW n.416-417 : ""Amgao

gdV 1914 Ho$ 15 _m gmb_m _w~B_m ^wboda _mhmXodZmo
N>nZ^moJ Ho$Q>bmH$ ~mUmo Va\$Wr H$adm_m Am`mo hVmo. Vo
dIVo Vo dIVo Ao bmoH$moAo _mhmXodZw N>nZ^moJ Wm` Zhr Aodr
~m~V bmdr ~mUmona ^mao Owb_ JwOmamdm `Z H$`m}. VoWr
~mUmoAo Mmoamer ZmV AoH$R>r H$ar AZo nmoVmZr hH$sH$V
37

(16)
(A)"India is much riper for Cristianity than Rome
and Greece were at the time of St.Paul. The rotten
tree has for some time had artificial supports, because
its fall have been inconvient for the government... I
would like to live for ten years quietly and learn
38

language, try to make friends, and then see whether

I was fit to take part in work by means of which the
old mischief of Indian priestcraft could be overthrown
and way opened for the entrance of simple Cristian
teaching, that entrance which finds into every human
heart, which is freed from ensnaring powers of priests
and from the obscuring influence of philosophers.
(B)"... the ancient Indian relgion of India is doomed
- and if Cristianity does not step in whose fault will
it be?''
(C)"That religion is still professed by at least a
hundred and ten million of human souls... and yet I
do not shrink from saying that the religion is dying
or dead''.
("Max Muller and his contemporaries' Papers
read at seminar held at the RKmission Kolkta 1515/12/2000 p.207-8).

(17)
"...I must draw attention to the fact that I am
only second occupant of the Boden Chair, and that
its Founder, Colonel Boden, stated most explcitly in
his will (dated August 15, 1811) that the special
object of his munificent bequest was to promote the
translation of the Scripture into Sanskrt, so as "to
enable his countrymen to proceed in the coversion
of the natives of India to Cristian Religion.'... I have
made it the chief aim of my professorial life to
provide facilities for the translation of our sacred
Scripture into Sanskrit... ''
(In Preface to "A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'
by Sir Moneir William p.ix-x).

(18)Bg {df`_| Hw$N>gmdYmZV`m AdYo` V` dra Z_XZo AnZr

CmamdWm_| H$Q>{H$`oOmo"Y_{dMma'Zm_H$JW_|Iwb H$a drH$mao h :
""gXm`Zm XodmoZo Z _mZdm nU AoH$ na_odaZo _mZdmo (...)
Aodmo Vo H$miZmo dm hVmo (...) Ao Y_} db^r gXm` Cna
HmoaQ_m O` _oi`mo. gwYmamdmimZwA
` H$m`w ; AZo H$UXmgZr
H$s{V WB-{VrAmoAo _moQ>r dImUr (nmX{Q>nUr : ~rOmdUd
39

Y_dmim amOr WB J`m db^_mJ ntIm`mo OmoB; (...)

qhXwY_Zr ntIU_m {VrnmXar C_Jr hmo`O Zo S>mQ>a {dbgZ
Vo HUXmgZo gmar noR>o ghm` W`m hVm, H$moaQ>_mnU AZoVo nN>rnU
(... n.28 ...) A_o ZWr g_OVm Ho$ gwYmamo _hmamOmoZmo
nrN>me
o m_mQ>Zo Wr_wH$Vmo?(...) dm_r X`mZXnU VoZm Cna CbQ>mo
hVmo.ew ~rOm nWmo ZWr gwYmamZr gidiVr Or^ Zo MidiVr
boIUrZo_mQ>(o ...)?(ew ~rOm nWmo_m XwamMma AZmMma N>inM
ZWr? Zo AoZw nmn {deof Ho$ db^nWZm Oma H$_Zw? `_amOm
Ho$ VoZmo {MJwV OmUo (35...)! (gwYmamdmim)gKimAo
dY_Wr AOmU, gKimAo nabmoH$ {df`Zr nanamZmo AZmXa
H$admdmim Zo gKimAo dXoer ~YwAmoZw ggmar H$`mU H$adm
Hmo S >rbm hVm.{Vr ~ ~ b Zr Zr{V Cna _mo { hV(...
n.49...)n{S>V X`mZX Oo CN>oXH$ gwYmamZo doXY_Zw ,doXZm
XodVmZo Z _mZo, A{YH$manado Y_~moYZo Z _mZo Vo _y{VZo Ho_
_mZo?nU nN>m {ZH$io Ho$ nXmW {dmZm emoYH$m` A_Um Oo
~YmN>o ~Ym doX_m H$hobmN>o Vo_ Vo H$ho N>o Vmo _y{VnyOmZmo {df`
doX_m Ho$_ Z{h? nN>r IS>Zo Ho$ _S>Zo? dir _y{VnyOm Z{h `mao
~rOm H$_Zr Mo>m em_mQ>o? `mg nmUr ~a\$ Ao U pW{V
Oi; _mZ{gH$ dm{MH$H$m{`H$Ao U H$ma H$_Zm; Vo_
gH$n\w$aU N>m`md$n Zo H$Q>d$n Ho$_ Z{h? (...)BdaZw
gd`mnrnUw _XdV Zo mU{V>m, ^pV^mdZmZr {g{ _mZo
Vo _y{VnO
y mZo ImoQ>r Z{h Hho(...) n{dmB VWm dN>VmWr Amamo`
g~Yr _moQ>mo gwYmamo Am` nmoVmZo amIr amo N>o O (...) Ho$Q>bmH$
\o$a\$ma Wdm OmoBAo; nU dir naY_uZm ghdmgWr Ho$Q>bmo ~JmS>
Wm` N>o (nmX{Q>nUr : Ao AmnUogmar noR>o Om`w N>o Ho$,hdo
gwYmamdmim naY_u {dMmaWr Ho$Q>bmo ~JmS >W`mo N>Vo .o nam`m {dMmao
bmoH$Zo ge`r ^{_> H$sYm N>o VoZo R>oH$mUo AmUdmZo Ho$Q>bmo l_
nhm|Mo N>o AZo _mohZo R>m_o {YH$ma AUmdVm Ho$Q>brdma bmJeo?Ao_ W`m {dZm dY_Zw VoO~i dYZm ZWr (Ao {df`_m nydO
moZr
Ho$dr nwV ~w{!n.64).

40

{df`mZwH$ _{UH$m
{df`mH$m

&&lrh[a&&

n>mH$m

&&mH$WZ&&

{gmV dMZmdbr

(1) godmonXoeXrjm
(2) godmd$n
(3) godmXeZ
(4) godm`moOZ
(5) godmWb
(6) go`d$n
(7) godmW-AmOr{dH$m
(8) godmH$Vm VWm godmn[aMmaH$
(9) godmonXoQ>m
(10) ^mJdVH$Wm
(11) dgo`-d$n-gmX-JhU
(12) VrWn`Q>Z
(13) AmMm`dMZme`{ZYmaUH$mamonghma

124
134
140
143
146
150
157
159
163
176
179
181
183

n[a{eQ>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

eaUmJ{V
A_VdMZmdbr
nwpQ> Ap_Vm
nwpQ>{gmVMMmg^mH$m g{jV dm

41

186
191
213
215

_hm^w lrdb^mMm`mam d{VV nwpQ>gXm`_| h_mar-CnXoeH$ VWm

AZwJm_r OZm|H$s-AmO g~g| ~S>r H$moB g_`m h Vmo dh `hr {H$ `{X h_
AnZo gXm`Ho$ dVH$-gmaH$ nydmMm`m]Ho$ mam {b{IV JWm|H$m| _mU
_mZVo h Vmo Omo Hw$N> AmO _hm^wH$o Zm_na Mb ahm h dh {ZVmV {gmVdnar`
hr h; Ama `{X Omo Hw$N> Mb ahm h Cgo hr AmXe _mZZoHo$ _mohHo$ H$maU h_
Cgo N>moS>Zm Z MmhVo hm| Vmo JWmon{XQ> {gmV gdWm {ZaWH$, AgJV Ed
AZw`m{`OZm|Ho$ g_j AZwMmaUr` hr hmo OmVo h. Bg Xw{dYmH$mo Xya H$aZoH$mo
Omo nQ>rH$aU {X`o OmVo h CZ_|Ho$ n[aJ{UV _wo m` AYmo{Z{XQ> h :
(1)_hm^wHo$ {gmV `m h_ hr OmZVo h-h_mao nydOm|H$mo `m _hm^wHo$
dmV{dH$ {gmVm|H$m kmZ Zht Wm?
(2)AmOgo nmMgm df nydHo$ g_mO Xoe Ama H$mb H$mo XoIH$a _hm^wZo
AnZo {gmV KS>o Wo. AmO Vmo dh pW{V hr Zht ahr h; Ama H$B g_`mE
ZB ^r A~ h_mao hr gm_Zo CR> IS>r hB h. g_mO-Xoe-H$mbHo$ n[ad{VV
n[ao`_| A~ C^ar g_`mAm|H$m `mdhm[aH$ {ZamH$aU {H$`o {~Zm Ho$db
gmpVH$ OS>mJh aIZm gmao gXm`H$mo CpN>Z H$a XoZoH$s ZmXmZr hmoJr!
(3)d_mJu` {gmV Vmo g^r dgXm{`Am|H$mo _m` hmoZo hr Mm{h`|.
naVw XoeHo$ Y_{Zanoj g{dYmZ VWm H$amYmZm| Ho$ ^rfU mdYmZm|go ~MZoHo$
{b`o Hw$N> ~mV| d{gmVm|Ho$ {dnarV ^r AnZmZr nS>r h. Bg {ddeVmH$m
{gmV-OS>mJ{hAm|Ho$ nmg ^r `m g_mYmZ h?
(4)Omo bmoJ {gmVdMZm|Ho$ Zm_na ~mdobm _Mm aho h do d` ^r gdme_|
{gmVm|H$m nmbZ H$hm H$a aho h?
(5)g{XAm|go OZ-OZ_| `mV {H$gr ^r gXm`go g~pYV g^r Ym{_H$
{ZU` Ho$db {b{IV JWm|Ho$ AmYmana {b`o Zhr Om gH$Vo, Or{dV nanamAm|H$m
^r AnZm H$moB _hd hmoVm hr h.
(6)d_mJu` {gmV Vmo g^rH$mo gdXm _m` hmoZo hr Mm{h`o naVw
42

BZ am {dYmZm|Ho$ g{jV Ama emV g_mYmZ h_| ImoOZo hm|Jo. h_ `h

Xmdm Vmo Zht H$a gH$Vo {H$ h_mam `h `mg g^rHo$ {b`o gVmofH$mar hr hmoJm.
{\$a ^r BZ am {dYmZm|Ho$ {V h_mar emV dMm[aH$ {V{H$`mH$mo eXmo_|
A{^`V H$aZm hr Bg mH$WZH$m _w` `moOZ h:
(1)h_mao nydO-~mnXmXm _hm^wHo$ {gmVm|H$mo OmZVo Wo `m Zht `h,
CZHo$ {XdJV hmoZoHo$ ~mX, Ho$db CZHo$ mam {b{IV JWm|Ho$ AmYmana hr OmZm

Om gH$Vm h. H$moB H$maU Zht h {H$ nydOm|H$s g_PH$s gwY {g\$ {nVm `m
{nVm_h H$s g_P VH$ hr boZr Ama Cggo D$na Zht. _hm^wgo ma^ H$a
nadVu JWH$mam|Ho$ dMZ VwV dMZmdbr_| gH${bV h hr.
(2)emV m_m{UH$ H$B ~mV| XoeH$mbm{XHo$ n[adVZHo$ H$maU H$B ~ma
Ae` ~Z OmVr h. n[ad{VV Xoe-H$mb_| C^ar ZB g_`mAm|H$mo gwbPmZoHo$
{b`o Z`o g_mYmZ ^r ImoOZo hr nS>Vo h. CZ g_mYmZm|H$mo, naVw, {H$gr XygaoHo$
Zm_na Wmon XoZm Zr{V_mm Zht. _hm^wHo$ {gmVm|H$m AZwgaU, `{X, Ae`
hmo J`m hmo Vmo Z`m _mJ Ad` d{VV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h. Cg Z`o _mJH$mo,
naVw, _hm^wHo$ Zm_na hR>mV Wmon Zht XoZm Mm{h`o.
(3)hmb hr _| amOWmZHo$ CM`m`mb`Zo dmb^ gXm`Ho$ {gmVm|H$s
gw{deX g_rjm H$aVo hdo, EH$ nwpQ>_mJu` _pXaH$mo "gmdO{ZH$-`mg'
Kmo{fV H$aZodmbr gmar gaH$mar H$madmBAm|H$mo {ZaV H$a {X`m h. AV Bg
bmMmarHo$ ~hmZo_| A~ H$moB X_ Zht ahm. Omo godmWb gmdO{ZH$ `mg
Kmo{fV hmo MwHo$ h dhm ^r An{gmVHo$ _mohH$mo N>moS> H$a: VZw{dmOm godmHo$
`mdgm{`H$ {d^mOZna; Ama {Z`godm-_ZmoaWm|-Ho$ gmdO{ZH$ `mdgm{`H$
XeZna, `Wmg^d ghgm AWdm eZ-eZ, AHw$e bJmZm hr Mm{h`o. Bg
VahH$s H$madmB_| `{X H$moB hVjon H$aVm h Vmo {gmVm|H$o H$me_| `m`mb`m|go
nwZ{dMma ^r H$adm`m Om gH$Vm h. Bg Xoe_| BVZo gmao H$amoS>n{V Y{ZH$ h
Vmo H$amYmZm|Ho$ ^rfU mdYmZm|go ~MZoH$m H$moB Z H$moB Cnm` do ^r Vmo AnZmVo
hr hm|Jo! H$amYmZHo$ ^`go {H$gr H$amoS>n{VZo AnZm Ka gmdO{ZH$ Y_embmHo$
$n_| Kmo{fV {H$`m hmo Eogm gwZZo_| Vmo Zht Am`m. V~ ^JdgodmW Ym{_H$
A{Zdm`Vmdmbo {ZOr KaH$mo gmdO{ZH$ _pXaHo$ $n_| `m| {dH$V {H$`m OmVm
h?
(4)h_mam Xmdm Z Vmo `h h {H$ Bg gXm`_| Ho$db h_ hr g^r
{gmVm|H$m nmbZ H$a aho h Ama Z h_ {H$gr `pV{deofna Eogm Amamon hr
bJmZm MmhVo h {H$ dh {gmVm|H$mo VmoS> ahm h. h_mam A{^m` Vmo Ho$db
`hr h {H$ h_go `m A` {H$grgo {ZOgm^m`de d{gmV nmbo Om gH$V|
hmo V~ ^r dmb^ gXm`Ho$ {gmV dhr ah|Jo Omo _hm^w ^{V nydmMm`m}Zo
{ZYm[aV {H$`o h. h_go `m A` {H$grgo {ZOXm^m`de Z ^r nmbo Om gH$V|
hmo V~ ^r {gmV Vmo dhr ah|Jo Omo nydmMm`m}Zo {ZYm[aV {H$`o h. {ZOgm_`Ho$

43

44

JWmoV H$B {gmV CMH$jmHo$ A{YH$m[aAm|Ho$ {b`o H$Q> {H$`o J`o h.

AmO Eogr CMH$jmHo$ A{YH$mar Ord h H$hm! {ZZH$jmHo$ Ogo A{YH$mar
AmO pQ>JV hmoVo h CZHo$ {b`o nana`m Ogm H$ma M{bV h dh R>rH$ hr
h.
(7)AmOH$s mW{_H$ Amd`H$Vm gXm`_| aMZm_H$ H$m`H$_H$mo
AnZmZoH$s h, Z {H$ H$bhnyU gmpVH$ {ddmXm|_| gXm`H$mo CbPmZoH$s.
(8)AnZm _mJ Vmo _mU_ybH$ {gmVm|na Adbp~V Zht. `h _mJ Vmo
na_m_mH$s _mUmVrV nwpQ>epVna Adbp~V h. gmdO{ZH$ _pXa, AV,
`{X ~X {H$`o OmVo h Vmo ^moJ-amJ-eJmamam nwpQ>nwfmom_H$mo bmS> bS>mZoH$s
godmUm{bH$m hr bwV hmo Om`oJr. gmdO{ZH$ _pXa `{X ~X H$a {X`o OmVo
h Vmo AnZo _mJHo$ dUd BVa _mJ_| {dQ> hmo Om`|Jo.
(9){gmVmn{gmVH$s MMm gmdO{ZH$ $ngo Zht H$aZr Mm{h`o. A`Wm
_yI AZwJm{_OZVm d_mJu` AmMm`m]Ho$ {V AmXa{dhrZ hmo Om`Jr. AV
Eogr MMm Jmodm_r AmMm`m]H$mo ~X XadmOo_| hr H$aZr Mm{h`o.
(10){gmV Vmo g^r _m` hmoZo hr Mm{h`o naVw AmOr{dH$mH$m Xygam H$moB
gwb^ Cnm` {_b Zht OmVm V~ VH$ gmdO{ZH$ _pXam|_| ^JdgodmH$m
AmOr{dH$mW XeZ amoH$ZoH$m XwamJh `mdhm[aH$ H$go _mZm Om gH$Vm h?
(11)h_| Omo Hw$N> H$aZm h h_ H$a|Jo- {H$grH$mo ^r h_mar AmbmoMZm
H$aZoH$m `m A{YH$ma h!
XodVmem_| H$s g`m `mah _mZr OmVr h Ama h_| bJVm h {H$ `o
EH$mXe hr AmOH$s VmarI_| dmb^gXm`Ho$ ghaUH$s ambrbm H$Q>
H$a aho h.

AmYmana Z Vmo {gmV Wm{nV hmo gH$Vo h Ama Z {ZO-Agm_`Ho$

AmYmana Wm{nV {gmV {dWm{nV hr hmo gH$Vo h.
(5)h_ ^r Or{dV nanamHo$ _hdH$m AdrH$ma Zht H$aVo naVw eV Cg_|
`hr h H$s H$moB ^r nanam _ybmMm`m]Ho$ dMZm|go {d Zht hmoZr Mm{h`o. nWa
`m YmVwgo ~Zr OS> _mZd_y{V CVZr gabVmgo U Zht hmo nmVr {OVZm {H$
Or{dV _mZd-Xoh. AV Omo Hw$N> Or{dV h CgH$m dW hmoZm ^r Amd`H$
h hr.
(6)CMm{YH$ma `m {ZZm{YH$ma H$mo naIZoH$s dmM{ZH$s `dWm `{X
CnbY Z hmoVr Vmo AnZr H$nZmH$mo `m dmWo[aV gw{dYmH$mo Bg {df`_|
_mU _mZm Om gH$Vm Wm. godm-H$Wm-n{mHo$ ^oXgo O~ dmM{ZH$s
A{YH$ma`dWm CnbY h hr Eogr pW{V_| An{gmVHo$ AZwH$aUH$s hr
`m Amd`H$Vm h?
(7){H$gr ^r aMZm_H$ H$m`H$_H$mo EH$ Ym{_H$ H$m`H$_Ho$ $n_| g_mO_|
VwV H$aZm hmo Vmo CgH$m Y_emm{^_V hmoZm A{Zdm` h hr. A`Wm
aMZm_H$ H$m`H$_Ho$ Zm_na eam~ `m OwE Ho$ A>o Vmo Imobo Zht Om gH$Vo!
(8)AnZm _mJ `{X _mU_ybH$ {gmVm|H$s Anojm aIVm hr Z hmo Vmo
nwpQ>_mJu` _pXam|_| Z_mO `m| Zht nT>r Om gH$Vr `m ~H$aoH$s ~br `m| Zht
MT>mB Om gH$Vr? `{X {H$gr gmpVH$ ^oXHo$ H$maU `h e` Z hmoVmo {g
hmo OmVm h {H$ gH$b _mUmVrV nwpQ>epV hr Ho$db {Z`m{_H$m Zht h.
A`Wm AZoH${dY AH$mS>VmS>dm|H$mo ^r AZw_{V XoZr hr nS>oJr. ^moJ-amJeJmaH$m godm_| {d{Z`moJ ^mdm_H$ hmoZm Mm{h`o `m ^mdmS>~am_H$ `h ^r
{ZYm[aV H$aZm Mm{h`o. Omo OZVm Y_ Z MmhVr hmo Ama AmS>~a hr MmhVr
hmo dh Vmo nwpQ>_mJH$mo N>moS>H$a A` _mJ_| {dQ> hmo Om` Bg_| nwpQ>_mJH$m
lo` hr _mZZm Mm{h`o.
(9){gmV-dnar`H$m AZwR>mZ O~ Iwbo mam|_| {ZeH$ hmo ahm h V~
{gmVMMmH$mo ~Y mam|_| H$aZoH$s VwH$ `m ah OmVr h? AZwJm_r OZVmH$m
_yI hmoZm CnXoeH$ _hmZw^mdm|Ho$ CmaXm{`d{dhrZ A{YH$mamon^moJ AWdm
Agm_` H$m moVH$ h.
(10)d_mJu` {gmVm|Ho$ {V AnZr {ZR>mnyU drH${V AmO OZVmHo$
g_j Kmo{fV H$a XoZr Mm{h`o. H$b dY_go A{d AmOr{dH$mHo$ Cnm`m|H$mo

ImoOZm H${R>Z H$m` Zht ah Om`oJm.

(11){Ogo Omo Hw$N> H$aZm h dh {ZgH$moM VWm ghf H$aVm aho- h_| Omo
Hw$N> H$aZm h dh Vmo AnZo {gmVm|H$m Ho$db Cmof hr h. {H$grH$mo Q>moH$ZoH$m
Z h_ AnZm A{YH$ma _mZVo h; Ama Z h_| ^r Q>moH$ZoH$m A` {H$grH$m
A{YH$ma drH$maZ| V`ma h.

45

46

`pV-Mmho {M{H$gmWu hmo `m {M{H$gH$ - Ho$ U hmoZona {M{H$gmb`_|

CgH$s {M{H$gm e` h. {M{H$gmb` hr, naVw H$^r, U hmo Om` Vmo H$hm
OmZm! Bgr Vah CnXoeH$ `m AZwJm_r `pVH$m Y__mJgo {dM{bV hmo OmZm
EH$ d`pVH$ IbZHo$ $n_| {JZm Om gH$Vm h. naVw EH$ Y_gXm`_|
CgHo$ AnZo Ym{_H$ {gmVm|go {d H$maH$m gmdO{ZH$ Y_mZwR>mZ(!)
H$W_{n d`pVH$ IbZ _mZm Zht Om gH$Vm. h_ Ho$db Bgr gX^_|
{gmVm|H$m Cmof H$aZm MmhVo h.
Bg nQ>rH$aUHo$ gmW EH$ nQ>rH$aU `h ^r Amd`H$ h {H$ VwV
dMZmdbrHo$ AZwdmXH$mo {dMmamW H$m{eV H$admZo_| gh`moJ XmZ H$aZodmbo
g^r _hmZw^mdm|H$m h_mao mam VwV ^mdmZwdmXgo gdme_| gh_V hmoZm A{Zdm`
Zht h, VWm{n gXm`_| `mV AkmZ Ed A{dMma H$s _moh{ZmH$mo VmoS>Zo_|
nydmMm`m}Ho$ dMZm|H$m H$me `{X g\$b hmoVm hmo Vmo hmo Om`, ~g Bgr
gXme`go h_| g^rH$m gh`moJ mV hAm h. EVXW h_ g^r gh`moJr
H$meH$ _hmZw^mdm|Ho$ Am^mar h.
Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha
26&12&91
_w~B
g`wVH$meZ

&&lrh[a&&

{M.Jmo lrdO{`Or, lrZraOHw$_maOr, lr_ZmoOOr, lr`moJe

o Or, lreaXOr,
lrnr`yfOr, lrnH$OOr, lr{_bZOr, lr{d>bOr, lrJmonoeOr, lr^yfUOr,
lreaXOr _hmoX`,

Amn g^r d_mJ{hVfrZH$o mam o{fV n {_`mo; VWm Omo {gmVdMZmdbr

_oZo Amn bmoJZHy$ Xr hVr dmo ^r Ho$ gmW gbZV`m mV ^B. dY_{ZR>m$n
gmhgHo$ gmW AmnZo `o dMZmdbr g^r Jmodm_rZHy$ ^oOr `mHo$ {b`o, `m n_|
Ama H$moB ^r ~mV {bIdoHo$ nhbo, _ X`gy ^y[ae A{^ZXZ Amn g^rZHy$
XoZmo MmhJmo! Amn g^rZH$s `m {ManhUr` nhbHo$ {b`o AnZmo gXm` Amn
g^r Zd`wdH$ZH$mo {MaH$Vk ahoJmo!!

^r `{X H$Vamd|Jo Vmo _| CZHy$ ^ar g^m_|, `{X _oar YmaUmHo$ AZwgma do n{R>V
h| Vmo, _oao AZwdmXgy gh_V Kmo{fV H$a XyJmo. A`Wm _oar YmaUmHo$ AZwgma
An{R>V hmo`dono ^{d`_| {gmV{df`H$ {ZU`mW A`mo` `pV Kmo{fV H$a
XyJmo.
Amem ho {H$ A~ Vmo _V^o X aIZo d mbo _hmZw ^ md Y_m M m`m} { MV
dY_{ZYmaUgmhg ~Q>moaHo$ gm_Zo Am`|Jo. A`Wm amoVo ~MmZHy$ Mwn H$adoHy$
CZHo$ _yh_| ehX bJmHo$ Ogo a~aH$s Q>m|Q>r aIr Om` dgr hr hm`mnX pW{V
H$Q> hmo Om`oJr!
{H$_{YH$ gwkofw?

