4.

RESULTS
Table 4.1.Purchased Equipment Cost of each equipment
Equipment Name
Tanks
T101-104
T105
T106
Drums
D101
D102
D103
D104
Pumps
P101A/B
P102A/B
P103A/B
P104A/B
P105A/B
Heat Exchangers
E101
E102
E103
E104
Distillation Columns
C102
C103
C104
Reactor
R101
PEC(TL)
Workers pay (%50 PEC)
Total PEC with Workers Pay

PEC(TL)
4,858,857
28,791
28,791
28,395
10,670
4,263
2,645
4,500
720
560
600
2,060
16,912
16,912
7,904
6,282
289,735
183,587
254,702
17,283
5,764,168
2,882,084
8,646,252

Table 4.2.Amount of Utilities for DME Plant

Utilities
Amount
Cooling Water (m3/s)
First column Condenser
0,027
Second Column Condenser
0,022
Third Column Condenser
0,05
E104
0,0014
R101
0,012
Steam (kg/s)
E101
1,4
E102
1,4
First Column Reboiler
0,807
Second Column Reboiler
1,080
Third Column Reboiler
1,215

Electricity (kW)
Pumps
Heat Exchangers
Catalyst (kg)

15,299
1,15
2197

TCI ESTIMATION FOR DME PLANT

Direct Cost
Purchased Equipment

Range
100%

TL
8,646,252

Purchased Equipment Installation, painting

Instrumentation & Controls (installed)
Piping
Electrical (installed)
Yard Improvements and Service Facilities
Buildings and Process Auxiliary
Land Improvements
Total Direct Cost

47% PEC
36% PEC
68% PEC
11% PEC
70% PEC
18% PEC
4% PEC

4,063,738
31,12,650
5,879,451
951,087
6,052,376
1,556,325
345,850
30,607,733

33% PEC
3% PEC
40% PEC
22% PEC

2,853,263
259,387
3,458,500
1,902,175

Indirect Cost
Engineering & Supervision
Legal Expenses
Construction Expenses
Contractor's Fee & Construction Expenses

Contingency
Total Indirect Cost

44% PEC

Fixed Capital Investment

Working Capital
Total Capital Investment
Table 4.3.Total Cost Estimation Values for DME Plant

0.1*TCI

3,804,351
12,277,678
42,885,412
4,765,045
47,650,457

Table 4.4.Total Annual Cost Estimation

1. Manufacturing Cost

Range

Cost, TL/yr.

A. Direct Production Cost

Raw Materials

56,349,526

Operating Labor

2,766,000

Operating Supervision
Utilities

%10 Op. Labor

276,600

Components
Cooling Water

65,129

Catalyst

123,936

Steam

1,446,768

Electricity

22,370

Maintenance and Repairs

%2 FCI

857,708

Operating Supplies

%15 Maintenance

128,656

Laboratory Charges

290,520

Operating Cost

63,985,419

B. Fixed Charges

Depreciation

FCI/20

2,144,271

Local Taxes

% 1 FCI

428,854

Insurance

%0,05 FCI

214,427

Financing

% 5 FCI

2,382,523

Fixed Cost
C. Plant Overhead Cost

5,170,075
%50 A-expenses

1,950,154

%50 A-expenses

780,061

2. General Expenses
Administrative
3. Total Annual Cost

69,936,985

Note: A-expenses means that sum of the Operating labor, operating supervision and
maintenance and repair expenses.

Table 4.5.Determination of Selling Price and Payout period

% Capacity

70

Annual Fixed Expenses (TL/yr)

2,144,270

BREAK EVEN POINT

Price (TL/lt)

0,874

Price (with returning) (TL/lt)

0,993

Return

22,2

Payout Period

Average Profit (TL/yr)

19,298,435

% Taxes

0,2

Taxes (TL/yr)

3,859,687

Gross Earning (TL/yr)

15,438,748

SHUTDOWN POINT

Capacity (lt/yr)

77,576,750

% Capacity

100

Annual Fixed Expenses (TL/yr)

2,144,270

BREAK EVEN POINT

Price (TL/lt)

0,612

Price (with returning) (TL/lt)

