IEEE Transctons on Power Delivery, Vo, 10, No. 3, July 1995 sas Insulation Co-ordination Aspects for Power Stations with Generator Circuit-Breakers M. Sanders ABB HV Technologies Lid Zarich, Switzerland Abstract - The generator cireult-breaker (gen.cb.) located between the generator and the step-up transformer, is now belng applied world-wide, It has become a recognized electrical component of power stations which is largely due to economical advantages and increased power station ity. ‘Technical protection considerations for power stations have always been the reason for discussion and the abject of improvement. With the use of x gen.ch, some points of view need to be considered anew. Not only the protection system in case of fault conditions will be influenced, but also the in ‘overvoltages are presented. These calculations are bared on 1 transformer rated 264/15.5kV, 220MVA. But the results are transferable to other power plants Some measurements carried out on a transformer of the same rating complement the calculations Our findings may contribute to an improvement i Insulation co-ordination and protection of the electric system generator - step-up transformer. 1 Intopucrion Insulation co-ordination in high voltage networks has been discussed in some detail in ANSI as well as in IEC Standards (1, 2, 3, 4]. Some of these recommendations ‘may be used as a basis for judging the insulation co- ‘ordination in power stations with generator circuit- breakers (genc-b.) between the generator and the transformer. There are also some publications dealing with technical questions of protection against lovervoltages in power stations (5, 6,7} Aué5 PVRD A paper recomended and approved io Tsik Sranensaeien and Distribution Coppittoc fof tho TREE Power Sgineering Society for presentat- on at the THRE/PES 1996 Samer Hosting, San Pranclaso, "Ok, July 24 ~ 28, 1994. Manusertpt aub- nittod Ostoter’ 5, 1993) wade available for printing May 175 1984 G. Koppl, Member, IEEE KOEPPL POWER EXPERTS Lupfig, Switzerland I. Kreuzer Consultant, Transformer Division ABB Sécheron Lid., Geneva, Switzerland The following considerations are being presented in this paper: a) temporary overvoltages and power frequency voltage changes ») switching overvoltages ¢) lightning overvoliages transferred to the generator side, In general, lightning arresters and a high-voltage circuit-breaker are connected to the high-voltage side at fr close to the transformer terminals. However, the protection of the fow-voltage side of the transformer and the generator is not always adequately ensured, so that further measures are required, Some calculations are intended to serve asa help in making decisions, as far a5, insulation co-ordination in a power station is concerned, 2,STANDARD IEEE C37.013-89 FOR GENERATOR CIRCLIT- BREAKERS [8] ‘The initial installation of generator switchgear in nuclear power stations has presented some problems in relation to national standards, The authorities responsible for security in nuclear installations demanded that ‘equipment be fully tested in relation to standards which were either not yet in force for gen.cb.s or only partially relevant to them, In the USA the Nuclear Regulatory Commission favoured the application of generator circuit-breakers as a means of ensuring enhanced security fon the one hand, but on the other hand this organisation impeded the import of electrical equipment without an USA-approval certificate ‘Therefore, a working group of the IEEE was established in the early 1970's in order to develop a standard for generator circuit-breakers, including recommendations for the type tests based on actual plant requirements This work was supported by the results of measurements and studies regarding transient recovery voltages of gen.cbs, published in [9, 10], and has now been completed with the issue of an additional application guide which matches the standard C37.013, ‘frst published in 1989. Below, the withstand voltages to ground and across the contacts for a gen.cb. according to this standard are siven: (08539777957504.00 © 1994 IEEE1386 Circ.