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Culture Documents
4.1
Protective Relays
VT CT
( Contact )
Trip Coil CB
CB
2 51
Bus
7
8
3
4
a
4.1
4.2
( Detection of Fault )
( Level Detection )
Pick up Value
Overcurrent Relay
Pick Up
4
3 51
( Magnitude Comparison )
I A IB
IA
R
IB
4.2
( Differential Current Comparison )
( I1 - I2 )
Pick Up
( 87 G )
( 87 M )
( 87 B )
( 87 T )
6
4 51
I' 1
I' 2
I1
I2
(I 1 - I2 )
I1
I2
4.3
7
IF
V
ILOAD
IL OAD
R
IF
ILOAD
IL OAD
IF
4.4
5 51
( Pilot Relaying )
Pilot Channels
Pilot Channels
1) Power Line Carrier ( PLC )
2) ( Microwave )
3) ( Fiber Optic )
4) ( Telephone Wire )
9
( Harmonics Content )
Filter
Order
(Block)
( Harmonics Restraint )
10
6 51
( Frequency Sensing )
50 60 Hz
11
4.3
3
Electromechanical Relay
Solid State Relay
Digital Relay
12
7 51
F
I
K1
K2
K 1 I 2 - K2
14
8 51
K1I2 K2 = 0
I =
K2
K1 = Pick up Current
2
1. Plunger Relay
2. Hinged Armature ( Clapper ) Relay
15
I
Coil
Fixed Iron Core
Moving Iron Core
Contact
Gravity
9 51
Contact
Contact
Spring
I
C oil
Induction
Motor
( Rotor ) Disc Cup
( Non-magnetic Material )
18
10 51
11 51
Flux 1 2
1 = sin (t)
1
2 = 2 sin (t + )
d
1
dt
i1
1 cos (t)
d2
i2
2 cos (t+ )
dt
21
2
F = F2 F1 1 I11 I2
12 51
T 1 2 sin( )
T = K 12 sin( )
Flux 1 2 I1 I2
T = K I1 I2 sin( ) K2
23
T = K I1 I2 sin( ) K2
T
K
K2
I1 , I2
24
13 51
Electromechanical Relay
25
Electromechanical Relay
26
14 51
4.
5 Solid State Relay ( Static Relay )
4.5
-
27
28
15 51
Static
er
e2
e1
B
R-C
+ A
-
Time
Delay
e0
4.12 Static
29
4.13 Static
30
16 51
4.12
I (R)
Full Wave Rectified
R-C
(Summing Amplifier : A)
A
( er )
Time Delay
31
Static Relay
32
17 51
Static Relay
33
18 51
Galvan ic
I sola tio n
Trans former
A nti-Alias
Filters
S/H
S/H
Timer
S/H
S/H
MultiPlexer
ADC
Micro
Processor
ROM
RAM
EEPROM
Digital
I/O
Ke yb or d
&
Display
Serial
Comms
S/H
S/H
Opto-Isolator
CB Open
To
Modem
CB Trip
Reed Relay
35
36
19 51
Digital Relay
Isolation Transformer ,
Anti - Alias Filter ,
Sample and Hold , (Switch & Hold Mode)
Multiplexer ( MUX ) ,
Analog to Digital Converter ( ADC ) , A to - D
Microprocessor ,
Memory Unit , ()
Keyboard and Display ,
Data Communication Hardware ,
37
Digital Relay
1. Isolation Transformer
Instrument Transformers
VT 100-120 V
CT 1 5 A
Electronics
VT CT
38
20 51
Digital Relay
2. Anti-Alias Filter
Isolation Transformer
( Noise )
Digital Relay
21 51
Controlled by
Microprocessor
Input
Analogue
Signal
To ADC
Digital Relay
4. Multiplexer ( MUX )
Analog Digital ( ADC )
ADC
Multiplex (MUX)
ADC
42
22 51
Digital Relay
6. Microprocessor
Trip CB
Software ( Algorithm )
43
Digital Relay
6. Microprocessor ()
Software
Programming Language
Computation Algorithm
Data Communication Algorithm
Unauthorized Access Prevention and Security Operation
44
23 51
Digital Relay
7. ( Memory Unit )
RAM ( Ramdom Access Memory )
Input Sample Data Faults
Data
Digital Relay
7. ( Memory Unit )
(ROM)
EPROM User
Programmable
EEPROM ( Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory ) Flash Memory
Set
46
24 51
Digital Relay
47
Digital Relay
25 51
Digital Relay
49
52a
TC
) Series Sealing
26 51
4.7 ( ... )
1. Series Sealing ()
:
(Matched) Trip
Contactor Impedance
5%
Contact
Contactor
Contactor
51
4.7 ( ... )
2. Shunt Reinforcing
PR
52a
TC
) Shunt Reinforcing
27 51
4.7 ( ... )
