eq

Dr i kB~
; l kexzh
1- ew
y fo"k; %ea
xy dsi ; kZ
oj.k dksl e>uk
l kj ka
' k%
ea
xy; ku dh l i Q
yrk usges
av i usoS
Kkfudks
a, oav fHk; a
=kkv ks
ai j xoZdjusdk ekS
d k fn; k gS
A ea
xy
xz
g dk v ; ; u ges
av i us i ; kZ
oj. k ds v ; ; u es
al g; ks
xh gks
xkA ea
xy xz
g dh i ; kZ
oj.k l a
ca
/h
t kudkfj; k bl i kB~
; l kexz
h es
anh xbZgS
]a ft Ugs
afo| kfFkZ
; ksa}kjk d{kk uoehadh foKku dh i kB;~l kexzh
l sl h[ ksx, v o/ kj.kkv ks
al st ks
Mk+ t k l drk gS
A fo| kfFkZ
; ksal s; g v i s
{ kk ughagSfd osrF; , oa
v ka
d M+
ks
adks; kn djs
] oju~rF; , oav ka
a
d M+
ks
adk v ; ; u mijks
Dr ms
' ; dks; ku es
aj[ kdj djsa
A

fp=k&1 %ea
xy; ku v fHk; ku dsv a
r fj{k; ku i jh{k.k dsfy, fo' kky v kdk' kh; v uq
: i .k d{k esa?kq
l rsgq
,

ea
xy ; ku v fHk; ku ( MOM) %
ea
xy] ekuo dh dYi uk dksft ruk >a
>ks
j rk gSmruk v U; dks
bZxz
g ughadjrkAD; ks
fd ea
a
xy xzg dbZ
n`f"V l sgekjh i `Foh dsl eku gS
] v r%, s
l k fo' okl fd; k t krk gSfd ea
xy es
ai fjfLFkfr; kat hou
1

; ks
X; gks
uh pkfg, Aea
xy v kS
j i `Foh nku
sks
adsv i usv {k i j i fjHkz
e.k djusdsdky yxHkx l eku gS
A
a
ea
xy v i usv {k i j , d pDdj i w
j k djuses
a24 ?kUVs37 feuV ys
r k gS
Ai `Foh l w
; Zdh i fjek 365
fnu es
adjrh gSt cfd ea
xy l w
; Zdh , d i fjek 687 fnu es
ai w
j h djrk gS
A pw
fd ea
a
xy i j
ok; q
ea
My cgq
r i ryk gSv kS
j nkc i `Foh i j nkc dh rq
y uk es
a1 gSv r%ea
xy dk xq
#Ro i `Foh ds
xq
#Ro dk yxHkx , d&frgkbZgS
AiF
`oh dh Hkka
fr ok; q
ea
My] t y] ci Q
Zv kS
j Hkw
fe , d nw
l js l s
i kjLi fjd f; k djdsea
xy i j xfr' khy i ; kZ
oj.k mRiUu djrsgS
Aea
a
xy xz
g dh i `"Bh; fof' k"Vrk, a
]
i `Foh i j Tokykeq
f[ k; ks
] e: LFkyks
a
av kS
j /z
oh; &fge rFkk pUnz
q
ek i j Tokykeq
[ kh] bu nks
uksadsl ?
akkrksads
fo"k; es
aLej.k' khy cukrh gS
A; g xz
a
g fdl h l q
xE; fo' o dh >yd dh v ks
j iz
fjr djrk gS
s
A; q
xksal s
ekuo ea
xy i j t hou dsfo"k; es
afpUru' khy jgk gS
A i jUrqv kt Hkh bl i z
' u dk mkj fn; k t kuk
' ks
"k gSfd D; k ea
xy i j i kfjra
=k gSv Fkok ea
xy i j dHkh , s
l k i ; kZ
oj.k jgk gksl drk gSft l esa
t hou dk fodkl v kS
j ml dh l rrrk jgh gks
A
ea
xy; ku v fHk; ku ( MOM) ] bl jks( ISRO) dk ea
xy xz
g i j ea
xy dh d{kk es
a, s
l k va
r fj{k; ku
Hks
t us dk] ft l dk fMt +
kbu bl s nh?kZ
o
`kh; d{kk es
ai fjek djus ds fy, fd; k x; k gS
] i gyk
v ra%
xz
gh; v fHk; ku gS
A ; g v fHk; ku eq
[ ; : i l s , d f' kYi oS
Kkfud v fHk; ku gS& ft l esa
v Urfj{k; kuka
sdsCritical

Mission Operations

v kS
j Stringent

requirements on propulsion

rFkk

v U; cl &fudk; ks
adks; ku es
aj[ kk x; k gS
A bl dk l a
: i .k ea
xy dsHkkS
frd&y{k.kks
adk i z
{ k.k djus
s
rFkk ea
xyh; & ok; e
q.My dk l hfer v ; ; u djusdsfy, fd; k x; k gSft l es
auhpsfn, x, i ka
p
uhyHkkj ( i ys ks
M) gS
%
a
ekl Zdyj dS
ejk ( MCC)
FkeZ
y bUiz
Q
kjS
M bes
ft a
x Li s
DVks
ehVj ( TIS)
es
FkS
uls
Ul j i Q
kW
j ekl Z( MSM)
ekl Z, Dl ks
Li Q
fVd U;w
s
Vy dEi ks
l h' ku , us
y kbl j ( MENCA)
ykbeu , Yi +
Q
ki Q
ks
Vks
ehVj ( LAP)

ea
xy; ku usv i uh ; k=kk dk i z
kjEHk 1 fnl Ecj 2013 dksfd; k Fkk rFkk ISRO 24 fl rEcj 2014 dks
bl ; ku dks ea
xy dh d{kk es
aLFkkfi r djus es
al i Q
y jgkA uhps fp=k es
aMOM dh ; k=kk dk
iz
{ ks
i &i Fk ( ekxZ
) n' kkZ
; k x; k gS&

fp=k&2 %MOM dh ; k=kk dk i z{ksi&i Fk

mRl o d k l e; %
; g ge l cdsfy, v R;Ur egoi w
. kZ{k.k gS
A uhpsISRO }kjk t kjh i z
l &foKfIr nh x; h gSft l esa
s
gekjh miyfC/ dk l kjka
' k fn; k x; k gS
A

i zsl &foKfIr
fl rEcj 24] 2014

ea
xy ; ku d k ea
xy d h d {kk esal i Q
y i zos'k

fp=k&3 %i z
/ kuea
=kh Jh ujsUnzeksnh ISTRAC l sl a
cksf/ r djrsgq
,A
ISRO dsps
; jeS
u MkW
- ds- jk/ k".kuu v oyksd u djrsgq
,A

