Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Background of Pesticides
The "first generation" pesticides were largely highly
toxic compounds, such as arsenic and hydrogen
cyanide. They were abandoned because they were
either too ineffective or too toxic.
Then switched to Synthetic Organic pesticides.
The first important one was DDT which
was discovered in 1939 by a Swiss
Chemist Paul Muller.
It was used to rid soldiers of parasitic
insects in WWII, and, until the 1960's
to control mosquitoes in residential
areas of the US.
Background of Herbicides
Herbicides were first researched and discovered in
both the UK and the US to secretly create chemical
warfare agents in 1941.
First herbicide discovered was 2,4-D. Wasnt used
until 1946. Its low cost has led to continued usage
today, and it remains one of the most
commonly used herbicides in the world
Herbicide use spread rapidly through
the United States in the 1950s and
1960s, replacing millions of agricultural
workers formerly employed in weeding.
Types of Pesticides
and Herbicides
By: Nicole Cervi
Pesticides
On the NYS Department of Environmental
Conservation Site, there is a list of over 12,000
registered pesticides in NYS.
New York Pest Extermination Materials: We use the
least toxic pest extermination materials in NY needed
because we care about the environment and want to give
you the results that you expect. Many of the products
that we use are from plant essential oils or are derived
from flowers and other natural materials.
Chemically-Related Pesticides
Some examples are:
Organophosphate pesticides
Carbamate pesticides
Organochlorine insecticides
Pyrethroid pesticides
Biopesticides
Microbial pesticides
Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs)
Biochemical pesticides
Type
Algicides
Antifouling agents
Antimicrobials
Attractants
Biopesticides
Biocides
Disinfectants and sanitizers
Fungicides
Fumigants
Herbicides
Insecticides
Miticides
Microbial pesticides
Molluscicides
Nematicides
Ovicides
Pheromones
Repellents
Rodenticides
Action
Control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water
tanks, and other sites
Kill or repel organisms that attach to underwater
surfaces, such as boat bottoms
Kill microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses)
Attract pests (for example, to lure an insect or rodent
to a trap). (However, food is not considered a
pesticide when used as an attractant.)
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived
from such natural materials as animals, plants,
bacteria, and certain minerals
Kill microorganisms
Kill or inactivate disease-producing microorganisms
on inanimate objects
Kill fungi (including blights, mildews, molds, and
rusts)
Produce gas or vapor intended to destroy pests in
buildings or soil
Kill weeds and other plants that grow where they are
not wanted
Kill insects and other arthropods
Kill mites that feed on plants and animals
Microorganisms that kill, inhibit, or out compete
pests, including insects or other microorganisms
Kill snails and slugs
Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like organisms
that feed on plant roots)
Kill eggs of insects and mites
Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of
insects
Repel pests, including insects (such as mosquitoes)
and birds
Control mice and other rodents
Herbicides
Some Examples
Aim EW
Aim EW is a post-emergent contact herbicide that controls broadleaf weeds
and suckers. It's effective when sprayed on developing plants no taller than 4
inches. The vegetation dries up within a few hours of exposure to the
chemical and dies in a few days.
Finale
Finale is a glufosinate-based translocated herbicide. It's used in beds of cut
flowers to prevent weeds and to kill those that germinate.
Trimec 899 Broadleaf Herbicide
Trimec is formulated with the salts of three chemicals as its active
ingredients to control lawn weeds. It kills dandelions, henbit, chickweed and
a large number of other broadleaf weeds.
Buctril Herbicide
Buctril herbicide controls broadleaf weeds in cornfields, sorghum crops,
alfalfa, garlic, onion and mint, among other plants. As a contact postemergence herbicide, Buctril is effective when sprayed on active growing
weeds to provide complete coverage of the plant.
AllDown Green Chemistry Herbicide
AllDown Green Chemistry Herbicide is an organic pesticide for use in
vegetable and flower beds to control weeds and grass. Its active ingredients
are citric acid and garlic. This herbicide controls a number of weeds,
including dandelion, poison ivy, common burdock and bindweed, among
others.
