3 BBG 2 Xzy

Contents
Classical guitar
1.1
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Historical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
Early guitars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Style periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
Baroque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3
Classical and Romantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4
Francisco Trrega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
Modern period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
Background information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1
Overview of the classical guitars history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2
Renaissance guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3
Vihuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4
Baroque guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5
Early romantic guitar or Guitar during the Classical music era . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.6
Modern classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.7
Contemporary classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1
Plucking of the string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2
Direct contact with strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3
Fingering Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.4
Alternation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
Repertoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8
Physical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.1
Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.2
Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.10 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.3
1.6
1.9
ii
CONTENTS
1.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.13.1 Guitar history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.13.2 Articles and Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Classical guitar technique
14
2.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2.2
Posture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2.3
Guitaristic Technique and Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
2.4
How are ngerings marked? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
2.5
Right hand technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
2.5.1
Tirando versus Apoyando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2.5.2
Right hand wrist/hand position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.5.3
Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.5.4
Strumming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Left hand technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.6.1
Slurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.6.2
Vibrato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.6.3
Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.6.4
Left-hand position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.7
Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.9
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Baroque guitar
24
3.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.2
Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.3
Repertoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.4
Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.4.1
Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.4.2
Modern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.5.1
Historic performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.5.2
Modern performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.6
Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.9
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Romantic guitar
28
2.6
3.5
CONTENTS
iii
4.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
4.2
Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
4.3
Composers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
4.4
Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
4.6
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
4.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Classical guitar repertoire
31
5.1
Repertoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
5.1.1
Renaissance Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
5.1.2
Baroque era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
5.1.3
Romantic era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
5.1.4
Modern era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
5.1.5
Contemporary classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
5.1.6
New perspectives for the classical guitar repertoire
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
5.2
Transcriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
5.3
Guitarists for whom many pieces have been composed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
5.4
Reviewed compositions for guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
5.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
5.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
5.7
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
5.7.1
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
5.7.2
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
5.7.3
Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Chapter 1
Classical guitar
The classical guitar (or Spanish Guitar) is the mem- Both instrument and repertoire can be viewed from a
ber of the guitar family used in classical music. It is an combination of various perspectives:
acoustical wooden guitar with six classical guitar strings
Historical (chronological period of time)
as opposed to the metal strings used in acoustic and electric guitars designed for popular music.
baroque guitar 1600 to 1750 CE
In addition to the instrument, the phrase classical guitar
early romantic guitars 1750 to 1850 CE (for mucan refer to two other concepts:
sic from the Classical and Romantic periods)
The instrumental nger technique common to clas modern classical guitars
sical guitarindividual strings plucked with the ngernails or, rarely, ngertips
Geographical
The instruments classical music repertoire
Spanish guitars (Torres), and French guitars (Ren
The shape, construction, and material of classical guiLacte, ...), etc.
tars vary, but typically they have a modern classical guitar
shape, or historic classical guitar shape resembling early Cultural
romantic guitars from France and Italy. Classical guitar
strings were once made of catgut and nowadays are made
baroque court music, 19th century opera and its inof polymers such as nylon, with a ne wire wrap on the
uences, 19th century folk songs, Latin American
bass strings.
music, etc.
A guitar family tree can be identied. The amenco guitar derives from the modern classical, but has dierences
in material, construction and sound.[1][2]
1.2 Historical perspective
The term modern classical guitar is sometimes used to
distinguish the classical guitar from older forms of guitar,
which are in their broadest sense also called classical, or
more specically: early guitars. Examples of early guitars include the 6-string early romantic guitar (c. 1790
1880), and the earlier baroque guitars with 5 courses.
1.2.1 Early guitars
While classical guitar is today mainly associated with

the modern classical guitar design, there is an increasing
interest in early guitars; and understanding the link beTodays modern classical guitar was established by the tween historical repertoire and the particular period guilate designs of the 19th-century Spanish luthier Antonio tar that was originally used to perform this repertoire.
The musicologist and author Graham Wade writes:
Torres Jurado.
Nowadays it is customary to play this repertoire on reproductions of instruments authentically modelled on concepts of musicological
research with appropriate adjustments to techniques and overall interpretation. Thus over
recent decades we have become accustomed to
specialist artists with expertise in the art of vihuela (a 16th-century type of guitar popular in
Spain), lute, Baroque guitar, 19th-century guitar, etc.[4]
1.1 Contexts
The classical guitar has a long history and one is able to
distinguish various:
instruments
repertoire (composers and their compositions,
arrangements, improvisations)
1
CHAPTER 1. CLASSICAL GUITAR

riod. As an example: It is impossible to play a historically informed de Visee or Corbetta (baroque guitaristcomposers) on a modern classical guitar. The reason
is that the baroque guitar used courses, which are two
strings close together (in unison), that are plucked together. This gives baroque guitars an unmistakable sound
characteristic and tonal texture that is an integral part of
an interpretation. Additionally the sound aesthetic of the
baroque guitar (with its strong overtone presence) is very
dierent from modern classical type guitars, as is shown
below.
Todays use of Torres and post-Torres type guitars for

repertoire of all periods is sometimes critically viewed:
Torres and post-Torres style modern guitars (with their
fan-bracing and design) have a thick and strong tone,
very suitable for modern-era repertoire. However, they
Baroque Guitars from the Museum Cit de la Musique in Paris are considered to emphasize the fundamental too heav(which houses almost 200 classical guitars[3] )
ily (at the expense of overtone partials) for earlier repertoire (Classical/Romantic: Carulli, Sor, Giuliani, Mertz,
...; Baroque: de Visee, ...; etc.). Andrs Segovia presented the Spanish guitar as a versatile model for all playing styles,[5] to the extent, that still today, many guitarists
have tunnel-vision of the world of the guitar, coming from
the modern Segovia tradition.[6]
Guitars from the Museum Cit de la Musique in Paris (which

houses almost 200 classical guitars[3] )
Dierent types of guitars have dierent sound aesthetics,

e.g. dierent colour-spectrum characteristics (the way
the sound energy is spread in the fundamental frequency
and the overtones), dierent response, etc. These dierences are due to dierences in construction, for example
modern classical guitars usually use a dierent bracing
(fan-bracing), than was used in earlier guitars (they had
ladder-bracing); and a dierent voicing was used by the
luthier.
It is interesting to note the historical parallel between musical styles (baroque, classical, romantic, amenco, jazz)
and the style of sound aesthetic of the musical instruments used, for example: Robert de Vise played on a
baroque guitar with a very dierent sound aesthetic than
the guitars used by Mauro Giuliani and Legnani - they
used 19th century guitars. These guitars in turn sound
dierent from the Torres models used by Segovia, that
are suited for interpretations of romantic-modern works
such as Moreno Torroba.
When considering the guitar from a historical perspective, the musical instrument used is just as important
as the musical language and style of the particular pe-
While fan-braced modern classical Torres and postTorres style instruments coexisted with traditional ladderbraced guitars at the beginning of the 20th century; the
traditional forms eventually fell away. Some attribute this
to the popularity of Segovia, considering him the catalyst for change toward the Spanish design and the so-called
'modern' school in the 1920s and beyond.[5] The styles
of music performed on ladder-braced guitars were becoming more and more unfashionable; and, e.g. in Germany, musicians were in part turning towards folkstyle
music (Schrammel-music and the Contraguitar), but this
only remained localized in Germany and Austria and became unfashionable again. On the other hand, Segovia
was playing in concerts around the world, popularizing
his modern classical guitar, as well as a new style of music in the 1920s: Spanish romantic-modern style, with
guitar works by Moreno Torroba, de Falla, etc. Some
people consider it to have been this inuence of Segovia,
which eventually led to the domination of the Torres instrument - factories all over the world began producing
them in large numbers.
It was the 19th century classical guitarist Francisco Trrega who rst popularized the Torres design as a classical
solo instrument.
Characteristics
Vihuela, renaissance guitars and baroque guitars
have a bright sound - rich in overtones - and their
courses(double strings) give the sound a very particular texture.
Early guitars of the classical and romantic period
1.3. STYLE PERIODS

(early romantic guitars) have single strings but their
design and voicing are still such that they have their
tonal energy more in the overtones (but without
starved fundamental), giving a bright intimate tone.
Later in Spain a style of music emerged that favored
a stronger fundamental:
With the change of music a stronger fundamental
was demanded and the fan bracing system was approached. ... the guitar tone has been changed from
a transparent tone, rich in higher partials to a more
broad tone with a strong fundamental.[7]
Thus modern guitars with fan bracing (fan strutting)
have a design and voicing that gives them a much
more thick heavy sound, with far more tonal energy
found in the fundamental.
1.3 Style periods
3
Ferdinando Carulli (17701841)
Francesco Molino (17741847)
Fernando Sor (17781839)
Luigi Moretti (c. 17801850)
Mauro Giuliani (17811829)
Niccol Paganini (17821840)
Dionisio Aguado (1784 1849)
Luigi Legnani (17901877)
Matteo Carcassi (17921853)
Napolon Coste (18051883)
Johann Kaspar Mertz (18061856)
Hector Berlioz studied the guitar as a teenager,[10]

Franz Schubert owned at least two and wrote for the
1.3.1 Renaissance
instrument,[11] Ludwig van Beethoven, after hearing Giuthe instrument was a miniature
Composers of the Renaissance period who wrote for four liani play, commented
[12]
orchestra
in
itself.
Niccol
Paganini was also a guitar
course guitar include Alonso Mudarra, Miguel de Fuenvirtuoso
and
composer.
He
once
wrote: I love the guillana, Adrian Le Roy, Gregoire Brayssing, Guillaume de
tar
for
its
harmony;
it
is
my
constant
companion in all my
Morlaye, and Simon Golier.
travels. He also said, on another occasion: I do not like
this instrument, but regard it simply as a way of helping
Instrument
me to think [13]
Four-course guitar
1.3.4 Francisco Trrega

1.3.2
Baroque
The guitarist and composer Francisco Trrega (b. Vilareal, Spain in November 29, 1852-d. December 15,
Some well known composers of the baroque guitar were 1909) was one of the great guitar virtuosos and teachers
Gaspar Sanz, Robert de Vise and Francesco Corbetta.
and is considered the father of modern classical guitar
playing. As professor of guitar at the conservatories of
Madrid and Barcelona he dened many elements of the
Examples of instruments
modern classical technique and elevated the importance
Baroque guitar by Nicolas Alexandre Voboam II: of the guitar in the classical music tradition.
This French instrument has the typical design of the
period with ve courses of double-strings and a at
1.3.5 Modern period
back.[8]
Baroque guitar attributed to Matteo Sellas : This At the beginning of the 1920s, Andrs Segovia popularItalian instrument has ve courses and a rounded ized the guitar with tours and early phonograph recordings. Segovia collaborated with the composers Federico
back.[9]
Moreno Torroba and Joaquin Turina with the aim of extending the guitar repertoire with new music.[14] Segovias
tour of South America revitalized public interest in the
1.3.3 Classical and Romantic
guitar and helped the guitar music of Manuel Ponce
From approximately 1780 to 1850, the guitar had numer- and Heitor Villa-Lobos reach a wider audience.[15] The
composers Alexandre Tansman and Mario Castelnuovoous composers and performers including:
Tedesco were commissioned by Segovia to write new
pieces for the guitar.[16] Luiz Bonf popularized Brazil Filippo Gragnani (17671820)
ian musical styles such as the newly created Bossa Nova,
Antoine de Lhoyer (17681852)
which was well received by audiences in the USA.
New music - avant-garde
1.5 History
The classical guitar repertoire also includes modern contemporary works sometimes termed New Music
such as Elliott Carter's Changes,[17] Cristbal Halter's
Codex I,[18] Luciano Berio's Sequenza XI,[19] Maurizio
Pisati's Sette Studi,[20] Maurice Ohana's Si Le Jour
Parat,[21] Sylvano Bussotti's Rara (eco sierologico),[22]
Ernst Krenek's Suite fr Guitarre allein, Op. 164,[23]
Franco Donatoni's Algo: Due pezzi per chitarra,[24] etc.
Performers who are known for including modern repertoire include Jrgen Ruck, Elena Csoli, Leo Brouwer
(when he was still performing), John Schneider, Reinbert
Evers, Maria Kmmerling, Siegfried Behrend, David
Starobin, Mats Scheidegger, Magnus Andersson, etc.
Guitarra Latina (left) and
This type of repertoire is usually performed by guitarists Guitarra Morisca (right)
who have particularly chosen to focus on the avant-garde
in their performances.
Within the contemporary music scene itself, there are
also works which are generally regarded as extreme.
These include works such as Brian Ferneyhough's Kurze
Schatten II,[25] Sven-David Sandstrm's away from[26]
and Rolf Riehm's Toccata Orpheus,[27] etc. which are notorious for their extreme diculty.
There are also a variety of databases documenting modHistory of guitars
ern guitar works such as Sheer Pluck[28] and others.[29][30]
(exhibited at Deutsches Museum)
Main article: History of the classical guitar
1.4 Background information
1.5.1 Overview of the classical guitars history
The evolution of the classical guitar and its repertoire