Hkkjr dk ea
xy; ku v kt i z
kr%( fl rEcj 24] 2014) dksv i usv kB Nks
Vsnz
o ba
t uks
adsl kFk 440
U;w
Vu fyfDoM , i ks
t+
h eks
Vj ( LAM) dksnkxdj l i Q
yrki w
oZ
d ea
xy xz
g dh d{kk es
ai z
os'k dj x; kA
nz
o ba
t uks
adksnkxusdk ; g i z
pkyu Hkkjrh; ekud l e; ( IST) dsv uq
l kj 07%
17%
32 i j v kjEHk
gq
v k v kS
j 1388-67 l s
d .M rd pykA bl usbl ; ku dsos
x dksi fjofrZ
r djds1099 ehVj@
l sd .M
dj fn; kAbl i z
pkyu }kjk ; g v a
r fj{k; ku ea
xy dh nh?kZ
o`kh; d{kk es
ai z
os
' k dj x; kAbl egoi w
. kZ
?kVuk dsl k{; ds: i es
aHkkjr dsi z
/ kuea
=kh Jh ujs
Unzeks
nh] ca
xykS
j es
afLFkr
Tracking

ISRO

dh Telemetry,

rFkk Command Network (ISTRAC) es

amifLFkr Fks
A

ea
xy dh d{kk es
al fUuos
' k l sl a
ca
f/ r ?kVuk, al a
r ks
"kt ud : i l sv kxsc<+
harFkk v Urfj{k; ku dh
dk; Z
iz
. kkyh l kekU; FkhA ; g v a
r fj{k; ku v c ea
xy dh d{kk es
apDdj yxk jgk gSft l dk ea
xy l s
fudVre fcUnq( periapsis) 421-7

km

nw
j rFkk nw
j re fcUnq( apoapsis) 76]993-6

km

nw
j gS
A

ea
xy ds fo"kq
orh; ry l s bl d{kk ds ry dh v fHk"V v kufr 150 va
' k gS
A bl d{kk esa; g
v rafj{k; ku ea
xy dh , d i fjek djuses
a72 ?kUVs51 feuV v kS
j 51 l s
d .M ys
r k gS
A
4

ea
xy; ku dk foeks
pu v kW
u cks
MZHkkjr dsodZgkW
l Zfoeks
pu ; ku]

PSLU

}kjk uoEcj 05] 2013 dks

i `Foh dspkjks
adh i kfdZ
x d{kk es
a
afd; k x; kAfnl Ecj 01] 2013] VkUl ekl ZbUt s
D' ku ( TMI) ; q
fDr
pkyu dk vuq
l j.k djrsgq
, ] ; g v Urfj{k; ku i `Foh dh d{kk l si yk; u dj x; k v kS
j ml i Fk i j
xeu djusyxk t ksbl sfl rEcj 24] 2014 dksea
xy xz
g dk l keuk djusdsfy, vuq
er djrk FkkA
ea
xy; ku dsea
xy xz
g dh d{kk es
abl l i Q
y iz
os
' ki z
pkyu l sv kt

ISRO

la
l kj dh , s
l h pkS
Fkh l a
LFkk

cu x; h gSft l usea
xy dh d{kk es
av i usv a
r fj{k; ku dksl i Q
yrki w
oZ
d LFkkfi r djusdk dhfrZ
eku i S
nk
fd; k gS
A v kxkeh l Irkgks
aes
abl va
r fj{k; ku dk ea
xy dh d{kk es
al Eiw
. kZi jh{k.k fd; k t k, xk v kS
j
bl dsi kp
aks
aoS
Kkfud ; a
=kks
a(midj.kks
) dkspkywdjdsea
a
xy dk l q
O;ofLFkr i z
{ k.k v kjEHk fd; k t k, xkA
s

fp=k&4 %ea
xy; ku }kjk ea
xy dk fy; k x; k i gyk i zfrfcEcAbl s7300 km dh a
pkbZl sfy; k x; k gS
A

fp=k&5 %bl s8449 km dsmUurka

' k ( a
pkbZ
) l sekl Zdyj dS
ejs}kjk fy; k x; k gS
A
5

uhpsea
xy xz
g l sl a
ca
f/ r dq
N rF; fn, x, gS
at ksNASA dh os
cl kbV i j mi yC/ gS
Al a
a
Hkor%
MOM

}kjk v c rd miyC/ rF; ks

aes
a; FkkFkZ
r k fey l drh gSrFkk ea
xy dsfo"k; es
av kS
j v f/ d

t kudkjh i kzIr gksl drh gS

A

ea
xy d sr F; %

fp=k&6 %ea
xy xzg

ea
xy d k ekS
le%
oS
Kkfudks
adserkuq
l kj 3-5 v jc o"kZi w
oZea
xy dk ekS
l e v knZ
zi `Foh dsl eku Fkk%xeZv kS
j ueh
okyk ( v knz
)ZA i jUrq ea
xy ds ok; q
eM
ay dh dkcZ
u Mkbv kW
Dl kbM v kS
j t y ds chp jkl k; fud
v fHkf; kv ka
sdsdkj.k v f/ dka
' k dkcZ
u Mkbv kW
Dl kbM [ kpZgksx; h v kS
j dkcks
usVksadh pVV
Z
~kusacu
x; hA i `Foh dki Q
h cM+
h gSv kS
j dki Q
h f; k' khy Hkh gSv kS
j bl dh i fV`d k foorZ
fudk ( Plate
Tectonics)

dsdkj.k i q
u%p.k }kjk dkcks
us
Z
V oki l dkcZ
u Mkbv kW
Dl kbM es
ai fjofrZ
r gkst krsgS
A
a

v r%v c ea
xy dk ok; q
e.My cgq
r i ryk gSv kS
j rki cgq
r de gSv kS
j t ksdq
N t y ' ks
"k gSog ; k
rkst eh gq
bZv oLFkk es
aea
xyh; / q
oks
z
ai j LFkk; h rq
"kkj Hkw
fe ( Perma

