Chemistry

[CHEMICAL BONDING STUDY GUIDE]

Ionic Compounds
Word bank (some words will be used words more than once): cations, valence, valence electrons, stable octet, electrons, remove,
Lewis diagrams, crystals, anions, charges, metal, non-metal

Ionic compounds always form between a ________________ and a _________________________.

Metal atoms become _______________ when they ______________ (give/take) ____________________.
Non-metal atoms become ______________ when they ______________
(give/take) _______________________.
At a microscopic level, ionic compounds form an interlocking lattice of ions that are
bonded together by their positive and negative __________________. At a
macroscopic level, this causes ionic compounds to take the shape of ____________.

Ionic Bonding

The chemistry of the atom is determined by its number of __________________.

The valence of an element is determined by how many electrons it must gain or lose to have a
_______________________. For example, since nitrogen needs 3 electrons to get a stable octet, it will take
on a valence of 3- when it ionizes. Since magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons to get a stable octet, it will
have a valence of 2+ when it ionizes.
_______________________ show an element with its valence electrons around it. Eg.
Draw Lewis diagrams to show what happens in ionic bonding between aluminum and chlorine. First, draw
the elements in their neutral state. Then, draw new Lewis diagrams to show the ions and their charges.

Naming and Finding Formulae of Ionic Compounds

Remember to change suffixes of non-metal elements to ide.

Crossover rule for determining a formula:

For transition metals, you need to determine their ____________ from the formula, and write it in Roman
numerals after the name of the metal.
Crossover rule in reverse for naming compounds with transition metals:

Remember that polyatomic ions always stay together as a whole package. Put them in brackets when
writing a formula to remind yourself of this. Practice:

[CHEMICAL BONDING STUDY GUIDE]

Chemistry
Name
Magnesium Iodide

Formula

Name
Cobalt (II) Chlorate

Formula

CuO
Calcium Permanganate

V(MnO4)4
Ammonium Hydroxide

Fe(SO4)

HgPO4

Covalent Compounds
Word bank (some words will be used more than once): diatomic molecules, non-metals, bonds, single, double, electronegativities,
polar, non-polar, size, nucleus, molecules

Covalent compounds always form between two or more

_____________________.
Unlike the networked structure of ionic compounds, covalent compounds
exist as a collection of individual _________________ at a microscopic level.
Rather than transferring electrons completely from one atom to the other,
two non-metal atoms share each others electrons in order to get a stable
octet.
Depending on the electronegativity differences between the atoms involved, covalent bonds can either be
__________________ or _______________________.

Covalent Bonding

As in ionic bonding, valence electrons and valence determine how many covalent bonds will form.
The valence of the non-metal determines how many ____________ it will form.
When each of two atoms shares one electron with the other, a ____________ bond is formed (e.g. O H).
When each of two atoms shares two electrons with the other, a _____________ bond is formed (e.g. O = O).
The HOFBrINCl elements form ____________________________.
Draw Lewis diagrams to show the formation of the following molecules (the first is done for you):

O2

CH4

CS2

OCH2

Naming and Determining Formulae of Covalent Compounds

As with ionic, write the name of both elements, but change the suffix of the 2nd element to ide.
Show how many of each atom there are by using your prefixes (mono is not needed for 1st element):
1 = mono
2 = di
3= tri
4 = tetra
5 = penta
6 = hexa
7 = hepta
8 = octa
9 = nona
10 = deca
Name
Formula
Name
Formula
Xenon Hexafluoride
XeF6
C2H8
Carbon monoxide
Phosphorus pentachloride
SiO2
N2O5
Diarsenic dihydride
Methane

Chemistry

[CHEMICAL BONDING STUDY GUIDE]

Periodic Trends
Word bank: electron, size, effective nuclear charge
Atomic radius: The ________ of an atom. It increases _______ (up/down) the
table due to the addition of more electron orbitals, and increases to the
(left/right) due to decreased _______________________________________.
Electronegativity: The amount of pull that an atom exerts on another atoms
__________________.
Ionization Energy: The amount of energy required to _____________ an
electron from an atom.
Why do electronegativity and ionization vary inversely with atomic radius?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

Bond and Molecular Polarity

Word bank: polar, lone pairs, electronegativity

The polarity of a bond is determined by the relative _________________________ of the two connected atoms.
A bond is defined as non-polar if the difference in _________________ between the two atoms is less than 0.5.
A bond is defined as ______________ if the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater
than 0.5 and less than 1.7.
In order for a molecule to be polar, it must
o Have some polar bonds. Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
o Be asymmetrical. Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
In order to be asymmetrical when all bond positions are filled, the central atom in the molecule
must have ______________________.
Example:
In H2O, O shares one electron with each of two H atoms. Its 4 remaining
electrons exist as 2 lone pairs, which repel the H atoms downward, causing
water to be asymmetrical, and therefore polar. Note that it would not be
polar if it took the linear shape H O H.

Chemistry
o

Fill in the chart to determine whether each of the following molecules will be polar, and explain why
or why not:

CH4
Lewis
diagram
drawing

Polar or
non-polar?

Why?

[CHEMICAL BONDING STUDY GUIDE]

Non-polar

Two reasons:
1. Only has C-H
bonds, C-H bond is
non-polar
2. Even if C-H bond
was polar, the
molecule is
symmetrical because
C has no lone pairs
and all Hs have
same EN, therefore
non-polar.

H2S

CO2

CCl4

CH2Cl2