DONG HOI URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

D N PHT TRIN TH NG HI

COOPERATION SWITZERLAND-VIETNAM
HP TC VIT NAM-THY S

TRUNG TM PH BIN KIN THC

D N PTTH

7. Qun l d n

Thng 11 nm 2003

Da theo ti liu ca trng i hc Qun l Henley

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

QUN L D N
Tt c chng ta u phi qun l d n. Vic la chn mua mt
chic xe my hoc xy dng mt cn nh ring u l nhng v
d v d n. ng nhin, trong lnh vc chuyn mn ca bn, c
nhiu d n phc tp hn lin quan n nhng thay i, xy dng
c s h tng hoc o to.
Trong ti liu ny, bn s tm hiu v chuyn : Th no l mt d
n, lm th no qun l cc loi d n khc nhau v lm sao
qun l thnh cng cc d n.

1.

D n l g?
C th nh ngha D n nh sau: "D n l mt qu trnh
mang c th ring bao gm mt lot cc hot ng c
phi hp v kim sot, c nh ngy khi u v kt thc,
c thc hin vi nhng hn ch v thi gian, chi ph v
ngun lc nhm t c mc tiu ph hp vi nhng yu
cu c th".
nh ngha ny th hin hai c im ch yu:

Nhim v c tnh c th ring

Phi p ng nhng yu cu c th.

Do vy:

D n mang nhng yu t khng chc chn v ri ro

D n ch tn ti trong mt thi gian nht nh

D n yu cu c s kt hp nhiu ngun lc a dng.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

D n cn c nhng c im khc nh:

Mt d n c bit c th l mt phn ca mt d n ln

Trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin, cc mc tiu v c

im kt qu mt s d n s c xc nh li.

Kt qu ca d n c th l mt sn phm hoc mt s
n v ca sn phm.

B my t chc ch l tm thi v c thnh lp trong

thi gian thc hin d n

S tng tc gia cc hot ng d n c th phc tp.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi giai on 3 bt u t ngy

1 thng 7 nm 2003 v s kt thc vo ngy 30 thng 6 nm
2006 vi quy m v ngun lc c xc nh.

2.

Cc loi D n
D n c phn loi nh sau:

D n loi 1: mc tiu v phng php thc hin t

c nhng mc tiu c xc nh r rng

D n loi 2: mc tiu c xc nh r, nhng phng

php t c mc tiu cha c xc nh c th

D n loi 3: mc tiu cha xc nh r, nhng phng

php t c mc tiu th c th, r rng

D n loi 4: c mc tiu ln phng php t c

mc tiu u khng c xc nh r rng.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

Khng
C

Phng php thc hin c

xc inh r

Cc loi tiu-d n ca D n PTTH giai on 3:

Nhiu kh nng
tht bi
Loi 2: Thu
Qun l Rc thi rn
H tr khu vc t nhn

Loi 4: Kh
Ci cch Hnh chnh
cng
Chin lc Pht trin
thnh ph

Type 1: Th
Xy bi rc
Quy hoch th
Bo tr h thng thot nc

Type 3: Ho
Pht trin Cng ng
o to

Khng

Mc tiu D n xc nh r
Nhiu kh nng
thnh cng

3.

Vng i ca D n
V c thi gian khi u v kt thc nn d n c mt vng
i. Vng i ca D n bao gm nhiu giai on pht trin
t tng n vic trin khai nhm t c kt qu ca D
n. Trong vng i ny, cng tc qun l ch trng vo
phng thc kim sot nhm gim thiu nhng ngun lc v
tin ca dnh cho nhng mc tiu khng chc chn.
Khi nim vng i xut pht t ba quan im sau:

D n c thi gian khi u v kt thc

D n gii quyt mt vn hoc nhm t ti mt nhu

cu v t chc

Qu trnh qun l c thc hin song song vi vng i.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

Hu ht cc d n pht trin s dng vng i bn giai on:

Giai on
Hnh thnh

Tn gi
n v
khi xng

Pht trin

Thit k v
nh gi

Trng
thnh

Thc hin v
qun l

Kt thc

Hon cng v
kt thc

Nhng mc tiu qun l

Quy m v mc tiu
Tnh kh thi
c tnh ban u +/- 30%
nh gi cc kh nng
Quyt nh trin khai hay
khng
Xy dng D n
K hoch thc hin v
phn b ngun lc
D ton +/- 10%
K hoch ban u
Ph duyt
Gio dc v thng tin
Qui hoch chi tit v thit
k
Khng ch mc +/- 5%
B tr cng vic
Theo di tin trnh
Qun l v phc hi
Hon thnh cng vic
S dng kt qu
t c cc mc ch
Gii th nhn vin
Kim ton v xem xt

Ngn Hng Th gii s dng vng i mt cch c th hn:

1. Xc nh cc ni dung ca d n
2. Chun b d liu
3. nh gi d liu v la chn gii php cho d n
4. m phn v huy ng thnh lp t chc d n
5. Trin khai bao gm thit k chi tit v xy dng d n
6. Thc hin D n
7. nh gi tng kt sau d n

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

4.