Frost)

es
av Fkok xgjsHkw
fexr

>juks
ads: i esafNi k gS
A ea
xy dk v kt dk ekS
l e o"kZHkj i z
p.M : i l si fjofrZ
r gks
r k gS
A >q
ds
v {k dsdkj.k ; gkaHkh i `Foh dh Hkka
fr rq
, agks
r h gS
A i jUrqbl dh l w
a
; Zdspkjksav ks
j dh d{kk
6

nh?kZ
o`kh; gS
_ bl dh l w
; Zl snw
j h es
ayxHkx 20 dk v Urj gks
r k gSt ksbl i j fuHkZ
j djrk gSfd ; g
v i uh okf"kd
Z d{kk es
adgkai j gS
A, d v / Z
xks
y s( nf{k.kh) es
a rq
, av f/ d pje i j gks
r h gS
] t cfd
a
v U; xks
y k/ Z( mkjh) es
a; g de pje i j gks
r h gS
A

r ki eku %
nks
i gj ds l e; xfeZ
; ks
aes
aea
xy ds fo"kq
or o`k i j rki yxHkx 70 v a
'k iQ
kW
js
ugkbV ( 20 v a
'k
ls
fYl ; l ) rd mPp gksl drk gS
] v Fkok / z
oksai j &225 v a
q
'kiQ
kW
js
ugkbV ( &153 v a
'kl s
fYl ; l )
rd uhpst k l drk gS
A Li "V gSfd ; g ekuo dsfy, v R;Ur v ' kj.; gSi jUrqea
xy dsfoekuksa
v kS
j ml ds ; a
=khdj.k dh bys
DVkW
fuDl v kS
j ; ka
f=kd es
abl dk ego gks l drk gS
A bl ds chp ds
v {kk'akks
ai j v kS
l r rki yxHkx &50 v 'ak l s
fYl ; l v kS
j jkf=k dsl e; U;w
ure &60 va
' k l fsYl ; l
gks
r k gS
AxfeZ
; ks
aes
ae; ka
dk rki v f/ dre yxHkx ' kw
U; ( O) v a
' kl s
fYl ; l gks
r k gS
A

v knzZ
rk%
ok; qes
at yok"i dh ek=kk v knz
r k gks
Z
r h gS
A; g fnu&i zfrfnu i fjofrZ
r gks
r h gSv kS
j rki i j fuHkZ
j djrh
gS
AxeZok; qBa
Mh ok; qdh rq
y uk es
av f/ d t yok"i dksFkke l drh gS
Av knZ
r k dh Hkki t y dh ml
z
v f/ dre ek=kk dh i z
fr' krrk ds: i es
adh t krh gSft l sok; qfdl h fn, rki i j Fkke l drh gS
Abu
nksrki ks
aesaft ruk v f/ d v Urj gks
r k gS
] mruk gh v f/ d ok"i u gks
r k gS
At c ok"i u v R;f/ d gksrk
gS
] rc ok; q' kq
"d gks
r h gSv kS
j v knz
r k fuEu gks
Z
r h gS
Av knZ
r k eki usokys; a
z
=k dksl kbks
ehVj dgrsgS
A
a
ea
xy i j jkf=k ds l e; ok; ql a
r `Ir ( 100 v knz
r k) gks
Z
r h gS
] i jUrqfnu ds l e; ; g v ol a
r `Ir
( v R;Ur v l a
r `Ir) gks
r h gS
Abl dkj.k fnu v kS
j jkf=k dsrki es
av R;f/ d v Urj gks
r k gS
A
bl sfunf' kZ
r djusdsfy, &
dks
bZLoPN] ' kq
"d t kj ys
d j ml i j <Ddu j[ k nhft , A
bl sNk; k okysLFkku i j 10 feuV j[ kdj bl dk i z
{ k.k dhft , A
s
bl syxHkx 1 ?kUVsrd fdl h i z
Q
ht j ( i z
' khrd) es
ajf[ k, A

t kj dksfudkydj bl dk i z
{ k.k dhft , ( d{k rki i j t kj dsHkhrj dh ok; ql a
s
r `Ir ughaFkh] i jUrq
BM
asi z
Q
ht j es
aok; qv R;f/ d t y dksughaFkke l dh] ; g l a
r `Ir gksx; h v kS
j ty la
?kfur gksd j
rq
"kkj cu x; k) A

i ousa%
dHkh&dHkh ea
xy i j i ous
abruh rhozgks
r h gS
afd / w
y Hkjh v ka
/ h v f/ dka
' k xz
g dks<d ys
r h gS
Abl
iz
d kj dsv / M+dsi ' pkr] / w
y dkscS
Buses
aeghuk Hkh yx l drk gS
Al u~1970 es
aokbfda
x yS
UMl Z
usi ouks
adh v f/ dre pky 30 ehVj i z
fr l s
d .M ( 60 ehy i z
fr ?kUVk) v kS
l r pky 10 m/s ( 20
ehy i z
fr ?kUVk) fjdkMZdh FkhAi `Foh dh Hkka
fr] dq
N fuf' pr v{kka
' kks
ai j i ous
adq
N fuf' pr fn' kkv ksa
es
acgrh gS
A
a
ea
xy xz
g dsmkjh e; v{kka
' kks
aes
al ;aq
Dr jkT; ks
adh Hkka
fr i ous
ai f' pe l si w
oZdh v ks
j cgrh gS
A
bl es
adq
N LFkkuh; i fjorZ
u l ehi dsi oZ
r ks
] fo' kky t yk' k; ks
a
] rq
a
v ks
av kfn dsdkj.k gksl drsgS
A
a
gky gh es
amixz
gks
a}kjk fy, x, fp=kks
aes
aea
xy i j v / M+
ks
aes
adeh n' kkZ
; h x; h gSt ksog l w
fpr
djrk gSfd ea
xy i j i ouks
adh rhoz
r k v Kkr dkj.kks
al s?kV x; h gS
A oS
Kkfud dgrsgS
afd ; g xzg
BM
ak gksjgk gS
A

ok; q
&nkc %
ok; q
&nkc dh eki dsfy, ok; q
nkc eki h dk mi ; ksx fd; k t krk gS
A i `Foh i j ok; q
&nkc dk v kS
lr
eku 29-92 ba
p ( i kjn) v Fkok 1]013 feyhckj gS
A; g ea
xy i j v kS
l r ok; q
&nkc 0-024 ba
p ( i kjn)
; k 7-5 feyhckj ds100 xq
usl sHkh v f/ d gS
A
i `Foh i j ok; qnkc gj LFkku i j l eku ughagS
A bl dk , d dkj.k ; g gSfd LFkku&LFkku i j rki esa
v Urj gks
uk gS
A t c ok; qrIr gks
r h gSrc og i j mBrh gS
] ok; qdsv .kqrhozxfr djrsgS
] ,d
a
nw
l jsdks/ ds
y rsgS
aft l l sok; qes
ai z
l kj gks
r k gS
At c l eku LFkku esade v .kqjg t krsgS
arc ogka
dh ok; qdk Hkkj de gkst krk gSv kS
j ; g i `Foh i j de nkc v kjks
fi r djrh gS
A Ba
Msok; qdsv .kq
, d nw
l jsl sl a
dq
fyr jgrsgS
av r%i `Foh i j v f/ d nkc v kjks
fi r djrsgS
A
a