`{X AnZo ^rVa lr_hm^yZHo$ deO hmodoH$mo boe_m ^r Am_Jmad eof

hmo` Vmo; Ama `{X AnZo ^rVa `m gXm`_| m_m{UH$ dY_m}nXoe XmZ
H$adoHo$ AnZo CmaXm{`dH$mo boe_m ^r gX^md eof hmo` Vmo, dMZmdbr_|
gH${bV dMZZH$mo AW; H$moB ^r VahH$s AmI{_MmZrH$s ~mbbrbm H$ao {~Zm
gMr dY_{ZR>m Ed g`{ZR>m gy, AnZoH$y d_mJmZJw m_rZHo$ gm_Zo H$Q>V`m
drH$maZmo hr nS>oJmo. `mgy _moHy$ Zht bJo h {H$ H$moB ^r VahHo$ emmW `m
dmX-On-{dVS>m H$s `m ~ma|_| H$moB ^r Amd`H$Vm h.

^dXr`
(Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha)

`Wmg^d Kmo{fV H$m`H$_gy nyd hr `m dMZmdbr_| CV dMZZHo$ {hXrJwOamVr_| H$m{eV ^mdmZwdmXH$mo {dVaU, g_rjmW, _ g^r g~ OZZHo$
~rM H$ado Om a`mo h. dm AZwdmX_| _oar wQ>r `m h `o `{X H$moB _moHy$
g_PmdoJmo Vmo gM_wM_| _moHy$ {Za{Ve` gZVm hmo`Jr. `{X w{Q>{ZX}e H$aZmo
H$moBHy$ A{^oV Zht hmo` Vmo BZ dMZZH$mo dm _hme`Ho$ AZwgma gMmo ^mdmW
`m ho `o dmHy$ {X.10,11,12OZdar, 92Ho$ {XZ hmo`dodmbr g^m_| {dVaUHo$
{b`o {b{IV `m dr{S>Amo-Amo{S>Amo [aH$m{S>JHo$ {b`o _m{IH$$ngy VwV
H$aZmo M{h`o. `mHo$ {~Zm H$moB ^r {ZH$f {ZH$bZmo g^d Zht ho. AV A~
_V^oX aIZodmbo Omo ^r _hmZw^md hmo` CZHy$ `m dMZmdbrHo$ dm{^oV
^mdmWHy$ H$Q>V`m Kmo{fV H$adoHo$ CmaXm{`dgy H$VamZmo Zht M{h`o. na A~
47

48

(V.Xr.{Z..2&227)

&&lrh[a&&

&&dMZmdbr&&
({hXr-^mfm^mdmZwdmX-g{hVm)
O`{V lrdb^m`m} O`{V M {d>boda^w lr_mZ&
nwfmom_M VM {Z{XQ>m nwpQ>n{VO`{V&&
lrdb^_Vm`mgo H$n`m `oZ Xr{jV&&
Xr{jV V_h Zm{_ lrVmVMaU gXm&&
lrdmnVodmJZwJm{_Zm d gdH$V`{d{ZM`m`&
H$Vmo _`m VMZmZwdmX nwnmonhmamon_ Ef ZyZ_&
dbm^nyOmWnam`UmZm VXr`{gmV{dbmonH$mZm_&
^doV IbmZm Ibw _VHo$fw nXhmamon_ EfEd&&
1 godmonXoeXrjm-{df`H$_ybdMZm{Z

(H$)
na_ Z gd}fm \$b_wIm{YH$ma; {H$Vw `ofw ^JdH$nm, H$nmn[akmZ M
_mJ`m {ZMr`Vo. V Am{XV gmYZm{Z Amh-
H$Ugodm na dr` X^m{Xa{hV Za_&
lr^mJdVVdk ^OoV {OkmgwamXamV&&

(V.Xr.{Z.2&227)
"H$Ugodmna_'B{V. `mo {h Jw godm_ CnXo`{V g d` MoV Vm Cm_m
OmZr`mV VXm H$W d` Z Hw$`m{X{V "godmna'Ed Jw. Vm{n {Z{_mm{Z
dma`{V "X^m{Xa{hV_'B{V. godmM _mU_ybd nwfmWn`dgm{`Zr. A`Wm
_Z{g A`X {dYm` A`Wm H$aUo Z \$b{g{ B{V A{^m`oU Amh
"lr^mJdVVdk_'B{V. "{Okmgw' ZVw H$mVwH$mm{dQ>. "^OZ'-gd^mdoZVXm VXwVH$maoU ^Jdgodm H$V`m.
49

"dr`' B`ZoZ _mJmVamX A dbj` km{nV_. "Bj'XeZm>Z`mo,

"{d'Zm M g`d narjUo mo`Vo. VWmM Vo-""Jw narj`oV {e`_''

B{V dm`mV {e`mo `Wm nar`Vo VWm A Jw. ZmoMoX AVme`

bmoH$mZwJVnew$ndmV Vmemo AZwgaUo AYmZwJmYdX C^md{n nVoVm_.
EVXW_od Ob^oXJWH$aU ko`_...VoZ ~g~Ymo{n \$b_wI V`d B{V
{gX`{V. Ed_ A{YH$magyMZoZ AZ{YH$m`{n `md{VV.
(V.Xr.{Z..AmdaU^:2&227)
({hX-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)`h _mJ, naVw, \$bXm`H$ hr {g hmo Eogm A{YH$ma g^rH$m Zht
hmoVm. dh Vmo {OZna ^JdH$nm hmo ChrHo$ {bE \$bXm`H$ ~Z nmVm h. {H$gr
`pVna ^JdH$nm h {H$ Zht BgH$m {ZU` Cg `pVH$mo ^JdH$nH$b`
^pV_mJ `m n{m_mJ _| {M h `m Zht Bg H$gmoQ>rna OmMZona {ZpMV hmo
nmVm h.
{OZna ^JdH$nm h CZHo$ ma^V gmYZm|H$m {Z$nU H$aVo hH$moB nwf H$Ugodm_| nam`U h {H$ Zht, X^m{X XwJwUm|go a{hV h {H$ Zht;
Ama lr_X^mJdVnwamUHo$ __H$m {dk h {H$ Zht, `h gdW_ XoIZm Mm{h`o
Ama V^r {H$gr {OkmgwH$mo Eogo `pV_| Jw~w{ aIH$a CgHo$ nmg OmZm
Mm{h`o.(V.Xr.{Z.2&227)

{Ogo JwH$s h{g`V_| ^JdgodmH$m CnXoe XoZm h dh d` ^JdgodmH$mo

Cm_ _mZVm hmo Vmo d` ^r ^Jdgodm `m| Zht H$aoJm? AV Jw Vmo
H$Ugodm_| nam`U hr hmoZm Mm{h`o. H$Ugodm ^pV^mdHo$ Abmdm A`
{H$gr ^r {Z{_m (X^-H$m_-bmo^-{VR>m) Ho$ de H$s OmVr Zht hmoZr
Mm{h`o. AV JwH$m X^m{X XwJwUm|go a{hV hmoZm Xygar eV h. `h godm ^r O~
50

`Wmon{XQ> m_m{UH$ hmo V^r nwfmW_| n`d{gV hmo gH$Vr h. A`Wm, ~w{
`m X` _| Hw$N> Ama {dMma `m ^md aIH$a, O~ H$moB godm_| dm hmoVm h
Vmo dh g\$b Zht hmo nmVr h. AV JwH$m lr^mJdVH$m Vdk hmoZm ^r
Amd`H$ h. Eogo JwH$mo ImoOZodmbm `pV {Okmgw hmoZm Mm{h`o, Ho$db
H$mVwH$ Am{X ^mdm|dmbr _Zmod{mdmbm Zht. JwHo$ mam Cn{XQ> H$mago V~
gd ^ mdny d H $ ^Jdgo d m_| d m hmo OmZm ^OZH$m gMm H$ma
h.(V.Xr.{Z..2&227).
_ybH$m[aH$m_| "dr`'nXH$m `moJ {H$`m J`m h, Bggo AnZo _mJH$m
A`_mJm]go Hw$N> dbj` {g H$aZm A^rQ> h. "Bj' H$m AW hmoVm h:
"XoIZm-A{H$V H$aZm'. CgHo$ gmW "{d'CngJ OmoS>Zona `h AW ~ZVm h {H$
{H$gr `pVH$mo Jw ~ZmZogo nhbo CgH$m ^br^m{V n[ajU H$a boZm Mm{h`o.
Vem_| Ogo {e`H$s narjm H$aZoH$m {Z`_ h dgo hr `hm JwH$s narjmH$m
{Z`_ h. A`Wm, {Og nwf_| Cpb{IV bjU Z {_bVo hm|, Cgo bmoH$mZwJV
new g_PZm Mm{h`o. EogoH$m AZwgaU H$aZona EH$ AYm Xygao AYoH$m AZwgaU
H$aVm hmo Om`oJm. Ama XmoZm| hr, EH$XygaoHo$ H$maU, EH$gmW hr {Ja|Jo, O~ ^r
{Ja|Jo! lr_hm^wZo JwHo$ narjUmW hr "Ob^oX' JW H$Q> {H$`m h...BZ
gmar ~mVm|H$s gmdYmZr aIZona hr ~g~YXrjm g\$b hmoVr h. Bg Vah
~g~YH$s Xrjm XmZ H$a nmZodmbm A{YH$mar H$mZ hmo gH$Vm h `h
gy{MV H$aHo$ lr_hm^wZo `h ^r g_Pm {X`m h {H$ ~g~YXrjm H$go
`pVgo Zht boZr Mm{h`o.(V.Xr.{Z..AmdaU^J:2&227).
(I)
_mhm`kmnZm`d ldU JwUH$_Um_&
emmUm_wn`moJmo@ VmH$mL>jm Jwamo^doV&&
H$Ugodmna dr` X^m{Xa{hV Za_&
lr^mJdVVdk ^OoV {OkmgwamXamX&&
Xohmo`m {``mgyZm na nma ^dm~wYo&
JwUm H$UYmaoU Cmm`m dmonXoeV&&

(gmYZXr{nH$m.9-11).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)^Jd_mhm`kmZH$s mpVHo$ {b`o ^JdwUm| Ed ^JdbrbmAm|
H$m ldU Amd`H$ hmoVm h. emm|H$s Cn`mo{JVm ^r `hm h Ama AVEd
JwH$s ^r Anojm ahVr h. AV H$Ugodm_| nam`U, X^m{X XwJwUm|go a{hV;
Ama lr^mJdVHo$ __k hmoZoHo$ $n_| ^br^m{V nhMmZ H$a hr {OkmgwH$mo {H$gr
nwfH$mo AmXag{hV Jw ~Zm H$a ^OZ_| dm hmoZm Mm{h`o. dXohH$s S>m|Jrgo
^dgmJaH$mo nma H$a boZoH$s BN>m aIZodmbm|H$m H$UYma ~ZH$a JwH$mo AnZo
gXwnXoemam Ch| nma bJmZm Mm{h`o.(gm.Xr.9-11).
(J)
jo{dQ>mVo Mm{n ggmamon{mhoVd (Ob^oX.4).

ZZw ~ddV} lrH$UO_IS>o ""H$`mUgyVgm_m{Z haoZm_H $_b Hw$dpV

{dH$` `o d Vofm ^maoU nr{S>Vm'' B{V ~mU {V n{Wdrdm`mV, ""_Zm_{dH$`r
{dmo Z{h _wVmo ^doX Ywd _`wH$mbo M _Zm__{V_m Z {dVo'' B{V lrZX
{V ^Jdm`mM Zm_{dH$`` Xmofdo {e`o`mo ^JdZm_monXoe`m{n
Xmofdmn{m, V {e`monT>m{H$VJhUoZ Zm_{dH$`g^dmX B{V MoV, g`_.
VWm{n Jwd` gmh{OH$~mUd{mdoZ A`m`dmV...EdM M `V ^wMaU
CV ""{dMm`d gXm Xo` H$UZm_ {deofV A{dMm[aVXmZoZ d` XmVm {dZ`{V''
B{V; Vm{n d` {e`` M Cma {dMm`d Xo`_. bmo^mX A{dMm[aVXmZo
Vw Zm_{dH$`mn`m XmVm d`_ AnamY^mJ ^d{V B{V AWm} ko`.
(Ob^oX.lrnwfmom_OrH$V.{dd{V 4).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)KaJhWrHo$ {ZdmhmW ^JdwUJmZ H$aZodmbm|Ho$ _wIgo gwZr hB
^JdH$Wm ggmamgpVH$mo ~T>mZodmbr hmoVr h.(O.^o.4).

`hm EH$ Z CR> V m h {H$ ~ d d V n w a mUHo $ lrH $ UO_I S > _ |

51

52

""H$`mUgyVgm_m{Z haoZm_H$_b Hw$dpV {dH$` `o d Vofm ^maoU nr{S>Vm''

~mOrH$mo H$ho J`o Bg ndrHo$ dMZHo$ AmYmana; VWm ""_Zm_{dH$`r {dmo
Z{h _wVmo ^doX Ywd _`wH$mbo M _Zm__{V_m Z {dVo'' lrZXH$mo H$ho J`o

Bg ^JdMZHo$ AmYmana ^r, ^JdZm_Ho$ {dH$`H$mo Xmof$n _mZm J`m h.

Eogr pW{V_| Jw^|Q> YaZodmbo {e`H$mo ^r ^JdZm_monXoe Xmof$n {g hmo
Om`oJm. `m|{H$ {e`mam aIr J`r ^|Q>H$mo ^r drH$maZm EH$ Vahgo Zm_{dH$`
hr Vmo hdm! `h ~mV Vmo R>rH$ hr h {\$a^r Jwd ~mUm|H$s ghO Ed
emmZw_mo{XV d{m h, AV Cgo `m` Zht _mZr Om gH$Vr...Bgr Vah Omo
~mV ^wMaUZo H$hr h ""nmmnmH$m {dMma H$aHo$ hr Hw$N> XmZ H$aZm Mm{h`o,
lrH$UHo$ Zm_Ho$ XmZ_| Vmo BgH$s Amd`H$Vm Ama A{YH$ h, `m|{H$ {~Zm
{dMmao CgH$m XmZ H$aZo na d` Zm_XmZH$VmH$m hr {dZme hmo OmVm h'', AV

AnZo Ama {e`Ho$ CmaH$s Ho$db ^mdZmde Zm_Xrjm XmZ H$aZona Xmof Zht
bJVm. A`Wm bmo^Ho$ H$maU nmmnmHo$ {dMma {H$`o {~Zm Zm_Xrjm XmZ
H$aZm EH$ H$maH$m Zm_{dH$` hr h, {OgHo$ H$maU XrjmXmVm AnamYr ~Z
OmVm h (lrnwfmom_OrH$V O.^o.{dd{V 4).
(K)

gM Xwb^B{V VoZm{n dV`H$ma_ AmhVX^mdo d` dm{n _y{V H$dm hao d{MV&

n[aM`m gXm Hw$`mV Vyn VM pWV_&&

VVr`H$YmoV-_mT>m^mdM godmH$Vw gm{YV d`_od godmH$aUo{n

H$ma{deofgXoho Vmem `{X {_bpV VXm H$mameo Q>`m B`{n gy{MV_.
(V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.2&228).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(K)Eogm Jw Vmo ~S>r H${R>ZmBgo hr {_b gH$Vm h AV H$^r Z {_bZona
`m H$aZm Mm{h`o `h A~ {XIbm`m Om ahm hEogo JwHo$ Z {_bZona ^JdmZH$s _y{VH$mo AnZm Amam` ~Zm H$a CgH$s
n[aM`m-^OZ Vmo gXm H$aZm hr Mm{h`o. `m|{H$ _y{V_| ^JdmZH$m $n Ed gd
XmoZm| hr {d_mZ hmoVo h.

{H$gr Eogo Xoe_| {H$ Ohm gOZm|go Xw`dhma H$aZodmbo bmoJ Z ahVo hm|,
h[aH$s _y{VH$mo (AnZm Amam`) ~ZmH$a ^OZ H$a boZm Mm{h`o. ^OZH$m `hr
H$ma Eogr AdWm_| Bg _mJ_| Cm_ h. Omo-Ogm Hw$N> ^Jd_y{VHo$ {b`o
{H$`m OmVm h Cgo gmjmV ^JdXmamYZ hr g_P bo Z m Mm{h`o
(V.Xr.{Z..2&228).

ZZw A _ybEd Hw$R>manmV B{V AmH$mL>jm`m H$bo ~{bR>doZ A{J_ofw

JwbjUm^md_ Ambmo` dp_Zod EV_mJu`Jwd {Z`N>V Amh
"gM'B`m{X. "VX^mdo'B`m{X AmkmnZmX BX kmdm H$aUo ""`pdN>`m
H $ V nw p ^am^mgmo ml_mn W J ' ' B{V Am^mgdm^md go d m`m,

`hm EH$ Eogr eH$m CR>Vr h {H$ {OgHo$ H$maU Bg ~mVHo$ _ybna hr
Hw$R>mamKmV hmo OmVm h. Ogm Jw lr_hm^wHo$ AZwgma Bg _mJ_| Ano{jV h
dgo bjUdmbm `pV AmJo MbH$a ~bdmZ H${b`wJHo$ H$maU CnbY Z
hmoVm Vmo `m H$aZm Mm{h`o Bg g_`mHo$ g_mYmZ$noU lr_hm^w EV_mJu`
Jwd d` hr _| Wm{nV H$aVo hdo H$hVo h {H$ {Z{XQ> bjU`wV JwHo$ Z
{_bZona d`_od ^Jdgodm_| dm hmo OmZm Mm{h`o. Bg VahH$s lr_hm^wH$s
hr Amkm h {Ogo {eamoYm` H$aZm hr Mm{h`o, Eogr ^mdZm aIVo hdo Omo d`
hr ^Jdgodm_| dm hmo OmVm h, CgHo$ mam H$s OmVr ^Jdgodm_| ""`pdN>`m
H$V nwp^am^mgmo `ml_mV nWH$'' Bg dMZ_| {ZpXV Y_m^mgVm-nmfS>H$m
Amamon Zht bJVm; Ama Bgr Vah VVr`H$Y_| {ZpXV _yT>VmH$m Amamon ^r
godmH$Vmna Zht bJ gH$Vm. d` hr godm_| dm hmoZona ^r ^Jdgodmg~Yr

53

54

"VX^mdo' B{V. "d{MX'- Xoe{deofo gn[anpWZm_ A^md`wVo, "hao

_y{V H$dm' ^OoV. A`_od A` _mJ` H$ma Cm_, `V _yVm H$V gd

^Jd{V H$V ^d{V.

(V.Xr.{Z..2&228).

{H$gr H$ma{deofHo$ {Okm` hmoZona {H$gr dgo OmZH$ma ^JdXr`H$mo {_bH$a

Hw$N> nyN>-OmZ boZo_| H$moB Amn{m Zht h, `h ^r gy{MV hmoVm h
(V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.2&228).
2 godmd$n
(H$)

EVXod godmd$n_ B{V Amh "MoV' B{V-

MoVVdU godm Vpg VZw{dmOm&

CVgodmgmYZo BVao B{V Amh "VX' B{V. {dm Xdm A`oZ nwfoU H$dm
H$m[aVm EH$m, EVmeoZ nwgm H$Vm M Anam, EVm`m Vo Vgm{YHo$ Z B{V
A{^m`kmnH$ g_V nX_. EVoZ ^JdXW {Zn{Y-dgdd-{ZdoXZ-nydH$
Vd dXoh{d{Z`moJo opU OmVo gm ^d{V B{V ^md.
(lr^wMaUH$V-{gmV_wVmdbr-{dd{m 2).
VX MoX {dm doVZdoZ Xdm H$m`Vo VXm gm {Mm` amOgd Hw$dVr
{Mm` VdUd Z H$amo{V. `{X M {dm doVZdoZ Jhrdm {H$`Vo VXm
F$pdOmo `mJdV d` VdUd$n \$b Z gmY`{V.
({g._w.{d.H$me.2)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)H$UgodmH$m `hr d$n h Eogm "MoVg...'mam lr_hm^w g_PmZm
MmhVo h-

h {H$ dh godm {H$gr Xygaogo {dm boH$a H$s Om`o. Eogo XmoZm| H$mam|go H$s OmVr
godmAm|go {Mm H$^r H$UdU hmo Zhr gH$Vm. Bg AnZo A{^m`H$mo H$Q>
H$aZoH$mo lr_hm^wZo "VZw{dmOm'$n g_VnXH$m `moJ {H$`m h. Bggo `h
{g hmoVm h {H$ {H$gr ^r VahHo$ bm{H$H$ ^mdm|Ho$ AmYrZ hdo {~Zm AnZo
gddH$m {ZdoXZ ^JdmZH$mo H$aHo$, AnZo XohH$m ^r ^JdXW {d{Z`moJ H$aZona,
O~ ^Jdo_ H$Q> hmoVm h V~ H$ht OmH$a {Mm H$UdU hmo nmVm h
({g._w.{d.2).
dh Am`Va^pVgmYH$ ~mmonm`, `{X {H$gr A` VZwOm godmHo$ H$Vm
H$mo doVZ-VZwOmgodmHo$ _y`-Ho$ $n_| {dm XoH$a, H$am`m OmVm h V~ dh
{dmOm godm hB, Omo {MmH$mo amOg^md=Xn-X^m{Xgo `wV ~Zm XoVr h, na
H$UdU Zhr ~Zm nmVr. `{X {H$gr A`go doVZ VZwOm godmHo$ _y`Ho$ $n_|
{dm JhU H$aHo$ VZwOm godm H$s OmVr h, V~ nwamo{hVm|H$mo Ogo `k-`mJH$m
\$b Zhr {_bVm dgo hr XygaoH$o {dmgo VZwOm godm H$aZodmboH$mo ^r H$UdUVm$n
\$b H$^r Zhr {_bVm ({g._w.{d.H$m 2).
(I)
""`X `X BQ>V_ bmoH$o ...VV H$Uo gmY`oX Ydw _''. ^Jdgodm`m_{n pbQ>

Z g_n`oV...g_mJm}nm{OV, Z A`ofm ^mJ$n_...BVa{ZfoYmW_ EVX CV_.

(V.Xr.{Z..2&236).

{MmH$mo H$UdU ~ZmZoHo$ gmYZ A` (=VZw Ama {dm) h Eogm {Z$nU

H$a aho h "VX...'B`m{X. EH$ H$ma godmH$m `h ^r hmo gH$Vm h {H$ dh {dm
XoH$a {H$gr A` nwfmam H$am br Om`o; Ama Xygam H$ma `h ^r hmo gH$Vm

ZZw ^dVw Ed VWm{n ^Jd{V `V g_nUr` VX Cm__od g_nUr`{_{V

VXW _ A{YH$_{n bmo H $mZw a OZmW {V~YH${Zd `W M...
bm { H$H$MmVw ` mVm nw Z ~m{h_w `mpV[a{V VpZd `W _ Amh "^JdX'B`m{X. VWmM Ed_ ApbQ>` g_mJ}U CnmOZo VmdX A{n VZ
^{d`{V B{V AW EVXod ~moY{`Vw_ Amh "BVa' B`m{X.
(V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.2&236).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I) ""Omo Hw$N> bmoH$_| BQ>V_ h...Cgo H$UH$s godm_| bJmZm Mm{h`o.''

55

56

MoVg={MmH$m H$U_| dU=V_` hmoZm hr godm h. dh {MmH$s

H$UdUVm$n H$Ugodm {g hmoVr h VZw{dmOm godm H$aZogo.