Ni dung qun l D n
By yu t nh hng n qun l d n:
Hai yu t do tc ng bn ngoi:
1. Ngun ti tr v chng trnh: ngun ti chnh do nh ti
tr v ch d n cung cp, kt qu mong i v thi gian
"hon " vn.
2. nh hng bn ngoi nh tc ng v chnh tr, kinh t,
x hi, php l, mi trng.
Hai yu t pht sinh t chin lc ca d n:
3. Thi : th hin tm quan trng ca d n v s h tr
ca cc bn lin quan.
4. Xc nh: d n cn xc nh r phi lm g, phng php
tip cn thit k d n v chin lc thc hin.
Ba yu t xut pht t bn trong t chc d n
5. Con ngi: s qun l v lnh o
6. H thng: k hoch, ch bo co v kim sot o
lng tin ca d n
7. T chc: vai tr, trch nhim v quan h gia cc bn
tham gia.

5.

Nhng tr ngi trong Qun l D n

Mt s d n thng gp phi nhng tr ngi sau:

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

Tr ngi khi hnh thnh D n:

K hoch ca d n khng khp vi k hoch ca ch u

t

Th tc qun l khng c xc lp

Th t u tin khng c thng bo n cc bn lin

quan

Khng c tm nhn chung.

Tr ngi khi lp k hoch:

S dng cc cng c qu phc tp, nh phn mm, chin

lc v k hoch phc tp

Khng khuyn khch sng to

D tnh v ngun lc khng thc t

Tr ngi trong t chc v thc hin:

Thiu hp tc trong ni b d n

Thiu ph hp vn ho v km chia s thng tin

Ngun lc khng c sn khi cn thit

Khng th kim tra bit kh nng a phng c p

ng yu cu ca vic thc thi d n hay khng

Trch nhim qun l khng xc nh hoc khng r rng

Tr ngi trong kim sot:

Khng hiu mc ch ca kim sot

Khng theo di tin theo k hoch

Cc cuc hp nh gi khng hiu qu

Trch nhim khng i km vi quyn hn.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

6.

Nhng nguyn tc Qun l D n hiu qu

vn dng tt by yu t v trnh tr ngi, phng php
qun l d n cn da theo cc nguyn tc sau y:

Qun l thng qua chia tch cu trc nhm xc nh v

kim sot quy m, trnh nhng thay i v ri ro. Cu trc
chia tch l trng tm ca qun l d n v cch ny cho
php vic sp xp, b tr mt ngi hoc mt nhm cng
tc chu trch nhim thc hin mt cng on ca cng
vic mt trnh nht nh. Vic lp k hoch v h
thng kim sot da trn nguyn tc ny.

Ch trng vo kt qu quan trng hn ch trng vo

cng vic. Chng ta lp k hoch d n t nhng kt
qu m chng ta mong mun hn l ln k hoch nhng
cng vic s tin hnh thc hin. N gip cho vic kim
sot quy m c tt hn v chng ta ch tin hnh nhng
cng vic s mang li nhng kt qu m chng ta cn t
c.

Cn bng cc kt qu phi t c thng qua k hoch

chin lc m bo rng kt qu thu c ph hp vi
mc tiu ca d n. Thng thng, i ng cn b d n
ch c th ch trng vo mt lnh vc ca kt qu, v nh
ch ch n kha cnh k thut m khng ch n
nhng lnh vc quan trng hn nh pht trin t chc v
o to.

S dng cu trc bo co n gin v r rng: K

hoch cng phi r rng v n gin mi ngi c th
bit c h s ng gp nhng g. K hoch phc tp s
gy ra ri ren. Bn cn s dng mt cu trc bo co n
gin v khng cn n phn mm phc tp.
D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

7.

Cc chc nng qun l D n

Qun l d n bao gm nm chc nng: quy m, t chc,
cht lng, chi ph v thi gian.
Qun l Quy m
Qun l quy m gm 4 bc cn thit sau:

Pht trin ni dung thng qua mc tiu d n v c cu

phn nh

Xc nh quy m cng vic thng qua c cu phn nh

cng vic

U quyn v thc hin cng vic, theo di v kim sot

tin

Nghim thu v nh gi cng vic hon thnh.