i `Foh dh fdl h Hkh nh x; h v ofLFkfr i j ok; qnkc es

ayxHkx 10 rd dk i fjorZ
u gksl drk gS
]
t cfd ea
xy xz
g i j bl es
a50 rd dk i fjorZ
u gksl drk gS
Aea
xy dsok; q
ea
My es
av f/ dka
' k ek=kk
dkcZ
u Mkbv kW
Dl kbM dh gS
] v r%; g i F
`oh dsok; q
e.My] ft l es
aeq
[ ; r%ukbVks
t u v kS
j v kW
Dl ht u gS
]
a
l sfHkUu O;ogkj djrk gS
A
ok; qnkc es
av Urj rc v uq
Hko gks
r k gS
] t c i oZ
r ks
ai j i j v Fkok uhpst krsl e; v Fkok ok; ;qku esa
mM+
r sl e; gekjsdku i Q
M+
iQ
M+
krsgS
A ekS
a
l e foKkuh] t ksekS
l e dh Hkfo"; ok.kh djusdk i z
; kl djrs
gS
] ; g t kursgS
a
afd v kS
l r nkc l smPp i k<~
; ks
d gksusi j i z
k; %ekS
l e v PNk jgrk gSt cfd de nkc
gks
usi j ekS
l e rw
iQ
kuh ( v ka
/ h okyk) gks
r k gS
A
ge i `Foh i j ok; qds l eq
nzdh rygVh i j jgrsgS
A ok; qes
a
aHkkj gks
r k gSv kS
j ; g ge i j nkc
v kjks
fi r djrh gS
Agekjs' kjhj dsi z
R;s
d 1 oxZba
p Hkkx i j 14-7 i km.M dk nkc gks
r k gS
Aeuq
"; ds
l eLr ' kjhj dsi `"B i j nkc dq
y ok; qnkc 10 l s20 Vu rd dschp i fjofrZ
r gks
r k gS
Aft l i zd kj
l eq
nzdst ho ml dsi j dsi kuh dsHkkj l sughadq
pyrsgS
] ge Hkh ok; qdsHkkj }kjk ughadq
a
pys
t krsD; kfs
ad gekjs' kjhj dk Hkhrjh nkc t ksckgj dh v ks
j / ds
y rk gSbl ok; qnkc dksges
aHkhrj dh
v ks
j / ds
y rk gS
]la
rq
fyr dj ys
r k gS
A

ns[ksageusD; k l h[ kk %
v kb, v i uh i `Foh dh [ kw
cl w
j r Nfo ns
[ ks
aft l sea
xy; ku usv i usea
xy v fHk; ku es
amrkjh gS
A v ki
i j nh x; h t kudkjh dksbdkbZ
&IV gekjk i ; kZ
oj.k dsv UrxZ
r iz
kIr t kudkjh l sl a
ca
djusdk
iz
; kl dj l drsgS
A
a

fp=k&7 %ea
xy; ku es
av i usea
xy v fHk; ku esamrkjh i `Foh dh Nfo
9

ea
xy
ok; q
e.My (l a
?kVu)

i `Foh

dkcZ
u Mkb v kW
Dl kbM 95-32

ukbVks
t u ( 77) v kW
Dl ht u ( 21)

ukbVks
t u ( 2-7) v kxkZ
u ( 1-

v kxkZ
u ( 1) dkcZ
u Mkb v kW
Dl kbM

6) v kW
Dl ht u ( 0-13)
t yok"i ( 0-03) ukbfVd

( 0-038) t yok"i ( 1)

v kW
Dl kbM ( 0-01)
ok; q
e.My ( nkc)

7-5 feyhckj ( v kS
l r)

1013 feyhckj (l eq
nzry i j)

l cl sxgjh ?kkfV; ka

oS
y hl eS
fjufjl ( 7 km xgjh)

xz
ka
M dS
fuv kW
u ( 1-8 km xgjh)

( 4000 km pkS
M+
h)

( 400 km yEch)

lw
; Zl snw
j h ( v kS
l r)

227]936]637 km

149]597]891 km

fo"kq
orh; f=kT; k

3]397 km

6]378 km

xq
#Ro

i `Foh dsxq
#Ro dk 0-375 xq
uk

ea
xy dsxq
#Ro dk 2-66 xq
uk

c`gr~
r e Tokykeq
[ kh

v ks
y Ei l ekW
Ul 26 km a
pk

ekS
uk yks
v k ( gok; h) 10-1 km a
pk

602 km O;kl

121 km O;kl

fnu dh v of/

24 ?ka
Vs37 feuV

24 ?ka
Vsl scgq
r Fkks
M+
k de

o"kZdh v of/

687 i `Foh dsfnu

365 fnu

/o
qh; Vks
z
ih

dkcZ
u Mkb v kW
Dl kbM dsfge

t y dsfge l sLFkk; h : i l s<dh

v kS
j t y dsfge l s<dh
i `"Bh; rki ( v kS
l r)

&63 v a
' k l fsYl ; l

14 v a
' kl s
fYl ; l

v {k dk >q
d ko

25 v a
'k

23-45 v a
'k

mixz
gks
adh l a
[;k

2 (i Q
ks
cks
l v kS
j fMeks
l)

1 ( pUnz
ek)

10

uew
uk i z'u %
1-

pUnz
ek i j ok; q
e.My dh mifLFkfr dh t ka
p dsfy, dks
bZi z
; ks
xlq
>kb, A, d xz
g dsekS
l e esa
ok; q
ea
My dh Hkw
fedk dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A

( 5)

2-

mijks
Dr t kudkjh dsv k/ kj i j i `Foh v kS
j ea
xy dsi ; kZ
oj.kks
aes
afoHks
nu dhft , A

( 3)

3-

ea
xy; ku fe' ku l si z
kIr fuos
' kks
al sgekjsi ; kZ
oj.k dsekeyks
adksfdl i z
d kj l a
cks
f/ r fd; k
t k, xk\

( 2)

va
d ; kst uk %
1-

okrkoj.k dh mifLFkrks
adksi z
Hkkfor djusgs
r qdks
bZ, d i z
; ks
x tS
l sfd fl fja
t