-break Power frequ. Impulse withst rated max.volt, 6082, Imin. _1.2/S0ysee KV, rms Dry, kV, rms KV, crest 15.8 and below $0 10 15910275 60 nas 27.6 1038 30 150 ‘The power-frequency type testis intended to cover the performance at operating voltage, at temporary over- ‘voltages and at switching overvoltages In addition to this, the gen.c.b. in open position must withstand 1.5 times the phase-opposition voltage at a breaker-pressure of 1 bar Le. 1.5x2Up or 3.67p.u with Ip, = 0.817Uy, equal to the crest value of the phase voltage, and Ur = rated line-to-line voltage ‘The rated max. voltage of the gen.c.b. is equal to the max. voltage of the generator in the power station. Sofar, ‘generators have had max. voltages up to 27.5kV. Based fon this voltage a dielectric withstand voltage to ground and across the contacts of the gen.c.b. of 3.8p.u. (power frequency) or 5.6p.u. for lightning overvoltages is to be proved. With lower generator voliages these p.u. values are higher. ‘The gen.c. shall be tested under conditions of “current interrupting*, like terminal short circuitcurent, out-ofephase current’ and excitation current at the corresponding recovery voltage. According to (8) the ‘max. switching overvoltage imposed on the generator and. twansformer and resulting from a fault current interruption is <2.25p.u, or 2.25p.u. may originate is a typical no-fault switching duty ‘The ratio between the Switching Impulse Insulation Withstand (BSL) and the Basic Impulse Insulation Withstand (BIL) could be assumed to be >0.10 ie, the switching impulse withstand voltage of a generator or tuansformer is >0.70x125kVerest >87.5kVerest of 3.99. based on the max. generator voltage of 27.5kV. ‘The power frequency type test for a generator is to be carried out with a withstand voltage equal to (2Ur+1)kV or Qx27.5+1)=56KV or 3.5p.u., (see ANSI C50.1-65), which is considerably higher than the max. switching impulse due to current interruption. 3, SYSTEM DATA USED FOR SIMULATIONS, Fig, I shows the single line diagram of the system modelled. ‘The simulations have been carried out by means of the EMTP [11] ‘The system consists of a typical power station ‘arrangement comprising a 228MVA synchronous generator 15.5kV, SOHz, a generator circuitbreaker ‘equipped with capacitors 10 ground of 125nF, a 220MVA. High-Voluge switchyard ¢ ‘High-Voltage c.b. HiI-] ameser (stopp tarsfomes Transformer 264/15.5kV.220MV.A xetzze Fl Arrester: He Surge capacitor Gened. Generar (G)15SKV xer=t41e (6) Fig 1. Saline dagam of ti yen eld two-winding transformer 264/15.5kV, NAS, surge arresters at the FLV. terminals and optionally at the 15.SkV terminals of the transformer. Phase-to-ground PTs were modelled at the transformer terminals, and a HLV. system 264kV was supposed to provide 2 short- circuit current of 26kA three-phase, 21kA single-phase. ‘The system data are given in the Annex in detail, For stuck-pole simulations the type 59 generator model of EMTP was used; for all other calculations a simple source model for the generator with R, L, C representation was considered to be adequate, Due to the broad scope of different types and frequencies of overvoltages different transformer models have been chosen in accordance with CIGRE guidelines (13). A 34phase representation comprising a YNd- connection, the correct vector group (YNdS), the tura ratio and the power frequency values of short-circuit reactance and series winding resistance were common to all models. Since mainly 3-legged transformers are used as step-up transformers, the Zero-sequence reactance of the arrangement core - air gap - tank seen from the HV side and arranged parallel to the delta winding was also taken into account by using in all cases the "three phase” extension of the "EMTP Saturable Transformer Component". Core saturation was considered for all stationary and switching overvoltages (single phase fault, ferroresonance, interruption of magnetizing current) basing on manufacturer voltage-current data (rms) which ‘were transformed to flux-current values by means of the EMTP support routine "Convert"4. Powen FREQUENCY VOLTAGE CHANGES Voltage fluctuations of a relatively long duration or of, power frequency can be transferred to the low-voltage side of the transformer either as a result of switching ‘operations, of due to a dielectric breakdown on the high= voltage side. They might also be a result of non-linearity ‘oscillations such as ferro-resonance. Power frequency voltage fluctuations across the open generator circuit- ‘breaker which result from non-synchronism must be covered by the power frequency withstand voltage test. 4.1 Single phase-to-ground faults, steady state ‘The above mentioned conditions lead to VSp.u. phaseto- ground voltages in the unfaulted phases. Combined with foad rejection power frequency evervolages of (11+1.4)¥3pu. to ground might be generate. (12] 4.2 Overvoltages as a consequence of a mechanical