0,695

Return

22,2

Payout Period

Average Profit (TL/yr)

19,298,435

% Taxes

0,2

Taxes (TL/yr)

3,859,687

Gross Earning (TL/yr)

15,438,748

SHUTDOWN POINT
Capacity (lt/yr)

110823928

5. DISCUSSION
First revision was to determine heat entegration in the heat exchangers. The heated streams
must be used for heat another streams while restrictions suitable and requirements were
sufficient. The stream at the reactor outlet has been sent to third exchanger which was Shell
and tube heat exchanger. This stream will be heat the feed, also this idea was improved by
generating steam at 9 bar spontaneously. This steam at 9 bar also will be generated in
calandria which were last exchanger.
Furthermore, this steam was expected to use in distillation columns. Unfortunately, the
amounts of steam that must be used to heat columns have been determined but it was
insufficient. So specific steam generator has been used to provide steam at 9 bar to heat the
distillation columns.
Second Revision was to determine storage tanks and its properties. Storage tanks have been
placed with high strong material as stainless steel 304 type. Stainless steel 304 type has a
corrosion resistance to high corrosive organic compounds. It has been searched in literature

that all construction materials in an order to stock the raw materials. Since the methanol was
high corrosive organic compounds the sufficient construction material has been selected as
stainless steel 304 type. This type has five stars to stock this organic compound. Also storage
tank design has been made so it has 23,43 m diameter and 7,73 m height been found.
Optimum aspect ratio has been found as 0.3. It has been selected as four storage tanks as
slight change from five tanks according to our graph. Also increase in tank quantity causes
much land conquered. So four tanks selected has been selected due to this issues. Size of the
profiles has been selected as 1,5x6 type for storage, intermediate tanks and the feed drum.
This type of profile leads to less welding also it cannot cause the leakage in the tanks. Also the
cost of nitrogen gas to provide no ignition has been found 441 TL.
Heat exchanger purchased cost has been determined according to price of stainless steel per
kilogram. The tubes and Shell of the exchanger cost has been calculated according to total
weight of this system.
Also specifications in heat exchangers have been determined. The pressure drop at the Shell
side and tube side has been discovered as low due to the less length of the tubes. So the
electricity of these equipments has been calculated as low cost. As a comparison with the
electricity in pumps to heat exchanger, power of pump calculated bigger than the exchanger
requirement so its neglected to add the electricity cost.
The electricity requirement of the reflux pumps has been calculated according to common
height of the platform and height of top of the column. Also pressure drop in this section has
been assumed.
So another revision was to reassemble the reactor specifications. Required profile cost of the
reactor has been calculated to determine to purchased equipment cost. Construction material
was also selected as stainless steel due to corrosive compounds and reaction occurring in this
system.
The amount of construction material volume has been calculated and passed to its mass by
using density of it. Then profile cost has been calculated with respect to profile cost per
kilogram. Head of the reactor was assumed as one profile thickness height and top and bottom
head has been calculated. This head and profile cost has been calculated as 16816 TL.
The serpentine system has 32 tubes. Also cost of the tubes has been calculated. Construction
material of the tubes was stainless steel also. Cost of the tubes has been calculated in the same
manner. It has been found 466 TL. All this data has been sum and it has been found as
purchased equipment cost as 17,283 TL.