spans more than four centuries. It has a history that was
The ancestries of the modern guitar, like numerous other
shaped by contributions from earlier instruments, such as
chordophones, track back through many instruments and
the lute, the vihuela, and the baroque guitar.
thousands of years to ancient central Asia. Guitar like
instruments appear in ancient carvings and statues recovered from the old Persian capital of Susa. This means that
the contemporary Iranian instruments such as the tanbur
The last guitarist to follow in Segovias
and setar are distantly related to the European guitar, as
footsteps was Julian Bream and Julian Bream
they
all derive ultimately from the same ancient origins,
will be 73 years old on July 15th 2006.
but
by
very dierent historical routes and inuences.
Miguel Llobet, Andrs Segovia and Julian
Bream are the three performer personalities
of the 20th century. Do not understand me
wrong, we have many guitarists today that
are very excellent performers, but none with
such a distinct personality in their tone and
style as Llobet, Segovia and Bream. In all
instrumental areas, not just the guitar, there is
a lack of individualism with a strong tendency
to conformity. This I nd very unfortunate
since art (music, theatre or the pictorial arts)
is a very individual and personal matter.[31]
Bernard Hebb, Interview
During the Middle Ages, instruments called guitars

with three and four strings were in use but their construction and tuning was dierent from the modern guitars.
The Guitarra Latina in Spain, had curved sides and a single hole. The Guitarra Morisca, which was brought to
Spain by the Moors or at least was heavily inuenced by
Moorish instruments, had an oval soundbox and many
sound holes on its soundboard. By the 15th century, a
four course double-string instrument called the vihuela de
mano, that had tuning like the later modern guitar except
on one string and similar construction, appeared in Spain
and spread to Italy; by the 16th century, a fth doublestring had been added. During this time, composers
1.5. HISTORY
wrote mostly in tablature notation. In the middle of the
16th century, inuences from the vihuela and the renaissance guitar were combined and the baroque ve string
guitar appeared in Spain.[32] The baroque guitar quickly
superseded the vihuela in popularity in Spain, France and
Italy and Italian players and composers became prominent. In the late 18th century the six string guitar quickly
became popular at the expense of the ve string guitars.
During the 19th century the Spanish luthier and player
Antonio de Torres gave the modern classical guitar its
denitive form, with a broadened body, increased waist
curve, thinned belly, improved internal bracing.[33] The
modern classical guitar replaced older form for the accompaniment of song and dance called amenco, and a
modied version, known as the amenco guitar, was created.
Gittern (1450)
5
The written history of the classical guitar can be traced
back to the early 16th century with the development of
the vihuela in Spain. While the lute was then becoming
popular in other parts of Europe, the Spaniards did not
take to it well because of its association with the Moors.
Instead, the lute like vihuela appeared with two more
strings that gave it more range and complexity. In its most
developed form, the vihuela was a guitar-like instrument
with six double strings made of gut, tuned like a modern classical guitar with the exception of the third string,
which was tuned half a step lower. It has a high sound
and is rather large to hold. Few have survived and most
of what is known today comes from diagrams and paintings.
The Guitar Player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer,

guitar Voboam
Vihuela
(vihuela book by Luis Milan, 1536[34] )
Baroque guitar[35] with rounded-back

(engraving by Etienne Picart, 1680)
Early romantic guitar by Jean-Nicolas Grobert (1830)
1.5.4 Baroque guitar

1.5.2
Renaissance guitar
See also: Renaissance music
Main article: Baroque guitar

See also: Baroque music
The gittern, often referred to as Renaissance guitar, is a

musical instrument resembling a small lute or guitar. It
1.5.5 Early romantic guitar or Guitar
is related to but is not a citole, another medieval instruduring the Classical music era
ment. The gittern was carved from a single piece of wood
with a curved (sickle-shaped) pegbox. An example has
Main article: Early romantic guitar
survived from around 1450.
See also: Classical music era
1.5.3
Vihuela
Main article: Vihuela
The earliest extant six-string guitar is believed to have

seen built in 1779 by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 - after
1831) in Naples, Italy; however, the date on the label is
a little ambiguous.[36][37] The Vinaccia family of luthiers
is known for developing the mandolin. This guitar has

been examined and does not show tell-tale signs of modications from a double-course guitar.[38] The authenticity
of guitars allegedly produced before the 1790s is often
in question. This also corresponds to when Morettis 6string method appeared, in 1792.
Popular song (public domain): Spanish Romance.
Spanish guitar by Antonio de Torres Jurado (1862)
the left foot placed on a footstool. Alternatively - if a footstool is not used - a guitar support can be placed between
the guitar and the left lap (the support usually attaches
to the instruments side with suction cups). (There are
of course exceptions, with some performers choosing to
hold the instrument another way.)
1.6.1 Plucking of the string

Right-handed players use the ngers of the right hand to
pluck the strings, with the thumb plucking from the top
of a string downwards (downstroke) and the other ngers
plucking from the bottom of string upwards (upstroke).
The little nger in classical technique as it evolved in the
1.5.6 Modern classical guitar
20th century is used only to ride along with the ring nger without striking the strings and to thus physiologically
Main article: Modern classical guitar
See also: Antonio de Torres Jurado and Hermann facilitate the ring ngers motion.
Hauser, Sr.
In contrast, Flamenco technique, and classical compositions evoking Flamenco, employ the little nger semiindependently in the Flamenco four-nger rasgueado,
that rapid strumming of the string by the ngers in re1.5.7 Contemporary classical guitar
verse order employing the back of the ngernaila familiar characteristic of Flamenco.
Main article: Classical guitar making
Flamenco technique, in the performance of the rasgueado
also uses the upstroke of the four ngers and the downContemporary concert guitars occasionally follow the stroke of the thumb: the string is hit not only with the
Smallman design, which replaces fan braces with a much inner, eshy side of the ngertip but also with the outer,
lighter balsa brace attached to the back of the sound board ngernail side. This was also used in a technique of the
with carbon ber. The balsa brace has a honeycomb pat- vihuela called dedillo[39] which has recently begun to be
tern and allows the (now much thinner) sound board to introduced on the classical guitar.
support more vibrational modes. This leads to greater
volume and longer sustain but compromises the subtle Some modern guitarists, such as tpn Rak and
Kazuhito Yamashita, use the little nger independently,
tonalities of the Spanish sound.
compensating for the little ngers shortness by maintaining an extremely long ngernail.
Smallman played by John Williams in 2008
1.6 Performance
tpn Rak and Kazuhito Yamashita have also generalized the use of the upstroke of the four ngers and the
downstroke of the thumb (the same technique as in the
Main article: Classical guitar technique
rasgueado of the Flamenco: as explained above the string
is hit not only with the inner, eshy side of the ngerThe modern classical guitar is usually played in a seated tip but also with the outer, ngernail side) both as a free
position, with the instrument resting on the left lap - and stroke and as a rest stroke.[40]
1.7. REPERTOIRE
1.6.2
Direct contact with strings
As with other plucked instruments (such as the lute), the

musician directly touches the strings (usually plucking)
to produce the sound. This has important consequences:
Dierent tone/timbre (of a single note) can be produced
by plucking the string in dierent manners and in dierent
positions.
1.6.3
Fingering Notation
7
p-i-m-a-i-m-a : Arpeggio pattern with a sextuplet
feel (i.e. usually played on across ve dierent
strings).
p-a-m-i-p-a-m-i : Another tremolo pattern.
p-m-p-m : A way of playing a melody line on the
lower strings.
1.7 Repertoire
In guitar scores the ve ngers of the right-hand (which

pluck the strings) are designated by the rst letter of their Main article: classical guitar repertoire
Spanish names namely p = thumb (pulgar), i = index nger (ndice), m = middle nger (mayor), a = ring nger
Music written specically for the classical guitar dates
(anular), c = little nger or pinky (chiquito)[41]
from the addition of the sixth string (the baroque guitar
The four ngers of the left hand (which stop the strings) normally had ve pairs of strings) in the late 18th century.
are designated 1 = index, 2 = major, 3 = ring nger, 4 =
little nger; 0 designates an open string, that is a string A guitar recital may include a variety of works, e.g. works
that is not stopped by a nger of the left hand and whose written originally for the lute or vihuela by composers
full length thus vibrates when plucked. On the classical such as John Dowland (b. Ireland 1563) and Luis de
guitar thumb of the left hand is never used to stop strings Narvez (b. Spain c. 1500), and also music written for
from above (as is done on the electric guitar): the neck of the harpsichord by Domenico Scarlatti (b. Italy 1685),
a classical guitar is too wide and the normal position of for the baroque lute by Sylvius Leopold Weiss (b. Gerthe thumb used in classical guitar technique do not make many 1687), for the baroque guitar by Robert de Vise
(b. France c. 1650) or even Spanish-avored music writthat possible.
ten for the piano by Isaac Albniz (b. Spain 1860) and
Scores (contrary to tablatures) do not systematically indi- Enrique Granados (b. Spain 1867). The most imporcate the string to be plucked (although in most cases the tant composer who did not write for the guitar but whose
choice is obvious). When an indication of the string is music is often played on it is Johann Sebastian Bach (b.
required the strings are designated 1 to 6 (from the 1st Germany 1685), whose baroque lute works have proved
the high E to the 6th the low E) with gures 1 to 6 inside highly adaptable to the instrument.
circles.
Of music written originally for guitar, the earliest imporThe positions (that is where on the fretboard the rst n- tant composers are from the classical period and include
ger of the left hand is placed) are also not systematically Fernando Sor (b. Spain 1778) and Mauro Giuliani (b.
indicated, but when they are (mostly in the case of the Italy 1781), both of whom wrote in a style strongly inuexecution of barrs) these are indicated with Roman nu- enced by Viennese classicism. In the 19th century guitar
merals from the rst position I (index nger of the left composers such as Johann Kaspar Mertz (b. Slovakia,
hand placed on the 1st fret: F-B at-E at-A at-C-F) to Austria 1806) were strongly inuenced by the dominance
the twelfth position XII (the index nger of the left hand of the piano. Not until the end of the nineteenth century
placed on the 12th fret: E-A-D-G-B-E; the 12th fret is did the guitar begin to establish its own unique identity.
placed where the body begins) or even higher up to posi- Francisco Trrega (b. Spain 1852) was central to this,
tion XIX (the classical guitar most often having 19 frets, sometimes incorporating stylized aspects of amencos
with the 19th fret being most often split and not being Moorish inuences into his romantic miniatures. This
usable to fret the 3rd and 4th strings).
was part of late 19th century mainstream European musical nationalism. Albniz and Granados were central to
this movement; their evocation of the guitar was so suc1.6.4 Alternation
cessful that their compositions have been absorbed into
standard guitar repertoire.
To achieve tremolo eects and rapid, uent scale passages, the player must practice alternation, that is, never The steel-string and electric guitars characteristic to the
plucking a string with the same nger twice in a row. Us- rise of rock and roll in the post-WWII era became more
ing p to indicate the thumb, i the index nger, m the mid- widely played in North America and the English speakdle nger and a the ring nger, common alternation pat- ing world. Barrios composed many works and brought
into the mainstream the characteristics of Latin Ameriterns include:
can music, as did the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa i-m-i-m : Basic melody line on the treble strings. Has Lobos. Andrs Segovia commissioned works from Spanthe appearance of walking along the strings.
ish composers such as Federico Moreno Torroba and
Joaqun Rodrigo, Italians such as Mario CastelnuovoTedesco and Latin American composers such as Manuel
Ponce of Mexico. Other prominent Latin American
composers are Leo Brouwer of Cuba, Antonio Lauro
of Venezuela and Enrique Solares of Guatemala. Julian
Bream of Britain managed to get nearly every British
composer from William Walton to Benjamin Britten to
Peter Maxwell Davies to write signicant works for guitar. Breams collaborations with tenor Peter Pears also
resulted in song cycles by Britten, Lennox Berkeley and
others. There are signicant works by composers such
as Hans Werner Henze of Germany, Gilbert Biberian of
England and Roland Chadwick of Australia.
The classical guitar also became widely used in popular
music and rock & roll in the 1960s after guitarist Mason
Williams popularized the instrument in his instrumental hit Classical Gas. Guitarist Christopher Parkening
is quoted in the book Classical Gas: The Music of Mason Williams as saying that it is the most requested guitar piece besides Malaguea and perhaps the best known
instrumental guitar piece today. In the eld of New Flamenco, the works and performances of Spanish composer
and player Paco de Luca are known worldwide.
Because of the low string tension