^Jdgodm_| ^r boe`wV gm_JrH$m g_nU Zht H$aZm Mm{h`o...godm_|

g_{nV H$s OmZodmbr gm_Jr ^r g_mJgo Cnm{OV H$s JB hmoZr Mm{h`o, Eogr
{H$ {Og_| {H$gr XygaoH$m {hgm Z hmo... A` H$mago Cnm{OV gm_JrHo$
godm_| {d{Z`moJHo$ {ZfoYmW `h ~mV H$hr JB h (V.Xr.{Z..2&236).
`hm Eogr eH$m CR>Vr h {H$ ^Jdgodm_| Omo H$moB dVw `m gm_Jr
^JdmZH$mo g_{nV H$aZr h dh Cm_ Vmo hmoZr hr Mm{h`o VXW; Bgr Vah
bmoJm|H$mo Iwe H$aZoH$mo AWdm {V~YH$s {Zd{mHo$ {b`o ^r A{YH$ ^r g_{nV
H$aZoHo$ {b`o, Hw$N> bm{H$H$ MVwamB Vmo AnZmZr hr hmoJr. Bg Vah {\$a ~{h_wI
hmo OmZoH$s g^mdZm nXm hmo OmVr h. Bg e{H$V ~{h_wIVmH$s {Zd{mHo$
Cnm`H$mo g_PmZoHo$ {b`o lr_hm^wZo "^JdV...' nXH$m `moJ {H$`m h. Bg
Vah boea{hV dVw ^r g_mJgo Cnm{OV hmo Vmo m` ~{h_wIVm nZn Zht
nm`oJr Eogm Ame` h. `hr ~mV g_PmZoHo$ {b`o lr_hm^wZo "A`...'nXH$m
`moJ {H$`m h (V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.2&236).

d$ngodm MoV H$amoVr{V Vgodm`m Ho$db^m{VH$dmV ""bmoH$mWu MoX ^OoV

H$U_'' B{V `m`` OmVdmV VXm gdWm gpbQ>mo ^d{V, VXm
^OZ`mJ.(d$nVmaV`{ZU`).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(K){Ogo d_mJu` godm-d$nH$m kmZ Z hmo Eogm `pV O~ Bg _mJH$s
_m ${T>Ho$ AZwgma, lmnydH$ hr ghr, `WmH$W{MV d$ngodm H$aVm h Vmo
Eogr godm Ho$db Am{Y^m{VH$ godm hmoVr h AV ""bmoH$mWu MoX ^OoV
H$U_...'' `m`Ho$ AZwgma Eogr godm H$aZodmbm boe hr nmVm h. Eogr
pW{V_| ^OZ N>moS> XoZm Mm{h`o (d.Vm.{Z.).
3 godmXeZ
(H$)

(J)
d_mJu`H$mamo@` gdm}{n {h {Z$`Vo&
Jhrdm Zm_ eaU Jdm gd g_` M&&
godmgmWH$Vm{g XohmXrZm VWm nwZ&
A`m{d{Z`moJm` {H$`Vm VZw{dmOm&&

(lrh[aam`OrH$V-d_mJu`-eaU-g_nU-godm-{Z$nU_.1-3).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)d_mJu` gmYZmH$m `h gmam H$ma {Z${nV {H$`m OmVm h:Zm_JhU
H$aHo$, eaUXrjm boH$a; Ama g~ Hw$N> g_{nV H$aHo$ godm VWm Xohm{X H$s
gmWH$Vm {g H$aZoH$mo {Oggo Xohm{XH$m H$ht A` {d{Z`moJ Z hmo Om`,
VZw{dmOm godm H$aZr Mm{h`o (d.e.g.go.{Z.1-3).
(K)

`Vw d_mJu`-godmd$n-kmZm^mddmZ _mJar`m l`m `WmH$WpMV

57

^JdX^md` agm_H$doZ JwV`d A{^d{d^mdH$dmX Aml_Y_aod

bmoHo$ d ^JdX^md_ AZm{dHw$dZ ^OoV B`oVXme`oZ Vo Y_m CVm. JmonZo
_w` hoVw_ Amh "Ad`mX' B{V. `Vmo ^JdVm g__ Ad`=g~Y m`
dVVo, AVmo hoVmo VWm. A ""`bmono nM_r'' EVoZ `mdX AVH$aUo
gmjmV ^mo mH$Q> ZmpV, VmdXod ~{ham{dH$aU ^d{V, mH$Q>o Vw Z VWm
g^d{V B{V km{nV_.
(AUw^m`.3&4&49).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)^JdX^mdHo$ agm_H$ hmoZoHo$ H$maU dh JwV ahVm h V^r dqJV

hmo gH$Vm h. AV bmoH$_| Aml_Y_m}H$s AmoQ>_| AnZo ^JdX^mdH$mo {N>nm`o

aIZm Mm{h`o. Bgr Ame`go ^JdX^mdHo$ gmW-gmW Aml_Y_m}H$m ^r {Z$nU
{H$`m J`m h. {OgHo$ X`_| ^JdmZ {~amOVo Zht h dhr `pV AnZo ^mdm|H$mo
OZVm_| X{eV H$a gH$Vm h. ^w `{X X`_| {~amOVo AZw^yV hm| Vmo ^mdm|H$m
58

~mha Am{dH$aU=XeZ g^d Zht h (AUw^m` 3&4&49).

(I)
dr`mZ ^VmZ Xe`Vo .

(gmYZXr{nH$m.108)

{Z\$b hmo OmVr h. m`pMV:{OVZm _mJm `m ~Q>moam hmo Cggo nmMJwZo

ZdoH$m ^wH$mo XmZ (Zht {H$ g_nU!) H$aZm.
35dm AnamY:Jw-lr_hm^w Am{X-H$s AmkmH$m CbKZ H$aZm.
\$b:A{gnm{X Zm_m|dmbo Kmoa ZaH$m|_| nVZ. m`pMV:dUd Ama Jw H$mo
gZ H$aZm (lrh[a.{d.fQ>.).
4 godm`moOZ

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)Omo AnZo dOZ hm| Ama ^V hm| EogmH$mo hr lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ XeZ H$amZo
Mm{h`o (gmYZXr{nH$m.108)
(J)

38V_mo AnamY=JwXodV`mo JwVH$Q>rH$aU_. \$b=dmZ`mo{Z`_.

11AnamY=AdUd` dgo`XeZ_. \$b=dm{fH$godm-{Z\$bd_.
m`pMm=nMm_VZmZ_.
36V_mo AnamY=^JdZmZm `mMZ_ . \$b_ =CnMmaZ \$b_
m`pMm=nMJw{UV-Zd-XmZ_.
35V_mo AnamY=JwdmkmobZ_. \$b_=A{gnm{X-Kmoa-ZaH$-nmV.
m`pMV_=dUd-Jw-gmXZ_.
(lrh[aam`Or-{da{MV-fQ>npR>anamYV\$bm{Z-m`pMmm{Z-M).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)38dm AnamY:Jw `m XdV(=lrR>mHw$aOr g~Yr ~mVm|)Ho$ JwVah`-H$mo H$Q> H$aZm. \$b:VrZ O_m| VH$ dmZ`mo{Z.
11dm AnamY:AdUdHo$ g_j AnZo Ka_| {~amOVo lrR>mHw$aOrH$m XeZ
H$aZm. \$b:EH$ dfH$s godm {Z\$b hmo OmVr h. m`pMV:lrR>mHw$aOrH$mo
nMm_Vgo ZmZ H$amZm.
36dm AnamY:lrR>mHw$aOr (`m lr^mJdVOr `m lr`_wZmOr) Ho$ Zm_go
("^oQ>', "gm_Jr', "nmoWrgodm' `m "`moN>mda') _mJZm. \$b:godm gdWm
59

(H$)
Z bm{H$H$ ^w H$Umo _ZwVo Zd bm{H$H$_&
^mdVm`_Xr` gddM{hH$M g&&
nabmoH$M VoZm` gd^mdoZ gdWm&
go` gEd Jmonremo {dYm``{Ib {h Z&&

({ejmnm{Z)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)Z Vmo lrH$U bm{H$H$ ^w h Ama Zhr do H$^r bm{H$H$ ^mdH$m ArH$ma
hr H$aVo h. h_mam ^md Vmo lrH$UHo$ ~mao_| `hr h {H$ lrH$U hr h_mao gdd h,
Eo{hH$ ^r Ama nmabm{H$H$ ^r. Bg{b`o gd^mdgo gdWm go` do Jmonre hr h. do
hr h_mam g~ Hw$N> H$a|Jo ({ejmn).
(I)
""bmH$mWu MoX ^OoV H$U pbQ>mo ^d{V gdWm&''

({g._w.16).
ZZw H$pMX Or{dH$mW_{n ^OVo V` H$m J{V? B`V Amh "bmoH$mWu'
B{V. "bmoH$'nXoZ bm{H$H$mo AW C`Vo. VXWu MoV H$U ^OoV VXm `mnmadX
AW} {go V`m{n AZW$ndoZ VH$V^OZ` ^pVdm^mdmV VH$V gd
60

boe$n_od, AV pbQ>mo ^d{V B{V AW. Z Ho$db_ Eo{hH$ boe {H$Vw

nabmoH$mo{n Z`{V {Z{fmMaUm{X{V "gdWm' B{V CV_. `` dn_{n kmZ
g Zd H$amo{V; gdWm V{hV H$pMX Ed Hw$`mX{n B{V "MoX' B{V CV_.
(lr^wMaU{da{MV-{g._w.{dd{m.16).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)""`{X H$moB bmoH$mWu hmoH$a H$UH$m ^OZ H$aVm h Vmo dh gdWm boe
hr nmVm h.''({g._w.16).

H$moB AmOr{dH$m H$_mZo `m `eAm{X nmZoHo$ {b`o ^r ^OZ H$aVm hmo Vmo
CgH$s `m J{V hmoJr? Eogr {OkmgmHo$ g_mYmZ$noU lr_hm^w "bmoH$mWu'H$s
MMm H$a aho h. "bmoH$'H$m _Vb~ h bm{H$H$ YZm{X. Eogr bm{H$H$ H$m_Zm
aIZodmbm `{X H$UH$m ^OZ H$aVm hmo V~ Ogo KKm H$aZo na YZm{X mV
hmoVm h dgo YZ Vmo H$_m`m Om gH$Vm h. ^OZmam, naVw, Cnm{OV YZ Vmo
d` AZW$n hmoVm h. AV Ego bmH$mWuHo$ mam {H$`m J`m ^OZ Vmo ^pV
hr Z hmoZoHo$ H$maU CgHo$ mam {H$`m J`m g~ Hw$N> (nm[adm[aH$-gm_m{OH$gmXm{`H$) boe$n hr hmoVm h. Bg{b`o dh `pV ^r boe hr nmVm h.
Eogm lr_hm^wHo$ dMZH$m gm\$gm\$ AW h. Z Ho$db Cgo Eo{hH$(nm[adm[aH$gm_m{OH$-gmXm{`H$)boe hr hmoVm h `wV CgHo$ gmao nmabm{H$H$ A{YH$ma
Ed \$b ^r ZQ> hmo OmVo h, Eogo {Z{fmMaUHo$ H$maU, `h nQ> H$aZoHo$ {b`o
lr_hm^wZo "gdWm'nXH$m `moJ {H$`m h. {Ogo (em-_mJ-nanam^Jdd$n-^pV^md-Zr{VH$m) A`n^r kmZ hmo dh Vmo Eogm Hw$H$` Zht
H$a gH$Vm h. {\$a ^r Omo Bg kmZ `m gH$ma go gdWm hr a{hV hmo dh Eogm
Hw$H$` H$Xm{MV H$^r H$a gH$Vm h. Eogr g^mdZmH$mo XoIVo hE lr_hm^wZo
"MoX'nXH$m `moJ {H$`m h.(lr^w.{d.{g._w.{d.16).

lr_XmMm`_mJ}U Zm`oZm{n H$XmMZ&

Z H$pnVH$maoU Z Xw^mdg_d`mV&&

({ejmn_ 18&12-13).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)AnZo _mWo {~amOVo lrR>mHw$aOrH$s godm dY_ (d-VZ-_Z-YZJh-n[aOZHo$ hr {d{Z`moJ)H$mo {Z^mVo hE H$aZr Mm{h`o, Z {H$gr \$bHo$
{b`o, Z ^moJHo$ {b`o; Ama Z {H$gr VahH$s {VR>m hr mV H$aZoHo$ {b`o.
`h godm ^r lr_XmMm`MaUmam {Z{XQ> _mJHo$ AZwgma hr H$aZr Mm{h`o
(gJR>Z-{ejU-OZH$`mUHo$ bmoH$m{^_V VWmH${WV CXmm Ame`Ho$)
H$pnV H$mam|go Zhr. Ama Z Xw^md({H$gr Xygao gmdO{ZH$ `m `mdgm{`H$
Xodmb`m|Ho$ gmW {VnYm)de hr H$aZr Mm{h`o.({ejmn.18&12-13).
5 godmWb
(H$)
~rOXmT>H$maVw Jho pWdm dY_V...^OoV H$U_...

(^pVd{YZr.2).
"Vw'eXoZ EVX{V[aVH$mamVa`wXmg CV d_mJu`^JdX^OZ Vw
JhpW`^mdo Z g^dVr{V nyd JhpW{V_od Amh "Jho pWdm' B{V.
^JdX^OZmZwHy$bo Jho pWdm dY_V H$U ^OoV.
(lrJmoHw$bZmWOrH$V{dd{V.2)
A JhWmZ-{dYmZoZ dJhm{YpR>V-d$n-^OZ-n[a`mJoZ A`
VH$aUo ^pV Z ^d{V B{V gy{MV ^d{V.
(lrdb^m_O-lr~mbH$UOrH$V{dd{m.2)

(J)
V` godm Hw$duV `mdOrd dY_V&
Z \$bmW Z ^moJmW Z {VR>m{g`o&&
61

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)""nwpQ>^pVHo$ ~rO^mdH$mo T> H$aZoH$m H$ma Vmo ~g Ka_| ahH$a
62

H$U_yVm `WmbY ` gnyO`oX h[a_&

nyd WmZ _pXam{X VWm qghmgZm{X M&&

dY_V...H$UH$mo ^OZm h.(^pVd{YZr.2).

`hm "Vmo'eXHo$ `moJgo `h d{ZV hmoVm h {H$ Bg bmoH$_| A{^oV

^OZHo$ H$mago A{V[aV ^OZH$m A` H$moB ^r H$ma {gmVm{^_V Zht
h. d_mJu` ^JdX^OZ Ka_| aho {~Zm g^d Z hmoZogo gdW_ JhpW{VH$m
hr {Z$nU lr_hm^w H$aVo h ""Ka_| ahH$a'' {dYmZ mam. ^JdX^OZmZwHy$b
Ka_| ah H$a H$UH$mo ^OZm Mm{h`o (lrJmo.{d.2).
`hm godmon`moJr WmZHo$ $n_| KaH$m {dYmZ {H$`m J`m h AV `{X AnZo
Ka_| {~amOVo ^wH$m ^OZ N>moS> H$a Ama H$ht ^OZ (^oQ>gm_Jr, _ZmoaW `m
PmIr Ho$ $n_|) {H$`m OmVm h Vmo Cgo "^pV' Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm
h.(lrdb.~mb.{d.2)

(lrh[aam`OrH$V-d.e.g.go.{Z$nU_.45-46).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)Ka_| ah H$a godm Omo H$aZr h dh gdWm dY_mZwgma hr H$U^OZHo$
$n_| H$aZr h, `m|{H$ AY_ H$aZona hrZ`mo{Z_| O_ {_b gH$Vm h. `WmbY
`m|go h[aH$m nyOZ CZH$s _y{VHo$ $n_| H$aZm Mm{h`o. h[anyOZgo ^r nhbo
lrh[aHo$ {~amOZoHo$ WmZ-_{Xam{X Ama qghmgZm{X-H$m ^r AbH$aUm_H$
nyOZ H$aZm Mm{h`o (lrh[a.d.e.g.go.{Z.45-46).
(K)

(I)

"AmMm`Hw$bmX' B{V lw`wVar`m JhEd pWdm ^JdX^OZ H$V`

JyT>brbmnamo ^VJyT>^mdagm_H$&
godZr` gmdYmZ {dnarVJ{V{H$`&&
lr_XmMm`H$n`m {VR>{V dJho h[a&
Ed{dY gXm hVo `mo{JZ nmaXmo `Wm&&

({ejmn_.2&18-19).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)JyT>brbmnam`U ^VHo$ JyT>^mdmZwgmar {dnarV-J{V-{H$`m-dmbr
brbm H$aZodmbo lrh[aH$s godm gmdYmZ hmo H$a H$aZr Mm{h`o. lr_XmMm`MaUH$s
H$nmgo ^w AnZo Ka_| {~amOVo h. Bg Vah {H$ Ogo `moJrHo$ hmW_| nmamH$s
Jw{Q>H$m ({ejm.2&18-19).

dY_ah` M JmonZr`_ B{V {g_.

(lrnwfmom_OrH$V-AUw^m`H$me.3&4&50).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
""AmMm`Hw$bmX'' Bg lw{V_| H$hr JB ar{VHo$ AZwgma Kahr _| ah H$a
^JdX^OZ H$aZm Mm{h`o Ama AnZo Y_Ho$ ah`H$mo JwV aIZm Mm{h`o
(AUw^m..3&4&50).
6 go`d$n
(H$)
JwVmo {h ag agd_mnVo = AJwVmo ag agm^mg`mV.
(gw~mo.10&18&5=10&56&44).

(J)
Jho pWdm godZmW dY_}Ud gdWm&
H$U ^OoV `Vmo@Y_H$aUmV hrZ`mo{ZVm&&
63

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)JwV aIZona hr ag ag ah nmVm h=H$Q> hmoZo na dhr ag agm^mg
64

~Z OmVm h (gw~mo.10&18&5=10&56&44).
(I)

gM Xwb^B{V VoZm{n dV` H$ma_ Amh-

VX^mdo d` dm{n _y{V H$dm hao d{MV&
n[aM`m gXm Hw$`mV Vyn M V M pWV_&&
"VX^md' B{V. "d{MX' Xoe{deofo gn[anpWZm_ A^md`wVo "hao _y{V

H$dm' ^OoV. A`_od A` _mJ` H$ma Cm_mo `V _yVm H$V gd ^Jd{V

H$V ^d{V. V _yV} ^Jdd oYm {Z$n`{V "Vyn_' B{V. dVw {dMmaoU
gd` ^JdyndmX {deofVw A`_ : ""EZ_ C[a`m{_'' B{V VXm _XmXo
mXw^yVmo ^pV_mJmZwgmaoU Amh "V M pWV_' B{V.
(V.Xr.{Z..2&228).
ZZw A _ybEd Hw$R>manmV B{V AmH$mm`m H$bo ~{bR>doZ A{J_ofw
JwbjUm^md_ Ambmo` dp_Zod EV_mJu`Jwd {Z`N>V Amh "g
M'B`m{X. "VX^md'B`m{X AmkmnZmX BX kmdm H$aUo, ""`Vw BN>`m H$V
nw p ^ Am^mgmo `ml_mV n W J ' ' B{V Am^mgdm^md go d m`m
VVr`H$YmoV_mT>m^mdM godmH$Vw gm{YV d`_od godmH$aUo{n H$ma{deof-gXoho Vmem `{X {_bpV VXm H$mameo Q>`m B`{n gy{MV_.
(V.Xr.{Z.Am.^.2&228).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)Eogm Jw Vmo ~S>r H${R>ZmBgo hr {_b gH$Vm h AV H$^r Z {_bZona
`m H$aZm Mm{h`o `h A~ {XIbm`m Om ahm h-

{H$gr Eogo Xoe_| {H$ Ohm gOZm|go Xw`dhma H$aZodmbo bmoJ Z ahVo hm|,
h[aH$s _y{VH$mo (AnZm Amam`) ~ZmH$a ^OZ H$a boZm Mm{h`o. ^OZH$m `hr
H$ma Eogr AdWm_| Bg _mJ_| Cm_ h. Omo-Ogm Hw$N> ^Jd_y{VHo$ {b`o
{H$`m OmVm h Cgo gmjmV ^JdXmamYZ hr g_P bo Z m Mm{h`o
(V.Xr.{Z..2&228).
`hm EH$ Eogr eH$m CR>Vr h {H$ {OgHo$ H$maU Bg ~mVHo$ _ybna hr
Hw$R>mamKmV hmo OmVm h- Ogm Jw lr_hm^wHo$ AZwgma Bg _mJ_| Ano{jV h
dgo bjUdmbm `pV AmJo MbH$a ~bdmZ H${b`wJHo$ H$maU CnbY Z
hmoVm hmo Vmo `m H$aZm Mm{h`o, Bg g_`mHo$ g_mYmZ$noU lr_hm^w EV_mJu`
Jwd d` hr _| Wm{nV H$aVo hdo H$hVo h {H$ {Z{XQ> bjU`wV JwHo$ Z
{_bZo na d`_od ^Jdgodm_| dm hmo OmZm Mm{h`o. Bg VahH$s lr_hm^wH$s
hr Amkm h {Ogo {eamoYm` H$aZm hr Mm{h`o Eogr ^mdZm aIVo hdo Omo d` hr
^Jdgodm_| dm hmo OmVm h CgHo$ mam H$s OmVr ^Jdgodm_| ""`Vw BN>`m
H$V nwp^ Am^mgmo `ml_mV nWH$'' Bg dMZ_| {ZpXV Y_m^mgVmnmfS>H$m Amamon Zht bJVm, Ama Bgr Vah VVr`H$Y_| {ZpXV _yT>VmH$m
Amamon ^r godmH$Vmna Zht bJ gH$Vm. d` hr godm_| dm hmoZona ^r
^Jdgodmg~Yr {H$gr H$ma{deofHo$ {Okm` hmoZona {H$gr dgo OmZH$ma
^JdXr`H$mo {_bH$a nwN>-OmZ boZo _| H$moB Amn{m Zht h `h ^r gy{MV hmoVm
h (V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.228).
(J)
JwXmm d`bYm ^Va{n gwny{OVm_&
`JmJr_{n godoV `{X ^mdmo Z ~mYVo&&

(gmYZXr{nH$m.90).
Ego JwHo$ Z {_bZona ^JdmZH$s _y{VH$mo (AnZm Amam`) ~Zm H$a CgH$s
n[aM`m ^OZ Vmo gXm H$aZm hr Mm{h`o. `m|{H$ _y{V_| ^JdmZHo$ $n Ed gd
XmoZm| hr {d_mZ hmoVo h.
65

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)^Jdd$n Mmho JwHo$ mam AnZo _mWo nYam`m J`m hmo, `m h_| d`
66

H$htgo mV hmo J`m hmo, `m A` {H$gr ^VHo$ mam gwny{OV hmo; AWdm
I{S>V ^r Mmho `m| Z hmo, naVw h Vmo ""AnZo _mWo {~amOVm go`d$n'' Eogm
^md Cg d$nHo$ {V AI{S>V ahVm hmo ("dmoQ>oO' H$_ Z bJVo hm|) Vmo Eogo
d$nH$s hr godm AZ`^mdgo H$aZr Mm{h`o (gmYZXr{nH$m.90).
(K)
godm{d{Y g_Jmo{n H$_oUd {d{b`Vo&
H$mamom_V nyd _yVm godm {dYr`Vo&&
_yVm ^JdVmo kmZ gmH$mamdoeVmo _V_&
^pV_mJH$maoU kmZVVw VXm_Vm&&
nyOm_mJ} ^do_{dYmZmV ny`godZ_&
{deofmo ^pV_mJ}@` nwfmom_${nU&&
_{Une}Z Vm_m{X gmdU{_d VdV&
AVV H$V gd gmjmH$Uo H$V ^doV&&

(lrh[aam`OrH$V-d.e.g.go.{Z$nU_.39-41).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(K)A~ g_J godm{d{Y H$_e {bIr OmVr h. Cm_ H$ma hmoZoHo$ H$maU
W_ _y{VH$s godm H$hr OmVr h. ^pV_mJHo$ H$maHo$ AZwgma _y{V_| ^wH$m
kmZ ^wHo$ gmH$ma hmoZoHo$ H$maU Ed _y{V_| Am{dQ> hmoZoHo$ H$maU _m` {H$`m
J`m h. kmZH$s pQ>go XoIm Om`o Vmo g~ Hw$N> ^JdXm_H$ hmoZogo _y{V ^r
gmjmV ^JdX$n hr h. nyOm_mJHo$ AZwgma mU{VR>m-_m{X-{d{YHo$
H$maU nyOZr` ^wH$s godm mV hmoVr h. ^pV_mJ_|, {H$Vw, A` XmoZm|
_mJm}H$s Anojm {deofVm `h h {H$ _y{V d` nwfmom_$n h ({d^y{V,
{V{Z{Y `m Ho$db Ajam_H$ Zht). Ogo nmag_{UHo$ nego Vm~m Am{X YmVw
VdV gwdU ~Z OmVr h dgo hr _y{VHo$ gmW {H$`m J`m ^`wnMma VdV
gmjmV lrH $ UHo $ {V {H$`m J`m ^`w n Mma hmo OmVm h
(lrh.H$V.d.e.g.go.{Z.39-41).

67

(L>)
d_mJgo`$n` {MVZo ar{V`Vo&
...VXoH$X`Wm`r VX^md H$UEd {h&
brbmghd{bV gm_Jrg{hVVWm&
^mdZr` gXmZX gXm ZXm{Xbm{bV&&
BX_odmoV_ AmMm` {gmV` {Z$nUo&
""Am_mZXg_wW H$U_od'o '{V `XdM&&
VXme`Vw {ddV H$n`d ^mo_`m&
AdJ` OZm gd} {MV`Vw h[a gXm&&

(lr_^mopMVZH$ma.1-13).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(L>)d_mJu` go`d$n {MVZH$m H$ma A~ H$hm OmVm h...nwpQ>^VHo$
X`_| pWV Omo ^pV^md h dh {ZpMV lrH$U hr h Omo {H$ AZoH$
brbm`wV h Ama CZ brbmAm|H$s gm_Jr g{hV {~amO_mZ h. dgo gXmZX
Ama gXm lrZXm{X dO^Vm| mam go`_mZ lrH$UH$m hr ^mdZ H$aZm
Mm{h`o. {gmV_wVmdbr_| ""Am_mZXg_w_| pWV lrH$UH$m hr {MVZ
H$aZm Mm{h`o'' Bg dMZmam lr_hm^wZo `h hr ~Vm`m h. ^wH$s H$nmgo hr
CgHo$ Ame`H$m _|Z| {ddaU {H$`m h. CZH$s H$nmgo d_mJu` {MVZH$m
d$n OmZHo$ gd nwpQ>_mJu`OZ gXm h[aH$m {MVZ H$a| Eogr _oar ew^H$m_Zm
h (lrh[a.lr.^mo.{MV..1-13).
(M)
^pV_mJpWV lr_XmMm`nXg{lV&
go`_mZ gXm ^md {ZamoY gmY`oX Ywd_&&

(d_mJu`d$nWmnZH$ma18).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(M)lr_XmMm`MaUm|Ho$ Aml` nmZoHo$ gm^m`embr Eogo ^pV_mJu`m|mam
68

nw p Q> ^ mdm| g o (dmhr ^mdm| g o Zht) gXm go `_mZ ^w {ZpMV hr

{Zamo Y (n M {d_ { Vny d H $ ^JdXmgpV)H$mo {g H$a| J o hr
(lrh[a.d.d.Wm..18).
7 godmW-Am{O{dH$m
(H$)

`m__m ^Jdgodm {dYm` nMmX A{Z{foZ Cnm`oZ OrdZ gnmX`oV.

nman`OrdZ_{n {Z{f MoV VXm `V`_. ""AMmamUm_ AnmnmZm_...''
B{V dMZmV. Or{dH$m`m {Mm `mnV nwZ ^Jd{V `moOZmW_ Cnm`_ Amh
""nR>o M {Z`_ H$dm'' B{V. AZoZ An~{h_I
w Vm`m_{n lr^mJdV_ AZwgYo`_
B{V Cnm` H${WV.
(V.Xr.{Z..2&232).