(Syringe)

mi; ks
x rki eku] o"kkZ
] v knz
r k] ok; n
Z
qkc] ok; q
i zokg v kfn es
aokrkoj. k dh Hkw
fedkA
23-

dk
( 5)

ea
xy , oai `Foh dsokrkoj.k dh rq
y uk] ft l es
aok; q
] rki eku] v knZ
r k] ok; qi z
z
okg dh rq
y uk
l fEefyr dh t k l drh gS
A

( 3)

ea
xy d{kh; fe' ku dsms
';

( 2)

i ; kZ
oj.kh; fpa
r kv ksadsl kFk l w
puk dk l gl a
ca
/u
uksV %l Hkh i z
' uksadksl exz: i l sew
Y; ka
fdr djrsgq
, va
d fn, t k, A

la
nHkZ%
1.

http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx retrieved on 28/9/14

2.

http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?
Sep24_2014 retrieved on 28/9/14

3.

http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/mars.html retrieved on 28/9/2014

11

eq
Dr i kB~
; l kexzh
2- ew
y fo"k; %LoPN Hkkjr & ge bl sdjdsjgsa
xs!
l kj ka
'k
orZ
eku ^LoPN Hkkjr v fHk; ku* usgees
al sdbZO;fDr; ks
adksv i usv kl &i kl LoPNrk l a
ca
/ h dk; Z
djusdsfy, i z
fjr fd; k gS
s
A, s
l sdbZmnkgj.k miyC/ gS
at kscrkrsgS
afd l a
d fYi r O;fDr; ksa, oa
la
LFkkv ks
ausLoPNrk ds{ks
=k es
amke dk; Zfd; k gS
A; gk nh xbZfo"k; oLrq, s
l sv ; ; uks
ai j dsa
fnzr gS
t ksf' k{kkFkhZdksLoPNrk dk egRo v kRel kr~djuses
al g; ks
xh gks
xhA ; g Hkh v i s
{ kk dh t krh gSfd
f' k{kkFkhZnS
fud okrkoj. kh; l eL; kv ks
adk l ek/ ku x| es
afn, x, l q
>koks
adsv k/ kj i j dj l dsxkA
LoPNr k & l e; d h ekx
ges
a2 v DVcwj] 2014 dksyh xbZ' ki Fk dsl kFk i z
kja
Hk djuk pkfg, %
' ki Fk
egkRek xka
/ h us, d , slsHkkjr dk l i uk ns
[ kk Fkk] t ksu ds
oy Lor a
=k gksvfi r qLoPN
vkS
j fodfl r Hkh gksA
egkRek xka
/ h usHkkjr ek dsfy, Lor a
=kr k i z
kIr dhA
vc gekjk dkZ
O
; cur k gSfd ge ns
' k dksl ki Q
&l q
Fkjk j[ kdj Hkkjr ekr k dhl s
ok djs
A
a
eS
a; g ' ki Fk ysrk gw
fd eS
aLoPNr k dsfy, i z
fr c jgw
xk vkS
j bl dsfy, l e; Hkh nw
xkA
eS
aLoPNr k dsfy, LosPNk l si z
fr o"kZ100 ?ka
VsvFkkZ
r ~i z
fr l Ir kg nks?ka
Vsdke d: xkA
eS
au Lo; adw
M+
ki Q
dw
sa
xk vkS
a
j u nw
l jks
adksi s
Q
a
dusnw
a
xkA
eS
avi usvki esa
] vi usi fjokj es
] vi useq
a
gYyses
] vi usxko es
a
avkS
j vi usdke djus
LFkku esaLoPN jgusdh vknr Mkyw
xkA
a
esjk , slk fo' okl gSfd l a
l kj dst ksHkh ns
' k LoPN fn[ kkbZns
r sgS
aogk dsukxfjd u r ks
Lo; adw
M+
k fc[ kjr sgS
au gh nw
l jks
adks, s
l k djusns
r sgS
a
A
bl n`<+fo' okl dsl kFk eS
axkoks
avkS
j ' kgjks
aes
aLoPN Hkkjr vfHk; ku dsl a
ns
' k dk i z
pkj
d: a
xkA
t ks' ki Fk eS
aysjgk gw
ml sysusdsfy, eS
avU; 100 O
; fDr ; ks
adksi z
ks
Rl kfgr d: a
xkA
eS
ai R;Ru d: a
xk fd osvkS
j LoPNr k dsfy, ; g ' ki Fk ys
] 100 ?ka
a
Vsyxk, a
A
eq
>si w
j k fo' okl gSfd esjs}kjk LoPNr k dsfy, mBk; k x; k i z
R;s
d dne ns
' k dksLoPN
cukusesal gk; d gksxkA

12

gekjsns
' k esa, s
l smnkgj.k gS
]a t gk ykxsksausi gysgh bl ' ki Fk dksfoz
Q
; kfUor dj fn; k gS
A LoPNrk
dsfy, oscgq
r l sdke djrsjgsgS
A v ki bu rhu o`k v ; ; uks
a
adksi f<+
, v kS
j ^gekjk i ; kZ
oj.k*
bdkbZes
av ki ust ksl h[ kk gSml dk l g&l a
ca
/ budsl kFk LFkkfi r dhft , A
o`k v ; ; u&1 %d w
M+
sl sl a
i nk %Ld w
y ks
aes
a, d i z
; ks
x