--- The neck can be entirely of wood without a
steel truss rod
--- The interior bracing can be lighter
Typical modern six-string classical guitars are 48
54 mm wide at the nut, compared to around 42 mm
for electric guitars.
Classical ngerboards are normally at and without
inlaid fret markers, or just have dot inlays on the side
of the necksteel string ngerboards usually have a
slight radius and inlays.
Classical guitarists use their right hand to pluck the
strings. Players shape their ngernails for ideal tone
and feel against the strings.
Strumming is a less common technique in classical
guitar, and is often referred to by the Spanish term
rasgueo, or for strumming patterns rasgueado,
and uses the backs of the ngernails. Rasgueado is
integral to Flamenco guitar.
Machine heads at the headstock of a classical guiNot many classical guitar concertos were written through
tar point backwardsin contrast to most steel-string
the guitar history. Nevertheless, some guitar conguitars, which have machine heads that point outcertos are nowadays wide known and popular, espeward.
cially Joaqun Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez (with
the famous theme from 2nd movement) and Fantasa
The overall design of a Classical Guitar is very simpara un gentilhombre. Composers, who also wrote failar to the slightly lighter and smaller Flamenco guimous guitar concertos are: Antonio Vivaldi (originally
tar.
for mandolin or lute), Mauro Giuliani, Heitor VillaLobos, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Manuel Ponce, Leo
Brouwer, Lennox Berkeley... Nowadays, more and more 1.8.1 Parts
contemporary composers decide to write a guitar conParts of typical classical guitars, numbered[43]
certo.
1.8 Physical characteristics
1 Headstock
2 Nut
The classical guitar is distinguished by a number of characteristics:
3 Machine heads (or pegheads, tuning keys,

tuning machines, tuners)
4 Frets
It is an acoustic instrument. The sound of the

plucked string is amplied by the soundboard and
resonant cavity of the guitar.[42]
It has six strings, though some classical guitars have
seven or more strings.
All six strings are made from nylon, or nylon
wrapped with metal, as opposed to the metal strings
found on other acoustic guitars. Nylon strings also
have a much lower tension than steel strings, as do
the predecessors to nylon strings, gut strings (made
from ox or sheep gut). The lower three strings
('bass strings) are wound with metal, commonly silver plated copper.
7 Neck
8 Heel
9 Body
12 Bridge
14 Bottom deck
15 Soundboard
16 Body sides
17 Sound hole, with rosette inlay
18 Strings
19 Saddle (Bridge nut)
20 Fretboard
1.8. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
9
produces a dierent pitch and each pitch spaced a halfstep apart on the 12 tone scale. The ratio of the widths
of two consecutive frets is the twelfth root of two ( 12 2

), whose numeric value is about 1.059463. The twelfth
fret divides the string in two exact halves and the 24th
fret (if present) divides the string in half yet again. Every
twelve frets represents one octave. This arrangement of
frets results in equal tempered tuning.
Neck
Main article: Guitar neck
See also: Guitar strings
A classical guitars frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, all
attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood for the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck. The bending stress on the neck is considerable, particularly when
heavier gauge strings are used.
Neck joint or 'heel'
Fretboard
The fretboard (also called the ngerboard) is a piece
of wood embedded with metal frets that constitutes the
top of the neck. It is at or slightly curved. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which
the fretboards surface constitutes a segment. The smaller
the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Fretboards are most commonly made of ebony,
but may also be made of rosewood or of phenolic composite (micarta).
Frets
Main article: Fret
Frets are the metal strips (usually nickel alloy or stainless steel) embedded along the ngerboard and placed
at points that divide the length of string mathematically. The strings vibrating length is determined when
the strings are pressed down behind the frets. Each fret
This is the point where the neck meets the body. In the
traditional Spanish neck joint the neck and block are one
piece with the sides inserted into slots cut in the block.
Other necks are built separately and joined to the body
either with a dovetail joint, mortise or ush joint. These
joints are usually glued and can be reinforced with mechanical fasteners. Recently many manufacturers use bolt
on fasteners. Bolt on neck joints were once associated
only with less expensive instruments but now some top
manufacturers and hand builders are using variations of
this method. Some people believed that the Spanish style
one piece neck/block and glued dovetail necks have better sustain, but testing has failed to conrm this. While
most traditional Spanish style builders use the one piece
neck/heel block, Fleta a prominent Spanish builder used
a dovetail joint due to the inuence of his early training
in violin making. One reason for the introduction of the
mechanical joints was to make it easier to repair necks.
This is more of a problem with steel string guitars than
with nylon strings, which have about half the string tension. This is why nylon string guitars often don't include
a truss rod either.
Body
The body of the instrument is a major determinant of
the overall sound variety for acoustic guitars. The guitar top, or soundboard, is a nely crafted and engineered
element often made of spruce, red cedar, redwood or
mahogany. This thin (often 2 or 3 mm thick) piece of
wood, strengthened by dierent types of internal bracing, is considered the most prominent factor in determining the sound quality of a guitar. The majority of
10
the sound is caused by vibration of the guitar top as the

energy of the vibrating strings is transferred to it. Different patterns of wood bracing have been used through
the years by luthiers (Torres, Hauser, Ramrez, Fleta, and
C.F. Martin being among the most inuential designers of
their times); to not only strengthen the top against collapsing under the tremendous stress exerted by the tensioned
strings, but also to aect the resonation of the top. Some
contemporary guitar makers have introduced new construction concepts such as double-top consisting of two
extra-thin wooden plates separated by Nomex, or carbonber reinforced lattice - pattern bracing. The back and
sides are made out of a variety of woods such as mahogany, Indian rosewood and highly regarded Brazilian
rosewood (Dalbergia nigra). Each one is chosen for its
aesthetic eect and structural strength, and such choice
can also play a signicant role in determining the instruments timbre. These are also strengthened with internal
bracing, and decorated with inlays and puring.
1.8.2 Sizes
The body of a classical guitar is a resonating chamber that

projects the vibrations of the body through a sound hole,
allowing the acoustic guitar to be heard without amplication. The sound hole is normally a single round hole in
the top of the guitar (under the strings), though some have
dierent placement, shapes, or numbers of holes. How
much air an instrument can move determines its maximum volume.
These sizes are not absolute, as luthiers may choose variations around these nominal scale-lengths;
The modern full size classical guitar has a scale length[44]

of around 650 mm (25.6 inches), with an overall instrument length of 9651016 mm (38-40 inches). The scale
length has remained quite consistent since it was chosen
by the originator of the instrument, Antonio de Torres.
This length may have been chosen because its twice the
length of a violin string. As the guitar is tuned to one octave below that of the violin, the same size gut could be
used for the 1st strings of both instruments.
Smaller-scale instruments are produced to assist children
in learning the instrument as the smaller scale leads to the
frets being closer together, making it easier for smaller
hands. The scale-size for the smaller guitars is usually in
the range 484578 mm (19-22.5 inches), with an instrument length of 785915 mm (31-36 inches). Full-size
instruments are sometimes referred to as 4/4, while the
smaller sizes are 3/4, 1/2 or 1/4.[45]
Guitars can be described in size from largest to smallest

as:[46] - Contra or Octave bass; - Bass baritone or Quint
bass; - Prime or Quart bass; - Terz treble; - Alto Requinto;
- Quart; - Quint; - Soprano, Octave or Piccolo.
1.9 Tuning
Binding, puring and kerng
Main article: Guitar tuning
The top, back and sides of a classical guitar body are very
thin, so a exible piece of wood called kerng (because A variety of dierent tunings are used. The most comit is often scored, or kerfed so it bends with the shape of mon by far, which one could call the standard tuning
the rim) is glued into the corners where the rim meets the is:
top and back. This interior reinforcement provides 5 to
20 mm of solid gluing area for these corner joints.
eI - b - g - d - A - E
During nal construction, a small section of the outside
corners is carved or routed out and lled with binding The above order, is the tuning from the 1st string (highestmaterial on the outside corners and decorative strips of pitched string e'spatially the bottom string in playing
material next to the binding, which are called puring. position) to the 6th string - lowest-pitched string E
This binding serves to seal o the endgrain of the top and spatially the upper string in playing position, and hence
back. Binding and puring materials are generally made comfortable to pluck with the thumb.
of either wood or high quality plastic materials.
The explanation for this asymmetrical tuning (in the
sense that the maj 3rd is not between the two middle
strings as say in the tuning of the viola da gamba) is probably that the guitar originated as a 4-string instrument (acBridge
tually an instrument with 4 double courses of strings, see
The main purpose of the bridge on a classical guitar is to above) with a maj 3rd between the 2nd and 3rd strings
transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, and that it only became a 6-string instrument by gradual
which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby ampli- addition of a 5th string and then a 6th string tuned a 4th
fying the sound produced by the strings. The bridge holds apart:
the strings in place on the body. Also, the position of the
saddle, usually a strip of bone or plastic that supports the
strings o the bridge, determines the distance to the nut
(at the top of the ngerboard).
extquotedblThe Evolution of tuning The development of

the modern tuning can be traced in stages. One of the tunings from the 16th century is C-F-A-D. This is equivalent
to the top four strings of the modern guitar tuned a tone
1.11. SEE ALSO

lower. However, the absolute pitch for these notes is not
equivalent to modern concert pitch. The tuning of the
four-course guitar was moved up by a tone and toward
the end of the 16th century, ve-course instruments were
in use with an added lower string tuned to A. This produced
A-D-G-B-E, one of a wide number of variant tunings of
the period. The low E string was added during the 18th
century. extquotedbl[47]
This tuning is such that neighboring strings are at most 5
semitones apart. There are also a variety of commonly
used alternate tunings.
1.10 Bibliography
The Guitar and its Music (From the Renaissance
to the Classical Era) (2007) by James Tyler, Paul
Sparks. ISBN 0-19-921477-8
11
1.11 See also

Chordophones
Guitar
1.12 References
[1] Classical vs. Flamenco Guitar Construction (Fernandez
Music)
[2] FAQ about Classical Guitars and Flamenco Guitars.
Zavaletas La Casa de Guitarras.
[3] Cit de la Musique: Les guitares classiques du Muse de
la musique (almost 200 classical guitars); Catalog: Instruments et oeuvres d'art - use search-phrase: Mot-cl(s) :
guitare
Cambridge Studies in Performance Practice (No. 6):

Performance on Lute, Guitar, and Vihuela (2005)
edited by Victor Anand Coelho. ISBN 0-52145528-6
[4] SEGOVIA, Andres: 1950s American Recordings, Vol.