failure in the operating mechanism Lo VOLT. oN. ARRESTER CURR 7 During closing or opening of a circuit-breaker one pole of the three phases might fil, i.e. one pole does not open ‘or does not close (stuck pole). For an operating system common to the 3 poles of a ‘gen.cb. a malfunction of one pole is a very unlikely failure, However, such an event cannot be completely ‘excluded and would not be signalled by the auxiliary switch. Fig. 2 shows the simulation results of a foad rejection at 100% load (a low probability contingency) combined with a stuck pole in phase A. After having reached approximate phase-opposition conditions, which would take about 0.5sec, the max. phase-to-ground voltage at the transformer terminals would reach 2.9p.u. (1.2 +3), see also phasor diagram Fig. 3, and at phase opposition the maximum voltage across the open breaker contacts would amount to 3.8pu. (V3(1.2 + 10). These are extreme values which in practice are reduced by the voltage control of the generator and will take far more time to develop if the breaker is opened at no-load conditions.ree ig. 3 Phase sigram: stuck poe clone phae opposition Surge arresters at the transformer or generator terminals will not carry significant currents at those voltage levels (see Fig. 2) and, therefore, they will neither have any influence nor be stressed in this case. ‘There is still a substantial safety margin, since the power frequency withstand voltage to ground of the relevant ‘equipment is at least 3.5p.u. for a maximum operating voltage of 27.5kV. ‘A cfitical situation can arise if further contingency is added, ie. ifa fault to ground occurs in one of the two phases, where the breaker has interrupted the load current If there is a fault on the generator side of the gen.cb. the voltage to ground atthe transformer side of the gen.cb. rises to 3.7p.u, Ifa phase atthe transformer side of the gencb. is grounded, the voltage at the generator side of the gen.c.b. will reach a similar level Transient overvoltages may be considerably higher (up to 5.6p.u.) provided the fault occurs at the most unfavourable instant. Surge arresters will be thermally overloaded and, therefore, be destroyed under such conditions. Anyhow, they would at least limit overvoltages for generator and transformer. ‘Obviously, such a situation includes a certain amount of risk of damage and must, therefore, be avoided. The simplest and most efficient means is to open the H.V. cb. in case of a stuck pole of gen. cb. Analysis has shown, that there are two criteria necessary and adequate for detecting a stuck pole (without or with additional fault- to-ground): + there is always a voltage rise in the open delta winding, of the P-T's on the step-up transformer side of the gen. eb. (see Fig. 2), without or with additional fault-to- ground, + this voltage rise appears within a certain period after changing of breaker position, e.g. {rom 0 to about 20s after closing or opening of gen.c>. If it appears later than about 20s after changing of breaker position then it indicates @ normal foultto-ground atthe L.V. side of the transformer which must not result in immediate tripping ofthe FLV. eb ‘Aproection which detects a stuck pole and trips the HLY. eb. could consist ofa voltage relay connected tothe open delta atthe transformer-sde P.T.s and a time relay Wired in series to it, released by a change of the position Of the gen, auxiliary switch and set to 20s, Such a protection is feasible at low cost with existing equipment Section 2 shows clearly that the testvoltages of the gence, cover the maximum overvoltages to be expected Ata stuck poe a any rte 4.3 Ferroresonance ‘The phenomenon of “ferroresonance” or “relaxation oscillations” is widely discussed in the relevant literature (03, 14]. These oscillations are characterized by the discharge of capacitances to ground via saturable P-T inductances causing periodic displacement of the system aeutral potential, A 3-phase system with an ungrounded neutral is a prerequisite and following additional conditions are tobe fulfilled: + inductive P.T-s, single phase-to-ground + sytem capacitance to ground within certain limits “ kick-on event; normally a switching operation (trans- former inrush, fault clearing causing asymmetry in the system). In order to remain stationary the oscillation of the neutral potential needs a periodic excitation by the 3+ phase system; in consequence, it will exhibit a harmonic ‘or subharmonic frequency. “The following multiples of power frequency f are of