XodmMZnamo `Vw {dmmWu dga`_&

g d XodbH$mo Zm_ h`H$`ofw J{hV&&

(lrnwfmom_OrH$V-`ew{).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)Hw$moH$m MmS>mbH$m oVYy_H$m Xod`monOrdrH$m Jm_`mOH$H$m
gmo_{dHo$VmH$m {MVmH$m {MVmH$mR>H$m Ma~r`wV_mZwfmpWH$m edne
H$aZodmboH$m _hmnmVH$sH$m VWm edH$m ne H$aZo na gd Ob_| Sw>~H$s
bJmZoHo$ ~mX ~mha AmZo na ApZH$m Cnne H$aHo$ EH$gmo AmR> Jm`rH$m On
H$aZm Mm{h`o Amoa YVmeZ H$a {amM_Z H$aZm Mm{h`o Eogm `dZ dMZ ho.
{MVm {MVmH$s bH$S>r ny` MS>mb VWm XodbH$ H$m ne hmoZona gd Ob_|
Sw>~H$s bJmZr Mm{h`o. VrZ df n`V Omo {dmmWu hmoH$a XodmMZ H$aVm h Cgo
h`-H$`_| J{hV g_OZm Mm{h`o (lrnwfmomOrH$V `ew{)
8 godmH$Vm VWm godmn[aMmaH$

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$){XZ_| H$_go H$_ VrZ KQ>m ^Jdgodm H$a boZoHo$ ~mX A{Z{f
Cnm`m|go AmOr{dH$mHo$ CnmOZmW dm hmoZm Mm{h`o. Hw$bnanamgo Mbr Am
ahr d{m ^r `{h {Z{f (XodbH$m{Xd{m-ge) hmo Vmo N>moS> XoZr Mm{h`o.
`m|{H$ ""AMmamUm_ AnmnmZm_...''dMZgo `hr {g hmoVm h. Or{dH$m_|
CbPo hE {MmH$mo ^JdmZ_| bJmZoH$m Cnm` H$hVo h ""^mJdVH$m {Z`_nydH$
nmR> H$aZm Mm{h`o''. WmoS>r{g ^r ~{h_wIVmH$s g^mdZm ahZona ^mJdVH$m
AZwgYmZ H$aVo ahZm Cnm` H$hm J`m h. (V.Xr.{Z..2&232)
(I) dmZ dnmH$ oVYy_ Xod`monOr{dZ Jm_`mOH$ gmo_{dH${`U

{MqV {M{VH$mR> _ _^mS> gZoh _mZwfmpW edne _hmnmV{H$Z ed

nQ>dm gMb_ A^mo@dJm` Cmr` ApZ_ Cnn` Jm``Q>eV OnoV. YV
m` Zmdm {amM_oX B{V `dZdMZmV.
{M{VM {M{VH$mR>M ny` MS>mb_od M&
nQ>dm XodbH$Md gdmgm Ob_m{deoV &&
69

(H$)
^m`m{XaZwH$y bMoV H$ma`oX ^JdpH$`m_&
CXmgrZo d` Hw$`mV {VHy$bo Jh `oOV&&

Ed dm` ^m`mXrZm {d{Z`moJ_ Amh ""^m`m{XaZwHy$bMoX''B{V.

^m`m{XH$ Jh, {dUwnamL>_wIm ^m`mX`mo A`Wm n[a`mJo XmofEd. AZoZ
AdUd gh Ap_Z_mJ} Z WmV`_ B{V CV ^d{V
(V.Xr.{Z...2&231)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)^m`m{Xgo, CZHo$ ^JdgodmW AZwHy$b hmoZona, ^Jdg~pY
{H$`m=n[aM`m H$adm boZr Mm{h`o. CZHo$ CXmgrZ hmoZona d` H$aZr Mm{h`o
Ama {VHy$b hmoZo na Jhm{XH$m `mJ H$aZm Mm{h`o. Bg Vah ^OZ_| dm
A{YH$marHo$ ^m`m{XH$m ^Jdgodm_| {d{Z`moJ H$hm Om ahm h ""^m`m{XHo$
70

AZwHy$b hmoZo na''. "Jh'`m{Z ^m`m{X. BZH$m n[a`mJ {dUwnamL>_wI hmoZona

hr {d{hV h A`Wm Zht Xmof$n hmoZogo. Bggo `h H$hZm A{^oV h {H$ Bg

_mJ_| AdUdm|Ho$ gmW Zht ahZm Mm{h`o (V.Xr.{Z..2&231).
(I)
VmXm eaU `mV qH$ Hw$`m{X{V Mmo`Vo&
lr_XmMm`_mJu`JwUm eaU JV&&
dm{_doZ h[a d Vw godH$doZ ^md`oV&
..............................
Ed_m{l` Y_m}@` gjonoU {Z${nV&
...AV na H$_oUd Ord H$Vg_nU&&9-10&&
.............................
godmgH$ma$ndmX {dX`mgodZm gXm&
...gdWm gdXd m{n ZMmmXg_{nV_&&25-26&&
VX^jUo ^doXdo m~g~pY dVwV&
gd ~g~Y-^mdZm-ZmeEd {h&&27&&
`Wm g_nUo `mo` `V VWm VV g_n`oV&
............................
Jho pWdm godZmW dY_}Ud gdWm&
H$U ^OoV `Vmo AY_H$aUmV hrZ`mo{ZVm&&45&&
H$U_yVm `WmbY` gnyO`oX h[a_&
nyd WmZ _pXam{X VWm qghmgZm{X M&&46&&
..............................
^m`mXrZm_mZwH$y `o V godm_od H$ma`oV &&56&&
d` Hw$`mX CXmgrZV`m Vofm nwZ pWVm&
AnH$s{V^`mV H$Ugodm-d``-g^dmV&&57&&
dH$V-~g~Y {d^m` {X gdWm&
VnmofU Hw$duV UXohdXmVwa&&58&&
71

(lrh[aam`OrH$V.d.e.g.go.{Z.9-58).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)ma^_| eaUmJV A{YH$marH$mo `m H$aZm Mm{h`o `h H$hm OmVm
h:lr_Xdb^mMm` mam d{VV _mJHo$ Jwmam {OgZo eaUmJ{VH$s Xrjm
br hmo CgHo$ {b`o `h Amd`H$ h {H$ h[aH$mo dm_r _mZH$a d`H$mo godH$
_mZZm Mm{h`o...Bg Vah gongo eaUmJV A{YH$marHo$ Y_H$m {Z$nU {H$`m...
BgHo$ ~mX H$_mZwgma hr {Og OrdZo g_nU {H$`m h CgH$m Y_ ~Vm`m
OmVm h. g_nUH$s Xrjm godmW Ano{jV gH$ma$n hr hmoZogo dh Xr{jV
`pVH$mo Vmo gXm godm hr H$aZr Mm{h`o...gdWm gdXm hr Ag_{nVH$m
^jU Zhr H$aZm Mm{h`o `m|{H$ Ag_{nVH$m ^jU H$aZona dVwV A~g~Yr
~Z OmVm h Ama ~g~YH$s ^mdZmH$m ^r gd Zme hr hmo OmVm h. Omo
dVw {Og H$mago ^wH$mo g_{nV hmo gH$Vr hmo Cg H$mago Cg dVwH$mo
g_{nV H$aZr Mm{h`o. Ka_| ah H$a godm Omo H$aZr h dh gdWm dY_mZwgma
hr H$U^OZHo$ $n_| H$aZr h. `m|{H$ AY_ H$aZona hrZ`mo{Z_| O_ {_b
gH$Vm h. `WmbY `m|go h[aH$m nyOZ CZH$s _y{VHo$ $n_| H$aZm Mm{h`o.
h[anyOZgo ^r nhbo lrh[aHo$ {~amOZoHo$ WmZ _{Xam{X Ama qghmgZm{X H$m ^r
AbH$aUm_H$ nyOZ H$aZm Mm{h`o. ^m`m{XHo$ AZwHy$b hmoZona CZgo ^Jdgodm
hr H$amZr Mm{h`o. CZHo$ CXmgrZ hmoZona d` hr H$aZr Mm{h`o. An`e,
H$Ugodm_| g^m{dV {ZaWH$ `JVm; Ed d` AnZomam JhrV ~g~YH$s
^mdZmH$m {dMma H$aHo$, Ogo AnZm hr Xoh H$^r U-^Jdgodm_| ^r Ag_Whmo Om`o Vmo ^r CgH$m nmbZ Vmo H$aZm hr nS>Vm h dgo hr Eogo ^Jdgodm_|
CXmgrZ n[admaOZm|Ho$ nmbZ_| ^r Un[admaH$s ^mdZm H$aZr Mm{h`o
(lrh[a.d.e.g.go.{Z.9-58)
9 godmonXoQ>m
(H$)

na_ Z gd}fm \$b_wIm{YH$ma {H$Vw `ofw ^JdH$nm H$nmn[akmZ M

_mJ`m {ZMr`Vo. V Am{XV gmYZm{Z Amh72

H$Ugodmna dr` X^m{Xa{hV Za_&

lr^mJdVVdk ^OoV {OkmgwamXamV&&

(V.Xr.{Z.2&227)
"H$Ugodmna_'B{V. `mo {h Jw godm_ CnXo`{V g d` MoV Vm Cm_m
OmZr`mV VXm H$W d` Z Hw$`mX B{V godmnaEd Jw. Vm{n {Z{_mm{Z
dma`{V "X^m{Xa{hV_' B{V. godmM _mU_ybd nwfmWn`dgm{`Zr. A`Wm
_Z{g A`X{dYm` A`Wm H$aUo Z \$b{g{ B{V A{^m`oU Amh
"lr^mJdVVdk_' B{V. "{Okmgw' Z Vw H$mVwH$mm{dQ>. ^OZ-gd^mdoZ,
VXm VXwVH$maoU ^Jdgodm H$V`m.
(V.Xr.{Z..2&227).
"dr`'B`ZoZ _mJmVamX A dbj` km{nV_. "Bj' XeZm>Z`mo,
"{d'Zm M g`d narjUo mo`Vo. VWmM Vo-""Jw narj`oV {e`_''

B{V dm`mV {e`mo `Wm nar`Vo VWm A Jw. ZmoMoX AVme`

bmoH$mZwJVnew$ndmV Vmemo AZwgaUo AYmZwJmYdX C^md{n nVoVm_.
EVXW_od Ob^oXJWH$aU ko`_...VoZ ~g~Ymo{n \$b_wI V`d B{V
{gX`{V. Ed_ A{YH$magyMZoZ AZ{YH$m`{n `md{VV.
(V.Xr.{Z..AmdaU^.2&227).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)`h _mJ, naVw, \$bXm`H$ hr {g hmo Eogm A{YH$ma g^rH$m Zht
hmoVm. dh Vmo {OZna ^JdH$nm hmo ChrHo$ {bE \$bXm`H$ ~Z nmVm h {H$gr
`pVna ^JdH$nm h {H$ Zht BgH$m {ZU` Cg `pVH$mo ^JdH$n`H$b`
^pV_mJ `m n{m_mJ _| {M h `m Zht Bg H$gmoQ>rna OmMZona {ZpMV hmo
nmVm h.
{OZna ^JdH$nm h CZHo$ ma^V gmYZm|H$m {Z$nU H$aVo hH$moB nwf H$Ugodm_| nam`U h {H$ Zht, X^m{X XwJU
w m|go
a{hV h {H$ Zht; Ama lr_X^mJdVnwamUHo$ __H$m {dk h {H$
73

Zht, `h gdW_ XoIZm Mm{h`o Ama V^r {H$gr {OkmgwH$mo Eogo

`pV_| Jw~w{ aIH$a CgHo$ nmg OmZm Mm{h`o.

{Ogo JwH$s h{g`V_| ^JdgodmH$m CnXoe XoZm h dh d` ^JdgodmH$mo

Cm_ _mZVm hmo Vmo d` ^Jdgodm `m| Zht H$aoJm? AV Jw Vmo H$Ugodm_|
nam`U hr hmoZm Mm{h`o. H$Ugodm ^pV^mdHo$ Abmdm A` {H$gr ^r
{Z{_m(X^-H$m_-bmo^-{VR>m)Ho$ de H$s OmVr Zht hmoZr Mm{h`o. AV
JwH$m X^m{X XwJwUm|go a{hV hmoZm Xygar eV h. `h godm ^r O~ `Wmon{XQ>
m_m{UH$ hmo V^r nwfmW_| n`d{gV hmo gH$Vr h. A`Wm, ~w{ `m X`_|
Hw$N> Ama {dMma `m ^md aIH$a, O~ H$moB godm_| dm hmoVm h Vmo dh g\$b
Zht hmo nmVr h. AV JwH$m lr^mJdVH$m Vdk hmoZm ^r Amd`H$ h. Eogo
JwH$mo ImoOZodmbm `pV {Okmgw hmoZm Mm{h`o, Ho$db H$mVwH$ Am{X ^mdm|dmbr
_Zmod{mdmbm Zht. JwHo$ mam Cn{XQ> H$mago V~ gd^mdnyd godm_| dm hmo
OmZm ^OZH$m gMm H$ma h (V.Xr.{Z..2&227).
_ybH$m[aH$m_| "dr`'nXH$m `moJ {H$`m J`m h, Bggo AnZo _mJH$m A`
_mJm]go Hw$N> dbj` {g H$aZm A^rQ> h. "Bj'H$m AW hmoVm h:"XoIZmA{H$V H$aZm'. CgHo$ gmW "{d'CngJ OmoS>Zona `h AW ~ZVm h {H$ {H$gr
`pVH$mo Jw ~ZmZogo nhbo CgH$m ^br^m{V narjU H$a boZm Mm{h`o.
Vem_| Ogo {e`H$s narjm H$aZoH$m {Z`_ h dgo hr `hm JwH$s narjmH$m
{Z`_ h. A`Wm, {Og nwf_| Cpb{IV bjU Z {_bVo hm|, Cgo bmoH$mZwJV
new g_PZm Mm{h`o. EogoH$m AZwgaU H$aZona EH$ AYm Xygao AYoH$m AZwgaU
H$aVm hmo Om`oJm. Ama XmoZm| hr, EH$XygaoHo$ H$maU, EH$gmW hr {Ja|Jo, O~ ^r
{Ja|Jo! lr_hm^wZo JwHo$ narjUmW hr "Ob^oX'JW H$Q> H$s`m h...BZ
gmar ~mVm|H$s gmdYmZr aIZona hr ~g~YXrjm g\$b hmoVr h. Bg Vah
~g~YXrjm XmZ H$a nmZodmbm A{YH$mar H$moZ hmo gH$Vm h `h gy{MV
H$aHo$ lr_hm^wZo `h ^r g_Pm {X`m h {H$ ~g~YXrjm H$go `pVgo
Zht boZr Mm{h`o (V.Xr.{Z.AmdaU^.2&227).
(I)
74

_hm`kmnZm`d ldU JwUH$_Um_&

emmUm_wn`moJmo@ VmH$mL>jm Jwamo^doV&&
H$Ugodmna dr` X^m{Xa{hV Za_&
lr^mJdVVdk ^OoV {OkmgwamXamX&&
Xohmo`m {``mgyZm na nma ^dm~wYo&
JwUm H$UYmaoU Cmm`m dmonXoeV&&

(gmYZXr{nH$m.9-11)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)^Jd_hm`kmZH$s mpVHo$ {b`o ^JdXJwUm| Ed ^JdbrbmAm|
H$m ldU Amd`H$ hmoVm h. emm|H$s Cn`mo{JVm ^r `ht h Ama AVEd
JwH$s ^r Anojm ahVr h. AV H$Ugodm_| nam`U, X^m{X XwJwUm|go a{hV;
Ama lr^mJdVHo$ __k hmoZoHo$ $n_| ^br^m{V nhMmZ H$a hr {OkmgwH$mo {H$gr
nwfH$mo AmXag{hV Jw ~Zm H$a ^OZ_| dm hmoZm Mm{h`o. dXohH$s S>m|Jrgo
^dgmJaH$mo nma H$a boZoH$s BN>m aIZodmbm|H$m H$UYma ~ZH$a JwH$mo AnZo
gXwnXoemam Ch| nma bJmZm Mm{h`o (gm.Xr.9-11).
(J)
JwM ^pV_mJu` H$Ugodmnam`U&
lr^mJdVVdkmo X^m{Xa{hVmo Za&&
VX^mdo VWm^yVmonXoemo@ {Z`m_H$&
AWmYw{ZH$VrWmZm_ AVWm^yVVmo@{n {h&&
CnXoeVWm^yVJwamo[ad \${b`{V&
`{X XwgXmofoU Zm`Wm MoX ^do_{V&&

dmbm VWm X^m{Xgo a{hV nwf hmoZm Mm{h`o. Eogo bjUm|dmbo JwHo$ Z {_bZona
AmMm`dmUr$n Jwgo ^r dH$V`{Z`m_H$ CnXoeJhU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h.
AmMm`H$w bmoX^ Vy JwWmZmnZ AmYw{ZH$ Jmodm{__hmZw^md `{X CV bjUm|dmbo
Z ^r hm| {\$a^r CZgo ^r gdbjUgnZ-lrH$UkmZX-Jw-lr_XmMm`MaUdMZmZwgmar CnXoe {_bVm hmo Vmo gXJwHo$ g_mZ hr \$b XoZodmbm hmo gH$Vm
h. `{X CZH$s ~w{ XwgJm{X (AWbmobwn-d{UH$-Q>Q>r-gJm{X) Xmofm|go
A`Wm (_mJ{dnarV) Z hmo JB hmo (lrh[a.d.e.g.go.{Z.49-50).
(K)
AX^ gdWmnojma{hV H$Umna&
{dMm` daU lr_XmMm`nXgl`&&
dgodH$m` ewm` gVV `Vm_Zo&
`N>oV VV d$n Vw \$b$nV`m nwZ&&

(lrh[a.H$V.d_m.d$.Wmn..16-17).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(K)lr_XmMm`MaUm|H$m ^br^m{V Aml` JhU H$a, {H$gr ^r H$maHo$
X^H$s `m {e`go Hw$N> Anojm aIZoH$s _Zmod{mgo a{hV hmo H$a, CnpWV
Ordm_mH$m na_m_mHo$ mam nwpQ>_mJ_| daU {H$`m J`m h, AV Eogm Ord
nwpQ>bm^go H$ht d{MV Z ah Om` ~g Bgr H$Um^mdH$mo aIVo hdo, nwpQ>_mJna
AJga hmoZoH$m gVV `mg H$aZodmbo AnZo ew godH$Ho$ _mWo nwQ> {H$`m hdm
d$n \$b$nV`m (Z {H$ Jw^mdV`m `m dgo`go `yZ nwfmom_^mdV`m)
nYam XoZo Mm{h`o.
(lrh[a.d_m.d$.Wmn.H$m.16-17).

(lrh[aam`OrH$V.d.e.g.go.{Z$.49-51).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)Jw ^r ^pV_mJmZwgmar, H$Ugodmnam`U, ^mJdVHo$ VdH$mo OmZZo
75

(L>)
dMH$Vw VVmo@`of XwQ> B`od ~w Vm_&&16&&
`V VXmH${VMoQ>m VWmMmaM ^mfU_&
76

{dZ` emVVm doe eIMH$m{X{MV&&17&&

Ed_m{Ib Vw` ^Jd_d{V{^&
VVmo kmZm^md@Vmo{n gdWm ZmeZ _V_&&18&&
XwKQ> V` {dkmZ gdWm ^Vgm`V&
AVEd Z H$V`mo {ddmgmo {dMm[aV&&19&&
VXr`d^_mmp_Z {ddmgmo gJXmofV&
Ag`{n M gmdmnVZ ^pV_mJV&&20&&
AVEdmoV_mMm` Jwamoa{n M drjU_&
"H$Ugodmna dr`o'`m{Xno {Z~YJo&&21&&
................................
gVmo@{n {H$pMXm{Y` dMHo$ Vw Vr`Vo&
XeZmWdVVw dofmXo[ah gdWm&&25&&
................................
^JdVgm`o{n VXgmYmaUmo JwU&
{Zanojd_oVp_VX^mdm{ dMH$&&32&&
AZmH$m[aVEdmgm go bJ{V gdWm&
m{WVm ^JdVm H$n`pV H$WMZ&&33&&
g `_od {dkm` gOVo dmW_mo{hV&
XrZofw ^JdVmVXWH$gmXH$m&&34&&
Mmb```_w_mJ} _m`mMmQw>H$gypV{^&
Vo Vw _mJ} Mmb`pV dMmo{^ H$Qw>H$mfY&&35&&

(lrh[aam`OrH$V XwgJ{dkmZ {Z$.16-35).

({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(L>)dMH$H$mo Vmo AXa VWm ~mha-XmoZm| VahHo$ Mmoam|go ^r Hw$N> A{YH$
hr XwQ> g_PZm Mm{h`o. `m|{H$ CgH$s AmH${V, MoQ>m, AmMma, ^mfm,
{dZrVVm, emVVm, doe, VWm eMH$m{X {M g^r ^Jd_mZgw ma MbZodmbm|H$o
g_mZ hr hmoVo h. AV {Ogo Eogo dMH$m|H$s `WmWVmH$m kmZ Zht hmoVm h,
77

CgH$m g~ Vahgo Zme hmoVm h. ^Vm|Ho$ g_mZ XrIZodmbo BZ dMH$m|H$m kmZ

gdWm Ae` gm hmoVm h. Bgr H$maUgo {dMma {H$`o {~Zm {H$grna ^r {ddmg
Zht H$aZm Mm{h`o. ^_de ^JdXr` _mZ H$a `{X Eogo bmoJm|H$m {ddmg H$a
{b`m Om` V~ Vmo gXmofdemV VWm Agnwf_| gmd aIZoHo$ XmofdemV
{ZpMV hr ^pV_mJgo AYnVZ hmo OmVm h. Bgr H$maUgo lr_hm^wZo
{Z~Y_| ""H$Ugodmna dr`'' mam JwHo$ Omo bjU ~Vbm`o h, Cgr H$mago
JwH$s ^r narjm H$aZr Mm{h`o...gMo ^V Ama dMH$ Ho$ ~rM EH$
CboIZr` AVa `hr hmoVm h {H$ dMH$ AnZr dof^yfm ({VbH$-N>mnm,
AmMma-Anag, {Z`godm, N>nZ^moJm{X_ZmoaW, ""_oam ~mbyS>m'' Oogr {_`m
^mdwH$dmUr) Am{X Ho$db XeZmW hr AnZmVm h. AV EH$ gMm ^V
AnZr dmV{dH$ ^mdgm_` Ho$ AZw$n {OVZr _mm_| BZ ~m`bjUm|H$mo
{Z^m nmVm h, Cggo Hw$N> A{YH$ hr BZ ~m`bjUm|H$m XeZ dMH$ H$aVm
hmoVm h. Bg Vah A` g^r ~mVm|_| dMH$ gMo ^Vm|H$s ~am~ar H$a boVm
h. AnZo ^pV^mdH$mo OZVm ("`y'bJm H$a) XoIZo Am`o Eogr Anojm EH$
gMm ^V (Ogo {H$ dMH$ AI~mam|_| {dkmnZ Xo H$a VWm KaHo$ mana
gyMZmn> bJm H$a Am_ OZVm CgHo$ go`d$nH$s godm-_ZmoaWH$mo XoIZo
Am`o Eogr Anojm aIVm h!) H$^r Zht aIVm. AnZo go` ^wH$mo [aPmZo_|
${n`m-ngm-\|$H$Zodmbo XeZm{WAm|H$s Anojm Z aI nmZm dMH$go {Z^ Zht
nmVm! ~g, Bg EH$ AgmYmaU bjUHo$ AmYmana dMH$H$mo erK nhMmZm Om
gH$Vm h. AVEd H$moB Z ^r ~wbm`o na dMH$ haoH$ YZXmVmHo$ nrN>o bJ hr
OmVm h (~hYm d` Zht Vmo AnZo EO|Q> `m g_mYmZr H$mo hr bJm
H$a!:AZwdmXH$). gMo ^JdX^V Vmo AZoH$ ~ma mWZm H$aZona ^r ~S>r
_wpH$bgo H$^r Hw$N> H$nm H$a XoVo h, O~{H$ dMH$ Vmo dmWgo _mo{hV hmoZoHo$
H$maU H$moB `gnZ h BVZm nVm MbVo hr (bnwnS>m ~Z H$a) nrN>o nS>
OmVm h. gMm ^JdX^V Vmo XrZ-X[am|Ho$ gmW ^r ^oX ~aVo {~Zm CZHo$
^pV^mdm|H$m nmofU H$aVm h. dMH$ bmoJ H$nQ>nyU VWm MmQw>H$m[aVmnyU
dMZm|go bmoJm|H$mo gMo _mJgo {dnarV {Xem_| bo OmVo h. O~{H$ gMm
^JdX^V Vmo Amf{YHo$ g_mZ H$S>do {gmVdMZm|Ho$ mam g_mJH$s Amoa hr
bo OmVm h (lrh[a.Xw.{d..16-35)

78

(M)
`mo dX``Wmdm`_ AmMm`dMZmV OZ&
gg{VoaH$mo dm{n Vgmo XwQ>g_&&
`M H$Uo aqV {Z` ~moY```moOZm_&
{Zanoj gmpdH$M Vg gmYwg_&&

({ejmn.3&8-9)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(M)AmMm` dMZHo$ {dnarV Omo ~mV| H$aVm hmo AWdm ggmaoaH$ ~mV| Omo
H$aVm hmo CgH$m g XwQ>g h. Omo lrH$U_| {Z`moOZ {Z`a{V ~T>mZoH$s
~mV| H$aVm hmo Ama d` ^r {Zanoj Ama gmpdH$ hmo CgH$m g gmYwg h.
({ejmn.3&8-9).

