PH

NG PHP TR NG L C

Ni dung
1.1Gii thiu
1.2
C s vt l a cht
1.2.1
Tr ng trng lc
1.2.2
Th trng lc v cc o hm ca th trng lc
1.2.3
Gi tr bnh th ng v bt th ng trng lc
1.2.4
L thuyt ng tnh
1.2.5
Mt t
1.3
Cng tc thc a
1.3.1
My trng lc
1.3.2
Cc php o trng lc
1.3.3
Cng tc thc a
1.4
X l ti liu
1.4.1
Hiu chnh
1.4.2
Bin i tr ng trng lc
1.4.3
Gii bi ton thun, bi ton nghch
1.5
ng dng

PP Tr ng l c?

1.1 Gii thiu

Thm d trng lc da trn vic nghin cu,
kho st s phn b ca trng trng lc
gii quyt cc nhim v a cht
Cc i lng ch yu c trng cho tr ng
trng lc l th trng lc, gia tc trng lc
v cc o hm ca th trng lc.

1.2 C s vt l - a cht
R

1.2.1 Trng trng lc

Lc hp dn

r m.dM
F K
3
r
M

M .m
FK 2
Rq

K - hng s hp dn; M - khi lng Qu t ;

r - khong cch t vt th n yu t khi vi phn khi;
Rq - bn knh Qu t

Lc ly tm

C Rm 2

- vn tc gc; R - Khong cch t m ti trc quay

Tng hp ca 2 lc hp dn v ly tm gi l trng lc

G F C

 Trong thc t, lc ly tm rt nh so vi lc hp dn
C
1

F 288

Xt mt vt th c khi lng bng 1 n v khi lng (vkl). Khi lc

hp dn F c ln bng gia tc hp dn f, lc ly tm C c ln bng gia
tc ly tm c, trng lc G c ln bng gia tc trng lc g.

G
rdM
g K 3 R 2 (Gal ) 1Gal=1cm/s2. 1mGal=10-3Gal
m
r

Trong thm d trng lc ng i ta th ng o ga tr ca gia tc trng lc v

gi tt l gi tr trng lc.

1.2.2 Th trng lc, cc o hm ca th trng lc

Tr ng trng lc ca Qu t c c trng bng th trng

lc W

dm 1 2
W K
( x y 2 ) 2
r
2

Tnh cht ca th trng lc:

W l mt i lng v hng, lun dng ti mi im trong

khng gian.
W n tr, ti mi im ch c 1 gi tr ca th trng lc

V mt ton hc, c th coi th trng lc W l mt hm m o hm ca n

theo r hng r no chnh bng gi tr trng lc theo hng

W
g cos
r

Nu ta xt trong mt h ta cc Oxyz

W W
W
0

g;
y
x
z

g
r

W
r

Cc o hm bc 2

2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W
;
;
;
;
;
2
2
2
xy z
xz yz
x
y

n v o o hm bc 2 th trng lc l Etssvet (E).

1E 1.10

1
s2

1.2.3 Gi tr bnh thng v bt thng trng lc

Gi tr bnh thng trng lc 0 c tnh ton vi iu kin gi s Qu t c
dng elipxoit cu to b i nhng lp vt cht ng nht v mt v sp xp
ng tm. Vit Nam th ng dng cng thc Henmet

o g e (1 sin 1 sin 2 2 cos cos 2)

2

, - kinh , v a l ca im quan st
ge - gi tr trng lc trung bnh ti xch o (978,030)
= 0,005302; 1 = 0,000007; 2 = 0

Gi tr bt thng trng lc g ti mt im quan st l hiu s gia gi tr

trng lc o c quy v mt Geoit g0 vi gi tr bnh th ng 0 tnh theo l
thuyt ti im quan st .

g = g0 - 0

Thnh phn t trong Qu t rt a dng, c mt bin i rt khc nhau,

cho nn cc gi tr trng lc o c s thay i to nn cc bt th ng trng
lc g.

1.2.4 L thuyt ng tnh

V tri t lun hng ti s cn bng, s d tha khi lng trn
b mt c b b i s thiu ht ca chng di su.

