Levels of Organization

(CTOSOPCE)
ORGANISM
(ORGANISM)

largest

smallest

smallest

largest

Human Body Systems

Circulatory

Respiratory

Digestive

Muscular

Circulatory

Heart

Delivers O2;
removes
CO2

Delivers
nutrients

Pumps
blood

Respiratory

Delivers O2;
removes CO2

Lungs

Digestive

Delivers
nutrients

Muscular

Pumps blood

Skeletal

Creates red
blood cells

nervous

Involuntary

Provides O2

Involuntary

Skeletal
Creates
red
blood cells

Deliver O2
to
muscles

Involuntar
y

Stomach

Moves food

Provides
nutrients

Moves
food

Skeletal
muscle

Moves
bones

Provides
nutrients

Moves
bones

Bones

Sends
signals

Nervous

Sends
signal
s

Spinal
cord


Plant
cells
have
chloroplas
t cells and Animal cells are:
pigmentation
and
photosyn
eir outermost layer
PLANT
ANIMAL

Plant
cells
have
larger
vac
CELLS
at contain chlorophyll for
is Cell wall
Flagellum
helphave
with fla
Some
Animaltocells
s (used for storage)
movement
membrane
which
aids
in
m
Contains chloroplast
um connected to the cell
ment
of the cell
Larger
vacuoles

Cell Parts

CELL MEMBRANE the outer boundary that only allows

certain materials to move into or out of the cell
CYTOPLASM gel-like material that contains water and
nutrients
NUCLEUS contains the chromosomes with the DNA
MITOCHONDRIA breaks down food and releases energy
VACUOLES storage areas for cells
Chloroplast (only in plant cells) where glucose/sugar is made

SUCCESSION

Primary occurs in
new land, no soil;
lichens are pioneer
st
species (1 to appear)
that help develop soil

Secondary occurs
after devastation (Fire,
flood)

Climax
community

SUCCESSION
Secondary succession

Primary succession
begins with bare rock
exposed by geologic
activity (new land when

begins on soil from which

previous community has been
removed (by fire, agriculture,
etc.)

old field succession

example: grass -> shrub > trees > oak hickory
forest
secondary succession can
proceed much faster
because the soil has been
prepared by the previous
community

volcano erupts

example: rock -> lichen > moss > grass -> shrub >
trees > oak hickory
forest

Species and Adaptations

SPECIES group of similar organisms that can

mate and produce fertile offspring
ADAPTATIONS genetic trait that helps an
organism survive and reproduce
EVOLUTION change in a species over time

NATURAL SELECTION process by which

individuals better adapted to their environment are
more likely to survive and reproduce

FOOD WEBS

Arrows show
movement of energy
through the system

Food chain always

begins with producer

Energy originates with

sun as part of
photosynthesis

FOOD PYRAMID
Only 10%
of the
available
energy
moves up
to the next
level
because
some is
lost as
heat

producers

Decomposers

PUNNETT SQUARE
Dominant
allele
Homozygous
Dominant
(same, capital)

Recessive
allele

Heterozygous
(different)

75% display dominant trait

25% display recessive trait

Homozygous
Recessive
(same,
lowercase)

Genetics

GENOTYPE

Genetic description
Ex. XX or XY

TT, Tt, tt

PHENOTYPE

Physical description
Female or Male
tall, tall, short

Traits or
characters that
Brown
Light
Hair
Hair
are genetically
inherited features
of an organism. Curled Not Curled
Tongue

Brown
Eyes

Blue
Eyes

Bent Little
Finger

Tongue

Curly
Hair

Hair on
Fingers

Widows
Straight Little
Peak
Finger

Straight
Hair

No Hair on
Fingers

No Peak

Traits affected by environment

Weight gain
Tanning your skin

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2 + H2O
+ sunlight
C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight glucose + oxygen

STATES OF MATTER

Parts
of
an
Atom
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Part
-

+
n n n
++
-+

Protons
Charge Neutrons
Location

+
Positive

n
+ +
n n
n
+
+ +
n
+
n - n - n+ +n
+
+
n
n
n
+
++ n

Part

Protons
Nucleus
Electrons
n
Neutrons Neutral Nucleus
Val
O
farth
Electrons Negative Orbit

mos
Valence electrons electrons
Valence
Electrons

how
on the last energy level of an

farthest from the nucleus or

atom
Dot
Protons
and neutrons
most loosely
held (keyare
to more
the
massive
than
the
electron.
how an atom reacts!)
Most of an atoms mass in
surr
located in the nucleus.
vale
Dot Diagram consists of