JwUm doem{XZm _mJqM nar` {Okmgm M AdJ` ZmZVa godm{XH$_

CnXoQ>`_ B{V.
(V.Xr.{Z..Am.^.2&255-256).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(O)JwH$mo godmonXoe-ldUH$s BN>m aIZodmboHo$ doem{X(^mfm, ^md,
{M, AmMma-{dMma)Ho$ mam _mJ{MH$s narjm H$aHo$ Ama {Okmgm OmZH$a
VXZwH$y b Z H$aZona hr godm{XH$m CnXoe H$aZm Mm{h`o (V.Xr.{Z.Am.^.255256).
10 ^mJdVH$Wm
(H$)

(N>)VoZ Jwd_od d{mdoZ \$b{V, `wV M EVX AZwnH$` nadJhUo

F${UdoZ ~Y` gOZmV. {H$M F$Vmoma_ A_Vm`m`m A`m{MVdmo

CVdmV V`m_{n {e``d Jm` Z BVa`Vw Ed gH$moMo V`m_{n
eVd{g{
(lrnwfmom_OrH$V-dd{mdmX).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(N>)Bggo `h \${bV hmoVm h {H$ Jwd hr AnZr AmOr{dH$m `m d{m h.
`hr C{MV ^r h `m|{H$ {H$grH$m Hw$N>^r H$m` {H$`o {~Zm _wV_| hr XwgaoH$m
YZ bo boZona boZodmbm F$Ur hmo OmVm h, Omo ~YZH$mar ~mV h. BgHo$ Abmdm
F$V-d{mHo$ ~mX "A_V'Zm_H$s Omo A`m{MV d{m H$hr JB h Cgo AnZmZona
^r `{X {e`go hr A`m{MV JhU H$aZoH$m AmJh aIm Om`, A` {H$grgo
Zht, Vmo Eogm g>moM Ama ^r egZr` h (lrnwfmomOrH$V-dd{mdmX).
(O)
79

.........VVmo ^mJdV H$V_&

EVX`gZmV bmoH$mo _w`Vo@ZwnOrdZmV&&57&&
gmYZ na_oV{ lr^mJdV_mXamV&
nR>Zr` `ZoZ {Zh}VHw $_ AX^V&&243&&
nR>Zr` `VoZ gdhVo {w dd{OV_&&
d`W Zd `wOrV mU H$R>JVa{n&&
VX^mdo `Wd `mV VWm {Zdmh_mMaoV &&&253-4&&

(V.Xr.{Z.-2&67,243,254).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)...V~ `mgOrZo ^mJdVnwamU H$Q> {H$`m {OgHo$ A`mg(ldU_aU-H$sVZ)go bmoJ _wV hmo gH$Vo h, ~eV} ^mJdVH$m AmOr{dH$mW
CnOrdZ Z {H$`m Om`, `h lr_X^mJdV EH$ loR> gmYZ h. AV `ZnydH$,
{H$gr bm{H$H$ hoVw `m X^ Ho$ {~Zm, AmXaHo$ gmW BgH$m nR>Z H$aZm Mm{h`o.
^mJdVH$m nmR> `ZnydH$ {H$gr ^r A` hoVwHo$ {~Zm hr H$aZm Mm{h`o. mU
80

Mmho H$R>_| hr `m| Z AQ>H$ Om`o naVw AmOr{dH$mW CgH$m Cn`moJ Zht hr
H$aZm Mm{h`o. ^mJdVH$m AmOr{dH$mW Cn`moJ Z H$aHo$ Ama Ogo ^r AnZm
{Zdmh Mbo Mbm boZm Mm{h`o (V.Xr.{Z.67, 243, 254).

(H$)AnaM XmZo {h Z d{d{Z`moJ ZVw {ZdoXZo A`Wm {Zdo{XVmZmXo

^moOZ Z `mX A{Zdo{XV` {Z{fdmV. {Zdo{XVmZm_ AWmZm ^JdX^moJmW

{d{Z`moJo OmVo VmgmXdoZ dmon^moJH${V C{MVVam XmgY_dmV.
(ZdaZ{dd{V.1).

(I)
ObmW_od JVmVw ZrMm JmZmonOr{dZ&&

(Ob^oX.5).
nM_ ^md_ Amh "ObmW_od' B{V. jmbZmopN>Q>-ObjonmW_od `o
JVm Vmw`m ZrMm JmZmonOr{dZ B{V AW...VoZ CpN>Q>-JV-ObdV
Vofm ^mdmo Z g{ Jm` B{V AW...nmam{UH${Z$nUmZVa nwZ `X
Jm`H${Z$nU VX EVmemZm nmam{UH$mZm_ EVXJm`H$-Vw`d-kmnZmW_.
(lrH$`mUam`{da{MV-Ob^oX-{dd{V.5).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)Omo bmoJ ^JdXJwUJmZH$mo AnZr AmOr{dH$mH$m gmYZ ~VmVo h Eogo
JwUJmZH$Vm An{d-_{bZ-Ob-H$mo EH${V H$aZoHo$ {b`o O_rZ_| ImoXo J`o
Jhao JT>T>oH$s Vah hmoVo h.(Ob^oX.5)

lr_hm^w nmMd| ^mdH$m dUZ H$aZoH$mo ""ObH$mo EH${V H$aZoHo$

{b`o''eX`moJ H$aVo h. _wIm{XHo$ jmbZ_| `wV An{d ObH$mo EH${V
H$aZoHo$ {b`o ^y{__| Omo JT>T>o ImoXo OmVo h CZHo$ Ogo {ZZ JmZmonOrdr hmoVo
h...Bggo `h Ame` H$Q> hAm {H$ jmbZmopN>Q> JVny[aV ObH$s Vah BZ
JmZmonOr{dAm|H$m ^md gnwfm|Ho$ {b`o Jm` Zqh hmoVm...nmam{UH$m|Ho$ ^mdHo$
{Z$nUHo$ ~mX Omo Jm`H$m|H$m {Z$nU {H$`m J`m h dh Eogo (AmOr{dH$mW
nwamUm|H$m Cn`moJ H$aZodmbo) nmam{UH$ Eogo Jm`H$m|Ho$ Vw` h `h {XIbmZoHo$
{b`o {H$`m J`m h (lrH$`mU.{d.O.^o.{d.5).
11 dgo`-d$n-gmX-JhU

81

"AnaM'B`m{X XmZ Zm_ dd-n[a`mJ-nydH$ naddmonmXZmZwHy$b

""Vw`_ Ah gXXo Z __'' B`m{X eXm{^``mo _Zmo`mnma Vp_Z H$Vo
g{V "{h' {ZM`oZ "Z d{d{Z`moJ' Xmmnhma-XmofmonmXH$dmV. {ZdoXZ Vw

VXr`dmZwgYmZnydH $ ddm{^_mZ`mJmZwH$y b ""Vw` g_n`m{_-{ZdoX`m{_''

B`m{XeXm{^`` VX{dbjUmo _Zmo`mnma Vp_Z H$Vo Vw Z d{d{Z`moJmo
Xmofm` XmmnhmaXmofmZwnmXH$dmV.
(lrnwfmom_OrH$V.Z.{d..1).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)AnaM ^Jdd$nHo$ {b`o XmZ(^oQ>)$ngo Hw$N> ^r XoZo na AnZo
{H$gr ^r H$m`_| Cg Xm dVwH$m {d{Z`moJ {H$`m Zht Om gH$Vm, naVw
^Jdd$nH$mo {H$gr dVwHo$ {ZdoXZ H$aZona `h ~mV bmJy Zht hmoVr. A`Wm
^wH$mo {Zdo{XV AZm{XH$m JhU ^r hmo Zht nm`oJm. A{Zdo{XV dVwH$m Cn^moJ
Vmo {Z{f hr h. AV {Zdo{XV dVwHo$ ^JdmoJmW {d{Z`moJ hmo OmZo na
^JdXm gmXHo$ $n_| ^VHo$ mam Cn^moJ ^r C{MVVa hr h, XmgY_
hmoZoHo$ H$maU (ZdaZ{dd{V.1).
AnaM AnZo ddH$m n[a`mJ H$a naddH$mo nXm H$aZodmbo - ""Vwh|
_| `h XoVm h, A~ `h dVw _oar Zht h'' Ogo eXm|mam A{^`V hmoVo
gH$nm_H$ _Zmo`mnmago "XmZ' {H$`m OmVm h. XmZ H$aZona {ZM`oZ
dmW{d{Z`moJ AZw_V Zht h, "Xmmnhma' XmofOZH$ hmoZogo. {ZdoXZ Vmo, O~H$s,
d`Ho$ VXr` hmoZoHo$ AZwgYmZHo$ gmW ddm{^_mZ(Zht {H$ dd)Ho$ `mJ
H$aZona hmoVm h. ""`h dVw Vwh| g_{nV H$aVm h-{Zdo{XV H$aVm h'' Ogo
eXm|Ho$ mam A{^`V hmoZodmbm, XmZgo {dbjU, g>nm_H$ _Zmo`mnma
82

`hm hmoVm h. Bg {ZdoXZHo$ H$aZona {Zdo{XV dVwH$m AnZo Cn^moJ_| {d{Z`moJ

Xmof$n Zht hmoVm. `m|{H$ Z Vmo {H$gr XygaoH$mo Hw$N> {X`m Om ahm h Ama Z
Xr hB {H$gr dVwH$m AnhaU hr {H$`m Om ahm h (lrnwfmom_OrH$V Z.{d..1).

Mm{h`o. `hm ""AHo$bo `mm Zht H$aZr Mm{h`'' Bg _{V_| {Z${nV XmofH$m
H$moB g Zht h. _mJ_| ^moJm{XH$H$s nhm Zht H$aZr Mmhr`o. emV ahZm
Mm{h`o (V.Xr.{Z..2&248-9).

12 VrWn`Q>Z

13 AmMm`dMZme`{ZYmaUH$mamonghma

dUml_-`wVmZm_{n dUml_Y_ VrWm{Z {dH$nVo B{V Amh-

(H$)
V_mN>rdb^m` dXw{XVdMZmX`Wm $n`pV&
^mVm `o Vo {ZgJ{Xe[anwV`m Ho$dbmYV_moJm&&

`kmVrWm{Z M nwZ g_m{Z h[aUm H$Vm&

AVVod{VJmhr VrZmZm{YH$` {h&&
hVn nR>pZ` Zm_m{Z M H$Vm{Z M&
EH$mH$s {Znh emV n`Q>oV H$UVna&&

...V AQ>ZH$maH$_ Amh "AVVod{VJmhr' B{V. VrWdoe{Xdgo Vw

Cndmg A{J_{Xdgo `{X AZ_m_{n ZmpV VXm Vmd_m Jm Z Vw VVmo
A{YH$_...CM Zm_g>rVZ V A_ AV^Jd_aUM. EH$mH$s n`Q>oV.
Z A ""ZH$ noVmdmZ_'' B{V _{VXmof n{W ^moJmW nhm Z H$V`m
emVM {Mmo ^doV...
(V.Xr.{Z.:2&248-9).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
dUml_dmZ A{YH$m[a`m|Ho$ {b`o ^r dUml_ Y_ Amoa VrW`mm Ho$ ~rM
{dH$n drH$mam J`m h Eogm {Z$nU H$aVo h- `km| Ama VrWm]H$mo ^JdmZ
h[aZo g_mZ ~Zm`m h. AV EH$ {XZgo A{YH$ MbZo dmbr gm_JrH$m {VJh
Zht H$aZm Mm{h`o. ^JdmZHo$ Zm_ Ama brbm H$m {Zg>moM nmR> H$aVo ahZm
Mm{h`o. {~Zm {H$gr nhmHo$ emV EH$mH$s Ama H$UVna hmoH$a VrW n`Q>Z
H$aZm Mm{h`o.
...VrWmQ>ZH$m H$ma {Z${nV H$aVo h ""AV..'' VrWjo_| doeHo$ {XZ
Vmo Cndmg hr aIZm Mm{h`o. AJbo {XZ `{X ImZo {OVZm AZ Z hmo Vmo CVZm
{b`m Om gH$Vm h Cggo A{YH$ Zht...dmUrgo CMda_| Zm_g>rVZ Ama
X`_| ^rVa ^Jd_aU `o VrW`mmHo$ AJ h. n`Q>Z EH$mH$sV`m H$aZm
83

(lr^wMaU-H$V-db^mQ>H$ 3).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(H$)ho lrdb^! AmnHo$ H$ho hE dMZgo {dnarV Omo H$moB Hw$N> H$hVo h do
g^r ^mV Ho$db AYV_ ZaH$H$mo nmZo dmbo ghOAmgwarOrd h.

(lr^w.H$V.db.3)
(I)
VXml`mo Z dMZ {H$Vw V_mJ{ZR>`m&
_mJ{ZR>m Z d~moY {H$Vw VmJw${XV&&
Jw${XVm{Z dm`m{Z Z dVmo ZwdmXV&
AZwdmXmo Z d~w`m {H$Vw _ybH$_mJV&&
AWm{n V Mmno`mo T> dmMm`gl`&

({ejmn 8&26-28).
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(I)lr_hm^wH$m Aml` Ho$db dmUrgo Zht {H$Vw _hm^wHo$ _mJ_| {ZR>m
aIH$a H$aZm Mm{h`o. _mJ_| {ZR>m AnZr WmoWr g_Ogo Zht {H$Vw _mJHo$
JwHo$ mam H$ho J`o dMZm|Ho$ AZwgma aIZr Mm{h`o. JwHo$ H$ho hE dMZm|H$m
AW dV hr Zht {H$Vw AZwdmXV g_OZm Mm{h`o. AZwdmX ^r Ho$db AnZr
84

~w{go Zht {H$Vw _ybH$_-nanamHo$ AZwgma H$aZm Mm{h`o. Bg gmao H$ma_|

nwZ lr_hm^wH$m T> Aml` Vmo Ano{jV h hr ({ejmn 8&26-28).
(J)
`mo dX``Wm dm`_ AmMm`dMZmOZ&
gg{V oaH$mo dm{n Vgmo XwQ>g_&&
`M H$Uo aqV {Z` ~moY```moOZm_&
{Zanoj gmpdH$M Vg gmYwg_&&
Ed {ZpM` gd}fw dr`ofw A`ofw dm nwZ&
_hHw$bgyVofw H$V` g{ZU`&
lr_XmMm`MaUo _{V Wm`m gXm dV&
VVEd dH$s`mZm {g{ H$m`` gdWm&&

({ejmn.3&8-11)
({hXr-^mfm-^mdmZwdmXm)
(J)AmMm`dMZHo$ {dnarV Omo ~mV| H$aVm hmo AWdm ggmaoaH$ ~mV| Omo
H$aVm hmo CgH$m g XwQ>g h. Omo lrH$U_| {Z`moOZ {Z`a{V ~T>mZoH$s
~mV| H$aVm hmo Ama d` ^r {Zanoj Ama gmpdH$ hmo CgH$m g gmYwg h.
`h {ZH$f g^r - d_mJu`, Ad_mJu`; AWdm db^Hw$b_| gyV-Ho$
gmW {H$`o OmZo dmbo ggJH$mo naIZoHo$ {b`o h. AnZr _{V dV hr
lr_XmMm`MaU_| gXm Wm{nV H$aZr Mm{h`o. nwpQ>_mJu`m|Ho$ g^r H$m` Bgrgo
{g hm|Jo ({e.n.3&8-11).
&&gH$bmVam_m lrh[a gZmo ^dVw&&

n[a{eQ>_ -1
eaUmJ{Vg~pYdMZmdbr
(1)
(Aml`d$nbjU_)
.............Aml`mo@Vmo {Z$`Vo&&
Eo{hHo$ nmabmoHo$ M gdWm eaU h[a&&
(gdmd`dWmgw ^JdXml`` AZwR>o`d_)
XwIhmZm VWm nmno ^`o H$m_mnyaUo&
^Vmoho ^`^mdo ^VMm{VH$_o H$Vo&
Ae`o dm gwe`o dm gdWm eaU h[a&&
Ah>ma-H$Vo Md nmo`-nmofU-ajUo&
nmo`m{VH$_Uo Md VWmVodm`{VH$_o&&
Abm{H$H$-_Z{gm gdWm eaU h[a&&
(^JdXml`{g H${_H$monm`1-4-MVwQ>`_)
Ed {Mmo gXm ^m` dmMm M n[aH$sV`oV1 &&
A`` ^OZ V dVmoJ_Z_od M&
mWZm H$m`_mo@{n VWm@` {ddO`oV2 &&
A{ddmgmo Z H$V` gdWm ~mYH$Vw g&
~mMmVH$m ^m`m3 mV godoV {Z__&&
`WmH$WpMV H$m`m{U Hw$`mXwMmdMm`{n&
qH$dm moVoZ ~hZm eaU ^md`oX h[a_4 h[a_&&
(^JdXml`md`H$Vmonn`VaoUmonghma)

85

86

Ed_ml`U moV gd}fm gdXm {hV_&

H$bm ^`m{X_mJm{h Xwgm`m B{V _o _{V&&
({ddoH$Y`ml`.9-17)
(2)

(n{m_mJ} Cm_m{YH$m[aU lmoVw d$n_)

AZ`_Zgmo _`m Cm_m ldUm{Xfw&
Xoe-H$mb-`-H$V-_-H$_-H$maV&&
(nMnm{Z.5)

n{m B`m{X. Am{n AZ{YH$mao Cnm`mVa VXZwH$n^yV_ Amh B`W.

""gdY_mZ...'' B` "EH$'nXmX A`ml` gdWm ~mYH$ B{V ~moY{`Vw
VnanX` Vmn`_ Amh nmm B`m{X. Vna {VR>Xo B`W. WmZmVa`m{n
gJhmW_ Amh nyOmB`m{X. EV`d eofm {ddoH$Y`ml`m ko`m. n{mM
eaUmJ{V, Aml` B{V `mdV. VV W_Vmo _mZg, nMmV H$m{`H$ dmM{ZH$_
B{V AHy$aVwVm CV gw~mo{Y`m VX Cnnm{XV eaUmJ{VH$aUo B{V M. VXod
{ddoH$Y`ml`o {ddoH$Y`` mo {Z$nUoZ H$m{`H$_, Aml`{Z$nUoZ _mZg, dmM{ZH$
M CV_. Am{n H$maU ^JdXZwJhEd B{V ""gmo@h dmL>Kr''` AHy$aVwVm
{Vnm{XV_.
(V.Xr.{Z..Amd.^.2&255).

(3)

(nw p Q> n{m_mJ} `m`J m {ddo H ${df{``m fS > { dYm`m

B{VH$V`Vm`m CnXoe)
AZw H y $ b`
g>n 1
{VHy $ b{dgO Z _ 2 &
H$[a`Vr{V {ddmgmo 3 ^V do daU VWm 4 &
Am_Z d o -H$mn `o 5-6 fS > {dYm eaUmJ{V&&
(nMbmoH$s.4-5)
(4)

n{m_mJ_mh :
OJZmWo {d>bo M lrao do >Q>o VWm&
` ny O mdmh `mV V {VR>o V Vna&
(V.Xr.{Z.255).
n{m_mJ_ B{V. ^JdmZd __ Eo{hHo$ nabmoHo$ M J{Vah ^Jdmg B{V
{ZM`oZ ^JdnaV`m ^Jd_hmWmZo pW{V n{m_mJ B`W. V {VR>oV
B{V _ybo. dXXmgmo@h gdmW} dm_od Am{lV B`m{X A{^m` H$Q>`Z {VR>oV
B`W.
(V.Xr.{Z..H$`m.{Q>.2&225).

87

(5)

BX_od {d{ZpM` H$Umo `OwZ_~drV&

""_m_od `o nVo _m`m_ EVm VapV Vo''&&
EdH$maoU gd}fm_ AZwnm`d_ Amh {h&
kmZmXrZm {h gd}fm VXYrZdV gXm&
{ddmg gdV`dm H$U_od ^OoX ~wY&&
Z Q> lwVnydm} dm ^OZ H$U_Zm_`_&
Z _wV gdWm `_mX Jmo`mo JmdVWm@^dZ&&
AmnmVVVw gd}fm_ Cnm`d _`mo{XV_&
{dUmo H$nm{d{eQ>mZm V\$b Zm`Wm ^doV&&
`Z `moJoZ gmoZ XmZdVVnmoda&
`m`mdm`m`g`mg mZw`mX `ZdmZ{n&&
V_mV d_ Cdmog` MmoXZm {VMmoXZm_&
dqm M {Zdqm M lmoV` lwV_od M&&
_m_oH$_od eaU_ Am_mZ gdXo{hZm_&
`m{h gdm_^mdoZ `m`go `Hw$Vmo^`_&&
B`oH$mXegdd ^JdmZ d`_ CVdmZ&
88

Am_mZ {h d` doX V_mX A`dMmo _fm&&

(V.Xr.{Z.2&304-311)
(6)

(nmm Xr{jVmZm dUdmMman[anmbZnamUm H$Vo gV{dY^Vo CnXoe)

bdmZwJh_ AmMm`mV lrH$UeaU OZ&
Yma`oV {VbH$ _mbm dUdmMmaVna&&
gdd h[agmH$m` `OoV gd_ AdUd_&
qh-H$m`m-@`XodmMm `{X {Z` M bm{H$H$_&&
nyd^mS>m{XH$ gd n[a`` {dew{V&
ldUm{X1-7namo {Z` hao o_mnXmo ^doV&&
haoJwUmZm ldU ``mo` eUw`mV gXm1&
OmV{ej `dr`mo` H$sV`oX A`WH$b2&&
A{VgwXa$nm{U brbmYm_m{Z g_aoV3&
nmXgodm hao H$m`m gdgnpZHo$VZ4&&
AMZ `h V` {d{YZm {Z`_oZ M5&
dXZ MaUm^moOo V` ^mdZ`m{Ibo6&&
Xm` VXoH$eaU VgmXH$^moOZ_7&
Ed gV{dYm ^pV nZm{YH$Vm ^doV&&
(gmYZXr{nH$m.24-30)
(7)

VmXm eaU `mV qH$ Hw$`m{X{V Mmo`Vo&

lr_XmMm`_mJu`JwUm eaU JV&&9&&
dm{_doZ h[a d Vw godH$doZ ^md`oV&
bm{H$H$ d{XH$ dm{n {dX`mX ^pV{g`o&&10&&
Zm`_mJml`mo Zd XoemVag_ml`&
89

Zd VrWml`mo Zdm{^_Vo H$VVml`&&11&&

Zd _g_mYmamo Z M H$_m{XH$ml`&
gdXmof{Zd`W Y_doZ ham {e&&12&&
{ddoH$mXoa^mdoZ X`oZmWd^mdZ_&
dH$m_nyaUmWm` nyUmZXddoXZ_&&13&&
Z gmYZ^do_mojmo h[aaod VXm_H$&
VXr`Vm`m gnmm (?) _wVdoZd {MVZ_&&14&&
AVEd {ZamH$mm _mojV H$UgodH$m&
Xoem{XgmYZ H$U nwfmWMVw{dY&&15&&
Ed _Z{g gVV {MVZr` `ZV&
m`pMmm{Xfw _{VZ H$m`m eaU dOoV&&16&&
CnpWVofw Xmofofw gd}dW {deofV&&
gwe`od`e`ofw haoJ{V_W _aoV&&17&&
A`ml`mo Zd H$m`m} Zdm` dVmo dOoV&
mWZm Zd Hw$m{n H$V`m ^Jd`{n&&18&&
A{ddmgmo Z H$V`mo ~m` {ZXeZmV&
bm{H$Ho$ d{XHo$ dm{n H$m`} g {ddO`oV&&19&&
`WmH$WpMV H$V`o ^madm ^mdZ_&
gd __Vm `dm gd H$m` gmY`oV&&20&&
bmo^ M X`o Zd Hw$`mV, mV {h god`oV&
eaU`m{n `o Y_mVpgm eaU dOoV&21&&
{ddoH$Y`}@{n gXm lrH$Uml`nmofHo$&
VXJWo`mo@dJ`m{n `ZmX {X ^md`oV&&22&&
Ed_ Am{lVY_m}@` gjonoU {Z${nV&
Am{l` db^mMm`Z ~wdd H$U_ml`oV&&23&&
(lrh[a.e.g.go.{Z$.9-23).
90

