Bibliography

Adde, N. (2013). Valor has no gender. Sea Power, 56(4), 58-62.

The article discusses the participation of female combatants in the U.S. Navy specified in
findings of the survey of Marines conducted by Center for Naval Analysis. It refers to
several findings such as desire of 31 per cent respondents to join combat-arms primary
military occupational specialty (PMOS), preference of ground combat element (GCE) by
women and favoring of voluntary assignment with respect to GCE. It finds that unit
combat effectiveness and unit cohesion are least preferred. This article is particularly
important for my paper due to the fact that Cpt. Zoe Bedell and her story is one of the
reasons that the Department of Defense (DoD) decided to change the policy of banning
women from the combat units. In this piece, Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James F.
Amos called for a deliberate, measured approach to validate occupational performance
standards for all Marines, bringing the plan to incorporate women in heretofore closed
jobs with the services high standards of fitness and combat readiness.
Blacksmith E.A. (1992). Women in the military. The Reference shelf; v.64, no. 5.
This book contains reprints of articles, excerpts from books, and addresses the issues and
social trends at the time it was published in the United States as well as other countries.
This book is devoted to the single subject of women in the military and gives background
information and discussions from various points of views. This book describes
individual stories from multiple women in multiple branches and their trials and
tribulations in which they had to endure to be a soldier during these times. Although this

book is very outdated I thought it would give a good insight to how things were for
women in the military right when the Gulf War started.
DoD lifts the ban on women in combat. (2013). Army Magazine, 63(3), 9-14.
The article reports that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) rescinded the 1994 Direct
Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule in January 2013, lifting the ban on
women in combat. According to Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Martin E. Dempsey, the
service chiefs agreed to eliminate all gender-based barriers to service and integrate
women into occupational fields. Each service is required to submit an implementation
plan until May 15, 2013. This article directly correlates to paper in that it talks about the
1994 Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule and its plan on lifting the
ban on women in combat. It goes on to describe how the process will open thousands of
jobs to women, who have been prohibited from serving in ground combat units below the
brigade level.
Haring, E. L. (2013). Insights from the women in combat symposium. JFQ: Joint Force
Quarterly, (70), 55-58.
Information about the symposium of women soldiers held in Washington, D.C. in
February 2013 is presented. During the event, it indicates that women soldiers share their
experiences and testimonials during military and combat operations. It notes that the
event aimed to gather lessons for integrating combat specialties with the goal of
eliminating combat restrictions that have limited military service for women. This
symposium helps my paper in clarifying the need for women in ground combat units and

gives detailed testimonies of women who have been there and done that. It is an eyeopening piece that would be detrimental if not added to my paper.
Mitchell, T., White III, E. D., & Ritschel, D. (2014). Investigating the correlation of the U.S. Air
Force physical fitness test to combat-based fitness: A women-only study. Military
Medicine, 179(6), 653-658. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00445.
The primary objective in this research involves determining the Air Force Physical
Fitness Test's (AFPFT) predictability of combat fitness and whether measures within the
AFPFT require modification to increase this predictability further. Sixty female
volunteers were recruited and we compared their performance on the AFPFT to the
Marine Combat Fitness Test, the proxy for combat fitness. We discovered little
association between the two however, this association significantly increased when
utilizing the raw scores of the AFPFT instead of using the gender/age scoring tables.
Improving on these associations, we develop and propose a simple ordinary least squares
regression model that minimally impacts the AFPFT testing routine. This particular
study directly correlates to my paper in which the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marines are
doing the same sort of study in which I did for the U.S. Army. Over the years the
standards have not changed but the evolution of the stronger female soldier has and
adjustments are needed.
Shinkman, P. D. (2013). Letting women into combat. U.S. News Digital Weekly, 5(25), 8.
The article focuses on the U.S. military's plan to allow women service members in
combat units as of June 21, 2013. Background is presented on the U.S. armed forces'
efforts to create a gender-neutral military. It highlights strategies announced by service

branches to incorporate women into combat troops. The American Civil Liberties Union's
(ACLU) lawsuit to require the military to open all jobs to women is highlighted.
Although all jobs have not been opened up to females yet, I think this article is great
precursor to the efforts being made to make this happen. I do know that this process will
not happen overnight, but if us as females dont put our thoughts and experiences out
there on a constant basis then the DoD will think we dont fight for what we want.
Summers, C. H. (2013). Women. Military Review, 93(4), 71-78.
The article focuses on the future role of women in the U.S. Army. The author explores
the idea of fully integrating women into combat arms, discusses the abilities and
capacities that make women more effective in certain tactical situations, and examines
the arguments for maintaining a ban on women in infantry, armor, and field artillery.
This articles context directly addresses the issues and assumptions that have been made
by many about the integration of women into ground combat units. In my paper I would
like to represent both sides equally and ultimately give the most un-bias results possible.
Young, L. M., & Nauta, M. M. (2013). Sexism as a predictor of attitudes toward women in the
military and in combat. Military Psychology (American Psychological Association),
25(2), 166-171.
This study examined four forms of sexist beliefs as predictors of attitudes toward women
in the military and in combat. Survey data revealed that military-affiliated college
students held more negative attitudes than civilian students toward women in combat, but
the groups did not differ on attitudes toward women in the military. All forms of sexism
contributed uniquely to the prediction of attitudes toward women in the military, and 3

forms were associated with approval of women in combat. Sexist beliefs mediated the
relationship between military-affiliation status and approval of women in combat. In my
paper I hope to not only get the opinions and attitudes of the ones in this study but also do
a study of my own with males and females that I personally know in the services. I plan
on getting the opinions of males and females ranging from those who have been in the
infantry units to those whom plan on seeing combat for the first time in a couple of
months.