Phn nh
Phn nh l mt k thut chia d n thnh nhiu phn nh
qun l v kim sot. y l mt phng php tp trung vo
kt qu. V d, d n PTT ng Hi c chia thnh nhiu
hp phn, tiu hp phn v tip n l cc hot ng, nhim
v v cc bc i. C cu phn nh phi bao gm cc mc
s kin.
nh ngha
Ch yu l m t:

Mc ch: trnh by nhu cu pht trin m d n cn t

c.

Quy m: m t ban u phng php s p dng tho

mn mc ch

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

Kt qu: nh gi kt qu vic thc hin d n bng s o

lng i vi nh tnh v nh lng.

Qun l T chc D n
Mc ch ca t chc d n l tp trung cc ngun lc y
v thch hp (con ngi, vt liu v ti chnh) thc hin
cc hot ng ca d n nhm t c cc mc tiu mt
cch thnh cng.
Qun l t chc D n bao gm:

Thng lng nhng hp ng chnh thc v khng

chnh thc gia cc bn lin quan

To dng v pht trin cc mi quan h

Xy dng v duy tr h thng thng tin

Phn b chc nng v trch nhim cho mi cp ca

cng vic c chia nh

p dng cu trc bo co n gin v r rng.

Qun l Cht lng

D n s c coi l t cht lng nu kt qu ca d n:

p ng cc yu cu k thut

Ph hp mc ch

p ng yu cu ca nhng bn c hng li

Tho mn nhng bn hng li.

Qun l cht lng d n da trn m hnh nm yu t:

Cht lng kt qu l mc ch cui cng

Cht lng ca qu trnh qun l l mt ng gp quan

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

trng cho cht lng ca kt qu

m bo cht lng c xem nh l thuc phng nga

Qun l cht lng c xem nh l thuc cha tr

Thi thc hin tt rt cn thit qun l thnh cng d

n v cc cp ca t chc phi cam kt v cht lng s
t c.

Mun c thm thng tin v Qun l cht lng, xin tham kho
ti liu bi s 8 " Tm kim s Tuyt ho".
Qun l Chi ph
Qun l chi ph nhm m bo kt qu ca d n tng xng
vi ngun ti chnh. Qun l ti chnh da vo d tr chi ph
c lp ra v c coi nh l mt bin php kim sot
cc khon chi tiu ca d n.
Qu trnh kim sot c in c bn bc:

D tnh cc khon chi tiu sp ti

Theo di cc khon chi thc t

Tnh ton s chnh lch

C bin php x l tu theo mc chnh lch

Qun l Thi gian

Lch thc hin lit k ngy thng tng ng vi cng vic
trong bng phn tch chi tit cng vic, nhm ghi li:

Thi im chng ta d bo cng vic bt u

Thi gian cng vic thc s bt u.

Mc ch ca vic ghi li lch thc hin (ngy, gi) l :

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

10

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

m bo li ch t c ti mt thi im hp l vi chi
tiu

Phi hp cc ngun lc

m bo huy ng ngun lc khi cn thit

D kin c s tin v ngun lc cn c trong nhng

thi gian khc nhau cc nhm cng tc c th phn b
u tin cho cc Nhm cng tc khc nhau

m bo c nh ngy kt thc.

Cch th hin Lch thc hin thun tin v ph bin nht l

dng biu .

8.

Xc nh ri ro
Ri ro c th phn loi theo cc dng sau y:
Ri ro ni ti khng thuc lnh vc k thut l nhng
ri ro trong tm kim sot ca qun l d n, v bn cht
khng phi l vn k thut. Nhng ri ro ny pht sinh
t mt tht bi ca khu t chc d n (con ngi, vt liu
hoc ti chnh) c gng t mc tiu t ra. Hu qu c
th l s chm tr hoc bi chi.

Ri ro ni ti thuc lnh vc k thut l nhng ri ro

pht sinh trc tip t lnh vc k thut ca cng vic, hoc
l do thit k, xy dng hoc vn hnh cc trang thit b.

Ri ro bn ngoi c th d on nhng khng chc

chn l nhng ri ro ngoi s kim sot ca qun l.
Chng ta c th d on nhng khng bit chc chn mc
ca ri ro. V d, th tc ph duyt ko di hn thi
gian d kin hay tham nhng cng l loi ri ro trong din
ny.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

11

D n PTT ng Hi-Trung tm Ph bin Kin thc: 7. Qun l D n

Ri ro bn ngoi khng th d on l nhng ri ro

ngoi tm kim sot ca qun l, hon ton khng th
on trc. N c th pht sinh do mt hot ng ca
chnh ph, hoc mt thnh phn th ba hoc do khng t
c mc tiu v mt tc ng bn ngoi. C th l thin
tai, hoc do mt thnh phn th ba khng th cung cp
ngun ti chnh h tr, hoc do thit k d n hon ton
khng ph hp.

D n Pht trin th ng Hi

12

Mun bit thm thng tin v ti liu:

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