importance: = 3 times f: capacitance to ground very small, phase-to- ‘ground voltages very high (3.5p.u.), easy to attenuate, = 2 times f: capacitance to ground small, phase-to-ground voltages 2+ 3p.,, sometimes beat of oscillations, rare «= T time f:overvoltages appear in only 2 phases (1.3 + 3.5p.u), therefore often mixed up with faultto- ‘round, relatively frequent ~0.5 times f, (second subharmonic): beat, in all phases, most frequent = 0.33 times f, 0.25 times f, (third, fourth subharmonic): very rare, not stable For the second subharmonic oscillations, which are found frequently, overvoltages are modest and donot jeopardize the system; the problem is that the saturation Currents may overheat and destroy the P.T.s which could result in shor-circuits ‘According to the conditions mentioned above relaxation oscillations can only occur when the gea.cd is open (generator neutral grounded via resistor. Ls 17pus with(OPEN DELTA VOLT. Pt » Fie. 4 Ferocetonace with PT 1) witout, ) wih dumping resistor in open dea winding Fig. 4a shows the simulation results of a transformer energization from the H.V. side and generated relaxation ‘oscillations, The second subharmonic is clearly visible in the open delta voltage of the P.T's. If an appropriate damping resistor is inserted in the open delta the ‘oscillations disappear very quickly (Fig. 4. ‘The following factors are important for avoiding relaxation oscillations: + selection of P.T.s with a high voltage factor (1.9) ~ ample VA rating of P-T.s and delta winding ~ damping resistor in open delta corresponding to VA rating; = if not sufficient, time-controlled resistor (VA rating of delta winding), or special P.T. designs 4.4 Dielectric breakdown between H.V. and L.V. ‘windings of the transformer A dielectric breakdown through the transformer with partial transfer of the high voltage to the low voltage side ‘can be regarded as another low probability event. Surge arresters are likely to be destroyed in such an event, but would keep away overvoltages from the generator in combination with rapid tripping of the H.V. cb and the gen.cb., thus limiting further damages. 5. SweTcuiNa OveRvoLTAGES 5.1 Overvoltages due to single line-to-ground faults, in the HLV. system AA single line-to-ground fault in the H.V, system and its clearing causes displacement of the voltages at the delta windings of the step-up transformer, However, these effects are rather weak, which is shown by the following results. Since the influence on the low voltage side is more pronounced if the gen.c.b. is open (due to 2 small capacitive coupling of the delta winding of the transformer to ground) only this case was analyzed. The twansformer was modelled three-phase by short-circuit 1389 inductance, winding resistances, saturation charac teristics, coupling capacitances between HLV. and L.V. windings and capacitances to ground according to the recommendations given in [15]. Fault initiation takes place at the peak of phasc-o-ground voltage, The parameter was capacitance to ground at the low voliage side ie. existence and value of a surge capacitance. ‘The results are shown in the following table. TABLET ‘Gvaratages fo ound in pa on he dlt-windng of he wanfomner at s conequene of see phase short-cut in the phate" of he bik fat seaty —aercaret sergectp, mye mye wo Uno te to ta or aed use to 10 of 10 © 10 10 vee to 19 09 06 18 Ae We can, therefore draw the conclusion, that single phase-to-ground faults at the HV-side have only a minor influence on the voltage displacement at the LV-side and that surge capacitors equalize and reduce transient and steady-state voltages. A Targer surge capacitance (250aF) did show only negligible improvements, 5.2 Overvoltages due to single phase-to-ground faults fat the L.V,-sie of the step-up transformer Due to the high neutral-o-ground impedance the fault ‘current is at any rate very small irrespective of the fact that the gen.cb, is closed or open (resistive if the generator neutral is grounded via a resistor and gen.c. closed, capacitive at open gen.cb.), The natural frequency of the voltage oscillation in the unfaulted phases is rather high It is determined by subtransient {and short-circuit inductance and the small capacitances to ground, As far as our calculations are concemed, S.1kHz were reached at gen.c'. closed and 10.3kHz at ‘gen.cb. open, even with capacitors of 250nF at every side of the gencb. Over-oltages are modest and quickly damped out, se following table. TABLE IL “Tania overlie ound in pa coe deaonling of he ep apteaaformer at singe pave ound flings A east lod seach. opeah an Time eye Fig Inherent ecover voltage ter sortie inteption ‘5.3 Fault current interruption withthe gen.c. ‘The inherent recovery-voltage is shown in Fig. 5 (see "Application Guide” of Standard C37.013-93). After a short-circuit interruption the recovery-voltage appears across the contacts ofthe frst phase-to-clear with a rate- of-rise of S=15-7-(1/0.85)-2- f, -10*-U, -V273 [kVipsee] with 7 = 1.5 = amplitude factor ofthe inherent TRV and fo = natural frequency of the nctwork, The maximum voltage is B, = 15-15-U,-V273 = L84U, =2.25p.u with Ip..