4. Graham Wade.
The Guitar: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

by Harvey Turnbull; published by Bold Strummer,
1991. ISBN 0-933224-57-5
[6] Early Romantic Guitar Period Technique by earlyromanticguitar.com
[5] Early Classical Guitar and Early Romantic Guitar Time

Period by earlyromanticguitar.com
[7] Function, Construction and Quality of the Guitar; 1983
The Guitar; by Sinier de Ridder; published by Edizioni Il Salabue; ISBN 88-87618-09-7

La Chitarra, Quattro secoli di Capolavori (The Guitar: Four centuries of Masterpieces) by Giovanni Accornero, Ivan Epicoco, Eraldo Guerci; published by
Edizioni Il Salabue
Rosa sonora - Esposizione di chitarre XVII - XX secolo by Giovanni Accornero; published by Edizioni
Il Salabue
Lyre-guitar. toile charmante, between the 18th and
19th century by Eleonora Vulpiani
Summereld, Maurice, The Classical Guitar: Its
Evolution, Players and Personalities since 1800 - 5th
Edition, Blaydon : Ashley Mark Publishing Company, 2002.
Various, Classical Guitar Magazine, Blaydon : Ashley Mark Publishing Company, monthly publication
rst published in 1982.
Wade, Graham, Traditions of the Classical Guitar,
London : Calder, 1980.
Antoni Piz: Francesc Guerau i el seu temps (Palma
de Mallorca: Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria
d'Educaci i Cultura, Direcci General de Cultura,
Institut d'Estudis Balerics, 2000) ISBN 84-8986850-6
[8] Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Collection Search Results

[9] ref Guitar | Matteo Sellas|All|Musical Instruments
[10] The Hector Berlioz Website - La Cte Saint-Andr
Berliozs birthplace
[11] The myth of Schubert and the Guitar, An article seeking
to clarify what relationship Schubert may - or may not have had with the guitar
[12] A. Segovia, The Romance of the Guitar, ETUDE May
1930, volume XLVIII number 5, page 317318, 367, reproduced here as of June 2011
[13] PAGANINI: Guitar Music
[14] The Guitar (From The Renaissance To The Present Day)
by Harvey Turnbull (Third Impression 1978) - Publisher:
Batsford (ISBN 0-7134-3251-9) - p112 (Chapter 3 - The
Twentieth Century) - In Spain Fallas lead was followed
by Joaquin Turina (18821949) and Federico Moreno
Torroba (b. 1891), who began to produce works in collaboration with Segovia.
[15] The Guitar (From The Renaissance To The Present Day)
by Harvey Turnbull (Third Impression 1978) - Publisher:
Batsford (ISBN 0-7134-3251-9) - p113 (Chapter 3 - The
Twentieth Century) - Segovias visits to South America
also inspired new music. The Mexican composer Manuel
Ponce (18821948) responded by producing a greater
number of extended works than Turina and Torroba had
achieved.
12
[16] Secrets From The Masters (Edited by Don Menn) - (Published by GPI Books) (ISBN 0-87930-260-7) - p236 extquotedbl... he performed a more important task by commissioning material by some of the 20th centurys greatest
composers, including Heitor Villa-Lobos, Manuel Ponce,
Federico Moreno Torroba, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco,
and Alexander Tansman.
[35] Alexander Batov (20 April 2006). The Royal College

Dias - guitar or vihuela? extquotedbl. (The talk given at
the Lute Society meeting in London on 16 April 2005). extquotedblA rather small sized vaulted-back guitar in the
engraving by Etienne Picart (c. 1680) after the painting by
Leonello Spada Concert (c.1615), Muse du Louvre, Paris
extquotedbl
[17] Changes by Elliott Carter Boosey & Hawkes
[36] The Classical Mandolin by Paul Sparks (1995)
[18] Codex I by Cristbal Halter Universal Edition (score

sample)
[19] Sequenza XI by Luciano Berio Universal Edition
[20] Sette Studi by Maurizio Pisati Ricordi (score sample)
[21] Si Le Jour Parat by Maurice Ohana Billaudot
[22] Rara (eco sierologico) by Sylvano Bussotti Ricordi;
Rara (eco sierologico) of 1967 is one of a series of other
Rara works that include Rara (lm) of 196770, The
Rara Requiem of 196970 and Ultima rara (Pop Song)
of 1970. ref
[23] Suite fr Guitarre, Op. 164 by Ernst Krenek Doblinger
Musikverlag (score sample)
[24] Algo: Due pezzi per chitarra by Franco Donatoni Edizioni Suvini Zerboni (Analysis)
[25] Kurze Schatten II by Brian Ferneyhough Edition Peters
(score sample)
[26] away from by Sven-David Sandstrm Gehrmans Musikfrlag
[27] Toccata Orpheus by Rolf Riehm Ricordi Mnchen (see
also)
[28] Sheer Pluck Database of Contemporary Guitar Music
[29] Sound and Music
[30] Australian Music Center
[31] Interview with Bernard Hebb.
[32] The rst incontrovertible evidence of ve-course instruments can be found in Miguel Fuenllanas Orphenica Lyre
of 1554, which contains music for a vihuela de cinco ordenes. In the following year Juan Bermudo wrote in his
Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales: We have seen
a guitar in Spain with ve courses of strings. Bermudo
later mentions in the same book that Guitars usually have
four strings, which implies that the ve-course guitar was
of comparatively recent origin, and still something of an
oddity. Tom and Mary Anne Evans Guitars: From the
Renaissance to Rock. Paddington Press Ltd 1977 p.24
[37] Early Romantic Guitar

[38] Stalking the Oldest Six String Guitar
[39] Mastering the Dedillo
[40] A 1992 interview of tpn Rak by Graham Wade
[41] The little nger whose use is not completely standardized
in classical guitar technique can also be found designated
by e or x. There are several words in Spanish for the little
nger: dedo meique, dedo auricular, dedo pequeo, but
their initials conict with the initials of the other ngers;
c is said to be the initial of the dedo chiquito which is not
the most common name for the little nger; e and x are
not initials but letters that were picked, either with its own
rationale, by people who didn't know what else to pick
[42] Guitar acoustics, University New South Wales
[43] Fretted instrument terminology: An Illustrated Glossary
[44] Guitar scale length Hampshire guitar orchestra
[45] How to Choose the correct size & type of Guitar for a
Child
[46] http://www.hago.org.uk/guitars/other/
[47] Richard Chapman, The New Complete Guitarist, p. 10
left
1.13 External links

Thematic essay: The guitar Jayson Kerr Dobney,
Wendy Powers (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Brazilian Guitar Player Abdallah Harati, Choro and
Samba
Classical & FingerStyle Guitar
1.13.1 Guitar history

Historical classical guitars (index on top of page)
Guitar and Lute chronological table - 16h to 18th
century
Stringing and Tuning the Renaissance Four-Course
Guitar: Interpreting the Primary Sources
[33] The guitars built by Antonio de Torres still had friction

pegs (see for example Richard Chapman The New Complete Guitarist, p. 13 top)
The stringing of the 5-course (baroque) guitar
[34] Luis Milan (1536). Libro de msica de vihuela de mano

intitulado El maestro.
A History of the Guitar in Spain presented by Julian

Bream
Early Romantic Guitar Homepage
1.13. EXTERNAL LINKS
1.13.2
Articles and Texts
The guitar and mandolin : biographies of celebrated

players and composers for these instruments Philip
James Bone (1914)
The Memoirs of Makaro
Continuo for lutenists and guitarists: a tutor and
music theory supplement Thesis by Roland H.B.
Stearns
Guitar And Lute Issues (Matanya Ophee)
The 19th-Century Italian Guitar
Guitar Articles (European Guitar Teachers Association)
13
Chapter 2
Classical guitar technique

This article is about the Contemporary classical guitar
technique. For the baroque guitar technique see Baroque
guitar and for the romantique guitar technique, see
Romantic guitar.
Among ngerstyle guitar techniques, a particular robust
tradition exists for classical guitar.
2.1 General
Classical guitar technique can be organized broadly into
subsections for the right hand, the left hand, and miscellaneous. In guitar performance elements such as musical
dynamic and tonal variation are mostly determined by the
hand that physically produces the sound. In other words,
the hand that plucks the strings denes the musical expression. Historically, this role has been assigned to the
dominant hand which, for the majority of players, is the
right hand. Similar reasoning is behind string players using the right hand for controlling the bow. In the following discussion the role of the hands should be reversed
when considering left-handed players.
An introductory overview of classical guitar technique
is given in the article Classical guitar (Section: Performance).
For items such as accessories and construction, see the
Classical guitar portal.
2.2 Posture
John Williams
sition include:
The classical guitar is generally held on the left leg, which

is supported by a foot stool or some other device to bring
it to a position central to the players body. The foot stool
is most commonly oriented pointing slightly to the left
of the audience (from the performers perspective), and
slanting upward toward the audience. However, as it is
a goal to eliminate general muscular tension (see below),
the foot stool can be placed slanting downward toward the
audience. This lessens the tension in the legs.
Basic considerations in determining a chosen playing po14
the physical stability of the instrument

ensuring the freedom of both hands such that they
have free access to the instrument and can meet all
technical demands without having to be occupied
with support the instrument or keeping the instrument upright
elimination of general muscular tension in the assumed body position
2.4. HOW ARE FINGERINGS MARKED?
15
2.3 Guitaristic Technique and In- 2.4 How are ngerings marked?
dependence
In guitar scores the ve ngers of the right-hand (which

pluck the strings) are designated by the rst letter of their
Over the history of the guitar, there have been many
Spanish names: p = thumb (pulgar), i = index nger (inschools of technique, often associated with the current
dex), m = middle nger (mayor), a = ring nger (annular),
popular virtouso of the time. For example, Mauro Giuc = little nger or pinky (chiquito).[1]
liani (1781-1829) is associated with arpeggio playing and
his compositions are largely based on broken chords, The four ngers of the left hand (which stop the strings)
or arpeggios. Giulianis solution to achieving indepen- are designated 1 = index, 2 = middle, 3 = ring nger, 4
dence between the ngers (evening out constraints or = little nger; 0 designates an open string, that is a string
dierences between the ngers) in the right hand was that is not stopped by a nger of the left hand and whose
playing his 120 Right Hand Studies. By contrast, the full length thus vibrates when plucked. On the classical
great Andres Segovia maintained that playing scales two guitar thumb of the left hand is never used to stop strings
hours a day will correct faulty hand position (1953) from above (as is done on the electric guitar): the neck of
and, for many years, this was the accepted practice. In a classical guitar is too wide and the normal position of
both schools -- one being all free-stroke (Giuliani arpeg- the thumb used in classical guitar technique do not make
gio practice) and the other rest-stroke (Segovia scale prac- that possible.
tice) -- the basis for learning the technique is hours of Scores (contrary to tablature) do not systematically indirepetition.
cate the string to be plucked (although in most cases the
In 1983, Richard Provost published the rst edition of
Classic Guitar Technique (Professional Guitar Publications, West Hartford, Conn.), outlining modern principles of scale and arpeggio technique based on a knowledge and understanding of the anatomy, and making the
inherent kinesthetic tendencies of the human body (i.e.
our limitations) work for the player. Rather than working around them, our goal in order to produce a musical,
articulated sound within our physical limitations. A second, revised edition of Provosts work, reecting how our
understanding has changed, was published in 1992. They
are published in three volumes: Vol. 1 - Scale Source
Book (Scale Technique & Studies); Vol. 2 - Basic Arpeggios & the Tremolo (Arpeggio Technique & Studies); and
Vol. 3 - Advanced Arpeggios (Advanced Arpeggio Technique & Excerpts).
This modern approach to acquiring technique, namely
understanding our constraints and making them work for
us, acknowledges the need to play scales and studies in order to develop a technique that is suitable for the modern
classical guitar. In this way, the guitarist is able to play
the complete repertoire, which spans many centuries, geographical regions, and historically dierent instruments.
choice is obvious). When an indication of the string is