Mt bin
y bin

t
1

Mt S

0T= 1(T+h)

1
0 =2,67

h
H1

M hnh Prat

D0

D1

m=3,27

M hnh Ery
mD= 0H

1.2.5 Mt t

http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/ES304/

 t trm tch
Mt t trm tch ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn
thch hc, rng, m v iu kin thnh to ca t .
Khi t c cng thnh phn th no c hn, nm su hn
th ng c mt cao hn tr, nm nng.
magma
Mt magma ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn khong
vt, thnh phn thch hc v ngun gc ca . Ni chung mt
tng dn khi chuyn t phun tro axt sang mafic v siu
mafic. magma xm nhp c mt ln hn phun tro.
bin cht
Mt bin cht ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn thch
hc v mc bin cht.

Mt trung bnh ca mt s t , khong vt, qung

t ,
khong vt

(g/cm3)

t , khong vt

(g/cm3)

Du m

0,8 - 1,0

Gabro

2,8 - 3,1

Nc

1,0

Bazan

2,7 - 3,2

Than

1,1 - 1,4

Peridotit

2,8 - 3,4

1,13 - 2,0

Qung ng

4,1 - 4,3

Ct

1,4 - 1,7

Manhetit, hematit

4,9 - 5,2

St

2,0 - 2,2

Ct kt

1,8 - 2,8

vi

2,3 - 3,0

Granit
Gnai

2,4 - 3,0
2,6 - 2,8

tb phn trn v
Qu t
tbQu t

tbca nhn
Qu t

2,67
5,52
> 12,0

1.3 Cng tc thc a

1.3.1 My trng lc
Cc hin tng vt l th ng c ng dng ch to my o
tr ng trng lc bao gm:
S co dn ca l xo hoc dy n hi treo vt nng
S dao ng ca con lc dy di
S ri t do

1.3.2 Cc php o trng trng lc

o tuyt i o gi tr tuyt i
o ln ton phn ca gi tr trng lc g ti
tng im quan st ring bit.
o tng i o gi tr tng i:
o gia s (hiu s) cc gi tr trng lc ti hai
im khc nhau.

1.3.3 Cng tc thc a

Mng li quan st trng lc
Mt im o trng lc ca mng li ph thuc vo t l quan trc
Mng li cc im ta

Bao gm mt s t im phn b u trn ton vng nghin cu. Mng li ta

phi lin kt vi cc im ta quc gia v quc t (nu c).
Gi tr o ti cc im ta dng nng cao chnh xc ca im th ng,
tnh hiu chnh dch chuyn im O v a cc gi tr o v cng mt mc
so snh.

Mng li im thng
Cc im o th ng c b tr theo mng li tuyn hoc theo l trnh
trn din tch nghin cu. Cc tuyn o trng lc c b tr theo phng
vung gc vi ng phng d kin ca i tng cn nghin cu.
K thut o

Phi xut pht v kt thc chuyn o trng lc ti 1 hoc 2 im ta

Phi nng cao chnh xc quan st im th ng bng cch c 3 ln s c
trng lc v ly trung bnh cng.

Gravity recovery and climate experiment

GRACE
o trng lc v tinh

http://www.nasa.gov/

Satellite gravity

coverage of GETECHs Ultimate satellite gravity data

http://www.getech.com/data/satgrav.htm

1.4 X l ti liu
1.4.1 Hiu chnh
Bin php a kt qu o trng lc t mt vt l ca Qu t v
mt geoit gi l php hiu chnh trng lc.
Trong thm d trng lc th ng dng php hiu chnh Bughe:
Hiu chnh cao (hiu chnh Fai)
Hiu chnh lp gia
A
Hiu chnh a hnh
H

A
Hiu hnh t ng l

Geoit

Hiu chnh cao

im A cao hn mt geoit nn khi
chuyn t A xung A' gi tr trng
lc tng ln.

KM
KM
g A' 2
gA
2
( R0 H )
R0
Ta phi a vo gi tr quan st
trng lc mt lng hiu chnh cao
(gH) nhm loi b nh h ng cao
ca im quan st so vi mt geoit.

gH = 0,3086.H (mGal)

A
H
A

Geoit

Hiu hnh t ng l

Hiu chnh lp gia

Trong php hiu chnh cao ta
mi ch ch n cao ca
im quan st so vi mt bin m
cha ch n lp vt cht nm
gia mt bin v mt quan st.
loi b nh h ng ca lp vt
cht nm gia mt geoit v mt
quan st ta a vo gi tr quan
st trng lc mt lng hiu
chnh lp gia glg.