fp=k&1 %v i f' k"V i zca

/ u xfrfof/ ; ksadh >yd

ds
j y es
aekyki q
j e fr: j CykW
d usLdw
y ks
aes
adw
M+
sdksl a
i nk es
acnyusdh , d uokpkjh i fr v i ukbZ
gS
Abl dsfy, mUgks
usLdw
a
y ks
aes
ack; ks
xS
l la
;a
=k yxk, gS
ALdw
a
y ks
aes
adw
M+
sdk i z
ca
/ u ,d iz
eq
[ k l eL; k
gS
A ; g ekuh gq
bZckr gSfd dw
M+
sds: i es
ai Q
d h xbZ85 i z
a
s
fr' kr oLrq
, ] okLro esal a
l k/ u gS
] t ks
a
xyr LFkku i j Mky fn, x, gS
Av i f' k"V ( dw
a
M+
k) i zca
/ u dh l gh i fr v i ukuk v fuok; ZgS
A
;o
qk i h<+
h dksbl rF; l s voxr djkuk v ko' ; d gS
A bl dsfy, ryDdkM+xz
ke i a
pk; r es
afLFkr
jkt dh; fo| ky; es
afr: j CykW
d ia
pk; r us, d ck; ksxS
l la
;a
=k dk fuekZ
. k fd; k gS
A; g l a
;a
=k 8 eh
ya
ck vkS
j 3 eh pkS
M+
k gS
A; g l a
;a
=k 75 fdyksck; ksvi f' k"V dks[ ki k l drk gS
Abl fo| ky; es
a2300
fo| kFkhZgS
A
a budse; k dsHkks
t u dsvi f' k"V rFkk cPpks
a}kjk yk, x, nks
i gj dsHkks
t u dsvi f' k"V l s
ck; ks
xS
l cukbZt krh gS
A ^oq
Q
VE
qcJh* }kjk l a
pkfyr i M+
ksl dk gks
Vy Hkh vi usvi f' k"V fui Vku dsfy,
bl dk mi; kxs dj l drsgS
Anksigj dk Hkks
a
t u cukusdsfy, vko' ; d b
/ u dh Fkks
M+
h l si w
frZbl l a
;a
=k
l sgkst krh gS
Al a
a
;a
=k dsv o' ks
"k dk fo| ky; dsm| ku es
a[ kkn ds: i es
ami; ks
x gks
r k gS
A
fo| ky; dh jl ks
bZdk dw
M+
k v kS
j cPpks
a}kjk i s
Q
a
dk x; k cpk [ kq
pk Hkks
t u i kl i M+
ks
l es
axa
nxh i Q
y krs
S
Fksv kS
j bl l schekfj; ks
adksi Q
y usdk v ol j feyrk FkkAfr: j CykW
S
d ia
pk; r us
] dw
M+
sdksl a
l k/ u esa
cnyusdsfy, ck; ks
xS
l yxkusdsfy, , d ; ks
t uk cukbZgS
A bl l snks
i gj dk Hkks
t u cukusdsfy,
b
/ u rFkk fo| ky; dsm| ku dsfy, [ kkn feys
xkA; g l a
;a
=k , d i z
n' kZ
u bdkbZdk dke djs
xkAbl l s
13

cPpks
adks; g i rk pys
xk fd oS
Kkfud rjhdsl sdS
l sdw
M+
sdk fui Vku fd; k t k l drk gSv kS
j ml s
mi; ks
xh l a
l k/ u es
acnyk t k l drk gS
A
fo| ky; dsv fHkHkkod&f' k{kd l a
?k dsi z
frfuf/ ; ks
al sfopkj&foe' kZgq
v k rFkk mudk l eFkZ
ulq
fuf' pr
fd; k x; kA, s
l sl a
;a
=kksadsl a
pkyu v kS
j j[ k&j[ kko dsfy, / kj.kh; rk ( ya
csl e; rd pyk, j[ kuk)
,d iz
eq
[ k dkjd gS
A bl hfy, bl dh ; ks
t uk l gh <a
x l s cukbZxbZ
A v fHkHkkod&f' k{kd l a
?k dh
ns
[ kjs
[ k es
aLokLF; Dyc @gfjr Dyc dsl nL; ks
adh j[ k&j[ kko l fefr; k cukbZxbgS
] t ksfcuk
a
f' kdk; r dsbl l a
;a
=k dk l a
pkyu djrh gS
A v kt rd ; g l a
a
;a
=k fo| ky; dsv f/ dkfj; ksa
] rFkk
fo' ks
"k : i l sdq
N l efi Z
r f' k{kdks
adh l gk; rk l sl i Q
yrki w
oZ
d py jgk gS
A
t ksfo| ky; ckt kjksadsi kl gS
] mues
al Ct h] eNyh v kS
j eq
xks
dsO;ki kjh v i usv i f' k"V l sNq
Vdkjk
i kusdsfy, bl sl q
fo/ k dk mi; ks
x djrsgS
A bl i z
a
d kj Ldw
y ks
adksv i uh v ko' ; drk i w
j h djusds
fy, v kS
j v f/ d b
/ u fey t krk gS
A
o`k v ; ; u&2 %/ s
/q
d h& t y l a
l k/ u i z
ca
/u
/s
/d
q h i zkns
f' kd t y v ki w
frZ; ks
t uk l q
js
Unzuxj es
al k; yk rkYyq
d k ds22 xkoks
adkst y dh v ki w
frZ
djrh gS
A/ /sq
d h {ks
=k e; e v kS
j eks
Vsd.kks
aokyscyq
v k i RFkj l scuk gS
Abl es
av PNh fNfnz
y rk v kS
j
i kj.kh; rk gS
A
fi Q
j Hkh / /sq
d h dspkjksav ks
j ds{ks
=k es
aHkw
fexr t y dh xq
. kokk v PNh ughagS
A ; gk dh v kS
lr
okf"kZ
d o"kkZdki Q
h de v FkkZ
r 50 l s
eh gS
A bu i fjfLFkfr; ks
aes
al z
ks
r dh / kj.kh; rk dsfy, t y
la
l k/ u i z
c/au dk ego v kS
j Hkh c<+t krk gS
A
/s
/d
q h es
anksrkykc gS
Abudsuke gS
a
& l ks
a
ekuh rkykc v kS
j HkheukFk rkykcA; snks
uksa<u<yi q
j dkst kus
okyh l M+
d i j fLFkr gS
Aoz
a
Q
e' k%55]000 ?kuehVj v kS
j 6000 ?kuehVj dhpM+fudkydj bu rkykcksa
dksxgjk fd; k x; k gSrFkk bl dhpM+l srkykcks
adsrVks
adks30&30 l s
eh mQ
pk fd; k x; k gS
A
xgjk djusl sbu rkykcks
adh {kerk 1]38]000 ?ku ehVj c<+xbZgS
A bl dsvfrfjDr 3 fdeh ya
a
cs
iu
qeZ
j .k ukysdksHkh xgjk djdsnks
uks
arkykcks
aes
aMky fn; k x; k gS
A bl i z
d kj l ks
ekuh rkykcka
sl st ks
i kuh ckgj fudyrk gSrFkk xko dh l hekv ks
al scgdj v k, t y dksHkh i q
uHkZ
j .k ukysds}kjk HkheukFk
14