required the strings are designated 1 to 6 (from the 1st
the high E to the 6th the low E) with gures 1 to 6 inside
circles.
The positions (that is where on the fretboard the rst nger of the left hand is placed) are also not systematically
indicated, but when they are (mostly in the case of the
execution of barrs) these are indicated with Roman numerals from the rst position I (index nger of the left
hand placed on the 1st fret: F-B at-E at-A at-C-F) to
the twelfth position XII (the index nger of the left hand
placed on the 12th fret: E-A-D-G-B-E; the 12th fret being placed where the body begins) or even higher up to
position XIX (the classical guitar most often having 19
frets, with the 19th fret being most often split and not
being usable to fret the 3rd and 4th strings).
2.5 Right hand technique
And, instead of two hours a day of repetitions, scales or

arpeggios, one is able to learn the guitar within the average persons schedule. Rather than learning technique
by sheer repetition, this approach seeks to nd the simplest and most direct path to connecting with the music
through the guitar. The result is a robust technique that
holds up under performance conditions, requires minimum warm-up time, makes acquiring and retaining new
repertoire simple, and is easy to maintain, given our busy
Popular song (public domain). Spanish Romance.
lives.
The basis of this technique is what is referred to by
Charles Duncan, in his book The Art of Classical Guitar Playing (Summy-Birchard) as the awareness of the
release of tension.
The thumb and three largest ngers of the right hand

pluck the strings. The normal position is for the hand
to be shaped as if it were loosely holding an apple with
the wrist slightly bent, the forearm resting on the upper
16
large bout of the guitar, and the ngers near the strings.
The thumb is held at the side of the other ngers, so that it
can work independently of them. The height of the wrist
and hand depends on the thumb: It is such that the ngers
can comfortably move - the wrist is normally not too low,
but bent.
Plucking the strings usually involves making contact rst
with the (usually lefthand side) eshy part of the ngertip
(and often also left part of the nail, or only the left part of
the nail given very long nails) and then letting the string
glide smoothly along the curvature of the ngernail until
the string is released at the ngernails tip: the string is
plucked (see also section Nails below). The two primary
plucking techniques are:
CHAPTER 2. CLASSICAL GUITAR TECHNIQUE

groove between ngertip and nail: this may cause clicking
noises or double sounds (ngertip sound, then nail sound).
By holding the ngers and hand to the left (as opposed to
perpendicular), it is impossible for the string to land in the
groove, since the left side of the nail will touch the string
rst (often together with the tip of the nger; possibly
aiding an additional minimization of clicking noise). The
nail will be at an angle less than 90 degrees to the string
and the string may glide smoothly over the nails left side
until it is released.
One of the tenets of right hand technique in scale passages

is alternation. That is, no right hand nger should be used
to play two notes in a row (excluding the thumb, which
is often called upon to play a sequence of bass notes).
Typically for runs of notes, the index and middle ngers
alternate. When an arpeggiated harmony is being played
Rest-stroke (apoyando), in which the nger that with the thumb (p), index (i) and middle (m) ngers, the
plucks the string rests on the immediate upper string ring nger (a) may play a melody above the harmony. In
afterwards; and
the tremolo technique, the thumb plays a bass note fol Free-stroke (tirando), in which the nger hits noth- lowed by the ngers which play the same treble note three
times: pami, pami, pami etc. (Recuerdos de la Alhambra
ing after plucking the string.
by Francisco Trrega is a famous example of this technique).
Rest stroke produces a more deliberate sound and may
be used for bringing the melody out in music where The position of the right hand can be used to inuence
the harmony competes for attention. Free-stroke sounds the tone of the sound produced by a classical guitar. The
lighter and makes it possible to play fast passages more wealth of sonic possibilities enables performers to add
easily, though some guitarists (esp. with long nails) use contrast and color to their performances well beyond the
the free-stroke exclusively and are able to produce a simple volume changes available to, say, pianists. When
the strings are plucked close to the bridge, the position
strong sound with it.
is called sul ponticello and the notes sound twangy and
Some guitarists with rather long nails avoid the rest-stroke
nasal. When the strings are plucked over the ngeraltogether; others commonly avoid it when they feel they
board of the guitar the position is termed sul tasto and
have more control over the free-stroke. The free-stroke
the tone becomes fuller and sweet (termed dolce in Italis the more natural stroke, since it can always be used.
ian, see List of musical terminology page). The angle at
When two neighbouring strings are to be plucked simulwhich the ngers hit the strings can also aect the timbre
taneously, the rest-stroke cannot be used. Also, arpegof the sound.
gios are usually played free-stroke, except possibly for
the thumb or if appropriate (eective and possible due to The term pizzicato simply refers to plucking the strings in
nail-length / hand position) the annular nger if it plucks music for bowed instruments. In classical guitar however,
a melodic line. In the free-stroke, a ngers motion is not it refers to placing the side of the hand below the little nbrought to an abrupt stop on the following string, as is the ger across all of the strings very close to the bridge and
then plucking the strings with the ngers. This produces a
case in the rest-stroke.
muted sound and is referred to as palm-muting in electric
Guitarists that use both free-stroke and rest-stroke require
guitar parlance. Tambour is the technique where many or
nails of the correct length: if the nails are too long, a
all of the strings are played at once by hitting them (usugood-sounding rest-stroke is no longer possible. Many
ally near the bridge) with the side of the (outstretched)
guitarists who prefer using quite long nails do not use the
thumb. Both tambour and pizzicato can be heard in Aconrest-stroke.
quija by Barrios.
An important factor for a good sounding note is the angle
The right hand ngers are used to stop notes from ringing
that the nger over the string makes with it. This angle is
past their duration as indicated by the music. This is more
usually not a right angle to strings, but at a more natural
often an issue with open string bass notes which tend to
angle, where the outstretched ngers would point slightly
ring on for some time. To stop the notes, the right hand
to the left: this has the benet of a warmer tone and crethumb (usually) touches the ringing string to stop it. This
ates less noise due to nail contact, since the string can
can pose a signicant challenge to the guitarist as he or
glide over the rounded nail, rather than being hooked or
she needs to attend to each bass note twice, once to start
caught by it.
it and once to stop it. The same technique can be used to
Holding the ngers and hand perpendicular to the strings create a staccato eect.
may cause diculties, since the string is aligned with the
2.5. RIGHT HAND TECHNIQUE

Trills are usually played on one string using various combinations of left hand slurs, also known as legados or
hammer-on and pull-os. Cross-string trills utilising two
or three strings are also possible.[2][3] In this case the trill
usually takes the form of low-high-low and can be executed thus: The left hand stops, say the D# on the fourth
fret of the second string, the right hand middle nger
plays that note then the index nger strums the rst and
second strings producing: D#-E-D#. The dierence between a cross-string trill and an ordinary trill is that the
cross-string trill allows both notes to sound against each
other. This technique is often used in Baroque music although it is debatable as to whether it was the most common practice of the period.
17
2.5.1 Tirando versus Apoyando

Tirando (also known as free-stroke) is where the plucking
motion is made in such a manner that, after plucking, the
nger stays in the air - it does therefore not land on an
adjacent string. Apoyando (also known as the rest-stroke)
is a plucking motion made in such a manner that after the
desired string has been plucked, the ngertip lands on the
next adjacent string.
Historically (for baroque guitars, right up to classical or

romantic repertoire of Sor and Mertz) the free-stroke was
used. One of the rst classical guitarists to use the reststroke was the Spaniard Julian Arcas (18321882)[4] (and
it may have been used by Jose Ciebra as well[5] ), though
There may be dierent hand positions depending on the it was already in use for amenco music.
motion of ngers/hand/arm and eect that is intended. The rest-stroke was regarded as a fundamental way of
Standard positions might include the following (or varia- plucking the string during much of the 20th century; this
tions thereof):
changed towards the very end of the 20th century and
is generally viewed rather dierently today. Today the
free-stroke is often the preferred stroke of professional
classical guitarists.
arpeggio position, with the thumb playing bass

strings and the index, middle and annular nger
Roberto Aussel (Professor of Classical guitar at the
plucking a pattern on 3 upper strings respectively.
Hochschule fr Musik und Tanz Kln[6] ) has said:
Scale playing: Usually an alteration of the index
and middle nger; however other alterations using
the annular nger (or even an alterations with the
thumb) are common as well
Factors that inuence the choice might be the speed
of the scale and the progression of the melody over
more than one string, i.e., a scale usually starts on
one string and continues on another.
However, during slower movements (especially of
contrapuntal music) guitarists occasionally do not alternate the ngers strictly if this facilitates the interpretation by preserving tonal similarity: An example of this might be when the index nger (possibly
the thumb) is used to play one melody line on the
3rd string while the annular nger might be used for
a melody on the rst string. However, the melody
lines very often move over various strings so that
many adaptations and a exible approach is needed.
Moreover, there is no common rule or guideline there is no predened technique: a guitarist will experiment and use the pattern of nger pluckings that
personally suits the player best.
It is important to note that not only the ngers are involved in the plucking of the string, but the hand should
also be held comfortably loose and may move slightly as
well - even the arm is involved. For example when playing
scales (usually with alternating ngers, e.g., index, middle, index, middle, ...) and moving from the top strings
down, or the bottom strings up, the hand moves up and
down as well in order to adjust the placement of the ngers to be at an optimum.
Particularly, apoyando as a main principle, is today

hardly used anymore. [7]
(German)Speziell Apoyando als Grundprinzip
ndet sich heute kaum noch. [7]
Aussel also notes that this preference of using primarily a free-stroke, was already common in Argentina in
the 1950s, and in other South American countries. His
teacher, Jorge Martnez Zrate, abandoned the rest-stroke
completely and used only free-stroke, achieving an exceptional tone with it. Abel Carlevaro was also a strong
proponent of the free-stroke. Carlevaro and Zrate advocated an eective use of musclegroups and with it an
equilibrium of energy and relaxation.[7]
Manuel Barrueco has said that he used almost exclusively
free-stroke in baroque music:
extquotedbl[...] In baroque music I use probably at
least 95% to 99% free strokes, as I feel it is more
stylistically correct and it is the best way to fully control dynamics and tone in polyphonic music.[8]
Today, the choice of stroke that a guitarist will use is motivated more by tonal beauty, dynamic control and eciency; this often leads to a preference for free-stroke,
and thus a discrepancy from earlier trends or textbook
rules, such as the mid-20th century reliance on reststroke.
Furthermore, by experimenting with hand positions and
nail angles, it is possible to achieve satisfactory volume
with the free-stroke which is comparable to that of the
18
rest-stroke: this often requires the use of a smoothly led
ngernail. Again, this can be just a matter of preference
and taste of the individual guitarist.
Stroke eyebrows with pick

Preparation (known as planting) is the placing of the
nger on the string such that the esh as well as part
of the nail touches the string, before a plucking motion
is made.
This is the standard way of plucking a string. Before
plucking, usually both the left side of the nail and the nger touch the string; this enables the nger (and hand) to
rest on the string in a balanced way. When the plucking
motion is made, only the nail-contact remains: The curvature of the nail (starting from its left side) allows the
string to be pulled back while the string slides towards
the tip of the nail, where it is released. This occurs so
quickly that the gliding of the string over the ngernail is
not perceived (but: a smoothly led nail is required and
the position of the hand needs to be adjusted if plucking metal wound strings using anything but the thumb.
Otherwise, the angle of attack will cause a grating noise,
which has a very distasteful sound and should be avoided
unless, of course, this tone is the desired eect).