A
H
A

Geoit

Hiu hnh t ng l

glg = - 0,0419H (mGal)

Hiu chnh a hnh

Hiu chnh a hnh
(gh) nhm loi b
nh h ng do s
tha hay thiu khi
lng xung quanh
im quan st do a
hnh khng bng
phng gy ra.

A
H
A

Geoit

Hiu hnh t ng l

Tng cc php hiu chnh cao, lp gia, a

hnh gi l hiu chnh Bughe. Bt th ng
Bughe l bt th ng trng lc ng vi hiu
chnh Bughe.

A
Bg

g (g H g lg g h )

A
Bg

A
o

A
o

g g (g H glg g h )
A
0

A
o

l gi tr trng lc o c quy v xem nh o trn mt geoit.

X l ti liu, gii thch a cht kt qu o

trng lc
Gii thch nh tnh ti liu trng lc
Da vo cc bn ng tr hoc th theo tuyn ta s b
phn chia ra cc vng bt th ng khu vc v bt th ng a
phng. Mt trong nhng bin php tch bt th ng a
phng ra khi bt th ng khu vc hoc ngc li l dng
cc php bin i tr ng nh nng tr ng, h tr ng, trung
bnh tr ng...
Gii thch nh lng ti liu trng lc
Gii thch nh lng l qu trnh gii bi ton ngc trng
lc, t cc ti liu o c trong vng cng tc ta phi xc
nh hnh dng, kch thc, chiu su th nm, mt ca
i tng a cht gy ra bt th ng trng lc.

Bin i tr ng tr ng l c
Nng tr ng
Nhm lm ni bt thnh phn tr ng khu vc
H tr ng
Nhm lm ni bt thnh phn tr ng a phng
Tnh o hm theo phng thng ng
c dng tch cc bt th ng a phng, lm m
cc bt th ng c ngun gc su
Phn chia tr ng

g
1- d th ng tng
2- thnh phn khu vc
3- gi tr tr ng trung bnh
4- a phng
5- d th ng d

4
x

Bi ton thun
g

KMh

(x h )

g max

KM
2
h

2
O
f
h

R
T ng t ng l gy i u u

Bi ton ng c
g max

g 1

KM
2
h

1
1 KM
KMh
g max

3
2
2
2 2
2
2 h
( x1 h )
2

g max .h
M
K

4 3
M R d
3

S tng ng
cng d th ng trng lc c th
gii thch bng nhiu cch
D th ng trng lc o c

1. i tng gn mt t ko rt di
2. i tng gn mt t ko di
3. Qu cu nm di su

1.5 ng dng
1. Phn vng kin to: xc nh min nn, min a mng v nhng yu t kin to ln
trong vng nghin cu.
2. Nghin cu cu trc v Qu t, lm sng t hnh dng Qu t, chiu dy v v mt
trung bnh.
3. Tm kim thm d cc loi khong sn c mt khc vi t vy quanh nh
than, mui, st, du kh...
4. Trong lnh vc a cht thy vn - cng trnh, ch yu cn pht hin v nghin cu
cc cu to lin quan vi cc nhim v sau:
- Lm sng t cc cu to lin quan n hnh dng mng gc, phn chia lp v
phong ha v lp ph
- Xc nh v tr cc i ph hy, theo di phng va ca chng
- Tm kim cc lng sng c, thung lng ngm
- Trong nhng nm gn y ng i ta cn o trng lc chnh xc cao nghin cu c
im th nm ca cc tng t , xc nh mt trung bnh gia cc im cc
mc khc nhau; Nghin cu cc i ph hy nh trong khu vc xy dng cc cng
trnh ln; Theo di cc i bin i trong cc khu vc khai thc hm l, ni xy
dng cc cng trnh giao thng; Nhng vn ny lin quan trc tip n CCT v
CTV.

Mt s v d p dng ph ng php tr ng l c gii

quyt cc nhim v a cht

Bn t thng t ng l Bughe di than Hn Gai

Cu hi
1.

Geoit l g?