After this manner, operating cost calculation has been done for this equipment. Firstly,
catalyst and cooling water cost has been determined in this section. The price of the catalyst
Gama-alumina has been searched from the literature per kilogram. Service life has been taken
as 2 years. The void fraction has been used for calculating the volume of catalyst. The mass of
catalyst has been determined with respect to its density. The cost of catalyst has been found as
123,936 TL/year. Catalyst cost cannot be add into purchased equipment cost. It can be said
that the provider has no responsibility to add the catalyst in it. Catalyst must be add in after
purchased. To protect the temperature constant cooling water has been used. Reactor cooling
water cost has been found 6923 TL/year.
The fixed capital investment and total capital investment of the DME plant that has been
constructed was estimated according to some specific properties of cost estimation pen. The
all percentages have been taken from global determinations except for raw materials,
engineering supervision and maintenance and repairs. These values estimated according to our
country.
For cost estimation, updated data has been used. Moreover, utility estimation has been done
due kilowatts per hour price, cubic meter of the water price and the steam generator prices.
This datas has been determined by doing market survey in our country.
Other revision was to determine the distillation column properties. First and third column
Rd/Rdmin ratio was estimated again from the graph. This reason can be said that; there must
be real estimation for columns not for total annual cost. The optimum Rd/Rdmin value has
been selected from number of stage graph. First column ratio was determined as 1.46, third
column selection was 1.41.
Another important issue was determination of the operating labor. For the laboratory
experiments, one chemistry technique personnel and three labor ants have been hired for this
duty. For field agents, three chemical engineer, six technical personnel and thirty employers
have been hired. The cost of the employees to the employer has been calculated according to
social insurance datas in our country. We found the cost factor of an engineer as 2.0 and
technical personnel and workers factor as 1.8 from the social insurance community.
107,330 tons methanol has been processed to produce 75000 tons DME per year. Plant was
processed firstly seventy percent capacity. This statement can be mentioned as; the demand of
the product could not be predicted and control of the machines must be checked whether its
stable or not. The production of the DME has been investigated in Turkey that was less
amount percentage with respect to the global production. The abetment of the production of
DME must be provided by the government. The money that we have been invested for plant

assumed to be return in two years. Then average profit has been calculated per year. This
value was 19.298.435 TL/year. This value has been calculated after taxes as 15.438.748 TL/yr
with the tax ratio has been searched for markets as twenty percent of profit. The price of the
DME has been calculated as 0,993 TL/lt. for seventy percent capacity plant. If capacity of the
plant processed with hundred percentages so the price of the DME has been calculated as
0,695 TL/lt. Furthermore, there will be more production with less worth. Full capacity work
must be selected when the mechanical equipments on the stable as maximum.
Finally, fixed capital investment has been found as 42.885.411TL. So total capital investment
has been calculated with this data as 47.650.457 TL. At last, total annual cost has been
calculated the biggest due to the raw material prices so the total annual cost was 69.936.985
TL/year.

6. CONCLUSION
Past to present, there must be some issues to understand. Firstly, in equipment design we
learned the fundamentals of these equipments.
First the heat entegration in the system has been done. The stream at reactor outlet has been
sent to third heat exchanger (E103) to heat the feed stream.
After all these revision to the equipments there must be some considerations for the cost of
the system.
Fixed and Total capital investments of the DME plant has been calculated according to some
specific datas in literature. Also there must be some corrections to the percentages due to plant
location in which country. Operating labor pen has been calculated according to social
insurance community datas to provide the legal working conditions.
Gross earnings also has been calculated according to total income and total production cost.
Gross earnings have to be assembled according to some taxes in the country for your legal

considerations. Payout period has been calculated for to discuss whether its a reasonable study
or not.
It was the most important value as fixed capital investment. This value means that you must
put these values to the table at first to start the production. These values can be arranged with
some specific options which have been discussed.
After all, total capital investment, fixed capital investment and total annual cost of the system
has been determined and checked whether its reasonable or not according to payout period.

7. RECOMMENDATION

The purchased equipment cost of the heat exchangers have been calculated from the
price per kilograms. Also the purchased equipment cost can be calculated from the

volume price of the stainless steel.

The electricity requirement for the heat exchangers has been neglected. But it can be

taken into account when doing the cost estimation.

The protection wall can be constructed to the storage tanks due to a leakage in the

tanks.
Ignition and flammable digital indicators can be put into tanks system due to engage

the fire in the plant.

Another cooling medium can be used instead of cooling water in the reactor.
Different tube standard can be changed for cooling system in serpentine.
There can be another inert gas can be placed into storage tanks instead of nitrogen gas.