p, c, a, m, i for a ve note tremolo, although it is
rarely used. Also, as the pinky is not a very popular
nger to be used, and guitarists usually nd a substitute ngering, derived from either a three note and
a two note alteration (p, a, i followed by p, m or
p, i)
Arpeggiation Arpeggiation is similar to the tremolo
technique, except almost always the ngers pluck separate strings. Usually, the pattern of nger pluckings is
such that it begins with the ngers resting on the strings as
follows - thumb (p) on a bass-string and index (i), middle
(m), third nger (a) each on one of the three treble strings
respectively.
Finger alterations that are commonly used are:
p, a, m, i
p, i, m, a
p, a, m, i, m, a
p, i, m, a, m, i
The last two patterns are interesting, however, as if they

are to be played quickly, the last m and a or i must be
The act of planting is quickly followed by the plucking of played with slightly less preparation, as it would be exthe string, so that this stroke can be used (is usually used) traordinarily dicult to move the ngers to their correct
strings for the second note and still have time for a normal
without a break in sound becoming noticeable.
preparation.
For practice purposes, the use of preparation can be used
to accentuate a staccato note: Here the nger is placed Note: It is important to realize that as the right hand proon the vibrating string to stop its sound, and only after gressions become faster, rest strokes become very ima delay this nger plucks the string. Finger alterations practical, and can wreak havoc upon ones technique.
that are commonly used are: i, m, i, m; p, m, p, m and Free strokes are always best for the index, middle, and
i, a, i, a for faster progressions. The last two are used third ngers, when playing fast arpeggios or sections of
because they eliminate the friction of the two neighboring tremolo.
ngers passing in fast progressions (as i and m tend to rub
together in unpracticed musicians).
Analysis
Tremolo Tremolo is the rapid reiteration of a string:
plucking of the same string, although not necessarily on
the same note many times, quickly and next to each other
(although usually separated by a melody in the thumb). In
this instance, while there will still be preparation, per
se, it will not be evident and will denitely be lacking if
the speed has not been gradually increased.
A guitarist will individually choose how much preparation

to use for each stroke, depending on personal choice and
the eect that is to be produced. Most guitarists make this
choice intuitively, and will vary and adjust strokes while
playing.
Varying Viewpoints
Finger alterations that are commonly used are:
Note: The following discussion presents points that may

dier from guitarist to guitarist. In any case the angle of
p, m, i for slower, three note tremolos, with the the right hands ngers (when outstretched) to the strings
thumb picking out the melody
is not varied greatly.
p, a, i for faster three note tremolos, with the
Angle of Attack
melody in the thumb
p, a, m, i for a four note tremolo, with the melody
in the thumb
Slow: More parallel angle (right-hand ngers more

to the left)
2.5. RIGHT HAND TECHNIQUE

The hand is usually held at such an angle, that the
outstretched ngers point slightly to the left (rather
than perpendicular) to the strings. But this angle can
be actively varied (albeit only slightly) and results in
dierent tones, but also has some consequences:
The more the ngers point to the left of the strings
(the more parallel they are to the strings), the longer
the ngernail is in contact with the strings, since the
string glides over more of the ngernail: This angle
requires preparation - placing the nail (and nger)
on the string, and then following through in a controlled manner. This angle creates a warmer tone,
but because the string glides over more of the nail,
this is not good for fast repetitive plucking.
Fast: More perpendicular angle (right-hand ngers)
For fast repetitive plucking, the vibrating string is
immediately plucked again with the nail: an impulse
is shot into the string so that it maintains its motion
- there is no time for preparation.
At high speeds it is not easily possible to produce
a strong clear tone, if the ngers are angled too far
to the left, since there is no time for preparation
extquotedbl: preparation is the placing of the left
side of the nail (and often also nger) on the string.
The faster the plucking, the more a gliding over the
nail (more parallel) delays the sound.
Thus for fast plucking the guitarist may choose to
hold the right-hand ngers at a more perpendicular angle to the strings (though the ngers might still
point slightly to the left) and strike them more with
the tip of the nail.
The above discussion was mainly focused on the angle
as a dependency on the speed of plucking. Even more
important is the dependency of the angle on the tone. As
usual there is always some sort of trade-o involved and
the ultimate details depend on each individual guitarist
separately, as well as the players ngers/nails.
19
guitarists intuitively choose a stroke with (at least)
a bit of preparation during slower playing. However in this respect, the practice-method of playing
with short speed bursts in-between slow practice,
can prove useful, by reminding the guitarist of the
correct hand position and stroke (without preparation).
On the other hand, tremolo (etc.) should not be exclusively practised with speed-stroke, but also at slower
speeds with a normal stroke with preparation extquotedbl: the reason is that this normal stroke aids the guitarist in getting a better intrinsic feeling for the location
of the strings.
2.5.2 Right hand wrist/hand position

There is a lot of freedom in the positioning of the right
hand, which aects the angle at which the ngers will attack the string. Guitarists spend a lot of time nding their
own individual positions (as there can be more than one)
that allow the ngers/nails to pluck the strings with
a beautiful tone (possibly variations of tone with different positions)
a minimum of tension in ngers, wrist, or forearm
a healthy position (without strain)
The hands position is inuenced by the arm:
changing where the right arm rests on the guitar (either more to the left or more to the right):
--- This can be very helpful when changing timbre
from near the bridge to closer to the fretboard
changing what part of the right arm rests on the guitar (either)
Consequences on practising speed build-up

When practising at slow speeds, the hand position The hand can be varied in the following ways:
and stroke used should ideally be the same as the
one for the fast tempo.
the height (bending) of the wrist, although (note that
Usually the hand might be in dierent positions for
the more the wrist is bent, the more strain is placed
fast and slow playing. More importantly a dierupon it. This can informally lead to wrist injuries)
ent stroke may be intuitively used for slower playing
(i.e. stroke with preparation) than for faster play--- bending of hand to the left or right from the
ing (stroke without preparation). This means that
wrist (this is usually considered a strain, and
when building up accuracy and evenness by practoday many guitarist hold the hand almost
tising pluckings (such as tremolo) at slow speeds,
straight compared to the arm)
the hand position and stroke used during this slow
the rotation of the hand (it can be rolled to the left or
practice should be identical to the hand position and
to the right. Often guitarist might occasionally roll
stroke that will be used when the pluckings are perthe hand slightly to the right - opening up the hand
formed up to speed.
and changing the angle of plucking; whilst others
This means that slow tremolo practice (for example)
might generally use an open position with the hand
requires the practising of stroke without prepararolled slightly to the right)
tion extquotedbl! This may be dicult since most
20
2.5.3
Nails
pitch) and articulation, i.e. slurring (commonly known

as 'hammer-ons and 'pull-os) and vibrato. In musical
Modern practice generally makes use of the nails of the notation, the left hand ngers are referred to as 1, 2, 3,
right hand in combination with the esh of the nger- and 4 (starting with index).
tips in order to pluck the strings. During the 19th cenThe basic position for the left hand is much the same
tury many players, including celebrated guitarists such as
as that of the right, except upside down. Unlike many
Fernando Sor, Francisco Trrega and his pupil Emilio Puplayers of steel-string and electric guitars, which have a
jol played using the esh of the ngertip, in common with
narrower neck and ngerboard, classical guitarists do not
lute technique.
place their left hand thumbs over the top of the neck. InPlucking the strings usually involves making contact rst stead, they place them behind the neck, usually behind
with the (usually lefthand side) eshy part of the ngertip the second nger.
(and often also left part of the nail, or only the left part of
The thumb then rolls back so that the thumb plays 'o the
the nail given very long nails) and then letting the string
bone'. The bone of the thumb 'hangs o a shoulder that
glide smoothly along the curvature of the ngernail unis carved into the back of the neck of the guitar and, eventil the string is released at the ngernails tip: the string
tually, a hard, dry callus forms on the thumb, allowing the
is plucked[9] (example ngernail-shape images for playleft hand to shift without sticking to the guitar.
ing from left side of the nail: gure 16A, ngernails of
David Russell ngernails of Emmanuel Rossfelder. Note By keeping the thumb behind the second nger and playthat some guitarists play with the right side of the nail: ing o the front of the third nger, the classical guitarist
sets the left hand shape.
example - gure 16B, ngernails of Thomas Viloteau).
2.5.4
Strumming
Rasgueado See main article Rasgueado. Rasgueado

or rasgueo is a technical strum in amenco and classical guitar that includes the use of the back of the
ngernails. More commonly, the term refers to using the backs of the nail in sequence to give the impression of a very rapid strum. There are several
types of rasgueado that employ diering combinations of ngers and thumb allowing for a variety
of rhythmical accentuations and subdivisions of the
beat.
Use the palm-side of the thumb joint to lightly strum
strings, producing a soft, low sound.
Use the thumb nail to produce a bright sound.
Use the thumb nail to strum from lowest string to
highest, followed by a stroke by the thumb nail from
highest string to lowest, and nally by the middle nger coming from highest string to lowest. This pattern is most commonly used in the form of triplets
for a 4/4 measure, or used four times in a 12/8 measure.
Playing with the left hand more or less parallel to the neck
requires a certain amount of stretching between the ngers. There is a tendency, especially when one rst begins
guitar, to collapse the rst and second ngers together to
press on the string. For example, in playing the F on the
rst string, rst fret (often the second note ever ngered
after open E, rst-string) there is a tendency to put the
second nger on top of the rst to hold the note. Holding
a note with two ngers, 1 & 2, however, puts the reach between the ngers between the second and third, the hardest reach. The easiest reach is actually between the third
and fourth (pinky) ngers. The next easiest between the
rst and second and the hardest between the middle ngers, between 2 & 3. Therefore, in order to put all the
ngers on the strings (one nger per fret), the reach would
best go between 1 & 2 and 3 & 4. Care should be taken
to unlock 1 & 2. One way train the hand to unlock 1 &
2 is to place a pencil between 1 & 2 with the other end
behind the thumb while playing.
Classical guitarists have a dierent set of left hand calluses on their ngertips than the steel-string players. In
the steel-string, played with the guitar under the arm and
on the right hip (called 'playing o the hip'), the left hand
ngers of the steel string guitarist play on the diagonal, or
'for the reach', and the ngertip lands on the pad of the
nger, forming a callus on the pad. The classical guitarist
A simple combination of both ngers and thumb, the has a dierent set of left hand calluses as the hand of the
thumb striking the lowest strings and ngers picking classical player falls more parallel to the neck and plays
the upper notes of the chord from lowest to highest on the front (nail side) of the ngertip. As a general
strings in rapid succession.
rule, in classical, if the player concentrates on playing on
the front of the third (or ring) nger, the other ngers will
follow.
2.6 Left hand technique
To play a note clearly, the ngertips of the left hand

should be pressed against the string just behind the apWhile the right hand is responsible for the sound of the propriate fret. Allowing the left shoulder to relax lets the
guitar, the left hand performs two functions: pressing on highest nger in the chord or scale slide against and rest
the strings (to shorten their eective length and change the on the fret, giving the best soundand the easiest reach
2.6. LEFT HAND TECHNIQUE
21
with other ngers. The ngers are, thereby, placed closest straight down at the sixth fret on the same string, using
to the frets.
its momentum to raise the tone of the still-ringing string
Often the index nger is required to play more than one by a semitone. A descending slur (Pull-o) is simply the
string, called the barre technique. The guitarist places opposite of the above, the slur begins on the higher note
the index nger across some or all of the strings at a par- and it is common that the nger pressing the higher note
ticular fret and uses the remaining three ngers to play actively plucks the string as it lifts, causing the string to
other notes. Rather putting down the barre rst, it is of- vibrate from the fret that the lower nger is depressing.
ten easier to place the ngers and add the barre last, ac- The lower nger is usually in position and pressing before
the procedure begins. Three specic descending slurs excording to which notes are needed rst.
ist, (1) the active nger lifts directly up and o the string,
When playing notes above the twelfth fret, called on the (2) the active nger rests against the adjacent string imbody, the left shoulder is dropped and the thumb stays mediately after, and (3) a hybrid of these two in which
behind, on the neck (as opposed to cello technique where the nger bumps the adjacent string before lifting o.
the thumb jumps on top of the ngerboard).
If these procedures are repeated a few times the result
It is possible to play the same note on dierent strings, is known as a trill. Because the note is being plucked
called registration or registering. For example, the repeatedly it is possible to continue a trill indenitely.
note e, rst string open, may be played, or registered Occasionally, the upper note in such a trill is played by
on any string.
alternating ngers thus: 2-1-3-1-, etc.
The guitarist often has choices of where to 'register' notes
on the guitar based on:
Ease of ngering. Beginners learn the open, rst position before anything else and might be more comfortable registering notes on open strings in the rst
position. Advanced players might nd solutions in
higher positions based on musical expression or using a shift on a string as a guide.
Playing on the stringKeeping a melody or musical line on one string for continuity of tone or expression.
The advent of nylon strings. Historically, the early
guitar (pre-WW II) was strung with catgut rather
than the nylon to which we have become accustomed. Earlier editions often kept the melody on the
second string for two reasons; the second string had
a beautiful, romantic sound in the higher positions
that was appropriate to the style of the times and
secondly the rst string had a 'thin' sound and unreliable intonation. With the advent of nylon strings,
position-playing (playing in a block-style) became
more in-vogue. Further. renements in the manufacture of strings and innovations in modern guitar
design continue to bring this issue into focus.
For reasons of counterpoint: allowing a voice on one
string to vibrate for its duration while playing a moving voice on another string.
2.6.1
Slurs
Slurs, trills and other ornaments are often played entirely