= U, W273 = 0.8160, Ur= maximum line-to-line voltage ofthe generator. The voltage Ep appears also atthe generator, transformer terminals respectively in case of clearing a 3-phase fault- to-ground. 5.4 Interruption ofthe transformer magnetizing current Due to instabilities of the are between the breaker contacts premature current zeros at high frequencies occur frequently when switching small inductive ‘currents, leading to “current chopping". The “chopped” ccurrent flowing in the no-load inductance can only charge the transformer capacitances. This results in yoltage oscillations of high amplitudes, occasionally ‘The tendency to chop a current also depends on the breaker-type, but various tests have shown, that the ‘maximum overvoltages to be expected are <3.Spu (16) Arresters on either side of the transformer would reduce these overvoltages to less than 3p.u. The energies to be absorbed by the arresters are extremely small ‘Therefore, switching a transformer at no-load by means of a gen. is uncritical if arresters are connected to either side ofthe transformer, 6, ATMOSPHERIC OVERVOLTAGES AND SURGE TRANSFER Since the analyses for power frequency and switching overvoltages are based on proven models, the accuracy of calculations rarely comes up for discussion. However, the situation is differeat for atmospheric overvoltages with steep fronts hitting a step-up transformer and being Uansferred to the generator side. The practical consequence of this is that the dimensioning of corresponding counter-measures as surge capacitors and arresters is cartied out on the sale side (which is always recommendable). Obviously, the transformer is the crucial component. ‘There is some literature on how to model a transformer for this problem [15, 17] indicating that coupling capacitances and frequency dependent damping must be correctly represented, but being of litle help as far as the choice of values is concerned. Below, a rather simple approach is described. It resulted in satisfactory conformity between measurements and simulations for atypical 220MVA two-winding step- up twansformer. The basis for this approach were measurements of the transformer (data see Annex) at various conditions and with various shapes of impulse voltages. The transformer neutral was ungrounded and the H.V. terminals A and B were grounded via resistors ‘of $002 each representing the surge impedance of a ‘transmission line. The impulse voltage, stemming from a low-voltage impulse generator of 400V was applied to the HLV. terminal C of the transformer. The chosen impulse voltage shapes were full wave 1/S0us, chopped wave (WSOus, 184s) and wave 65/520, Fig. 6a and 6b show as an example the voltage responses at the L.V.-side of the transformer (without, respectively with surge capacitor), if a full-wave is applied at a H.V. terminal The same conditions (voltage shapes applied on H.V. terminal C, $000 resistors at the HLV. terminals A and B, etc.) have been chosen for the simulation model, The Uwansformer was modelled according to Fig. 7, ie. correct, winding ratio, vector group, total short-circuit, inductance, partitioned equally between the H.V.- and the L.V.-side. ‘The frequency dependence of short-circuit inductance and damping has been taken into account by subdividing the short-circuit inductance on both voltage sides (La/Lp = 20/80) and inserting a parallel resistance to each inductance. Such a circuit with k elements has ‘been shown in 15], without giving any proposal fegarding the choice of values of inductances or resistances, however. In [I8) there are time constantsFig 6 Measured voltage sponte at LV side of ep tafe full wave applied to LV. terminal € 1) without, with urge capaciior given for transformers of various ratings and. corresponding preliminary values for these resistances hhave been chosen, By adjusting the resistances and simulation results to the test results satisfactory conformity was found, if Ra =7-050H2-La_and Rb = 2000 - @50Hiz Ly. Fig. 8a shows simulation results corresponding to measurements of Fig, 6. The aumerical results of the simulations and the test-results, ie. the crest values of the transferred surges as a percentage of the applied voltage, are given below TABLE Ill ivi im %, Surge wave 1.2/50ns we aa 03/05 we + 60 430 4s we 234 err ‘This transformer model for surge transfer calculations seems to reproduce voltage responses adequately correct ‘with respect to insulation co-ordination purposes. 