2.

D th ng geoit l g? Gii thch d th ng m (hoc dng) nh

th no?

3.

Th no l d th ng trng lc?

4.

Gia tc trng lc v gia tc hp dn khc nhau nh th no?

5.

Vit biu thc tnh trng lc bnh th ng, gii thch cc tham s?

6.

Ti sao cn hiu chnh gi tr trng lc o c?

7.

Cc loi hiu chnh?

8.

Cc bi ton cho cc vt th n gin?

Bi tp
1.

nh A ca ngn ni cao
trn mc CD l 1000m
(hnh v). Gi s ni v
phn gc ca n i xng v
trng thi cn bng ng
tnh, tnh chiu su B di
mc CD? l mt .

Theo u bi HA=1000m, i tm HB?

Theo gi thit Ery, trng lng khi vt cht c mt 2800 kg/m3
c cn bng vi lc y Acsimet bng trng lng ca khi
pha di mc CD b chim ch.
Ta c:
(ACD+BCD)*2800=BCD*3000 (1)
A
Trong : ACD l din tch tam gic ACD
BCD l din tch tam gic BCD
H
V h thng i xng nn
C
D
3
=2800 kg/m
ACD=0.5*AH*CD (2)
BCD=0.5*BH*CD (3)
=3000 kg/m3
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) ta c
(AH+BH)*2800=3000*BH
BH=14*AH=14000 (m)

2. Mt h thng ni gc (mountain-root) l
t ng nh hnh v, trng thi cn bng ng
tnh vit biu thc tnh H qua bin D? l
mt .

p dng tng t nh bi tp 1 ta c:
Trng lng ca khi vt cht
TL=2000(0.5CH+0.5CD)
(1)
Lc y Acsimet
AC=2500*0.5(E+C)H/2+3000*0.5E (D-H/2) (2)
Trong C v E ln lt l kch thc y ca cc tam gic
E DH /2

(nh l Talet)
C
D
DH /2
E
C (3)
D

C
E

Ta c: TL=AC
( D H / 2)
DH /2
1 H / 2 6
4( D H ) 5
D
D

(a) ?
(b) ?
(c) ?

g?

3. Gii thch cng thc hiu chnh cao

gH = 0,3086.H (mGal)
4. Gii thch cng thc tnh hiu chnh lp gia
glg = - 0,0419H (mGal)

5. V nh tnh gi trng lc o c ct qua tm 2

qu cu c mt ln hn mi tr ng vy
quanh?
V gi tr trng lc khi nng tr ng, h tr ng,
o hm trng lc theo phng thng ng?
1>0

2>0

Nng trng
Trng TL
o c
H trng
1>0

2>0

6. V nh tnh gi trng lc o c trn tuyn?

V gi tr trng lc khi nng tr ng, h tr ng,
o hm trng lc theo phng thng ng?

c<1

2 >0

Nng trng
Trng TL
o c

H trng
c<1

2 >0

7. V nh tnh gi trng lc o c ct qua tm 2

qu cu c mt 1 v 2 mi tr ng vy
quanh c mt 0?
V gi tr trng lc khi nng tr ng, h tr ng,
o hm trng lc theo phng thng ng?
1<0

2>0

Nng trng
Trng TL
o c
H trng
1<0

2>0

8. V bn ng tr trng lc v o hm theo
phng thng ng ca n trn din tch. Gi
s bn di gm mi tr ng ng nht v qu
cu c mt ln hn mi tr ng vy quanh.

Gi tr tr ng l c g

9) Tnh g trn tuyn

o ct qua tm qu
cu vi cc tham s:
h= 1km
R=0.5 km
d =n/10 g/cm3
n=s th t sinh vin

O
f
h

Bi ton qu cu
40

Wz

1.8

30

1.6

Wzz

1.4

mGal

Wxz
20

1.2
10

1
0.8

0.6
0.4

-10

0.2
-20

0
-2

-1

x (km)

10) Tnh g trn tuyn

o vung gc vi tr
di v hn
h= (n+5)/10 km
R=0.5 km
d =n/10 g/cm3
n=s th t sinh vin

O
f
h

Bi ton tr trn nm ngang

60

Wxz

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-2

-1

x (km)

mGal

Wz