2. Shunt Reinforcing (..)
Contact 2
Contactor
Trip
53
4.7 ( ... )
3. Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing
PR
52a
TC
Shunt Reinforcing
(Low Torque) Contact
54
28 51
4.7 ( ... )
3. Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing
Shunt Reinforcing
Contact
Contact Contactor
Contact Circuit Breaker
55
4.17
56
29 51
52a
TC
R
Lamp
) Circuit Breaker
PR
52a
TC
52b
Lamp
) Circuit Breaker
4.17
57
(Pilot Protection)
4.17 )
58
30 51
52a
TC
R
A
B
C
Alarm
) Circuit Breaker
4.17 ()
59
60
31 51
4.9
ANSI C37-2
DEVICE NUMBER
61
Device Number
Device
Number
Device
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Master Element
Time-Delay Starting or Closing Relay
Checking or Interlocking Relay
Master Contactor
Stopping Device
Starting Circuit Breaker
Anode Circuit Breaker
Control Power Disconnecting Device
Reversing Device
Unit Sequence Switch
Reserved For Future Application
Over-Speed Device
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Synchronous-Speed Device
Under-Speed Device
Speed or Frequency Matching Device
Reserved For Future Application
Shunting or Discharge Switch
Accelerating or Decelerating Device
Starting-to-Running Transition
Electrically Operated Valve
Distance Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker
Temperature Control Device
Reserved For Future Application
62
32 51
Device
Number
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Device
Number
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Device
Number
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Device
Number
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
33 51
Device
Number
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
Device
Number
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
IEC 60617
Symbols
Description
Symbols
Description
Overspeed relay
Undercurrent relay
I2
Distance relay
U2
Negati ve sequence
voltage Relay
Overtemperature relay
Directional overpower
relay
Instantaneous
overcurrent rel ay
Underpower relay
Inverse ti me overcurrent
relay
Thermal relay
34 51
Description
Symbols
Description
Definite ti me earth
fault overcurrent rel ay
Directional overcurrent
relay
U I
Voltage restrained /
controlled overcurrent
relay
cos
O I
Autoreclose relay
Overvoltage relay
Ursd
Neutral point
dis placement relay
Earth-fault relay
Underfrequency relay
Overfrequency relay
Id
Differential relay
67
4.10
1. ( Overcurrent Relay )
[ 50 , 51 , 50/51 , 51V ]
2
1) Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay ( 50 )
-
2) Time Delay Overcurrent Relay ( 51 )
-
68
35 51
(..)
Time Delay
Inverse Time
( T-I curve )
Standard Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Definite Time
69
- Overcurrent Relay
70
36 51
Setting
Plug Setting Multiplier ( PSM )
CT
(Coordination)
(Selectivity) Breaker
71
72
37 51
IEC 60255
characteristics ;
TMS=1.0
- Overcurrent Relay IDMT
73
38 51
( Short Circuit )
Voltage Dip
( Overload )
51 V Overcurrent
Short Circuit Overload
Back up Protection
75
2.
(Ground Fault Relay)
3
1. Residually Connected Ground Relay
[ 50N , 51N , 50/51N ]
76
39 51
A
B
C
E /F
O /C
O /C
O /C
4.19
A
IA
IB
IC
IN
E /F
O/ C
O /C
O/ C
4.20 3 4
77
50 G
78
40 51
50 G
79
3.
( Directional Overcurrent Relay ) [ 67 ]
(Multiple Sources) Loop Network
2
(Reference or Polarized Source)
Fault
Positive Torque Maximum
Torque Line Maximum Torque Angle (MTA)
80
41 51
Positive Torque
Operating Current
Negative Torque
Angle Of Maximun Torque
Minimum Pickup Current
Polarizing Voltage or Current
4.23
81
AUX CT
Polarizing
Input
Polarizing
Input
87 G
87 G
Operating
Current
AUX CT
Operating
Current
AUX CT
4.24
82
42 51
83
Trip Direction
GEN
Line to Ground Fault
32
Trip
Utility System
Industrial System
4.25
84
43 51
4. ( Distance Relay ) [ 21 ]
( Transmission Line )
Impedance
Distance Relay
Impedance
Reactance Admittance
R-X Diagram
85
R
R
Impedance Rela y
Mho Relay
Quadrilateral Relay
R
Lenticular Relay
4.26
86
44 51
5. ( Differential Relay ) [ 87 ]
Relay (Sensitivity)
( Internal Fault )
, ,
CT 2
Pick Up
87
Overcurrent Relay
Operating winding
88
45 51
I +I
= 1 2
2
89
O p eratin g Z on e
R e straint C urre nt
I2 + I1
2
90
46 51
Operate
Current
I0 = I2 - I 1
Operating Zone
Restraint Current
I2 + I1
2
6.
( Phase Balance Current Relay ) [ 46 ]
Negative Sequence
Current
Negative Sequence Relay
92
47 51
7.
( Synchronism Check and Synchronizing Relay ) [ 25 ]
93
G
VT
25
Synchronizing Relay
VT
Diatribution Bus
Generator
Breaker to be
Closed
To Load
4.32
94
48 51
8. ( Voltage Relay )
Overvoltage Relay [ 59 ]
Undervoltage Relay [ 27 ]
96
49 51
Load Shedding
97
Motor
Generator
Transformer
2
Replica Type Temperature Relay
Temperature Relay
98
50 51
2. Temperature Relay
Temperature Instrument
- Thermal Detector
- Thermal Couple
-
-
-
99
100
51 51
101
102