&&A_VdMZmdbr&&
(1) Omo H$Q>moar (JhZo) Y[aHo$ gm_Jr AmB gmo Vmo ^moJ lrR>mHw$aOr Amn
hr Ho$ `Hw$ AmamoJo gmo Amn hr H$mo ^`mo. Omo lrR>mHw$aOrH$mo ` Im`Jmo gmo
_oamo Zmqh A _oamo godH$ ^JdXr` hmo`Jmo gmo Xod` H$~h Z Im`Jmo. Omo
Im`Jmo gmo _hmn{VV hmo`Jmo. VmVo dm gmX_|Vo ^moOZ H$[adoH$mo AnZmo
A{YH$ma Z hVmo; `mHo${bE JmoAZH$m| Idm`mo A lr`_wZmOr_| nYam`mo. `h
gw{ZHo$ g~ dUd Mwn hmo` aho.
(_hm^w lrdb^mMm`, 13)
(2) YZm{XH$s H$m_ZmH$s ny{VHo${b`o Omo em{d{hV ldU-H$sVZ-godm
Am{X {H$`o OmVo h CZH$mo H$__mJu` g_PZm Mm{h`o. AnZr AmOr{dH$m
MbmZoHo${b`o YZmonmOZHo$ $n_| Omo h CZH$mo Vmo IoVr-~mS>r Ogo `dgm`H$s
Vah "bm{H$H$ H$_' hr H$hZm M{h`o (Y_-^pV gdWm Zht). _bjmbmZmW JJmObH$m Cn`moJ H$aZodmboH$mo CgHo$ _bH$s g\$mBgo A{YH$ JJmZmZH$m \$b {_bVm Zht h. BVZm hr Zht, `mZ XoZobm`H$ ~mV `h h {H$ JJm
Ogr n{d Z{XHo$ ObH$m Eogm K{UV H$m`Ho${b`o Cn`moJ H$aZoHo$ H$maU dh
nmnr ~ZVm h. Bgr Vah ^wH$s godm-H$WmHo$ _m`_go ngo H$_mZodmboH$mo
godm-H$WmH$m H$moB ^r (Ym{_H$-^pV_mJu`) \$b Vmo mV Zht hr hmoVm
h `wV Eogo AY_ AmMaUHo$ H$maU dh nmnH$m hr ^mJr hmoVm h.
(l{dQ>R>bZmWOr JwgmBOr, ^pVhg)
(3) AnZo go`-d$nH$s godm Amn hr H$aZr. Ama Cgdm{X g_`mZwgma, AnZo {dm AZwgma H$aZo, dm^yfU ^m{V-^m{VHo$ _ZmoaW H$ar gm_Jr
H$aZr.
(lrJmoH$w bZmW^wMaU, 24dMZm_V)
(4) O~ gVXmgH$mo gJamo ` J`mo V~ lrR>mHw$aOrH$s godm_| _S>mZ
lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ amO^moJ Z ^`mo gmo _hmgmX h Z {b`mo. Q>H$mHo$ MyZH$mo `mamo ^moJ
91

YaVo gmo amO^moJ OmZVo, _hmgmX boV,o Amoa {Z`H$mo ZoJ ~hmoV lrR>mHw$aOrHo$
`gm| hmoVmo; VmVo AmnwZr amO^moJH$s godm {g Z ^B (OmZo). H$m{gXH$mo {X`o
gmo Zmam`UXmgH$mo {bI| Omo ""Vwhmar ^wVmV| EH$ {XZ amO^moJH$mo ZmJm n`m} Omo
_oar gmmH$mo ^moJ Z Y`m}!'' `m H$ma gVXmg {ddoH$Y`ml`H$mo $n {XIm`o.
{ddoH$ `h Omo lrJwgmBO rH$mo hS >r nR>mB-AmnwZr godm Z ^B-amO^moJH$mo ZmJm
_mZo. Y` `h Omo lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ `_|Vo ImZ-nmZ Z {H$`o. Aml` `h Omo _Z_|
AmZX nm`oXwIboe Z nm`o.
(lrh[aam` _hm^w, ^mdH$me 84dUdZH$s dmVm-76)
(5) nm[al{_H$Ho$ $n_| {dm Xo Ho$ H$moB XygaoHo$ mam godm H$amB Omdo Vmo
{Mm_| AhH$ma Vmo ~T>o hr h naVw Eogr IarXr ^B godmgw {Mm ^JdmZ_| H$^r
Mm|Q> Zht gHo$ h. ^JdgodmW H$moB Xygaogy nm[al{_H$Ho$ $n_| YZm{XH$ {b`o
Omdono Vmo, Ogo nS>m-nwamo{hVZHw$ `k-`mJm{XH$mo \$b Zht {_bo h naVw
`O_mZZHw$ hr {_bo h, dogo hr godmH$VmH$s godm {Z\$b ~Z Om` ho.
e>m:`O_mZ Ogo X{jUm Xo Ho$ nwamo{hVZHo$ mam `k`mJ H$am bodo h dgo hr
^Jdgodm (AmOH$b Ogo nw{>_mJu` hdobrZ_| dUdJU JwgmB-_w{I`m^rV[a`m-g_mYmZrH$s ~Q>m{b`Zgy H$adm bodo h| dm Vah:AZwdmXH$) H$am
bodo_| `m ~wamB h? g_mYmZ:`m e>mH$mo `o g_mYmZ OmZZmo Omo H$__mJ_|
Eogmo H$aZmo {d{hV hmodogw nwamo{hVZgy H$_ gnZ H$am boZmo Amn{mOZH$ Zht
h. ^pV_mJ_|, naVw, `m Vahgy ^Jdgodm H$am bodoH$mo H$ht {dYmZ CnbY
Zht hmo`dogy, H$moB XygaoHw$ YZ Xo Ho$ godm H$amZmo AZw{MV hr ho. ^pV_mJ_|
Vmo ^JdXwV H$magy ({ZO Ka_| {ZO n[aOZZHo$ gh`moJmam {ZOr VZ-_ZYZgy hr) ^Jdgodm H$aZr M{h`o.
(Jmodm_r lrnwfmom_MaU, {gmV_wVmdbr{dd{VH$me-2)
(6) ""A JhWmZ{dYmZoZ, dJhm{Y>V-d$n-^OZ-n[a`mJoZ A`
VH$aUo ^{$: Z ^d{V, B{V gy{MV ^d{V AWmV'' `hm godmon`moJr WmZHo$ $n_|
{ZO KaH$mo {dYmZ CnbY hmodogy, AnZo Ka_| {~amOVo R>mHw$aOrH$r godm N>moS> Ho$ H$moB
Xgar OJh (AWmV hdobrZ|, Oogo AmOH$b, ^|Q>-gmJr MT>m Ho$ {Z m ZmoaWZ
H$s PmH$s H$a boZmo dUdZZo nw{>mJ| naY mZ {bmo ho dog)o ^Jdgodm H$adodmboZH $w
92

H$^r ^{$ {g Zht hmo gHo$ ho.

(lr d^mO-lr~mbH$UOr : ^{$d{YZrmm 2)

(7) Omo lrdb^Hw$b h do Vmo AmnwZo go`d$nn| H$gmo Zoh amIV h Omo
EH$ R>ma `H$s T>oar H$amo Ama Xygar R>ma lrR>mHw$aOrH$m| nYamdmo Vmo lrdb^Hw$b dm `H$s Amoa XoI|Jo h Zmht; A lrR>mHw$aOrH$m| A{VZohgm| nYam`
b|Jo. n[a Omo `m H${bH$mo Ord h dmHw$ Vmo ` ~hV {` h. Vmgm| dmo Vmo
lrR>mHw$aOr g_wI h Zmht XoIoJmo A Ho$db d^dHw$ XoIoJmo A _mo{hV hmo`
Om`oJmo.
({Z.br.Jmo.lr_Q>Q>wOr _hmamO, 32 dMZm_V; dMZm_V-5)
(8) bm{H$H$ AWH$s BN>m am{IHo$ Omo ^JdX^OZ_| dm hmo` gmo gdWm
boe nmdo ho. BVZo H$Ny> ^|Q>-gm_Jr {_{b Om`o Eogo bm^Ho${b`o nyOm{XH$_|
dm hmo` gmo "nmIS>r' Amoa "XodbH$' H$mo Om` ho. Vmgy bm^nyOmW {gdm`
Om_| {ZfoY Zht ho Eogr ar{Vgy ""_oamo bm{H$H$ {g hmo`'' Eogr BN>mgy Omo
^OZ_| dm ^`mo hmo` gmo "bmoH$mWu' H$mo Om` h.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrZqghbmbOr _hmamO, {gmV_wVmd{b-Q>rH$m bmoH$16-17)
(9) lrCX`nwa Xa~maHw$ AmerdmX! `mHo$ mam gy{MV {H$`mo Omdo ho {H$
Mb-AMb gn{mHo$ Am{WH$ VWm dm{_dH$s `dWmHo$ ~mao_| `mo`
`pVZH$s EH$ gbmhH$ma g{_{V {Z`wV H$a br JB ho. godm Am{X {df`Z_|
nwamVZ VWm dV_mZ Um{bHo$ AZwgma H$m_ {H$`mo Om`oJmo; Amoa `{X nwamVZ
nanamH$mo ~mY Z hmoVmo hmo`Jmo Amoa g{_{V H$moB VahHo$ gwYmaH$s BN>m aIVr
hmo`Jr Vmo Eogo gwYma ^r drH$mao Om`|Jo. Amoa lrR>mHw$aOrH$mo ` AnZo
`pVJV Cn`moJ_| Zht dmn`m} Om`oJmo, Oogr {H$ nanam AmO ^r ho hr, Amoa
`mHw$ {Z^m`mo Om`oJmo. Vmo ^r _oao nydOZHo$ g_`gy Mbo Am aho _oao dm{_dHo$
hH$ dm hr Vah H$m`_ ah|Jo.
(Jmodm_r {VbH$m`V {Z.br.Jmo.lrJmodYZbmbOr _hmamO, lrZmWmam, S>-o
boaeo Z, {_{V ^mewbm nM_r, {d.g.1948=Vm.5-9-1893)
93

(10) _hmamOHw$ Omo Am_XZr dUd Am{XZgy hmodo ho dm_|gy KaIMmHo$

$n_| _hmamO R>mHw$aOrH$s godmH$mo IMm {Z^md| h|. R>mHw$aOrHo${b`o Mb `m
AMb gn{m AbJgy {ZH$mbHo$ dm_|gy R>mHw$aOrH$s godmH$mo IM {Z^m`mo Zht
Omdo ho. R>mHw$aOrHo$ d^dH$mo, ZoJ^moJH$mo, Am^yfU-d Am{XH$mo IM _hmamO d` AnZr Am_XZrHo$ AZwgma {Z^mdo h|... R>mHw$aOrHo$ g_wI ^|Q> Yar
Zht Om gHo$... R>mHw$aOrH$s ^|Q> Xod_pXa_| ^oOZr nS>o ho. _hmamO dm ^|Q>Hw$
AnZo Cn`moJ_| bm Zht gH|$.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrdmJrebmbOr _hmamO, A_aobr, lrdmJrebmbOrHo$ Am__wI`ma:""A_aobrhdobr `pVJV h `m gmdO{ZH$'' _wXX no a gZ1909-10_| Jm`H$dmS>r ~S>mXm am`H$s H$moQ>_| Xr JB Ow~mZr)

(11) Ogo AnZo nydn w f d` AnZo Y_H$o g`d$n VWm ewmV{gmV

Hw$ nyUV `m g_PHo$ dUdY_H$mo `WmW CnXoe bmoJZH$w XoVo hVo; Ama _`dVu
H$mb_| Omo gn{m Am{XHo$ H$maUZgy h_Zo ~hmoV hX VH$ N>mSo > {X`o h|, `m H$maUgy
A{YH$me bmoJZ_| gmYmaU godm Ama Ho$db {dmOm ^pV H$s hr ${T>H$o AZwgma
OmZH$mar ~M J`r ho.
(nM_JhmYre {Z.br.Jmo.lrXodH$sZXZmMm`Or, H$m_dZ, _w~BHo$ dUdZHw$ {b{IV n:"Aml`' A{b 87 Ho$ AH$_| H$m{eV)
(12) h_mam _wI {gmV h "Ag_{nV `mJ'. Cm_ Cnm` Vmo `hr h
{H$ Ka_| Omo ^r agmoB ~Zo dh ^wH$mo ^moJ YaHo$ ~mX_| hr _hmgmX {b`m
Om`. ... Ohm VH$ Ag_{nVH$m `mJ Zht hmoJm dhm VH$ ~w{ AN>r Zht
hmo gH$Vr. gmZw^mdVm H$~ {g hmo gH$Vr h? O~ h_mar ~w{ {Z_b hmo.
... AmO h_ hrao (Ka_| {~amOVo go` ^w) H$mo naI Zht gH$Vo. gMo
hraoH$mo Omhar hr naI gH$Vm h. pW{V `m h {H$ h_ OyR>o hraoH$mo gMm
_mZH$a CgrHo$ nrN>o (hdobr-_pXam|_|) XmS> bJm aho h. lr_hm^wOrZo Vmo
{Z{Y$n gMm hram h_H$mo {X`m h. ^JdmZ JrVm_| H$hVo h {H$ ""{X`
XXm{_ Vo Mjw n` _o `moJ_rda_''. ^JdmZH$mo nhMmZZoHo${b`o Vmo {X`Vm
mV hmoZr Mm{h`o. {X`Vm hr Am_~b h. ... AV _oam Vmo Amn bmoJm|go
94

gmJh AZwamoY h {H$ Am_~b mV H$aZoHo${b`o AnZm Hw$N> X{ZH$ {Z`_

~ZmB`o. fmoS>eJWHo$ nmR>H$m {Z`_ brOr`o.
({Vr`JhmYre {Z.br.Jmo.lr{J[aYabmbOr _hmamO, BXma-ZmWmam, lr_Xdb^ AZo lrh[aam`Or OrdZXeZ, ^mJ-2, dMZm_V 7, n>124)
(13) dH$sb:`{X H$moB ^r nw{>_mJu` _pXa_|, dUd lrR>mHw$aOrH$s
godm Ama ZoJ-^moJ Ho${b`o; Ama lrR>mHw$aOrH$s godmHw$ {Z^mdoHo${b`o ^|Q>
Am{X Xo Ho$ {dmOm godm H$aVo hm|` Ama dm _pXa_| VZwOm godm ^r H$aVo hm|`
Vmo dmo ""_pXa nw{>_mJu` Zht hmodo '' Eogo AmnH$mo H$hZmo ho?
ny.nm._hmamOlr:nw{>_mJu` dUdZHo${b`o dVV`m VZwOm `m {dmOm
godm H$adoH$s H$moB {H$`m Zht ho. Ama Eogr godm H$s OmVr hmo` Vmo dmHw$
gmXm{`H$ _pXa Zht H$mo Om gHo$.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrdOaZbmbOr _hmamO, gwaV ""Z{S>`mXH$s hdobr d`pVH$ ho `m gmdO{ZH$'' {ddmX_|
nw{>_mJH$o {deofk gmjrHo$ $n_| Xr Ow~mZr)
(14)...`m hr Vah AnZo `hm Omo g_wI^|Q> Yar Om` ho dmo ^r Xod`
hmodo ho; Ama dm gm_JrHw$ H$m__| Zht {b`mo Om` h. lrJmoHw$bZmWOr Ama
lrM_mOr Ho$ Ka_| AmO ^r `o {Z`_ nm`mo Om` ho. dhm Omo g_wI^|Q> Amdo
ho, dmHw$ H$sVZr`m-_hmd{Z`m bo Omdo ho. dmo db^Hw$bH$mo lr`_wZmOrH$mo
nS>m ho. Xygamo H$moB dmH$mo AZwH$aU H$ao Vmo dmo AZw{MV h... h_ lrZmWOrHo$
gm_Zo Omo g_wI ^|Q> Ya| h dmo lr_hm^wOrH$s nmXwH$mOrHw$ Ya| h {\$a ^r dmo
Am^yfUZ_| dmnar Omdo h, gm_Jr_| Zht. g_wI^|Q> Yado_| ~hmoV AZmMma
hmodo h. `m Vahgy Am`mo ` "Xod`' ~Zo ho...dmHw$ bododmboH$s ~w{ {~JS>o
{~Zm Zht aho h.
({Z.br.Jmo.lraUN>mSo >bmbOr _hmamO, amOZJa, dMZm_V.484-87)
(15/H$) dUdZHo$ nmg Omo ^r na_ nXmW h dmH$mo ApVd AmOHo$ hr
{XZH$mo Am^mar h. H$mbH$s ^rfUVm Ama n[apW{VH$s {df_Vm Ho$ A`V
{dH$Q> `wJ_| lr_^wMaUZHo$ {X` {gmVZHo$ D$na AQ>b ahdona hr
95

Ord_mH$mo Eo{hH$ Ama nmabm{H$H$ H$`mU hmo nmdoJmo. A`ml`Ho$ `mJH$s

^mdZmno OJVHo$ Ord T> ah| Vmo dUd-hdobrZHo$ d^dHo$ H$maU Omo dUd
KagodmHw$ ^yb MwHo$ hVo, g`moJdemV CZ hdobrZ_| lrHo$ XeZ AmO ~X ^`o
h `mgw A~ dUdZHo$ Ka nwZ ^Jdgodmgy {H$b{H$bmVo hmo Om`|Jo. `o bm^
gXm` Ama gXm`rZ Ho${b`o _m_ybr Zht ahoJmo. BdaoN>m AZmH$bZr`
hmodo h. _moHw$ Vmo lm h Ho$ `m H${R>Z narjm_| h_ g^rZH$mo lo` hr {g
hmododmbmo h.
(15/I) _oao AZw`m`rZHw$ Xmo H$maH$s Xrjm XC hy. W_ H$R>r ~mYZr
VWm Xygar ~g~YXrjm. H$R>r-~mYZr gmYmaU dUdZHw$ hr Xr Omdo ho
VWm ~g~Y {deof$ngy CZ AZw`m`rZHw$, Omo godm_| {deof$ngy AmJo
~T>Zmo Mmho h|. nhbr XrjmHw$ "eaU-Xrjm' H$h| h VWm Xygar XrjmHw$
"Am_{ZdoXZ' H$h| h. eaUXrjmgy dUd {g\$ Zm__aU H$adoH$mo hr A{YH$mar ~Zo h Vmo godmdmbo dUdHw$ ~g~YXrjm bodoHo$ ~mX hr A{YH$ma
{_bo ho. ~g~Y bodo dmbmo dUd AnZo Ka_| hr godmH$mo A{YH$mar hmodo
ho... h_ d$nH$s godm ZXmb`H$s ^mdZmgy H$a| h|. `m{b`o h_ gmVm|Ho$ gmV
nwZHo$ Ka "Ka' hr H$hbmdo h Amoa h_mao KaH$s g{> "Vrgao-KaH$s-g{>'
H$hbmdo h.
(15/J) lrAmMm`MaUHo$ {gmVmo_| ^Jdg~Y Ama ^Jdgodm H$mo
hr YmZVm Xr J`r Wr. ~mX_|, n[ab{jV hmoVm h {H$, Cg_| ^r Hw$N> AVa
Am J`m. ... lrAmMm`MaUHo$ Ama lr^wMaUHo$ godH$, h_ XoI gH$Vo h
{H$, g^r H$maHo$ h. Eogm Zht h {H$ A_wH$ {d{e> `pV hr ^JdgodmHo${b`o `mo` hmoVm h Ama A_wH$ n[apW{V_| hr ^Jdgodm hmo gH$Vr hmo. Eogm
H$moB ^r CboI Zht {_bVm h. AZoH$ H$maHo$ Ord ^Jdgodm H$aVo Wo. CZ_|
_emZdmgr, do`m Am{Xgo boH$a AN>o {dmZ ~mU ^r Wo. AmOHo$ g_`_|,
_wPo VrV hmoVm h {H$, h_ CZ M[am|H$mo ^yb H$a nrN>ogo _w` ~Z J`o Eogo
Ho$db ^mdm_H$ $nH$mo bo H$a ~R> J`o h {H$ Omo AmO ^r dUdm|_| M{bV
h. ..._ _mZVm h {H$ M[am|H$m {dMma H$aZo_| {gmVm|H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr
h.
(VVr`JhmYre {Z.br.Jmo.lrdO^yfUbmbOr _hmamO, H$mH$amobr, H :lr_^wMaU mH$Q>mogd=Vm.24-12-48Ho$ {XZ _w~ BH$o nw{>_mJu` dUdZH$s g^m_|
96

A`jr` dMZ.(15/I) : ~`mZ:_y{V~m H$m`m. ghm. H${_. XodWmZ{d^mJ IS>

CX`nwa Ed H$moQ>m ~O[a`o H${_eZ _w.H$mH$amobr.\$mBb g`m.1-4-64. lrmaH$mYre_pXa {XZmH$ 7&11&65 (15/J) lr_Xdb^ AZo lrh[aam`Or OrdZXeZ, ^mJ2, dMZm_V 20_w, n>146,149).

(16) AmO _moHw$ AnZo X`Ho$ CXJma H$hdo Xmo, _oamo X` Ob amo ho,
_pXaZ_| _m `gJhH$s d{m ~M JB ho; Amoa dmohr AZWZH$s OS> h.
Eogo _pXaZHo$ ApVdgy H$moB bm^ Zht h. h_mamo gXm` gm_w{hH$ Zht
d`pVH$ h. gmdH$m{bH$ VWm gmdXo{eH$ Ad` h naVw gmdO{ZH$ Zht.
""H$aV H$nm {ZO Xdr OrdZna'' `m CpV_| "{ZO' eXH$mo `moJ {H$`mo J`mo
h. XdrOrd H$ht ^r hmo gHo$ h naVw gmdO{ZH$ $ngy Zht. AmO h_
"nw{>'H$mo Zm_ bodoHo$ ^r A{YH$mar Zht h! ... AmOH$mo h_mamo OrdZ
MmdmH$-OrdZ hmo amo ho. `m h_, AmO Om H$maH$mo gXm` ho, dmHw$
{OdmZmo Mmh| h? `{X gMo gXm`Hw$ Mmhmo hmo Vmo d$ngodm Ka-Ka_|
nYamAmo Ed Zm_godmno ^ma aImo... ^pVH$s mpV dJh_| godm H$adogy hr
hmo`Jr. AmOHo$ BZ _pXaZgy H$moB bm^ Zht h, `m|{H$ BZ_| `gJhH$s
YmZVm Am J`r h; Amoa Ohm ` BH$>mo hmo` h dht AZW hmo Omdo h. AmO
gXm`H$mo {dH$V d$n `mHo$ H$maU hr h.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrH$UOrdZOr _hmamO, _w~B-_mg, "db^{dkmZ'AH$56df1965)

lrAmMm`MaUZo `oH$ ~g~Yr OrdHw$ Amkm Xr h ""Jho pWdm dY_V'' (^pVd{YZr) AWmV Jh_| ahHo$ dY_mMaU H$aZmo M{h`o. Jmodm_r
~mbH$ ^r AmMm` hmodoHo$ ~mdOyX dUd ^r h. AV AmMm`lrH$s CnamoV
AmkmHw$ nmbZmo CZH$mo ^r H$V` h... AV _oamo Vmo _mZZmo `hr h Ho$
AmMm`MaUHo$ {gmVHo$ AZwgma dUdZHw$ d`Ho$ Ka_| lrR>mHw$aOrH$s godm
H$aZr M{h`o Ama Y_JWZH$mo nR>Z-nmR>Z H$aZmo M{h`o. Zht Ho$ _pXaZ_|
OmHo$...Q>Q> Vmo nw{>_mJu` Um{bH$mgy gJV hmododmbr ~mV Zht h `wV
AnZr UmbrH$mo ^J H$adodmbr ~mV h.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrdOmYreOr _hmamO, X{hga-_w~B, H$-"db^{dkmZ'. AH$
5-6 df 1965, I-"ZdH$me' AH$ 8 df 8)
(18/H$)Ama O~ OZab npbH$ Q>Q> h V~ R>mHw$aOrHw$ Jmodm_rHo$
g~Ygy nWH$ H$aHo$, R>mHw$aOrHw$ g~ gn{m AnU H$aHo$, AWmV ^|Q> H$aHo$
[abr{OAg ES>m_oQ>Ho$ $n_| ^`o do Q>Q> h. Eogr AdWm_| BZ Q>Q>Zgy Omo
ZoJ-^moJ Mbm`mo Omdo h, dmo Xod`gy Mbm`mo Om amo h. Xod`H$mo
Cn^moJ H$aZodmbmo AV_| XodbH$ hr hmodo h. lr_XmMm`MaUZo ^wH$s gmoZoH$s
H$Q>moar {Jadr aIHo$ O~ ^moJ AamoJm`mo V~ AmnZo dm `gy g_{nV gmamoH$mo
gmamo gmX Jm`ZHw$ Idm {X`mo. `o h gmXm{`H$ {gmV. `m H$maHo$
AmXe$n {gmVZH$mo Om (gmdO{ZH$ _pXa-hdobrH$s) Wmgy {dZme
hmodo, AmMm`ZHw$ XodbH$ ~Zm`mo Om`, dm WmHw$ {OVZr erK gXm`gy hQ>m
Xr Om`, CVZmo hr lo` `m_| Jmodm{_g_mO VWm dUdg_mO H$mo {Z{hV h.
(18/I)^Jdgodm gXm`H$s Am_$n d{m h. AmMma godmH$mo AJ
h, godmHo$ AZwHy$b AmMmaH$mo nmbZ {H$`mo OmZmo M{h`o. AmMma-nmbZHw$
_wIVm XoHo$ ^JdgodmH$mo `mJ ^r C{MV Zht h. ^Jdgodm Ogo ^r ~Zo
(AnZo Ka_|) H$amo...JwKaZ_| _V ^oOmo...`{X h_ ^JdX`Hw$ noQ>_| S>mb|Jo
Vmo dmo AnamY h. JWZHo$ A``ZHo$ {V h_Hw$ g_mOHw$ AmH$> H$aZmo
M{h`o.
({Z.br.Jmo.lrXr{jVOr _hmamO, _w~B-{H$eZJT>, (18/H$)""AmMm`m}N>o-

(17/H$)h_ lrdb^mMm`OrH$s AmkmH$mo nmbZ H$hm H$a aho h|? AnZo

`hm Jhgodm H$hm (ah J`r) h? Ho$db _pXaZ_| XeZgy `m bm^ h?
lr_hm^wOrH$s Amkm h ""H$Ugodm gXm H$m`m'' . `{X lr_hm^wOr _pXaHw$ _w` _mZVo Vmo AnZr VrZ n[aH$_mZ_| AZoH$ _pXa Wm{nV H$a XoVo.
lrJwgmBOrZo lr{JaYaOrHw$ gmVd$nHo$ _ZmoaW H$aVo g_` `m H$maH$s
MoVmdZr Xr Wr. _pXaWmnZ H$aVo g_` CZHw$ S>a hVmo Ho$ Ka_|gy R>mHw$aOr
_pXa_| nYma Om`|Jo. _oao {nVmOrZo H$b (Cn`wV dMZ_|) Omo H$mo dmo
Ajae g` h. Vw_ AnZo KaZ_| R>mHw$aOrHw$ nYamAmo Ama godm H$amo.
(17/I) nw{>_mJu` Um{bH$mHo$ AZwgma Q>Q> hmoZmo C{MV Zht h.