8. SYMBOLS
A
b
C
Cb
C bR
CK
C PM

CT
FM
FNR
FRM
FRT
NR
n
X
x
y

z
AT

: Material factor for the plates constant

: Material factor for the plates constant
: Base cost constant
: Base cost of column, $
: Base cost for plate, $
: Cost of shell of the column, $
: Cost of platform and ladder, $
: Total cost of the column, $
: Material factor for cost of shell of the column
: Correction factor
: Material factor for the plates
: Plate of factor
: Number of plates
: Base cost constant
: Base cost variable
: Platform and ladder cost constant
: Platform and ladder cost constant
: Platform and ladder cost constant
: Total heat transfer area (m2)

: Baffle (m)

: Clearance (m)

Di

: Inside Diameter (m)

Do

: Outside Diameter (m)

Ds

: Shell Diameter (m)

dc

: Diameter of column (m)

: Length (m)

SC

Area (m2)

: Reactor height (m)

: Pressure Drop (atm)

: Void fraction

: Column height (m)

: Wall thickness of the column (m)

9. REFERENCES
1. Uysal, B., KTLE TRANSFER, Alp Yaynevi, 2003.
2. Perry J.H., Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Co., 1963.
3. Coulson J.M., Richardson J.F., Sinnott R.K., Chemical Engineering Volume &
Design, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983
4. Peters M.S., Timmerhaus K.D., Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, McGraw-Hill, International Student Ed., Singapore, 1981.
5. Ulrich G.D., A Guide Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics, John
Wiley & Sons, 1984.
6. Safety Data Sheet, www.rawchem.co.uk/

APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A.AREA VERSUS COST GRAPHS FOR CONDENSER AND REBOILER

Figure .... Graph of condenser area versus condenser cost

Figure ..... Graph of reboiler area versus reboiler cost

APPENDIX B. PUMP COSTS

Table ..... Power and cost of centrifugal pumps

APPENDIX C. h/D RATIOS VERSUS COST GRAPHS FOR EQUIPMENTS

Figure ..... h/D ratios versus storage tanks costs graph

Figure .... h/D ratios versus Intermediate tanks costs graph

Figure ..... L/D ratios versus feed drum profile cost

APPENDIX D. MATERIAL STRESSES

Figure ..... Typical design stresses for materials

APPENDIX E. DATA SHEETS OF EQUIPMENTS

Table ..... First Distillation Column Results Data Sheet
Equipment No:C102

Column Data Sheet

Operating Data

Descrip.
TOP

BOTTOM

0,982

0,638

Tray space

0.45

0.45

Total trays in section

10

24

Flow Rate (kmol/h)

205,37

314,62

Height of Column(m)

15,87

Rdmin

0,51

Nmin

Tower inside diameter

(m)

Internal Conditions at Tray Number

Top

Bottom

360

155,51

VAPOUR TO TRAY
Rate (kmol/h)

6,93

Density (kg/m3)

18,3

Pressure(atm)

10.43

10.63

Temperature(K)

320,1

434,4

LIQUID FROM TRAY

470

Rate (kmol/h)

155

Temperature (K)

320,1

434,4

Density(kg/m3)

617,58

835

Viscosity (Pa.sec)

3.93*10-4

1.49*10-4

mwater/msteam (kg/s)

27,05

0,8

114,15

109,34

Area
Condenser/Reboiler
(m2)

of

Heat Duty (kW)

1698,9

Number of hole on tray 4279

1640,2

4279

Technical/Mechanical Data

Column Material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Tray Material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Corrosion

allowance

(mm)
Pressure of Steam for
Reboiler (bar)

Table ..... Second Distillation Column Data Sheet

Equipment No:C103

Column Data Sheet

Operating Data

Descrip.
TOP

BOTTOM

Tower inside diameter

0,89

0,76

Tray space

0.45

0.45

Total trays in section

14

Flow Rate (kmol/h)

4,25

310,36

Height of Column(m)

8,66

Rdmin

15,37

Nmin

(m)

Internal Conditions at Tray Number

Top

Bottom

VAPOUR TO TRAY
Rate (kmol/h)

204,24

200

Density (kg/m3)

9.73

4.035

Pressure(atm)

5.76

5.96

Temperature(K)

336,6

413

LIQUID FROM TRAY

Rate (kmol/h)

200
510

Density (kg/m3)

668

860

Temperature(K)

336.6

413

Viscosity (Pa.sec)

3.23*10-4

1.7*10-4

mwater/msteam (kg/s)

2,66

0,146

8,25

8,49

167,5

297,27

Area

of

Condenser/Reboiler
(m2)