1391 Fig 7 Tranformer mal for urge taser simusions (only one pba shown, witout exteaa connections) ‘The surge capacitance of 2 times 12SaF decreases the natural frequency of the transformer at the L.V-side from 60kHz (without capacitance) to 17kHz, mitigating the voltage rise. With regard to the voltage peak values to ‘ground there is also a difference of about 20% (100% ‘versus 82% with surge cap). It should be noted that ata full wave crest of 1050kV. (BIL) at the H.V. terminal of the step-up transformer, swith gen.c.b, in open position and without surge capacitor, 63KV to ground would appear, ie. 5.0.pu which is clearly below the withstand voltage of 110kV. crest (@ 7p.u, at max. operating voltage of 15.5kV), However, a surge capacitance of >125nF will prevent voltage spikes with steep fronts at the transformer L.V.~ side and lower the natural frequency of the transformer considerably Le vor, an Fig. 8 Calelted votge responses comerponding oF 1) witout, 8) with uege ater at LVne is common practice to install surge arresters at the HL. terminals of a transformer which is exposed to atmospheric overvoltages. According to IEC recom= mendations [4] the protective level should be at least BIL/1.2 which would increase the safety margin for the L.Vuside, too. In our opinion, arresters at the low voltage side ~ in addition to the surge capacitors ~ are not an absolute necessity. Since their maximum coatinuous operating voltage (MCOV) related to the nominal voltage is higher (system with insulated neutral) than that of the HL.V.-side artesters, their protective effect is weaker. ‘The influence of arresters at the L.V.-sie is shown in Fig, 8b (otherwise same conditions as for Fig. 8a). The overvoltage is reduced to about 80%, If arrester - in addition to the surge capacitors - are installed, their location is of minor importance. AS calculations have shown a distance of even 20m from the ‘wansformer to the arrester does not lower the effectiveness of the arrester. Obviously, tis is due to the rather low frequencies originated at the transformer LV- side 7. Coxcwustons In this paper insulation co-ordination aspects for a power station with gen.c.b.s have been considered By means of a typical power station configuration with gen.cb. the full scale of overvoltages (from power frequency to atmospheric) has been analyzed, ‘The analysis consists of computer simulations and measurements As far as power frequency overvoliages are concerned the situation is the same without and with gen.cb. for single phase faults to ground; the gen.cb,, however, allows selective protection in case of a fault, Ferroresonance overvoltages occurring when the step- up transformer is energized from the HV-side can easily be avoided by appropriate damping resistors in the delta, windings of the P.T.s ‘The consequences of faults of an extsemely low probability as breakdown through the step-up transformer ‘may be mitigated by the gen.c.. ‘Another low probability occurrence, ie. a mechanical failure in the gen.c.b., leading to a stuck pole condition will result in high power frequency overvoltages if there is no adequate protection system. The criteria for such protection are given; the realization is feasible at low cost with existing equipment. Switching overvoltages transferred from the HV-side to the LV-side of the step-up transformer are modest ‘Transients from a single phase to ground fault at the Lv-side rarely exceed 2.3p.u. and their frequency is lowered by the surge capacitance TRVs due to fault current interruption are amply covered by the corresponding standards Overvoltages at interrruption of magnetizing cuszents Courrent-chopping") are a special case and specific to gen.cb. design. Experience shows that the maximum overvoltages 10 be expected are <3.5p.u. Arresters at either side of the step-up transformer will further reduce these values, The transfer of atmospheric overvoltages through the step-up