XH$ Q>Q> Wmgo nwOmarnZH$s WmnZm Kmoa {gmVhm{Z Ed Kmoa d$n`w{V'' boI
"lrdb^{dkmZ' AH$ 5-6 df 1965_| H$m{eV dV`)

97

98

(19/H$)Ogo d$ngodm dmW~w{de Ama bm{H$H$ H$m` g_PHo$ Zht

H$adoH$s lr_hm^wOrH$s Amkm h, dgo hr Zm_godm ^r d`W Zht H$aZr
M{h`o, Eogr Amkm lr_hm^wOr {Z~Y_| H$a| h... d`W godm H$adogy
`dm`(Xmof) bJo h. Ogo JJm-O_wZm ObH$mo Cn`moJ JwXmjmbZmW Zht
{H$`mo Om gHo$ h, dgo hr godmH$mo Cn`moJ ^r d`W Zht H$aZmo M{h`o.
(19/I) VZ Ama {dm ^wHo${b`o dmn`m} Om` Vmo _Z ^r ^w_| Ad`
bJo hr h. AVEd lrdb^Zo CnXoe {H$`mo h Ho$ ""Vpg VZw{dmOm''.
_mZgr Omo nam h dmo {g H$aZr hmo` Vmo VZw{dmOm godm Amd`H$ h. VZ Ama
{dm H$ht EH$ bJm`mo Om` Vmo {Mm ^r dhm {XZ-amV b`mo ah gHo$ h.
XbmbrH$mo `dgm` H$adodmboHo$ `dgm`_| Ho$db VZgy l_ {H$`mo Omdo h
naVw dm_| {dm d`H$mo bJm`mo Zht Omdo h. AVEd ~OmaHo$ ^mdZH$s KQ>~T>_| XbmbHw$ V{ZH$ ^r _mZ{gH$ {MVm hmodo Zht h... H$moB ~MmH$mo {nVm
Ho$db Q>weZ \$s XoHo$ g_P bo h Ho$ ~Mm narjm_| nmg hmo hr Om`oJmo. BZ
VrZm|Hw$ \$bmpV hmodo Zht h `m|{H$ VZwOm-{dmOm XmoZm| Zht bJr. A~
VZw{dm XmoZm| bJmdodmboHo$ {MmdU hmodoH$mo CXmhaU XoI|:EH$ XwH$ZXma
XwH$mZ Ama _mb H$s IarXr_| nyOr bJmHo$ `mnma ew H$ao, gw~hgy amV VH$
dhm CnpWV ahHo$ O~ VZ ^r `mnma_| bJmdo h Vmo `m H$maUgy {XZamV dmHw$
`mnmaHo$ hr {dMma AmVo aho h:AN>r Vah `mnma H$go H$$H$go `mnma
~T>o... AV nw{>_mJ_| ^w_| AmgpV {g hmodoHo${b`o _Zmodkm{ZH$ {H$`m
g_Pm`r J`r h {H$ ^mdnydH$ ^VHw$ VZw{dmmam godm H$aZr M{h`o.
(ny.nm.Jmo. lrJmo{dXamOr hmamO nmoa~Xa : (19/H$) "gwYmYmam'
n.114. (19/I) "gwYm{~X' n.73 )

({Z.br.Jmodmr lraUN>moS>mMmOr Woe: ""hmar Ym{H$ pW{VH$m

dVmZ d$n Ed ^{dH$s dWmhoVw {VdoXZ'' ({XZmS>H$: 25&2&81)
n>. 12)
(21) `m|{H$ lrZmWOr d` dmHo$ ^moVm h {H$Vw dUd-dX VWm
godH$JU ^r dm _hmgmX bodo VH$Ho$ A{YH$mar Zht h. `h AmMm`MaUHo$
B{Vhmggy `j _mU^yV h. dmHo$ _hmgmX bodoH$mo Ho$db Jm`Hw$ hr
A{YH$ma h. A`Wm dm Xod`Ho$ Cn^moJ H$adogy {ZM` hr AYnVZ h...
g~ H$maHo$ XmZ-MT>mdm d dgyb dgybr H$adoH$mo CboI {H$`mo J`mo h, dmo
^r gXm`Ho$ {gmVgy {ZVmV {d h. AnZo gXm`H$s UmbrHo$
AZwgma Omo AnZo gXm`Ho$ godH$ h, CZH$mohr ` Jw-{e`Ho$ g~Ygy
boHo$ godm_| Cn`moJ H$am`mo Om gHo$ h. gXm`_| g~ H$maHo$ XmZ-MT>mdmZH$mo
Cn`moJ godm_| Zht {H$`mo Om` h; Amoa H$Xm{MV H$ht {H$`mo OmVmo hmo` Vmo dmo
gXm`Ho$ {Z`_Zgy {d hmodoHo$ H$maU ~X H$a XoZmoM{h`o.
(gV_JhmYre ny.nm.Jmo.lrKZ`m_bmbOr, H$m_dZ, ""lrZmWmam {R>H$mZoH$o ~YH$s {Xbr-`moOZmH$s AmbmoMZm, Vm.1-2-56'')

(20) db^V| o {gmVV: JbV h Amoa Eogo XodYmZZHo$ MT>mdmH$mo

gmX ^r Immo Zht Om gHo$ ho, m|{H$ dhm XodbH$d hr YmZ h. AmOHo$
wJHw$ XoIVo ^o Ohm mg H$aZmo AmdH$ h dhm CnwV {gmVZHw$
mZ| aI Ho$ hr mg H$aZmo AmdH$ h, Omgy XodbH$d{mgy ~Mmo Om
gHo$. {X Egr dWm Zht H$s JB Vmo Xod hmodoJmo, OmHo$ godZ H$adogy
AmMm n> H$h| h| {H$ ZH$nmV hmoJmo.

(22/H$) Z:"Xod`' H$m`Hw$ H$ho h? "Xod`'H$mo _Vb~, XodH$mo

`. Eogmo ` `m nXmW Omo XodHw$ hr CXXo` ~ZmHo$ AnU {H$`mo J`mo hmodo
dmHw$ "Xod`' H$ho h. `mhr H$ma JwHw$ CXXo` ~ZmHo$ AnU {H$`o J`o
`Hw$ "Jw`' H$mo Om` h.... _pXaZ_| R>mHw$aOrHo$ g_wI_| ^|Q> Yao
OmVo `Hw$ Ama Q>Q>H$s Am{\$g_| AmVo `Hw$ Vmo n> eXZ_| "Xod`'
H$mo Om gHo$ h; Ama dm `gy {g hmoVr gm_Jr_| ^JdgmXr hmodoHo$
~mX _hmgmXnZmo Vmo Amdo h naVw dmHo$ gmW dm_| Xod`nZmo ^r aho hr h.
`mhr H$maU dUdZHw$ Eogo _hmgmXHw$ Xod` g_PHo$ hr `dhma H$aZmo
M{h`o. Eogo _hmgmXHw$ bodo_| Xod`H$mo ~mY Vmo aho hr h.
(22/I) _pXaHo$ WbHo$ \o$a~XbHo$ ~mao_| lr Jmo.ny.108 lr~mbH$UbmbOrZo H$mo {H$ nw{>_mJ_| gmdO{ZH$ _pXaH$s nanam Zht h. `m_|
`pVJV d$n, {ZOr d$n, H$s hr ~mV h; Ama `mhr H$maU nw{>_mJ_|
godmH$ma Xodmb`Ho$ H$ma Ogmo Zht h. _pXaH$mo {Z_mU ^r Ka Ogmo hmodo

99

100

h. H$ht ^r dOm-{eIa Zht hmodo h. dUd ^r Ka_| hr godm H$ao h VWm

dmHw$ "_pXa' hr H$ho h...
({Z.br.Jmo.lr~mbH$UbmbOr _hmoX`, gwaV,(22/H$)"dUddmUr' AH$3,df
_mM 1983.(22/I)"JwOamV g_mMma' AH$ 25-5-93_| H$m{eV)
(23) ...~g~Y boHo$ godm H$adogy `oH$ Bp`ZH$mo ^JdmZ_| {d{Z`moJ
hmodo h... _pXa-JwKa Ho$db CnXoeJhU H$adoHo${b`o h. godm AnZHw$ AnZo
KaZ_| H$aZr h.
("db^{dkmZ'AH$ 5-6 df 1965)
(24) Z:AnZo gXm`_| _pXaHw$ "_pXa' Z H$hHo$ "hdobr' `m| H$mo Omdo

158 )

(25) lr_hm^wOrZo AbJ-AbJ _pXaZH$s Umbr IS>r Zht H$ar;

naVw `m_| OJXJw lrdb^mMm`H$s EH$ Xya{> hVr:`oH$ dUdH$mo Ka
ZXmb` ~ZZmo M{h`o... H$moB _pXaHo$ nS>mg_| EH$ ~hZ aho h. dmHw$ _pXaH$s
AmaVrHo$ KQ>mZmX gwZmB nS>o h. godm H$adoHw$ ~R>r ^B dmo ~hZ R>mHw$aOrHo$ d
~S>o H$aHo$ ZmZ H$amdo Om ahr hVr Eogo_| AmaVrHo$ KQ>mZmX gwZmB {X`o. dmo
R>mHw$aOrHw$ dht dmhr AdWm_| N>moS>Ho$ _pXaH$s Va\$ XmS> JB. WmoS>r XoaHo$
~mX bmQ>Ho$ Ka AmB. A~ {dMma H$amo {H$ `m Vahgy H$moB godm H$ao Vmo dm_|
AmZX H$^r Am gHo$ h `m? `hm Vmo `oH$ dUdH$mo Ka ZXmb` h.
(ny.nm.Jmo.gwlrBpXam ~oQ>rOr, dS>moXam "dUdn[adma' AH$ OyZ 90)

h?
Cma:gm_m`V`m BVa {hXw-gXm`_| "_pXa' eX Xodmb`Ho$ AW_|
`wV hmodo h naVw Eogo Xodmb`Ho$ $n_| _pXa Ogr gWmH$mo nw{>_mJ_|
ApVd hr Zht h. `m|{H$ nw{>_mJ_| AnZo _mWo Omo ^w nYam`o Omdo h do
^wd$n Ama CZH$s godm haoH$Hw$ `pVJV$n_| dmH$s ^mdZmHo$ AZwgma
nYam`o Omdo h. d`Ho$ lrR>mHw$aOrH$s godm nw{>_mJu` OrdH$mo EH$_m d`H$mo
H$V` ~Z OmVmo d`H$mo hr Y_mMaU h. nw{>_mJ_| godm gm_w{hH$ OrdZH$mo
{df` Zht naVw `pVJV OrdZH$mo {df` h. Oogo bmoH$_| nZr AWdm _mVm
H$mo n{V AWdm nw H$s godm `m dmg` XmZ H$adoH$mo dmH$mo `pVJV Y_
CmaXm{`d Ama A{YH$ma hmodo h dm hr Vah Om godH$Ho$ Omo go`d$n hmodo
h dm go`d$nH$s godm dmH$mo `pVJV Y_ Ama A{YH$ma hmodo h. godm
H$moB gmdO{ZH$ H$m` `m gmdO{ZH$ d{m Zht naVw godm Vmo d`Ho$
AmV[aH$ OrdZHo$ gmW g~Y aIdodmbr ~mV hmodogy d`Ho$ OrdZH$s
d`Ho$ Ka_| H$s Omdodmbr Y_$n d{m h... AV BVa hdobrZH$s Vah Ogo
"lrZmWOrH$mo _pXa' eX, $T> hmo J`mo hmodogy, `moJ {H$`mo Omdo h.
dVwV Vmo gm_w{hH$ XeZ `m godm Ohm H$s OmVr hmo Eogo A`_mJu`
gmdO{ZH$ XodWmZ Ogmo dmo _pXa Zht h.
(ny.nm.Jmo.lrdb^am`Or _hmamO, gwaV, "nw{>Zo erVb N>m`S>o' n.g.157101

(26) ""A{V YdmXmh ho {H$ AmnZo BVZr ohZV H$aHo$ gXmHo$

{gmVZH$y H$moQ> | gPmo''-""hmamo m| nyamo ghmoJ ahoJmo, VZZYZgo...hmao
g^r {M.~mbH$ m H$m| ghmoJ H$adoHw$ Vma h|''.
(ny.nm.Jmo.{M.lrh[aamOr(OmZJa)Ho$ {gmV{X> {nVMaU {Z.br.Jmo.lrdO^yfUbmbOr hmamO : Jmo.m ZmohaOr(nmbm-{H$eZJT>) Hw$ ^oOo {X.2610-86 Ama 7-11-86 Ho$ nZ|).

(27)
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or: Oam `mZgo gwZ| ... ""V A`_ AW. bm^nyOmW`-

Z` CnY_d-XodbH$dm{X'' n> gwZ|, ""gnmXH$dmV''... bm^-nyOmW

`Z H$aVm h Omo godm H$aHo$, O~ dmo bm^-nyOmW `Z H$aVm h Vmo dmo
CnY_ hdm; XodbH$d Am{X Omo Xmof h dmo Cg_| {d> hm|Jo. ...
Jmo.lr`m__ZmohaOr: AWmV `h Img `mZ_| aIZm {H$ {Og d$nH$s
^md{V>m H$s J`r hmo Cg d$nH$s ^r bm^ AWdm nyOm Ho${b`o `{X godm
H$s OmVr h Vmo godm H$aZmdmbm XodbH$(nmnr) ~Z ahm h...
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or: Ama CnY_d hmoVm h ... Ama `o {Z{f h. ...
Jmo.lr`m__ZmohaOr: Bg pW{V_| Jw AnZo bm^ AWdm nyOm Ho${b`o
102

{e`go Hw$N> ^r R>mHw$aOrHo${b`o _mJVm h Vmo dh ... em{Z{f hmoZogo ...

XmZ hmoZogo, Xod` hmoZogo Cn`moJ H$aZo `mo` Zht hmoVm h.
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or: hm. {~bHw$b. ... `o Vmo {~bHw$b n> h. ... "dd{mdmX'go ^r n> hmoVm h.
("nw{>{gmVMMmg^m {dVV {ddaU' n> 164, 193)
(28) Vmo EH$ hr ~mV H$hZr MmhJmo {H$ gmOHo$ ^rVa Ama AnZo
gXm`_| BVZmo A{YH$ {gmVdnar` hmo J`mo h {H$ JwOamVHo$ EH$
Jmd_|...AnZo gXm`Ho$ hr Xmo _pXa h Ama _pXaZH$s Xrdma ^r EH$ hr
h; naVw...BVZmo bmoH$m{Wd g_mO_| CnZ hmo J`m h... gdoamo hmoVo hr
M_mOrdmbo dUd ~mbH$UbmbH$mo Omo _odm hmodo h dmo M_mOr_| bo Omdo
h Ama ~mbH$UOrdmbo Omo dUd hmodo h dmo M_mOrH$mo Omo _odm Ama gmX
hmodo h dmHw$ ~mbH$UbmbOr_| bo Amdo h! Eogr O~aXV hm|gmVm|gr dUdg_mO_| nXm hmo JB h Ho$ _mZm| EH$-XygaoHo$ gJ nYm H$aVo hmod|. Eogmo B`mofH$mo dmVmdaU O~ godmHo$ jo_| CnZ hmo Omdo Vmo dmgy ~T>Ho$ bmoH$m{Wd
Amoa `m hmo gHo$ h! ... Eogo g^r {gmVdnar`H$s \$OrhV `{X gdm{YH$
H$ht hmoVr hmo` Vmo JwOamV_| hmodo h. ^mJdV_| ^r {b`mo h Ho$ ""JwOao OrUVm
JVm'' ^pV JwOamV_| AmHo$ ~yT>r hmo JB h. AYmZwH$aU ~T>m hmo Vmo dh
JwOamV_| ~T>m h. ... AV {gmVH$s g`{Z>m ... Ama lr_hm^wOrHo$
nw{>{gmVm| Ho$ gXOmJaUH$s H$ht Amd`H$Vm h Vmo... JwOamV_|.
(ny.nm.Jmo.lrw{_bHw$_maOr, gwaV, ""nw{>{gmVMMmg^m, {X.10-13OZdar,92. nmb}-_w~ B, {dVV{ddaU'' n.317-318)

(30) Z : AmO Mb aho Omo {S>`wQ> h dm_| {H$VZoH$ {gmV M{MV

hmo aho h Ogo {H$ Z`o _pXa Zht ImobZo, Q>Q> _pXa Zht ~ZmZo, R>mHw$aOrHo$
Zm_no ` Zht boZmo, R>mHw$aOrHo$ XeZ Zht H$amZo, VWm {~Zm g_Oo-gmoMo
H$moBHw$ ~g~Y Zht XoZmo. BZ g~ {df`_| AmnH$mo A{^_V `m h?
Cma : XoImo _pXaH$s Ohm VH$ pW{V h Vmo `o ~mV g` h Ho$ nw{>_mJu`
H$magw _pXa Vmo _m EH$ hr h; Amoa g~ KaH$s pW{V hVr. ...AmO _pXa
{OVZo h AWdm {OZ WmZZHw$ AnZ _pXa g_Po h dmo WmZ...dmHw$ AnZ
_`mXmnw{> _pXa H$h gHo$ h, nw{>_pXa Zht. nw{>H$mo H$ma Vmo _m Jhgodm_|
hr h.
("AmMm`lrdb^', AmJQ>1994, AH$5, nw{>_mJ-dV_mZ Z-Cma 4, n.7)
(31) lr_hm^wOr Amkm H$ao h Ho$ Xw{Z`m_| ^Q>H$Vo ahoVo AnZo _Z{Mm(Hw$ ) lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ g Omo{S>H$o {dZH$s VZw-{dmOm godm H$aZr. VZw{dmH$s
godm AWmV d` Cnm{OV AnZo YZgm|, AnZo hr Ka_| lrR>mHw$aOrH$s AnZo hr
earagm| godm H$aZr gmo.
(ny.nm.Jmo.{M.lrdmJreHw$_maOr, dS>moXam-H$mH$amobr, "db^r`MoVZm',
AmQ>m~o a15 2003, n.-4)

(29) nw{>_mJ JwV h, {XImdmHo${b`o Vmo h hr Zht, ^V Ama ^JdmZ

Ho$ ~rM AmV[aH$ g~Y T> H$adoH$mo _mJ h... XmoZm|Ho$ g~Y Eogo hmoZo M{h`o
{H$ H$moB VrgaoHw$ dmH$s OmZH$mar Z hmo nm`o. AnZmo AnZo ^JdmZHo$ gmW `m
g~Y h `mHw$ Xygao H$moB `pVHw$ OVmdoH$s Amd`H$Vm hr `m h? egm
nmdoHw$? d`H$s _hmm ~T>mdoHw$? `o Vmo g^r Hw$N> ~mYH$ h.
(ny.nm.Jmo.{M.lrmaHo$ebmbOr, A_aobr-H$mXrdbr, "nw{>ZdZrV' n.12)

(32) {Mm ^Jdo__| n[anyU hmoB Om`, nyUV: ^JdmZ_| b{J Om`,
V_` A VbrZ hmoB Om` h V~ namgodm hmoV h. `mH$m| _mZgr godm H$mo
Om` h. `mHo$ g _Zw`H$m| earagm| h godm H$aZr M{h`o. ... VZwOm godmgm|
earaH$s ew{ hmoV h. AhVm-AhnZ|H$mo Zme hmoV h. YZgm| H$ar OmVr godm
"{dmOm'godm h. dmgm| __Vm-_oamonoZ|H$mo Zme hmoV h. AhVm A __Vm
EH$-XygaoHo$ g OwS>o ^`o ahV h Vmgm| VZwOm A {dmOm godm EH$g H$aZr
M{h`o. `m_| YmZVm VZwOm godmH$s h. Ho$db YZ Xo Xodogm| godm hmoV Zmht h.
dmgm| Vmo ({Mm_|)amOgr d{m hmoV h.
(f>JhmYre ny.nm.Jmo.{M.lrmaHo$ebmbOr, dS>moXam, lr_X^JdrVm nw{>XeZ, n.125)

103

104

(33)AmO \o$[a dmo g_` Am`mo h. dmgm| h H${R>Z g_` Am`mo h. dm g_`
Vmo A`_mJu` bmoJ _VZHw$ VwV H$[aHo$ ^_ CnZ H$aV hVo. n[a AmO Vmo
AnZo gXm`Ho$ hr "gwkOZ' lr_hm^wOrH$s dmUrH$mo {dnarV AW H$[a aho
h, bmoJZHy$ nW^> H$[a aho h, XdrOrdZHo$ g Kmoa A`m` H$[a aho h. Vmgm|
hr A^r _hm^w lrdb^mYreHo$ deO nw{>_mJu` `wdm AmMm`ZZo EH$
"gdmXWmnH$_S>b'H$s WmnZm H$arHo$ _w~B_| ... Mma {Xdg n`V EH$
nw{>{gmV MMmg^mH$mo Am`moOZ {H$`mo hVmo. ... g^m_| 35 _hmZw^md
AmMm` CnpWV hVo. 28 Jmodm_r AmMm` _hmZw^mdZZo Jmo.lr`m_ _ZmohaOr _hmamlr ({H$eZJT>-nmbm)Ho$ "{gmVdMZmdbr'Ho$ ^mdmZwdmXHw$ gh_{V
XrZr hVr. ... ny.nm.Jmo.lrh[aam`Or dO^yfUbmbOr _hmamOlr Om_ZJadmaoZZo ny` Jmodm_r lr`m_ _ZmohaOr _hmamOlrHo$ g {dZZo H$ao ^mdmZwdmXHo$ _wXXmZno MMm ma^ H$sZr hVr. ... g_`Ho$ A^mdHo$ H$maU MMm
{ZU`no nhM Z gH$s. naVw dV_mZ(_|) {H$VZoH$ MMmnX, ge`mnX
_wXXmZH$s n>Vm `m MMm_| mV ^`r Omo dVwV: EH$ ~S>r {g{ h. BVZmo
hr Zht naVw ZrMo ~Vm`o _wXXmZHo$ {dbofU_| ny` lr`m_ _ZmohaOrHo$ g
gh_V hmo`Ho$ ny` lrh[aam`OrZo AnZo gXm`H$s Cm_ godm H$sZr h:
1. nw{>_mJu` go`d$n nyUnwfmom_ d$ngm| hr {~amOo h, do
d$n nmN>| Mmho JwHo$ go` hmod| Ho$ {e` (dUd)Ho$ go` hmod|.
XmoC(d$nZ)_|V| H$moC_| h nwfmom_nZm| `yZm{YH$ hmoV Zmht.
2. nw{>_mJu` {gmV AZwgma H$Ugodm H$[adoH$mo WmZ Jh hr hmoB
gH$V h, gmdO{ZH$ (Wb) Zmht.
3. nw{>_mJu` ^JdgodmHw$ YZH$s mpVH$mo gmYZ ~ZmZmo Zht M{h`o.
4. XodbH$ (=^JdgodmHw$ YZmpVH$mo gmYZ AWdm AmOr{dH$mH$mo
gmYZ ~Zm`dodmao) `pVH$s godm {Z{f H$jmH$s hmo`dogm| (dmo) godm
H$ado `mo` Zmht h.
5. lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ VmB H$mh H$maHo$ XmZ-^|Q> _mJZo AWdm drH$maZo
dmo emmam {Z{f h. BVZmo hr Zmht n[a bm^-nyOmHo$ hoVwgm| AnZo {b`o
` AWdm H$mh dVwH$mo drH$maZmo dmo emH$s {>_| F$UmZw~Yr
XmofH$m| CnZ H$[adodmamo hmo`dogm| ~YZH$mar h.
105