Heat Duty (kW)

Number of hole on tray 3574

3574

Technical/Mechanical Data

Column Material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Tray material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Corrosion

allowance

(mm)
Pressure of Steam for
Reboiler (bar)

3
9

Table ...... Third Distillation Column Data Sheet

Equipment No:C104

Column Data Sheet

Operating Data

Descrip.
TOP

BOTTOM

1,3

0,92

Tray space

0.45

0.45

Total trays in section

15

12

Flow Rate (kmol/h)

100,63

209,73

Height of Column

13,15

Rdmin

1,52

Nmin

Tower inside diameter

(m)

Internal Conditions at Tray Number

Top

Bottom

VAPOUR TO TRAY
Rate (kmol/h)

317

Density (kg/m3)

1,17

Pressure(atm)

216

0,713

1,2

Temperature(K)

338

378

216

426

LIQUID FROM TRAY

Rate (kmol/h)

Density (kg/m3)

751

970

Temperature(K)

338

378

Viscosity (Pa.sec)

3.18*10-4

2,18*10-4

mwater/msteam (kg/s)

49,85

1,21

105,78

35,29

3130,86

2470,65

Area
Condenser/Reboiler

of

(m2)

Heat Duty (kW)

Number of hole on tray 7576

7576

Technical/Mechanical Data

Column Material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Tray Material

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Corrosion
(mm)

allowance

Pressure of Steam for Reboiler (bar)

Table .. Storage tanks optimum aspect ratio determination

Table .. Storage Tanks Specifications

Table ... Feed Drum Optimum Aspect Ratio Determination

Table .. Feed Drum Specifications

Table ..

Reflux Drum in first column Optimum Aspect Ratio Determination

Table .. Reflux Drum in Second column Optimum Aspect Ratio Determination

Table . Reflux Drum in Third column Optimum Aspect Ratio Determination

Table ....E101 Data Sheet

Equipment No: E101

TEMA Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet

Descrip.: Heater

Operating Data
Size

0.883.5

Type

Surface per tube

0.00042
(m2)

Calandria No. of Tubes

608

Heat transfer area

169,81
(m2)
Performance of one tube

Flow Allocation

Shell Side

Fluid Name

Tube Side

Steam

Feed mixture

Fluid quantity, total(kg/s)

1.4

Vapor (in/out) (kg/s)

Liquid (kg/s)

2.32

1.4

2.32

1.4

2.32

Vaporized or condensed

condensed

Temperature (in/out) (K)

3

Density (vapor,liquid) (kg/m )

vaporized

448

448

306

428

6.12

945,5

13.55

722

0.0001523

0.000018

0.0003

Viscosity (vapor,liquid) (Pa.s)

Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

18

18

32

32

Specific heat (vapor,liquid)

1.76

3.06

0.679

0.0215

0.18

Thermal Conductivity (vapor,liquid)

(W/m.K)
Latent heat (kJ/kg)

2029,50

Inlet Pressure (atm)

Fouling factor (W/m2 K)

3636.36

0.01

1463,64

508,78

No.of passes
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m .K)

12.5

10000

Velocity (m/s)
2

882

Qrequired (kW) : 2887

Qactual (kW): 3352,45

Qsafety

1.16

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2.K)

317,19

Construction of One Shell

Tubes

OD: 0.0254

Shell (m)

ID: 0.88

Baffles

spacing % cut : %50

ID: 0.02329

Length: 3.5

Corrosion allowance
3
(mm)
Table .... E102 Data Sheet
Equipment No: E102

TEMA Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet

Descrip.: Heater

Operating Data
Size

0.883.5

Type

Surface per tube

0.00042
(m2)

Calandria No. of Tubes

608

Heat transfer area

169,81
(m2)
Performance of one tube

Flow Allocation

Shell Side

Fluid Name

Tube Side

Steam

Feed mixture

Fluid quantity, total(kg/s)

1.4

Vapor (in/out) (kg/s)

Liquid (kg/s)

2.32

1.4

2.32

1.4

2.32

Vaporized or condensed

condensed

vaporized

Temperature (in/out) (K)

448

448

306

428

Density (vapor,liquid) (kg/m3)