Element
Information
ELEMENT INFORMATION
Atomic Number
Number of Protons +

Symbol
Starts w/ a Capital

Atomic Mass
Protons + + Neutrons n

Name of Element

C
12.011
Carbon

n
+
n +n
+
+ n+
n +
n
-

PERIODIC TABLE
Noble gases
Group columns
- elements have similar properties

Period(rows)
- # of energy
levels,
(clouds/
Shells)
in an
Atom

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Atom
vs
Molecule
ATOM VS. MOLECULE
Atom the smallest
particle of an element
-

n
++
nn n
+
++ +n
n n n
+ +
-

Molecule a combination
of two or more atoms
bonded together

n
++
n
n
n
+
++ +n
n n n
+ +
+
+

Organic compounds

Interpreting
Chemical
Formulas
COUNTING ATOMS

CO2

3Fe2O3

C 1

Fe 2 x 3

C 6x2=

O 2

H 12 x 2 =

3 x3

2C6H12O6
12
24

O 6 x 2 = 12
List your elements
Subscript # below letters; tells # of atoms
How many atoms of each element? The number behind
the
symbol.
If
there
is
no
number
behind
the
symbol,
Coefficient # in front of element or compound;
there is 1 atom of that element.
tells
number
of
molecules;
multiplied
by
Multiply by the number of molecules (coefficient - the
number
in front)
subscript
to get the total # of atoms for each
element

IONS

ISOTOPE

atoms of the same element with different

atomic masses

Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 1

Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 2

Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 3

Isotopes of Carbon

6 protons, 6
neutrons

6 protons
7neutron

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass of reactants and mass of products

will remain the same
You cannot create nor can you destroy
matter; you can only rearrange it!

PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL

CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES

CHEMICAL CHANGES

New substance is formed; the

change cannot be undone

CLUES: when 2 substances

are mixed and

Does not change the

composition of the substance
Examples: change in shape,
size, phase (melting, freezing,
condensing, evaporating)

Bubbles form created a gas

Color changes
Temperature changes
Odor is produced
Formation of a solidprecipitate

SPECIFIC HEAT

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT

Takes more energy to change temperature
Slower temperature change
Example: water, nonmetals

LOW SPECIFIC HEAT

Takes less energy to change temperature
Quicker temperature change
Example: sand, metals

FORCES-Push or pull
Balanced forces
Unbalanced forces
Have no effect on
Motion is in the
an objects motion
direction of the
stronger
force.
Opposite in
direction and equal
Opposite in
in strength
direction and
unequal in
strength

st
1

LAW OF MOTION
Known as the LAW
OF INTERTIA
Forces are
balanced

NEWTONS SECOND LAW O

nd
MOTION
2 LAW OF MOTION

rd
3

MOTIO
LAW OF MOTION
For every action force,
there is an equal and
opposite reaction
force
Forces are balanced
Motion is determined
by mass of objects
involved

ENERGY
Ability to work or cause change
FORMS OF ENERGY: electrical,
mechanical, chemical, thermal, potential,
kinetic
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY cannot create nor destroy
energy; energy may be transformed

Increased height means

Increased potential energy

Decreasing speed means

Decreasing kinetic energy

decreasing height means

decreasing potential energy

increasing speed means

Increasing kinetic energy

ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS

SOURCES OF ENERGY
Inexhaustible: Wind, water, solar
Renewable readily available
Nonrenewable takes a long time to
replenish

Fossil fuels (which form from

decay of plants & animals)

TRANSVERSE WAVE

PARTICLES MOVE UP AND DOWN

EXAMPLE: LIGHT WAVES, RADIO WAVES,
MICROWAVES

LONGITUDINAL WAVE

PARTICLES MOVE SIDE TO SIDE

EXAMPLE: SOUND WAVES

ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

ection.

REFLECTION

Light bounces off of a

surface and starts
traveling in a different
direction
Example: image in a
mirror, echo

wavelength of the waves.

REFRACTION

Change in the direction of a wave as it passes from

one medium to another; causes the wave to bend
Changes the speed and wavelength

stacles andDIFFRACTION
through openings.

Wave direction changes as it passes through an

opening
Will cause a straight wave front to bend and spread

Work is being done.

Formula for work
W= force x distance

No work
is done PLANE
INCLINED

LEVERS

LEVERS

LEVERS
A) First Class
LEVERS

A) First Class
R

F
E
BEST WHEN FULCRUM IS

A) First Class
R

NEAR RESISTANCE FORCE

NOT AN ADVANTAGE FOR FORCE;

ADVANTAGE IS IN DISTANCE
GAINED
E
R

E
E

B) Second Class

B) Second Class

C) Third Class

BEST
WHEN
RESISTANCE
FORCE
B) Second Class
E
IS NEAR FULCRUM R
R
E
F
F

C) Third Class

C) Third Class

F
F

 Changes direction of
force
pulleys = less effort
force; pull rope a
longer distance

rt
fo
Ef m
r

Resistance
arm

PULLEY

INCLINED
PLANE
INCLINED PLANE

MOTION GRAPHS

DRY MIX
D R

V
a
r

e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t

100

Average Grades

e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

Y
90
80
70
60

w/o music

50

classical

40

rock

30

M anipulated Var
I ndependent Var
X

20
10
0
20 min

40 min

60 min

Time Studying

80 min

EARTHS LAYERS
Plates move on
the
asthenosphere
because of
convection
currents in the
mantle.
CLAMOI

EARTHS LAYERS
Plates move on the asthenosphere
because of convection currents in the
mantle.