rkykc dh v ks
j eks
M+fn; k t krk gS
Ai z
R;s
d rkykc es
a, d i q
uHkZ
j .k cks
fja
x Hkh djok; k x; k gS
] rkfd
t yHkj es
at y v kl kuh l sfjl t k, A/ s
/q
dhi z
kns
f' kd t y v ki w
frZ; ks
t uk] 11 cks
fja
x okysdq
v ks
al st y
iz
kIr djrh gS
A bues
al s9 dke dj jgsgS
arFkk bul s112 ehVj dh xgjkbZl st y fudkyk t krk gS
A
nks
uks
arkykcka
ses
afd, x, o`Q
f=ke i q
uHkZ
j .k l si z
kns
f' kd t y v ki w
frZ; ks
t uk dscks
fja
x okysdq
v ks
adst y
dh ek=kk v kS
j xq
. kokk nks
uks
agh c<+xbgS
A/ s
a
/q
d h dh i kuh l fefr usl kjsfuekZ
. k es
acM+
smRlkg l sHkkx
fy; k gS
A rkykcks
adksxgjk djuses
a20]93]000 #i ; sdh ykxr v kbZ
A bues
al sl eq
nk; usnksi zfr' kr
v FkkZ
r ~40]000 #i ; sdk ; ks
xnku fn; k gS
Ai z
kns
f' kd t y v ki w
frZ; ks
t uk dsi z
pkydks
av kS
j /s
/q
d h dsxko
okyks
adh fji ks
VZdsv k/ kj i j 1 t q
y kbZ2007 dh v k/ h jkr l srkykcks
aes
ai kuh Hkjuk ' k:q gksx; k FkkA
i kuh Hkjusds8 ?ka
Vsckn vFkkZ
r ~1 t q
y kbZ2007 dksi z
kr%8 ct sbul si kuh ckgj fudyusyxkA
,s
l k bl fy, Hkh gq
v k fd i z
kja
Hk cgq
r Hkkjh o"kkZHkh gq
bZ
A ; g Hkh i rk pyk fd i fj.kke cgq
r
mRl kgo/ Z
d Fks
A ; gh ughacks
fja
x okysdq
v ksads}kjk rkykcks
adk i kuh Hkkjh ek=kk es
axgjst y Hkjksaesa
fjl x; k FkkA
o`k v ; ; u&3 %l exzLoPNr k v fHk; ku d sv a
r xZ
r l keq
nkf; d LoPNr k i fj l j

fp=k&4 %, d l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl j

i gkM+
h jkT; fet ks
j e] Hkkjr dsmkji w
ohZdks
uses
afLFkr gS
A2001 dst ux.kuk dsv uq
l kj fet kjse dh
t ul a
[ ; k 8]91]058 gSv kS
j l k{kjrk dk i z
fr' kr gS88-94 i z
fr' krAi z
kja
i fjd : i es
afet ksVs
d fj; ksai j
cl sNks
Vs
&NkV
ssxkoksaes
ajgrsFksA
15

l exz LoPNrk v fHk; ku dk i z

kja
Hk fet ks
j e es
a l u~ 2002 es
a gq
v kA LokLF; f' k{kk ds fo"k; esa
t kx: drk ds}kjk yf{kr t ul a
[ ; k dsO;ogkj es
ai fjorZ
u ykusdsfy, l w
puk] f' k{kk v kS
j la
pkj i j
fo' ks
"k cy fn; k x; kA l eq
nk; uhr rFkk t uds
fUnz
r mioz
Q
eks
adks ; ku es
aj[ kdj bu dk; Z
oQ
zeksadks
pyk; k t k jgk gS
A u, fopkjks
av kS
j ld
a Yi ukv ks
adh yks
xks
adseu es
ai S
B cukusdsfy, xz
keh.k t y
v kS
j LoPNrk l fefr , d i z
Hkkoh Hkw
fedk fuHkkrh gS
A l exzLoPNrk v fHk; ku ds}kjk LokLF; v kS
j
LoPNrk dh v knrks
aes
al eq
nk; ds O;ogkj es
ai fjorZ
u yk; k t k jgk gS
A v i uh v ko' ; drkv ksads
v uq
l kj yks
x ?kjs
y w' kkS
pky; ks
adsdbZfodYi ks
aes
al spq
uko dj ys
r sgS
ALoPNrk l q
a
fo/ kv ks
adh eka
x esa
o`f usyf{kr Jks
r kv ksadksi z
fjr fd; k gSv kS
s
j v c osbl ; ks
t uk es
av i uk fgLl k ns
usdsfy, Hkh
rS
; kj gS
A bl i z
a
d kj] bl dk; Z
oz
Q
e dsfoz
Q
; kUo; u l sfeyh mYys
[ kuh; miyfC/ ; ks
aus' kq
"d ' kkS
pky; ksa
dksy' k ' kkS
pky; ks
aes
av kS
j ls
fIVd VS
d cukuses
a
aenn dh gS
Abl dk; Z
oz
Q
e us
] fo' ks
"k : i l sxzkeh.k
{ks
=kks
aes
acgq
r v f/ d l dkjkRed i z
Hkko Mkyk gS
A
l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl j] l exz LoPNrk v fHk; ku dk , d egRoi w
. kZ fgLl k gS
A ,s
l s i fjl j
l koZ
t fud LFkkuks
at S
l sckt kjks
av kfn dsfy, gS
] t gk yks
a
x Hkkjh l a
[ ; k es
abdV~
Bsgks
r sgS
A fn' kkfunsZ
a
' kksa
dsi z
ko/ kuka
s dsv uq
l kj l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl j dh 2 yk[ k #i ; s dh ykxr es
ads
Unzdh 60
iz
fr' kr jkT; dh 30 i z
fr' kr v kS
j ykHk mBkusokysyks
xks
adh 10 i z
fr' kr fgLl s
nkjh gks
r h gS
A
bl i z
d kj dsi fjl jks
adsl a
pkyu v kS
j j[ k&j[ kko es
afet ks
j e usuokpkjh fopkjks
adksdk; kZ
fUor fd; k
gS
] t ksv fuok; ZHkh gSD; ks
fd v Urrks
a
xRok budh ft Ees
nkjh xz
ke i a
pk; rks
adh gh gks
xh D; ks
fd budk
a
mi; ks
x Hkh rksl eq
nk; gh djs
xkA l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl jks
adkscukusdsLFkku dk fu.kZ
; bl ckr
dks; ku es
aj[ kdj fd; k t krk gSfd dgk i j yks
x iz
frfnu , d=k gks
r sgS
A, s
a
l sLFkku ckt kjka
]s VS
Dl h
LVS
. M v kfn dsfudV gks
r sgS
A xko dh LoPNrk dsfy, xz
a
ke&i fj"kn~l koZ
t fud Hkw
fe dksfu%
' kq
Yd
ns
r h gS
A
a
l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl jks
ads, d uokpkjh fMt kbu dk fodkl fd; k x; k gS
A i fjl j ds, d Hkkx
dks, d rji Qc<+
k fn; k t krk gS
] bl es
a, d nq
d ku cukbZt krh gS
] ft l es
anS
fud v ko' ; drkv ksadh
oLrq
v ks]a i q
Lrdks
] LVs
a
' kujh v kS
j [ kk| oLrq
v ks
adh fcoz
Q
h gks
r h gS
Anq
d ku ml h O;fDr dksnh t krh gSt ks
16