6.12

945,5

13.55

722

0.0001523

0.000018

0.0003

Viscosity (vapor,liquid) (Pa.s)

Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

18

18

32

32

Specific heat (vapor,liquid)

1.76

3.06

0.679

0.0215

0.18

Thermal Conductivity (vapor,liquid)

(W/m.K)
Latent heat (kJ/kg)

2029,50

Inlet Pressure (atm)

9
2

Fouling factor (W/m K)

Velocity (m/s)
No.of passes
2

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m .K)

Qrequired (kW) : 2887

882
9

12.5

10000

3636.36

0.01

1463,64

508,78

Qactual (kW): 3352,45

Qsafety

1.16

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2.K)

317,19

Construction of One Shell

Tubes

OD: 0.0254

ID: 0.02329

Shell (m)

ID: 0.88

Baffles

spacing % cut : %50

Length: 3.5

Corrosion allowance
3
(mm)
Table .... E103 Data Sheet
Equipment No: E103

TEMA Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet

Descrip.: Heater

Operating Data
Size

0.542.44

Shell and
No. of Tubes
tube

Type

Surface per tube

0.00017
(m2)

316

Heat transfer area

39.67
(m2)
Performance of one tube

Flow Allocation

Shell Side

Fluid Name

Tube Side

Hot stream

Fluid quantity, total(kg/s)

Feed mixture

4.64

Vapor (in/out) (kg/s)

Liquid (kg/s)

4.64

4.64

4.64

4.64

4.64

Vaporized or condensed

Temperature (in/out) (K)

628

494

428

523

Density (vapor,liquid) (kg/m )

8.75

10.31

Viscosity (vapor,liquid) (Pa.s)

0.000018

0.0000156

Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

32

32

32

32

Specific heat (vapor,liquid)

1.88

0.046

0.035

Thermal Conductivity (vapor,liquid)

(W/m.K)
Latent heat (kJ/kg)

Inlet Pressure (atm)

11.83

Pressure Drop (kPa)

11.82

12.5

12.47

0.092

2.45

Fouling factor (W/m K)

10000

3636.36

Velocity (m/s)

18.22

8.25

No.of passes

1535

424

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)

Qrequired (kW) : 832
Qsafety

Qactual (kW): 1039

1.25

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2.K)

261.69

Construction of One Shell

Tubes

OD: 0.01954

ID: 0.01483

Shell (m)

ID: 0.54

Baffles

spacing % cut : %50

Length: 2.44

Corrosion allowance 3 mm
Table .... E104 Data Sheet
-TEMA Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet

Equipment No: E104

Descrip.: Cooler

Operating Data
Size

0.682.5

Type

Calandria No. of Tubes

349

Heat transfer area

67
(m2)
Performance of one tube
Flow Allocation
Fluid Name

Shell Side

Tube Side

Cooling water

Feed mixture

1.41

4.64

Fluid quantity, total(kg/s)

Vapor (in/out) (kg/s)

1.41

4.64

2.63

Liquid (in/out) (kg/s)

1.41

2.01

Vaporized or condensed

evaporated

condensed

Temperature (in/out) (K)

298

452

494

350

Density (vapor,liquid) (kg/m3)

5.78

972.8

10.56

526.53

Viscosity (vapor,liquid) (Pa.s)

0.0000152

0.000282

0.0000148

0.000131

Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

18

18

32

14

Specific heat (vapor,liquid)

(kJ/kg.K)

34.77

75.79

0.547

0.271

Thermal Conductivity (vapor,liquid)

(W/m.K)

0.03

0.68

0.324

0.3086

Latent heat (kJ/kmol)

2029.5

Inlet Pressure (atm)

Fouling factor (W/m2 K)

Velocity (m/s)
No.of passes
2

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m .K)

Qrequired (kW) : 1059.98

11.83

11.83

10000

3636.36

0.07

1356

752.02

Qactual (kW): 1265.44

Qsafety

1.19

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2.K)

388.19

Construction of One Shell

Tubes

OD: 0.0254

Shell (m)

ID: 0.68

Baffles

spacing % cut : %50

Corrosion allowance 3 mm

ID: 0.02329

Length: 2.5