Convection currents
Heat from core
decreases density of
mantle causing it to rise
When mantle reaches
crust it cools; density
increases and it sinks
Causes circular motion
for plates to move on

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Plates move AWAY from each other
Magma rises and creates new ocean floor

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
Plates slide
PAST each
other
Creates earthquakes

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

MOUNTAINS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
TRENCHES

MOUNTAINS
EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
TRENCHES

TOPOGRAPHY MAPS
Circular lines
represent the
elevations of the land

Lines close together

means steep incline
Lines spread apart
means gentle slope

ROCK CYCLE

NOTES ON BACK

Rock Cycle

ROCK CYCLE
HEAT AND PRESSURE MAKE
METAMORPHIC ROCK
MELTING AND COOLING MAKE IGNEOUS
ROCK
CEMENTATION AND COMPACTION MAKE
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
WEATHERING AND EROSION MAKE
SEDIMENT

CARBON CYCLE

CARBON CYCLE
Photosynthesis is the only process
that removes CO2 from the
atmosphere.
Respiration and decomposition put
CO2 back into atmosphere naturally.
Burning of fossil fuels puts excess
CO2 into atmosphere causing global
warming.

NITROGEN CYCLE

NITROGEN CYCLE
80% of air is nitrogen
Nitrogen in atmosphere not in form to be
used by living organisms
Lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
change nitrogen into useable form
Plants absorb nitrogen through roots
Consumer gets nitrogen when eating
Decomposition puts nitrogen back into
atmosphere

HUMAN IMPACT ON NITROGEN

Nitrogen-rich fertilizers damage nearby
waterways
Waste from livestock put too much
nitrogen in soil; plants overgrow rapidly;
use up nitrogen and die
Herbivore population increases with
producer increase
When plant die off, herbivores starve

WATER CYCLE

WATERSHED
THE LAND THAT
SUPPLIES WATER TO
A RIVER SYSTEM
RUNOFF COMES
FROM SNOWMELT
AND RAIN; FLOWS
INTO STREAMS THAT
FEED A RIVER
Delta- where river feeds
into ocean

 GROUNDWATER water that fills the

cracks and spaces in underground soil
and rock layers (aquifers). This is where
most fresh water is found.
SURFACE WATER water found on the
surface such as in lakes, rivers, and
oceans

PHYSICAL WEATHERING
FROST WEDGING rocks break when water
freezes and thaws in the cracks
ABRASION rocks break as they rub or bounce
off each other
EXFOLIATION peeling away of large sheets of
loosened material at the surface of a rock
Roots growing in cracks of rocks
Humans and animals walking in nature

CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Changes the composition of the rock

OXIDATION oxygen interacts chemically with minerals in

rock
HYDRATION water interacts chemically with minerals in
rock
CARBONATION carbon dioxide interacts chemically with
minerals in the rock
Plant roots can also chemically react with rocks

CAUSES OF WEATHERING

EROSION
WATER EROSION
Raindrops splash erosion moves small
particles
Streams and runoff moving water moves
objects
The faster the water moves the larger the
particles that are moved

Example of water erosion

EROSION
WIND faster the wind, the larger the
particles that can move
Causes sand dunes

ICE abrasion glacier cuts into the

rock underneath and breaks it
WAVE incoming wave deposits sand;
outgoing wave removes sand

RIVER CARVING A
VALLEY

WAVES CUTTING
BACK CLIFFS

GLACIER MOVING
ROCKS
WIND BLOWING
TOPSOIL
LANDSLIDE

OCEAN AFFECTS CLIMATE

Water takes longer to heat than land
Ocean helps cool the land in the
summer
Ocean helps keep the land warm in the
winter

OCEAN AFFECTS COASTAL

CLIMATE
Warm land heats up the air causing the
air to rise
Cool air from ocean comes on shore
(sea breeze) to fill in space left by warm
air

Opposite happens at night

OCEAN CURRENTS AFFECT

CLIMATE
Currents formed from solar energy, gravity, and
Earths rotation
Surface currents affected by wind.
Warm water from equator goes up toward north
pole and south towards south pole
Cold water from the poles pushes up toward
equator

Map of Ocean Currents

IMPACT OF HUMANS ON
EARTHS SYSTEMS
Global warming burning of fossil fuels
Ozone layer destroyed by CFSs;
ozone absorbs suns UV rays
Pesticides poison air, water, and food
Acid rain nitrogen in air turns rain
acidic; increases chemical weathering
Loss of non-renewable resources
Destruction of natural habitat

SPIRAL GALAXY
BULGE IN CENTER
SPIRAL ARMS

MILKY WAY
name of our
galaxy

ELIPTICAL GALAXY
MASSIVE BLOB OF
STARS
ONLY CONTAINS
OLD STARS
OLDEST TYPE OF
GALAXY

IRREGULAR GALAXY
LOOKS LIKE A
CLOUD OF STARS
OR A NEBULA

LUNAR CYCLE
Lasts 28.5 days
Every 3.5 days is a
new phase

Waxing (to grow) increasing

amount of light.
Waning (to shrink) decreasing
amount of light.

LUNAR ECLIPSE
SUN

EARTH

MOON

FULL
MOON

SOLAR ECLIPSE
SUN

EARTH
MOON

NEW
MOON

SEASONS caused by tilt of axis

H-R DIAGRAM