transformer was measured and a simulation scheme was developed based on these measurements showing sufficient accuracy. It seems to the authors thet the transformer model developed could also be applied to surge transfer calculations for other step-up transformers of similar rating. Those measurements and calculations confirmed that a surge capacitor at the LV-side of the step-up transformer is highly recommendable, even ifthe overvoltages to ground without surge capacitor are below the withstand voltage of the breaker. With a surge ‘capacitor of 2125nF the steepness of the voltage surges is significantly reduced, If arresters are installed atthe H.V. side (usual case) arresters at the L.V, side do not additionally improve the situation and may, therefore, be omitted. The statements deduced ffom the analysis of a typical step-up transformer are applicable to the conditions in other power stations under the assumption that with increasing voltage level at the HV-side also the generator operating voltage correspondingly grows. 8. LiveraruRe [1] ANSI €62.2-81: Guide for the Application of Valve Type Surge Arresters for A.C. Systems [2] ANSI C92.1-1984 IEEE Standard for ‘Arresters for AC Power Circuits [B] ANSI. C92.1-1982: American National Standard Voltage Values for Preferred Transient Insulation Levels [s] IEC-Standard 71-2, 1976 Insulation Co-ordination, Part 2, Application Guide (5) Surge’ Transfer through Transformer-Generator, Units. CH. Hickling Proc, IEE Vol 116, No. 5, May 1969 (6) EP. Dick, BLK. Gupta: Review of Generator Surge Surge Protection Including Generator Breakers. IEEE 1987, WM 216-5 (7) EP. Dick, BK. Gupta: Practical Design of Generator Surge Protection IEEE Vol 6, No. 2, April 191 [8] ANSVIEEE Standard €37.013-1993 with ‘Application Guide, Standard for AC High-VoltageGenerator Circuit-Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis {9] Electra No. 113, July 1987, pp. 43-50, "Generator Circuit-Breaker.' Transient’ Recovery "Voltage in most Severe Short-Circuit Conditions” [10] Electra No. 126, October 1989, pp. 555-63, "Generator Circuit-Breaker. Transient Recovery Voltages under Load Current and Out-of Phase Conditions" (11] Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) Rule Book, Bonneville Power Administration 12] Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters in AC Systems CIGRE Brochure 60, April 1991 {13] JD. McCrumm: An Experimental Investigation of Subharmonic Currents, AIEE Transactions, 1942 Vol. 60, pp. $33-540 [18] N. Germay etal: Review of ferroresonance phenomena in hv, power systems and presentation of a voltage transformer model for predetermining them CIGRE 1974; Report 33-18 [15] Guidelines for Representation of Network Elements when Calculating Transients, by Working Group 33.02 (Internal Overvoltages), CIGRE Brochure 1990 [16] M, Erche: Switching surges, ‘Book: Surges in High-Voltage Networks, edited by Klaus Ragaller, Plenum Press, New York 1980 (171 P. Glaninger: Das ‘Schwingungsverhalten eines ein- fachen Transformator-Ersatzschaltbildes ETZ-Archiv Bd. 5, 1983 H.11, S. 369-375 [18] CIGRE Working Group 13.05: The Calculation of Switching Surges ELECTRA, No. 32, pp. 17-42, 1974 9. ANNEX, Data of generator, step-up - transformer, voltage-trans- former, high-voltage network and arresers used forthe analysis ~ Power frequency SoH = Generator data Rated power 228MVA Rated voltage 15.5kV BIL 125kVerest Subtransient direct axis (xd") o.sipa Capacitance of armature winding to ‘ground all phases together L35uF Generator grounding: hhigh resistance grounding (632.50, 16A/10sec) Inertia constant (H) Tdsee + Step-up transformer (rated values) Rated voltage 264/15 5kV Rated power Connection Short-crcuit reactance at rated voltage Tap changer, voltage change XR ratio BIL: RV Lv Power frequency, S0Fiz, Imin no-load current at0.92Ur 1.00Ur 1Lo6Ur = Transformer capacitances: C1, low-voltage side to ground (C2, high-voltage side to ground C12, LV-HV, Losses, 3 phase, no-load = Voltage transformer, 15.5kV ‘Type Phiffner, VD24/1 voltage factor 15.75kVIN3; 0,195; 0.045; 0.18 130VA; 30VA; 100VA; 200VA, 8h - System source short-circuit current on high-voltage side of transformer, 3 ph. = Arrester, 15,5kV-side ‘Type ABB MWAI8, Ue Up (10ka) = Arrester 220KV-side: ‘Type: ABB MWL225 Ue Up (10a) + Surge capacitor: calculations based on values of 1393, 220MVA Nas 1230% S%d+5% 60 1050KVerest 12skVerest 460kV 0.20% 034% 0.52% 8600p 2080pF 2870pF 7kW 1.9/305ee 26kA, 1skv S2kVerest 224KV 678kVerest 125..2500F