6. nw{>_mJHo$ {gmVmZwgma lrR>mHw$aOrHw$ {ZdoXZ H$ao nXmWZH$mo hr

g_nU hmoB gH$V h A g_{nV nXmWZH$mo hr ^JdX CpN>>$n_| gmX
boB gH$V h. lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ {b`o XmZ AWdm ^|Q> Ho$ $n_| Am`r ^`r
gm_JrHw$ gmXHo$ $n_| br Zht Om gHo$ h `m|Ho$ lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ {b`o XmZ
AWdm ^|Q> Ho$ $n_| mV ^`o nXmW (`)gm| Am`r gm_JrHw$ gmXHo$
$n_| nmN>r bodogm| "Xmmnhma'H$mo nmn bmJV h.
7. godm Vmo emH$mo {df` h. Vmgm| godmHo$ g~Y_| emgm|lr_hm^wOrHo$ JWZgm| hr gd {ZU` hmoB gH$V h, A` H$mh H$magm|
Zmht.
(""g`wVKmofUmn:A_XmdmX'', {_{V \$mJwZ gw{X7, lrdb^mX
514, {X.11 _mM 1992, XoI| : nw{>{gmVMMmg^m, g{jV{ddaU, 1993)
hVmja:
{Z.br.Jmo. lrdOam`Or-lrZQ>daJmonmbOr _hmamO (Ah_Xm~mX)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrdOoHw$_maOr _hmamO (Ah_Xm~mX)
M.nr.ny.nm.Jmo.lrXodH$sZXZOr (JmoHw$b)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrdOoeHw$_maOr _hmamO(Ah_Xm~mX-H$S>r)
ny.nm.Jmo.lramOoeHw$_maOr _hmamO(Ah_Xm~mX-H$S>r)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrdb^bmbOr _hmamO(Ah_Xm~mX-H$S>r)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrO`XodbmbOr (H$m_m-Ah_Xm~mX-dra_Jm_)
ny.nm.Jmo.lr_WwaoeOr (H$m_m-Ah_Xm~mX-dra_Jm_)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrH$h`mbmbOr (H$m_m-Ah_Xm~mX-dra_Jm_)
ny.nm.Jmo.lrh[aam`Or (H$m_m-Ah_Xm~mX-dra_Jm_)

(34) VZwOm godm Ama {dmOm godm EH$ hr `pV H$ao V~ H$ht OmH$a
dh _mZgrH$mo {g H$aVr h. Ho$db VZwOm H$abr `m Ho$db {dmOm H$abr Vmo
AhVm-__Vm Xya Zht hmoJr. ... H$go? _ AmnH$mo EH$ CXmhaU XoVm h. ...
Omo Kagodm H$aVo h CZHo${b`o Vmo H$mo Z Zht h. bo{H$Z `{X H$mo {dmOm godm
H$aoJm Vmo g_P brOr`o {H$ CgZo _pXa_| ^|Q> Xr. _ZmoaW {H$`m. CgH$s Amn
106

agrX b|J.o ... V~ Amn H$h|Jo ""_Zo godm {bIm`r h''. Amn H$hVo h ""_Zo godm
{bIm`r h'' V~ AhVm H$hm Xya h? A~ Amn _ohVmOrgo `m _mJmoJo ? ""`o
_oar agrX h, _oam gmX bmAmo''. Vmo XoIr`o, AhVm-__Vm_| h_ Ama ~Y J`o.
Vmo Eogr godm ggmaH$mo Xya Zht H$aoJr, ggma_| ~mYJo r. .... Ho$db `{X h_
{dmOm H$aVo h Vmo h_mao AhH$maH$mo ~T>mVo h. Ama AhVm Xya Z hmoJr, __Vm
Xya Z hmoJr Vmo _mZgr H$go {g hmoJr? `m|{H$ g^r ~YZH$m _yb AhVm__Vm hr h.
(ny.nm.Jmo.lrmaHo$ebmbOr _hmamO, H$m_dZ-gwaV, {gmV_wVmdbr dMZ, ^$M, OZdar 2005)
(35) ""A_o Vmo amOZm Imgm Idmg _wpV _Z Z Amdo ao'' dOm{YnH$m
godZ H$aZodmbo h_ _wpV Zht _mJVo h. {\$a ^r nw{>_mJu dUd ^mJdV
gVmh ~R>mH$a AnZo {nVAm|H$mo _mojHo$ _mJna ^oOVo h! {nV_mojmW ^mJdV
gVmh! H$mo EH$gmo AmR>! H$mo EH$ hOma AmR>! ...AnZo {nV Vmo JmobmoH$_|
OmVo h! CZH$mo dm{ng _moj_| `m| ^oOVo hmo? ...^mJdV gVmh nyar hmo
OmZoHo$ ~mX _mbm nhoam_Ur (gmam>H$s EH$ dUd nanam)H$s OmVr h Ama
H$hVo h {H$ A~ JmobmoH$ Ym_ ...A~ JmobmoH$ Ym__| ^oOZm h! _Vb~ `h
hdm {H$ {nVAm|H$mo `hm go dhm {g\$ YHo$ {h {IbdmZo h! h_mam H$moB `o`
hr {ZpMV Zht h!! h_Zo lr_hm^wOrHo$ JWm|H$mo Imobm Zht h CgH$m `h
Xwn[aUm_ h {H$ {Ogo h_mao nydOm|H$mo ^wJVZm nS> ahm h.
(ny.nm.Jmo.{M.lrnwfmom_bmbOr, OwZmJT>, lr`_wZm>H$ dMZ, amOH$moQ>, 06)
(36) ...Ohm VH$ {gmVHo$ {ZpMV d$n `m `m`m H$m Z h, h_
g^r Y_mMm`, h_mao gXm`Ho$ dVH$ _hm^w lrdb^mMm` VWm nadVu
A` ^r _m` g^r `m`mH$mam|Ho$ gXoha{hV {dYmZm|Ho$ AmYmana, `h
n>V_ eXmo_| Kmo{fV H$aVo h {H$ h_mao Ym{_H$ {gmV Ed nanamAm| Ho$
AZwgma ^Jdgodm, godmWb, godmon`mo{Jgn{m, godmH$Vm (CnXoeH$ `m
AZw`m`r) Ed go` ^Jdd$n H$m {ZOr AWdm nm[adm[aH$ hmoZm EH$
AZwb` Ym{_H$ A{Zdm`Vm h. AV BZ_|go {H$grH$mo ^r gmdO{ZH$ ~ZmZm
gdWm Y_{d hmoZogo EH$ Kmoa Ym{_H$ AnamY h.
107

...dmb^ gXm`Ho$ {gmVHo$ AZwgma {ZOKa_| {ZOYZH$mo VWm {ZO

n[admaOZm|H$mo ^Jdd$nH$s godm_| Cn`moJ_| bmZm hr AmamYZmH$m dmV{dH$ d$n h. ...AV {ZOKa_| {ZOYZHo$ {d{Z`moJ mam VWm {ZOn[admaHo$
OZm|Ho$ gh`moJ {~Zm H$s OmVr AmamYZm, dmb^ gXm`H$s AmamYZmH$s
n[a^mfmHo$ AZwgma, AmamYZm hr Zht h. Eogr pW{V_| h_mao Kam|_| AmVr
OZVmmam h_mao go` ^Jdd$nHo$ XeZ H$aZm `m ^|Q> MT>mZm Am{X AmMaU
AmamYZmHo$ AVJV _m` {H$`mH$bmn Zht h.
...`{X {ZO Ka_| Z {H$`m OmVm hmo Vmo Eogo ^JdOZH$mo nwpQ>_mJu`
n[a^mfm_| ^JdOZ hr Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h. nwpQ>_mJ_| {ZOKa_| ahH$a
^JdOZ H$aZoHo$ H$maHo$ Abmdm A` H$moB H$ma ^JdOZH$m hhrZht.
...^|Q> Yao hE YZgo ^moJ Yar hB gm_JrH$m gmXdoZ JhU h_mao `hm
gdWm d{OV h. ...gmdO{ZH$ _{Xa_| XeZmWu OZVmHo$ {V{Z{YHo$ $n_|
godm H$aZoH$s {H$`mH$mo Z Vmo dmb^ gXm`_| AdH$me h Ama Z dgm
AmMaU {gmVV egZr` hr h. ^JdgodmH$m AZw>mZ Z Vmo ZmH$ar Ama
Z YYm Ho$ $n_| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h.
...lr_hm^w g^r nwpQ>_mJu`m|H$mo gmpVH$ {ZR>m dY_mZwgaUH$m gm_`
VWm nman[aH$ gm_Z` XmZ H$a|. ... g^r nwpQ>_mJu`Ho$ {ZOKam|_| {~amO_mZ go`d$n gdXm {ZOr hr ah|, H$^r gmdO{ZH$ Z ~Z Om`|. ""~w{oaH$ H$U` nmXn grXVw''.
hVmja H$Vm:

Jmo. eaX A{ZOr (_mS>dr-hmbmob)

Jmo. {H$emoaM (_mS>dr-OwZmJT>)
Jmo. AO`Hw$_ma `m_gwXaOr (_mg)
Jmo. _Z_mohZ (_w~)
Jmo. `m_gwXa _wabrYaOr (~moardbr)
Jmo. h[aam` H$UOrdZOr (_w~)
{Z.br.Jmo.lrH$UMOr lrH$UOrdZOr (_w~)
Jmo. db^bmb lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$S>r-A_XmdmX)
108

Jmo. h[aam` lrJmoqdXam`Or (nmoa~Xa)

{Z.br.Jmo.lrdOmYrfOr lrH$UOrdZOr (X{hga)
Jmo. dOoeHw$_ma lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$S>r-A_XmdmX)
{Z.br.Jmo.lrH$UHw$_ma lra_UbmbOr (H$mXrdbr-H$m_dZ)
Jmo. amOoeHw$_maOr lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$S>r-A_XmdmX)
Jmo. {dO`Hw$_maOr lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$S>r-A_XmdmX)
Jmo. `moJoda _WwaodaOr (dS>moXam-gwaV)
Jmo. aKwZmWbmb lra_UbmbOr (H$m_dZ-JmoHw$b-nmbm)
Jmo. XodH$sZXZmMm` (JmoHw$b-A_XmdmX)
Jmo. ZdZrVbmb lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$m_dZ-^mdZJa)
Jmo. _wabr_Zmoha lrdOmYreOr (X{hga)
{Z.br.Jmo.lr_mYdam`Or lrJmoHw$bZmWOr (_w~B-Zm{gH$)
Jmo. a_oeHw$_ma lrJmonrZmWOr (_wbwS>-Zm{gH$)
Jmo. H$`mUam` (H$h`m~mdm) (dra_Jm_-A_XmdmX)
Jmo. `moJoeHw$_ma (_w~B)
Jmo. dO{` _wabrYaOr (~moardbr)
Jmo. ZraOHw$_ma lr_mYdam`Or (_w~B-Zm{gH$)
Jmo. eaXHw$_ma (erby~mdm) lr_wabrYaOr (nmoa~Xa)
Jmo. MJmonmb (MXw~mdm) lr_wabrYaOr (nmoa~Xa)
{Z.br.Jmo.lrZ`JmonmbOr lrH$UOrdZOr (_w~B)
nmam g_{V:
{Z.br.Jmo.lr~mbH$UbmbOr lrJmoqdXam`Or (gwaV)
{Z.br.Jmo.lrdO^yfUbmbOr _hmamO (Om_ZJa)
nM_nrR>mYrda {Z.br.Jmo.lr{J[aYabmbOr (H$m_dZ-db^{dmZJa)
{Z.br.Jmo.lrJmoqdXbmbOr (H$moQ>m)
Jmo.lrA{ZbmbOr lrmaHo$ebmbOr (_mS>dr-hmbmob)
109

Jmo.lr_YwgyXZOr lrH$UMOr (MoZB)

Jmo.lrdO^yfUbmbOr (Om_ZJa)
Jmo.lr{dQ>R>bZmWOr lrdO^yfUbmbOr (MmnmgoZr-OyZmJT>-Om_ZJa)
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or lrdO^yfUbmbOr (Om_ZJa)
Jmo.lrdOaZOr lrdO^yfUbmbOr (ZS>r`mX-Om_ZJa)
Jmo.lrZdZrVbmbOr lrdO^yfUbmbOr (OyZmJT>-Om_ZJa)
Jmo.lr~mbH$UOr lrdO^yfUbmbOr (OoVnwa-Om_ZJa)
( ""_hm^w lr_X d b^mMm` d e O Jmo dm_rAm| H $m g ` w VKmofUmn'' 1986. nw{>{gmVMMmg^m g{jV {ddaU, n> 49-78)

110

""`y[V$ A[dsp''
(Np_)
Ad Ahp f Ad Ahp f hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f
r_W$p\u hgc_u hpZu A_ykfsp
Ad_ brldyM
L$lp R>p sp shp f,
Ad Ahp f Ad Ahp f
hmu buSy> S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (1)
dhp dmhhp cy_ _\u khsp
dhp\u L$fhu cykh p f
Ad Ahp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (2)
hpX$uApdp c[s_p chpX$p NpW$hu_
L$Zrh$e_p O_ _\u ghp f,
_\u ghp f _\u ghp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (3)
gdu_p _p\_p _pd cuM dpNu
_\u L$fhp d_pf\p Ahp f,
Ad_ Ahp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (4)
v$h_y R> e s kpv$ _\u gsp
S>Ap gsp lpe s hZhp L$hp f!
sAp L$hp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (5)
111

112

&&lrh[a&&
nwpQ>{gmV-MMmg^mH$m g{jV dm

cpNhs\u cX$pm cNy L$fhp

hX$ugp sp _\u OyO Ly $pfu S>hp f
sAp L$hp f sd L$hp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (6)

*Am`moOH$_S>b*

_pZpL$ue cphp bpep khp kpdNu_p

`y[V$cy_ _\u ep ghp v$hp f.
ghp v$hp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (7)
N|Y$ fkcph$` Ofdp S> ke (cy)
_\u lf L$fhp S>hp f
s sp Ahp f s sp Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$fp shp f. (8)
`psp_p s_\u _ `psp_p ^_\u
Ofdp L$fhu R> L$Zkhp f,
L$Zkhp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (9)
hgc_u hpZu `y[V$hp L$d hukf,
Ad_ `X$ep _\u Ahp L$pB lhp f,
S>hp shp f Ad Ahp f
hmu sd S> L$pB L$lp shp f. (10)
""AL$ `y[V$dpN}''

113

1 Jmo. lrdO{`Or _wabrYaOr (_w~B)

2 Jmo.lrZraOHw$_maOr _mYdam`Or (_w~B)
3 Jmo.{M.lr_ZmoOHw$_maOr Z`JmonmbOr (_w~B)
4 Jmo.{M.lr`moJoe aKwZmWbmbOr (_w~B)
5 Jmo.{M.lreaX A{ZbmbOr (_mS>dr-hmbmob-_w~B)
6 Jmo.{M.lrnH$O {M_ZbmbOr (_mS>dr-JmoHw$b)
7 Jmo.{M.lrnr`yf {H$emoaMOr (_mS>dr-OyZmJT>-_w~B)
8 Jmo.{M.lrJmonoeHw$_maOr _wabr_ZmohaOr (_w~B)
9 Jmo.{M.lr^yfU {M_ZbmbOr (_mS>dr-JmoHw$b)
10Jmo.{M.lr{d>b XodH$sZXZmMm`Or (JmoHw$b-Ah_Xm~mX)
11Jmo.{M.lr.{_bZHw$_maOr bmb_{UOr (OVrnwam-H$moQ>m-_w~B)
12Jmo.{M.lreaXHw$_maOr bmb_{UOr (OVrnwam-H$moQ>m-_w~B)
mam gXm`Ho$ mUmon_ Ama {ddmXJV _wmZHo$ D$na; Vm.10-1112-13 Om`wAmar-92 Ho$ {XZmo_| {ddH$_m~mJ, ~OmOamoS>, {dbonmbm (npM_),
_w~B-57, Wb_| Am`mo{OV MMmg^m_| A{Ve` AmXm` dY_-{ZR>m VWm
{Z^uH$-gmhg go CnpWV ahoHo$ MMmg^mH$s emo^m_| A{^d{ H$aZodmbo
CnpWV AmXaUr` Jmodm_r _hmZw^mdm| Ama emrOr H$s Zm_mdbr-
1 Jmo.lrCm_bmoH$Or Xr{jVOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B)
2 Jmo.lrH$`mUam`Or Jmo{dXam`Or (nwZm-gwaV)
3 Jmo.{M.lrH$h`mbmbOr MJmonmbOr ({da_Jm_-Ah_Xm~mX)
4 Jmo.lr{H$emoaMOr nwfmom_bmbOr (OyZmJT>-_w~B)
5 Jmo.lrH$UMOr H$UOrdZOr (_w~B)
6 Jmo.{M.lrH$UH$mVOr H$UMOr (_w~B-CX`nwa)
114

7 Jmo.lrH$UHw$_maOr a_UbmbOr (_w~B)

8 Jmo.lrJmo.{M.lrJmo{nH$mbH$maOr db^bmbOr (amOH$moQ>)
9 Jmo.lrJmo{dXam`Or aUN>moS>bmbOr (nmoa~Xa)
10 Jmo.{M.lrMJmonmbOr _YwgwXZbmbOr (dS>moXam)
11 Jmo.lr{bmoH$s^yfUOr {H$_am`Or (H$bH$mm)
12 Jmo.{M.lrXodH$sZXZmMm`Or JmoH$w bZmWOr (JmoH$w b- Ah_Xm~mX)
13 Jmo.{M.lrw{_bHw$_maOr _WwaodaOr (dS>moXam)
14 Jmo.{M.lrm[aHo$eOr dOOrdZOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
15 Jmo.{M.lrnwfmom_Or dOOrdZOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
16 Jmo.{M.lremVHw$_maOr amOHw$_maOr (_w~B)
17 Jmo.lr~mbH$UOr Jmo{dXam`Or (gwaV)
18 Jmo.{M.lr_WwaodaOr _YwgyXZOr (dS>moXam)
19 Jmo.{M.lr_YwgyXZOr H$UMOr (_mg)
20 Jmo.lraKwZmWbmbOr a_UbmbOr (_w~B-JmoHw$b)
21 Jmo.{M.lraKwZmWOr a_oeMOr (_w~B)
22 Jmo.lra{gH$am`Or maHo$ebmbOr (_Wwam-nma~Xa)
23 Jmo.lramOoeHw$_maOr Jmo{dXam`Or (H$S>r-Ah_Xm~mX)
24 Jmo.lrdb^am`Or Jmo{dXam`Or (gwaV)
25 Jmo.{M.lrdb^bmbOr {J[aYabmbOr (H$m_dZ-{dmZJa)
26 Jmo.{M.lrdb^bmbOr XodH$sZXZmMm`Or (JmoHw$bAh_Xm~mX)
27 Jmo.lr{dO`Hw$_maOr Jmo{dXam`Or (Jm|S>b-H$S>r)
28Jmo.lr{d>bZmW-bmb_{U-Or aUN>moS>bmbOr (O{Vnwam-H$moQ>m_w~ B)
29 Jmo.lrdOOrdZOr nwfmom_bmbOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
30 Jmo.{M.lrdOoeHw$_maOr KZ`m_bmbOr (amOH$moQ>-H$m_dZ)
31 Jmo.{M.lrdOoeHw$_maOr MJmonmbOr (dra_Jm_-Ah_Xm~mX)
115

32
33
34
35
1
2
3
4

Jmo.lreaXHw$_ma-lrerbw~mdmOr _wabrYaOr (doamdb-nmoa~Xa)

Jmo.lr`m_ _Zmoha Xr{jVOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B)
Jmo.lr`m_gwXaOr _wabrYaOr (_w~B)
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or dO^yfUbmbOr (Om_ZJa).

lrO`db^emrOr (_w~B)
lr{ZaOZemrOr (C_aoR>-_w~B)
lrdgVemrOr (_Wwam)
lrdOoeemrOr (_hogmUm-drgZJa)

Jmodm_r `m__ZmohaOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B) mam VwV {gmVdMZmdbr

Ho$ {bE g_rjmW Vm{dV ^mdmZwdmXHo$ {bE AnZr gh_{V XemZodmbo
_hmZw^mdZH$s Zm_mdbr-

1 Jmo.lrA{ZbmbOr maHo$ebmbOr* (_mS>dr-hmbmob)

2 Jmo.{M.lrH$h`mbmbOr MJmonmbOr ({da_Jm_-Ah_Xm~mX)
3 Jmo.lr{H$emoaMOr nwfmom_bmbOr+ (OyZmJT>-_w~B)
4 Jmo.{M.lrH$UH$mVOr H$UMOr (_w~B-CX`nwa)
5 Jmo.lrH$UHw$_maOr a_UbmbOr (_w~B-H$m_dZ)
6 Jmo.lr{J[aYabmbOr Jmo{dXam`Or** (H$m_dZ-{dmZJa)
7 Jmo.{M.lrJmo{nH$mbH$maOr db^bmbOr (amOH$moQ>)
8 Jmo.{M.lrXodH$sZXZmMm`Or JmoHw$bZmWOr (JmoHw$b-Ah_Xm~mX)
9 Jmo.{M.lrw{_bHw$_maOr _WwaodaOr (dS>moXam)
10 Jmo.lrmaHo$ebmbOr Jmo{dXam`Or** (H$m_dZ-gwaV)
11 Jmo.lrZdZrVbmbOr Jmo{dXam`Or** (H$m_dZ-^mdZJa)
12 Jmo.lr_WwaodaOr MJmonmbOr* (dra_Jm_-Ah_Xm~mX)
13 Jmo.lr_mYdam`Or _wabrYaOr* (doamdb)
14 Jmo.lraKwZmWbmbOr a_UbmbOr (_w~B-JmoHw$b)
116

15 Jmo.{M.lraKwZmWOr a_oeMOr (_w~B)

16 Jmo.{M.lradrHw$_maOr Xm_moXabmbOr (_mS>dr-amOH$moQ>)
17 Jmo.lra{gH$am`Or maHo$ebmbOr (_Wwam-nmoa~Xa)
18 Jmo.lramOoeHw$_maOr Jmo{dXam`Or (H$S>r-Ah_Xm~mX)
19 Jmo.{M.lrdb^bmbOr {J[aYabmbOr (H$m_dZ-{dmZJa)
20 Jmo.lrdb^bmbOr Jmo{dXam`Or (H$S>r-Ah_Xm~mX)
21 Jmo.lrdb^bmbOr XodH$sZXZmMm`Or (JmoHw$b-Ah_XmdmX)
22 Jmo.lr{dO`Hw$_maOr Jmo{dXam`Or (Jm|S>b-H$S>r)
23 Jmo.lr{d>bZmW-bmb_{U-Or aUN>moS>bmbOr (O{Vnwam-H$moQ>m_w~ B)
24 Jmo.lrdOam`Or aUN>moS>bmbOr* (Ah_XmdmX)
25 Jmo.lrdOoeHw$_maOr Jmo{dXam`Or* (Ah_XmdmX-H$S>r)
26 Jmo.lrdOoeHw$_maOr MJmonmbOr (dra_Jm_-Ah_XmdmX)
27 Jmo.lreaXHw$_ma-erbw~mdm-Or _wabrYaOr (doamdb-nmoa~Xa)
20 Jmo.lr`m_gwXaOr _wabrYaOr (_w~B)
1 lrZdZrV{`emrOr* (Z{S>`mX)
2 lrdgVemrOr (_Wwam)
3 lrdOoeemrOr (_hogmUm-drgZJa)
Jmodm_r `m__ZmohaOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B) mam VwV {gmVdMZmdbr
Ho$ {bE Ama CgHo$ g_rjmW Vm{dV ^mdmZwdmXHo$ {bE AnZr Agh_{V
XemZdo mbo _hmZw^mdZH$s Zm_mdbr-

1
2
3
4

Jmo.lrJmonmbbmbOr nwfmom_bmbOr* (H$moQ>m)

Jmo.{M.lr_WwaodaOr _YwgyXZOr (dS>moXam)
Jmo.lrdb^bmbOr Jmo{dXam`Or (gwaV)
Jmo.lr{dZ`Hw$_maOr JmonmbbmbOr* (H$moQ>m)
117

5
6
7
8

Jmo.lrdOaZbmbOr d|H$Q>oeOr* (gwaV)

Jmo.lrdOa_UbmbOr Xm_moXabmbOr* (_Wwam)
Jmo.lreaXHw$_maOr JmonmbbmbOr* (H$moQ>m)
Jmo.lrh[aam`Or dO^yfUbmbOr (Om_ZJa).

Jmodm_r `m__ZmohaOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B)mam VwV {gmVdMZmdbr

Ho$ {bE Ama CgHo$ g_rjmW Vm{dV ^mdmZwdmXHo$ {bE g^m_| _mZ aIZodmbo
_hmZw^mdZH$s Zm_mdbr-

1 Jmo.lrCm_bmoH$Or Xr{jVOr ({H$eZJT>-_w~B)

2 Jmo.lrH$`mUam`Or Jmo{dXam`Or (nyZm-gwaV)
3 Jmo.lrH$UMOr H$UOrdZOr (_w~B)
4 Jmo.lrJmo{dXam`Or aUN>moS>bmbOr (nmoa~Xa)
5 Jmo.{M.lrMJmonmbOr _YwgyXZbmbOr (dS>moXam)
6 Jmo.lr{bmoH$s^yfUOr {H$_am`Or (H$moQ>m-H$bH$mm)
7 Jmo.{M.lrmaHo$ebmbOr dOOrdZOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
8 Jmo.lrnwfmomOr dOOrdZOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
9 Jmo.{M.lremVHw$_maOr amOHw$_maOr (_w~B)
10 Jmo.lr~mbH$UOr Jmo{dXam`Or (gwaV)
11 Jmo.lrdOOrdZOr nwfmom_bmbOr (A_aobr-_w~B)
12 Jmo.{M.lrdOoeHw$_maOr KZ`m_bmbOr (amOH$moQ>-H$m_dZ)
1 lrO`db^emrOr (_w~B)
2 lr{ZaOZemrOr (C_aoR>-_w~B)
(gdmXWmnH$-_S>bHo$ gmO`go).

(*) nmam mV.

118

(**) h_mao {dMmago BZ dMZZH$mo Omo AZwdmX lr`m__ZmohaOrZo {H$`mo

ho dh ghr h Ed `m AZwdmXgy Ohm H$ht `pVJV CboIH$s JY ho dm
WbHy$ N>moS>Ho$, h_ gh_V h.

119

120