Herbicide
Classification
Activity
Contact
Chemical
Family
Type of
Vegetation
Controlled
Mode of
Action
Use
Soil
Applied
Systematic
Preplant
incorporated
Pre-emergent
herbicides
Postemergent
herbicides
Organic Herbicides
Homemade organic herbicides include:
Surface Water
Contamination
Ground Water
Contamination
Effect on Soil Fertility
Contamination of Air
and Non-Target
Vegetation
Effect on Non-Target
Organisms
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Improved Productivity
As the number of crops lost due to pests and other plants
decreases, productivity increases.
Herbicides and pesticides can increase productivity by
decreasing the number of pests and weeds that feed off
of important crops.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984
Quality of Food
Not only do pesticides and herbicides increase the
number of crops that are successfully harvested each
year, but they increase the quality of food produced.
With less pests in the fields, crops are being grown in an
environment that lets them grow to their fullest without
being fed on by other organisms.
These higher quality fruits and vegetables are then sent
to consumers who use them to cook healthier food.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/
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commons.wikimedia.org
Pesticide Agencies
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation
(NYSDEC)
No schools or day cares are
allowed to apply pesticides
to any playgrounds, turf or
athletic field unless theres
an emergency
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
(USEPA): used to
determine if pesticides
use in a certain area will
affect species
Ex: alternative ways to
protect self from bugs
instead of using bug spray
Herbicide Guidelines
Follow all directions on product labelalso federal law
Must be applied by employee or contractor
and if volunteer must be properly licensed
and have a consent form
Wear protective gear
Imprelis
Used for killing dandelions
and clover-sold to lawn care
professionals only (weed
killer)
Reports of dying trees
emerged: suspected Imprelis
is the cause of this
Registered to use in all
states except NYS and
California
Found it doesn'tt bind with soil
Leaches in to ground water
Will not register until DuPont
has evidence to prove otherwise
Commercial Applicators
1,894,223
Sales to Farmers
470,743
Total
2,364,966
Apples
Celery
Sweet Bell Peppers
Peaches
Strawberries
Nectarines (imported)
Grapes
Spinach
Lettuce
Cucumbers
Blueberries
Potatoes
Onions
Avocado
Sweet Corn (Frozen)
Pineapples
Mango
Asparagus
Sweet Peas (Frozen)
Kiwi Fruit
Bananas
Cabbage
Broccoli
Papaya
Bibliography
Ian. "Difference Between Herbicides and Pesticides." KnowsWhy. January 20, 2010
Johnson, James. "Difference Between Herbicides and Pesticides." Helium. Helium, Inc., 04 Feb. 2010.
Web. Muir, Patricia. "A. History of Pesticide Use." People.Oregan State. Oregan State University, 22 Oct.
2012. Web.
Quastel, J. H. (1950). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide". Agricultural
Control Chemicals. Advances in Chemistry 1. p. 244
Hill, Cindy. "Herbicide History." Garden Guides. Demand Media, n.d. Web.
Agency, US Enviromental Protection. Pesticides. 28 March 2013. <epa.gov>.
Duhigg, Charles. "Debating Just How Much Weed Killer is Safe in Your Water Glass." 23 August 2009.
The New York Times. <www.query.nytimes.com>.
Department of Enviromental Conservation. 2013. <www.dec.gov>.
Robbins, Jim. "New Herbicide Suspected in Tree Deaths." 2011. Enviroment. <www.nytimes.com>.
Tu, Mandy. "Guidlines for Hericide Use." Weed Control Methods Handbook. 2003.
Aktar, M. Sengutpa, D. Chowdhury, A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/.
Benefits of Pesticides and Crop Protection Chemicals. http://www.croplifeamerica.org/cropprotection/benefits.
Pictures (all pictures found on google images):
adventbiblestudy.wordpress.com
blog.amsvans.com
blog.syracuse.com
commons.wikimedia.org
naturallyyours.blogspot.com
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/04/21/
prenatal.exposure.certain.pesticides.may.negativ
ely.impact.cognitive.development.children
http://npic.orst.edu/health/preg.html
http://www.beyondpesticides.org/lawn/factshee
ts/Pesticide.children.dontmix.pdf