i fjl j dsl a
pkyu v kS
j j[ k&j[ kko dh ft Ees
nkjh l a
Hkkyusdsfy, i z
frc gks
r k gS
A ms
' ; ks
adksi w
jk
djusdsfy, fu/ kZ
fjr ' krks
dsv uq
l kj LFkkuh; foKki uks
ads}kjk nq
d ku dksl kekU;r%, d o"kZds
fy, fdjk, i j fn; k t krk gS
Anq
d kunkj gh l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl j dh fct yh v kS
j i kuh dk fcy
pq
d krk gS
A dq
N ekeyks
a es
a yks
xks
a l s ol w
y h xbZi Q
hl ds dki Q
h v f/ d gks
us i j ; k nq
d ku ds
l iQ
yrki w
od
Z pyus i j nq
d kunkj xz
ke i fj"kn dks 200 #i ; s i z
fr ekg ns
r k gS
A bl s i fjl j ds
j[ k&j[ kko ; k l s
fIVd VS
d dh l i Q
a
kbZdjusdsfy, v ko' ; drkuq
l kj [ kpZfd; k t krk gS
A bl i zd kj
l exz LoPNrk v fHk; ku ds v a
r xZ
r ds
Unz
h; l gk; rk l s fufeZ
r l keq
nkf; d LoPNrk i fjl j yxkrkj
Bhd&Bkd pyrk jgrk gS
Al eq
nk; dsyks
x Hkh l a
rq
"V jgrsgS
aD; ks
fd mUgs
a
aLoPN LokLF; dj l q
fo/ k, a
feyrh jgrh gS
A mkj i w
a
oZes
al koZ
t fud LFkkuksav kS
j ckt kjks
aes
aLoPN i kl &i M+
ks
l lq
fuf' pr djusds
fy, bl l d
a Yi uk dksnks
gjk; k t k l drk gS
A
uew
uk i z
'u %
1-

mQ
i j dso`k v ; ; uks
al sfeyh t kudkjh dsv k/ kj i j ok; qv kS
j e`nk dsi z
nw
"k.k dksde djus
dh LoPNrk dh v knrks
adsl q
>ko nhft , A

( 5)

2-

ty la
l k/ u i z
ca
/ u dksLoPNrk l sdS
l st ks
M+
k t k l drk gS
A

( 3)

3-

o"kkZt y l a
xz
g.k }kjk , df=kr t y dh xq
. kokk dkscuk, j[ kusdsfy, mik; l q
>kb, A

( 2)

4-

fudV dh xa
nh cfLr; ks
av Fkok xko es
aLoPNrk v H; kl ks
adkscs
grj cukusdsfy, l q
>ko nsrsgq
,
fo| ky; dsi z
kpk; Zdksi =k fy[ ka
A
s

5-

( 3)

v fHkO;fDr
k`a
[ kyk dsv a
r xZ
r l h-ch-, l -b-Z usfo| kfFkZ
; ks
adksjpukRed v fHkO;fDr dsfy, dbZ
fo"k; fn, Fks
Amues
al sLoPNrk l sl a
ca
f/ r fdl h , d fo"k; i j i z
Lrko fy[ ks
a%
v ) l kekU; l ka
Lo`Q
frd , oal kekft d v kn' kkses
amu i fjorZ
uks
ai j t ks v ki ds v uq
l kj yEcs
l e; es
aLoPN LFkku cukusgs
r qv ko' ; d gS
arFkk ft ul sxk/ h t h dsLoPN Hkkjr ds
LoIu dksl kdkj djuses
al i Q
yrk feys
xh] i j fopkj dhft , A

( 5)

c) LoPN xz
ke dh dYi uk ml l e; rd ughadh t k l drh gSt c rd i z
R;s
d xz
keokl h
v i uk ; ks
xnku u ns
A v i us l i uks
a
ads LoPN xz
ke i j ukxfjd ?kks
"k.kk i =k dk fuekZ
.k
dhft , A

( 5)
17

vd
a ; ks
t uk %
1-

2-

iz
d j.k v ; ; u (Case Study) dsv k/ kj i j_

ok; qi z
nw
"k.k dksde djusdsnksLoPNrk v H; kl

e`nk i z
nw
"k. k dksde djusdsnksLoPNrk v H; kl

ty la
l k/ u i z
ca
/ u dh O;k[ ; k

( 5)

( 3)

ty la
l k/ u i z
ca
/ u v kS
j LoPNrk dk l a
ca
/
x| es
aof.kZ
r dq
N v H; kl
3-

o"kkZt y l a
xz
g.k

( 2)

t y xq
. kokk dk egRo
o"kkZt y l a
xz
g.k l sxz
ghr t y xq
. kokk dkscuk, j[ kusdsmik;
45-

LoPNrk v H; kl ks
aes
af' k{kdks
a, oav fHkHkkodks
adksl fEefyr djusdsfoLr`r l q
>ko x| esafn,
x, mnkgj.kks
adk mYys
[ k djrsgq
,A

( 3)

v ) ukxfjd i z
kf/ dkj] D; k djuk gS, oaD; k ughadjuk gS
] dkZ
O; , oaft Ees
nkfj; kA
a

( 5)

LoPN okrkoj.k dk egoA

c) LoPN okrkoj.k es
ack/ k Mkyusokysl ka
Lo`Q
frd , oal kekft d ekud @ekudka
ses
ai fjorZ
u
( 5)
uksV %l Hkh i z
' uksadksl exz: i l sew
Y; ka
fdr djrsgq
, va
d fn, t k, A
ln
aHkZ%
1.

http://www.mdws.gov.in/

2.

http://indiasanitationportal.org/category/source/government-india-goi

3.

http://www.mdws.gov.in/documentreports/term/42?tid=15

4.

http://tsc.gov.in/tsc/NBA/NBAHome.aspx

5.

http://indiawater.gov.in/misc/frm_oss.aspx

6.

http://nirmalgrampuraskar.nic.in/03

18