with the left hand. For example; in a simple case of an
ascending semitone slur (Hammer-on), a note stopped by
the rst nger of the left hand at the fth fret is rst played
in normal manner, then, without the right hand doing anything further, the second nger of the left-hand is placed
2.6.2 Vibrato
The classical guitar Vibrato is executed by rocking the
tip of the left hand nger(s) back and forth horizontally
within the same fret space (i.e. along the string axis, and
not across it as for a vertical bend in rock or blues music) producing a subtle variation in pitch, both sharper
and atter than the starting note, without noticeably altering the fundamental tonal focus of the note being played.
When vibrato is required at the rst or second fret it is
sometimes benecial to push the string across its axis as it
produces a more noticeable vibrato sound there. This second method will only vary the pitch by raising it sharper
than the starting note which is the most common method
of vibrato used by steel string and electric guitar players.
2.6.3 Harmonics
Natural harmonics can be played by touching a left hand
nger upon specic points along an open string without
pressing it down, then playing the note with the right
hand. The positions of both the left and right hand are
important. The left hand must be placed at a nodal point
along the string. Nodal points are found at integral divisions of the string length. The simplest example would be
when the left hand nger divides the string in two and is
placed at the twelfth fret. The note then played is one octave higher than the open string. If the string is divided
in three (left hand nger near the seventh fret) the note
played is one octave and one fth above the open string.
The player must be careful not to pluck the string at another node (nearer the bridge) otherwise the harmonic
will not sound. This can be easily demonstrated by resting a left hand nger on the fth fret and trying to play
the note by plucking the string at the twelfth fret with the
right hand - no note will be produced. Ideally the right
hand should pluck the string at an antinode.
22
Articial harmonics are played by stopping the string

as usual with the left hand then resting (not pressing) the
index nger of the right hand on the string at a nodal position (commonly 5, 7, 9, or 12 frets above the left hand nger) and plucking the string with the ring nger or thumb
of the right hand.
--- 20 Studies for Guitar, (a compilation by Andrs Segovia)
2.6.4
Left-hand position
In the left hand, each nger is responsible for exactly one

fret. For each hand-position of four frets, the left hand
is stationary while its ngers move. Consequently, three
hand-positions (of frets 1-4, 5-8, and 9-12) cover the 12fret octave of each string.[10]
In common with other classical stringed instruments,
classical guitar playing and notation use formal positions
of the left hand. The 'nth position' means that the hand is
positioned with the rst nger over the nth fret.
2.7 Studies
There are many exercises that can be used to develop right
and left hand technique on the classical guitar.
Leo Brouwer
--- Etudes Simples - Volumes 1-4
Matteo Carcassi
--- 25 Etudes Opus 60
Mauro Giuliani
--- Etudes Instructives Faciles Et Agreables, Opus
100
--- Xviii Lecons Progressives, Opus 51 (18 Progressive Lessons)
--- Studio Per La Chitarra, Opus 1 (The Study Of
The Guitar)
--- Studi Dilettevoli, Opus 98 (Entertaining Studies)
--- Esercizio Per La Chitarra, Opus 48 (Training
for the Guitar) 24 Studies
Heitor Villa-Lobos
--- Douze Etudes (1929)
2.8 See also

Classical guitar pedagogy
2.9 Notes
[1] The little nger whose use is not completely standardized
in classical guitar technique can also be found designated
by e or x. There are several words in Spanish for the little
nger: dedo meique, dedo auricular, dedo pequeo, but
their initials conict with the initials of the other ngers;
c is said to be the initial of the dedo chiquito which is not
the most common name for the little nger; e and x are
not initials but letters that were picked, either with its own
rationale, by people who didn't know what else to pick
[2] Two String Trills. Tip of the Season. David Russell.
[3] Interview with David Russell - mp3 (tracktime 10:35 24:00) extquotedbl. Two string trills. Classical Guitar
Alive.
[4] Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers by Hannu Annala, Heiki Mtlik
[5] An Early Sighting of the Use of Reststroke Technique in
Northern Europe by Randy Osborne
[6] Hochschule fr Musik und Tanz Kln
[7] Akustik Gitarre Feb 2010
[8] Manuel Barrueco Interview (Dynamic range, free stroke,
amateurs) extquotedbl.
[9] Tone Production and the Nails (Aaron Shearer Foundation)
--- Primi Lezioni Progressive, Opus 139 (First [10] Denyer (1992, Playing the guitar extquotedbl: The
beginner, Left-hand technique, The 'one-fret-per-nger'
Progressive Lessons)
--- 120 Studies for Right Hand Development
rule, p. 72)
Fernando Sor
--- 12 Studies, Opus 6
--- Douze Etudes, Opus 29
--- Vingt Quatre Leons, Opus 31
--- Vingt Quatre Exercises, Opus 35
--- Introduction a l' Etude de la Guitare, Opus 60
2.10 References
Denyer, Ralph (1992). Playing the guitar. The
guitar handbook. Robert Fripp (foreword) (Fully revised and updated ed.). London and Sydney: Pan
Books. pp. 65160. ISBN 0-330-32750-X.
2.11 External links

Complete method for the guitar by Otto Feder published by Ditson, 1858
The Humane Guitarist Site dedicated to the technique and health of the classical guitarist.
Musicians and Injuries
Brad Conroys Lesson on Right Hand Arpeggios
Building Blocks of Classical Guitar Technique
CREATIVE GUITAR - Classical Guitar resource
website and blog.
Left-Hand Trouble Shooting by Peter Kun Frary,
Professor of Music University of Hawaii, Leeward.
The Classical Guitar Express Free newsletter on
practicing Classical Guitar by Tom Prisloe
Rest Stroke and Free Stroke Revisited by Ricardo
Iznaola, in PDF or HTML
23
Chapter 3
Baroque guitar
Baroque guitars exhibited at Muse de la Musique
is the alfabeto system of notation.

The guitar player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer
3.2 Tuning
The Baroque guitar (c. 16001750) is a string instrument with ve courses of gut strings and moveable gut
Three dierent ways of tuning the guitar are well docufrets. The rst (highest pitched) course was often a single
mented in seventeenth-century sources as set out in the
[1]
string.
following table. This includes the names of composers
who are associated with each method. Very few sources
clearly indicate that one method of stringing rather than
another should be used and it may have been up to the
3.1 History
player to decide what was appropriate.
The Baroque guitar replaced the Renaissance lute as the
most common instrument found in the home.[2][3] The
earliest attestation of a ve-stringed guitar comes from
the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish book Declaracion de
Instrumentos Musicales by Juan Bermudo, published in
1555.[4] The rst treatise published for the Baroque guitar
was Guitarra Espanola de cinco ordenes (The Five-course
Spanish Guitar), c. 1590, by Juan Carlos Amat.[5][6] The
baroque guitar in contemporary ensembles took on the
role of a basso continuo instrument and players would be
expected to improvise a chordal accompaniment with another basso continuo instrument playing the bass line.[7]
Intimately tied to the development of the Baroque guitar
3.3 Repertoire
24
Giovanni Paolo Foscarini (c.1600 - 1650)

Angelo Michele Bartolotti (c.1615-1680)
Giovanni Battista Granata (1620 - 1687)
Gaspar Sanz (c.16401710)
Robert de Vise (c. 1658 1725)
3.5. PERFORMERS
25
Francisco Guerau (1649 - 1722), Poema harmonico
John J van Gool
Francesco Corbetta (16151681)
Martin de Witte
Henri Grenerin (. mid-17th century)
Jaume Bosser
Ludovico Roncalli (1654 - 1713)

Santiago de Murcia (c. 1673 - 1739)
3.5 Performers
3.4 Makers
Baroque guitar played by Christopher Morrongiello
3.5.1 Historic performers

David Ryckaert III (Antwerp 16121661) James Tyler
(1940-2010)
3.5.2 Modern performers

William Carter
Eduardo Egez
Paul O'Dette
Hopkinson Smith
Double guitar (1690) by Alexandre Voboam
Ulrik Gaston Larsen

Stephen Stubbs
3.4.1
Historic
Xavier Daz-Latorre
Nicholas Alexandre Voboam II
Rolf Lislevand
Ren Voboam
NIgel North
Domenico Sellas
Jakob Lindberg
Stephen Stubbs
3.4.2
Modern
Davide Rebua
R. E. Brune
Rosario Conte
Stephen Barber and Sandi Harris
Paolo Paolini
Daniel Larson
Barry Mason
26
Steve Player
Ugo Nastrucci
Andrea Damiani
Massimo Lonardi
Taro Takeuchi
William Waters
Krishnasol Jimnez
3.6 Gallery
Baroque guitar by Matteo Seelos (before 1653)
Five-course guitars by Jean-Baptiste Voboam
(ca.1695) and Joachim Tielke (ca.169599)
Stradavarius guitar (1700), violin, mandolin and
case
Chitarra battente
Modern copy of Baroque guitar
3.7 See also

Chitarra battente
CHAPTER 3. BAROQUE GUITAR
Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales: 'We have seen

a guitar in Spain with ve courses of strings.' Bermudo
later mentions in the same book that 'Guitars usually have
four strings,' which implies that the ve-course guitar was
of comparatively recent origin, and still something of an
oddity.
[5] Harvey Turnbull, The Guitar (1978), p. 41 (Chapter 3
- The Baroque, Era Of The Five Course Guitar): The
new era is heralded by Juan Carlos Amats little treatise
Guitarra Espanola de cinco ordenes....
[6] Evans, Guitars (1977), p. 24: We know from literary
sources that the ve course guitar was immensely popular in Spain in the early seventeenth century and was also
widely played in France and Italy....Yet almost all the surviving guitars were built in Italy....This apparent disparity
between the documentary and instrumental evidence can
be explained by the fact that, in general, only the more
expensively made guitars have been kept as collectors
pieces. During the early seventeenth century the guitar
was an instrument of the people of Spain, but was widely
played by the Italian aristocracy.
[7] Manfred F. Bukofzer, Music In The Baroque Era (From
Monteverdi to Bach), London: J. M. Dent & Sons (1st UK
edition 1948), p. 26: The basso continuo ... required
at least two players, one to sustain the bass line (string
bass, or wind instrument) and the other for the chordal
accompaniment (keybooard instruments, lute, theorboe,
and the popular guitar).
[8] Robert de Vise, Livre de guitare ddi au roy: extquotedbl...il ne faut pas oublier une octave la quatrime
corde, elle y est trs ncessaire.
3.8 References
[1] Harvey Turnbull, The Guitar (From The Renaissance to
the Present Day) (3rd impression 1978), London: Batsford
(ISBN 0 7134 3251 9), p. 15: Early lutes, vihuelas and
guitars share one important feature that would have been
of practical concern to the player; the frets, unlike the xed
metal frets on the modern guitar, were made of gut and
tied round the neck (Chapter 1 - The Development of
the Instrument).
[2] Manfred F Bukofzer, Music In The Baroque Era (From
Monteverdi to Bach), London: J. M. Dent & Sons (1st
UK edition 1948), p. 47: The Spanish fashion in Italy
brought a speedy victory of the nosiy guitar over the dignied lute.
3.9 Bibliography
James Tyler, The Early Guitar, Oxford University
Press, 1980
James Tyler/Paul Sparks, The Guitar and its Music,
Oxford University Press, 2002
James Tyler, extquotedbl A guide to playing the
Baroque Guitar Indiana University Press, 2011.
Monica Hall: Baroque Guitar Stringing : a survey
of the evidence (Guildford: The Lute Society, 2010)
ISBN 0-905655-40-0
[3] Donald Jay Grout, A History Of Western Music, London:

J. M. Dent & Sons, 1962, Chapter 7: New Currents In
The Sixteenth Century, p. 202: By far the most popular household solo instrument of the Renaissance was the
lute.
Monica Hall: Recovering a lost book of guitar music by Corbetta. In Consort: The Journal of the
Dolmetsch Foundation, Vol. 61 (2005). ISSN 0268
9111
[4] Tom and Mary Anne Evans, Guitars: From the Renaissance to Rock, London: Paddington Press, 1977, p. 24:
The rst incontrovertible evidence of ve-course instruments can be found in Miguel Fuenllanas Orphenica Lyre
of 1554, which contains music for a vihuela de cinco ordenes. In the following year Juan Bermudo wrote in his
Monica Hall: The Guitarra espanola of Joan Carles Amat. In Early Music, Vol. 6, no. 3, July 1978.
Monica Hall: Dissonance in the guitar music of
Francesco Corbetta. In Lute: The Journal of the
Lute Society, Vol. XLVII (2007)

Monica Hall: Angiol Bartolottis Lettere tagliate.
In Lute: The Journal of the Lute Society, Vol. XLVII
(2007)
Monica Hall: Tuning instructions for the baroque
guitar in Bibliotheque Nationale Res. Vmc Ms. 59,
f. 108v. In Lute: The Journal of the Lute Society,
Vol. XLVII (2007)
Antoni Piz: Francesc Guerau i el seu temps (Palma
de Mallorca: Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria
d'Educaci i Cultura, Direcci General de Cultura,
Institut d'Estudis Balerics, 2000). ISBN 84-8986850-6
Hlne Charnass, Rafael Andia, Grard Rebours,
The Guitar Books of Robert de Vise, Paris: Editions
Musicales Transatlantiques,2000, 235 pages.
Thomas Schmitt: Sobre la ornamentacin en el
repertorio para guitarra barroca en Espaa (16001750) extquotedbl. In: Revista de Musicologa, XV,
n 1, 1992
Giovanni Accornero, Eraldo Guerci (edited and
translated by Davide Rebua) - The Guitar: Four
Centuries of Masterpieces, (Italian/English), Edizioni Il Salabue, 2008. ISBN 978-88-87618-13-6
Carlo Alberto Carutti, Passioni di un collezionista,
Catalogue by Giovanni Accornero (edited and translated by Davide Rebua, (Italian/English), Edizioni
Il Salabue, 2011. ISBN 978-88-87618-15-0 (also
available on CD rom)
3.10 External links

Ulrik Gaston Larsen, lutenist
Technique Baroque guitar for the modern performer - a practical compromise, by Don Rowe and
Richard dA Jensen.
The baroque guitar made simple, by Monica Hall
The Baroque Guitar Printed Music from 16061737
by Dr. Gary R. Boye
Francois Campion - Pieces for Baroque guitar in alternate tunings
Instructions for the Baroque Guitar by The Lute Society, UK.
The Guitar, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Baroque guitar music
The Five-course guitar
27
Chapter 4
Romantic guitar
4.1 History
The rst unaltered guitar strung with single strings rather
than pairs of strings was a guitar built by Ferdinando
Gagliano in 1774, in Naples. This guitar, displayed in
the Heyer museum in Cologne before it was dispersed,
showed some main dierences between the baroque guitar and what would later become the classical guitar. For
example, it had 5 single strings, inlaid brass frets on the
neck, a long neck (11 frets where the fretboard met the
body) relative to string length, a pegged, terminal bridge,
and a characteristic gure-8 shaped tuning head. This
missing link lacks only a sixth string before resembling
the distinctive early romantic guitar.[1]
The earliest extant six string guitar was built in 1779 by
Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 after 1831)[2][3] in Naples,
Italy. The Vinaccia family of luthiers is known for developing the mandolin. This guitar has been examined
and does not show tell-tale signs of modications from a
double-course guitar.[1] Authenticity of guitars before the
1790s is often in question. This also corresponds to when
Morettis 6-string method appeared, in 1792.
France also began to produce six string, single-stringed
guitars around the same time, and some years later Spain
began as well. The Italian, French, and Spanish six-string
guitars all diered from the baroque guitar in more or less
the same ways. Other than the dierences pointed out
Early Romantic guitar (ca.1830, Paris)
in the rst single-string guitar above, the guitar gradually
by Jean-Nicolas Grobert (1794-1869)
had more pronounced curves and a larger body, ornamentation was somewhat restrained and was placed mostly
around the edges of the body and sound hole. The decorative rose covering the sound hole was also removed to
allow more volume. Frets of the instrument were changed
from tied gut to xed strips of harder material (rst ebony
The early romantic guitar is the guitar of the Classical or ivory, then metal). And the wooden pegs were later on
and Romantic period of music, showing remarkable con- replaced by metal tuning machines.[1][4][5]
sistency in the instrument from 1790 to 1830.[1] By this
time guitars used single strings of six or more (compared to, for example, the Baroque guitar with nine or
ten strings paired to make ve courses). The romantic 4.2 Technique
guitar eventually led to a dierent type of guitar in Spain:
the fan-braced Spanish guitars of Torres, which may be The abundance of instructional books in this period reseen as the immediate precursor of the modern classical veals that there was no standard way to play the instrument. They mainly used earlier traditions; for example
guitar.
28
4.5. REFERENCES
the right hand was supported on a table, even though the
Spanish guitarist Nicario Juaralde warned against resting the little nger on the table for more right hand freedom. Mainly the thumb and rst two ngers were used
for plucking and in the 19th century free stroke (tirando
letting the ngertips rise after the note is played) was
typically used. Because of the narrow fretboard, the lefthand thumb was used by some guitarists to play notes on
the sixth string; however Sor mentions this negatively in
his method Sor suggests that the left-hand thumb should
rather be centered at the neck (and notes that neither
bass-string ngering choices, nor holding/supporting of
the guitar require the high thumb positioning). Romantic guitars were often held by a strap around the players
neck, and Dionysio Aguado invented a tripodion for
holding the instrument. Unlike most classical guitarists
today, players were divided as to whether or not use ngernails. Fernando Sor, for example, did not, while his
compatriot, Aguado, did use them.[4] Aguado was also
the rst guitarist to advocate a relaxed relationship between the player and the instrument. His method encourages the player leaning back in his chair, with two feet
solidly on the ground rather than using a footstool, and the
edge of the chair is used to keep the guitar from sliding
down to the right, projecting the neck upward and closer
to the players torso rather than way out to the left.[6]
4.3 Composers
Composer-guitarists.
Antoine de Lhoyer 17681852
Ferdinando Carulli 17701841
Fernando Sor 17781839
Mauro Giuliani 17811829
Johann Kaspar Mertz 18061856
Giulio Regondi 18221872
4.4 Gallery
Early romantic guitar (1836) by Pierre Rene Lacote
Guitarra illustration on
El mundo fsico (1882)[1]
Guitarra clasico-romantica with Pedro Jess Gmez
29
1. ^ Guillemin, Amde (1882). El mundo fsico :
gravedad, gravitacin, luz, calor, electricidad, magnetismo, etc.. Barcelona Montaner y Simn.
4.5 References
[1] Stalking the Oldest Six String Guitar
[2] The Classical Mandolin by Paul Sparks (1995)
[3] Early Romantic Guitar
[4] Harvey Turnbull, P. Sparks. The Early Six String Guitar. from the Groves Online Dictionary article: Guitar,
last updated December 2009
[5] Early Six String Guitars from the book Dangerous
Curves: The Art of the Guitarby Darcy Kuronen, 2001.
[6] Thomas Heck, A Relaxing Way to Hold the Guitar: Variation on a Theme by Aguado? extquotedbl from Soundboard magazine, 2004. Vol. XXX No. 3 2004: 31 34.
4.6 Further reading

Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons. Mauro Giuliani : virtuoso guitarist and composer. 1995. ISBN 1-88261200-0
Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons. The birth of the classic
guitar and its cultivation in Vienna, reected in the
career and compositions of Mauro Giuliani (d.1829).
Yale University. 1970. (Thesis)
Ribouillault-Bibron, Danielle. La technique de guitare en France dans la premire moiti du XIXe sicle.
1980. (Thesis) 1
Walter, Adrian Charles. The Early Nineteenth Century Guitar: An Interpretive Context for the Contemporary Performer; with a specic focus on the
compositions of Mauro Giuliani and Fernando Sor.
2008. (Thesis) 1
Frdric Ben Attar, Frdric Carpino et Ingrid Riollot: Les guitares romantiques (Muse de la Lutherie
et de l'Archterie Franaises, Mirecourt) 1
Sinier de Ridder. La Guitare
--- La Guitare, Tome I: Paris 16501950 1, 2
--- La Guitare, Tome II: Mirecourt, les provinces
franaises 1, 2
Erik Pierre Hofmann, Pascal Mougin, Stefan Hackl.
Stauer & Co 1
[right] Harp guitar

(exhibited at Museu de la Msica de Barcelona)
Christof Hanusch. Masterpieces of German Instrument Making Weissgerber Guitars by Richard Jacob 1, 2, 3
[right] 9 string guitar (1827) by Ren-Franois

Lacte (exhibited at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
James Westbrook: The Century that Shaped the

Guitar, 2005.
30
4.7 External links

The guitar in the 19th century
The guitar chamber trio from 1780 to 1830: its style
and structure Thesis by Robert C Liew
Franz Schuberts Chamber Music with Guitar: A
Study of the Guitars Role in Biedermeier Vienna by
Stephen Mattingly
CHAPTER 4. ROMANTIC GUITAR
Chapter 5
Classical guitar repertoire

Orphnica Lyra by Miguel de Fuenllana (1554)
This article is a history of the classical guitar

repertoire. For a longer list of compositions and
composers who wrote for the classical guitar see
List of composers for the classical guitar and
List of compositions for guitar.
El Pamasso by Estevan Daa (1576).
5.1.2 Baroque era
To a greater extent than most other instruments and ensembles, it is dicult to compose music for the guitar
without either prociency in the instrument or close collaboration with a guitarist. As a result, a large part of
the guitar repertoire consists of works by guitarists who
did not compose extensively for other instruments. Music
prior to the classical era was often composed for performance on various combinations of instruments, and could
be adapted by the performer to keyboard instruments, the
lute, or the guitar. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, a signicant amount of music has been
written for the guitar by non-guitarist composers.
5.1 Repertoire
5.1.1
Renaissance Era
See also: Renaissance art and Renaissance music
See also: Baroque and Baroque music

Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of
European classical music which were in widespread use
between approximately 1600 to 1750 (see Dates of classical music eras for a discussion of the problems inherent in dening the beginning and end points). This era is
said to begin in music after the Renaissance and to be followed by the Classical music era. The original meaning of
baroque is irregularly shaped pearl, a strikingly tting
characterization of the architecture and design of this period; later, the name came to be applied also to its music.
It is associated with composers such as J.S. Bach, George
Friedrich Hndel, Antonio Vivaldi, and Claudio Monteverdi. During the period, music theory, diatonic tonality, and imitative counterpoint developed. More elaborate musical ornamentation, as well as changes in musical
notation and advances in the way instruments were played
also appeared. Baroque music would see an expansion in
the size, range and complexity of performance, as well as
increasingly complex forms.
During the Renaissance, the guitar was likely to have been

used as it frequently is today, to provide strummed ac- Main composers for the baroque guitar:
companiment for a singer or a small group. There also
Francesco Corbetta (16151681)
were several signicant music collections published during the sixteenth century of contrapuntal compositions
Gaspar Sanz (16401710, Spain)
approaching the complexity, sophistication and breadth
of lute music from the same time period.
Robert de Vise (c.1655 - c.1735, France)
Main compositions and composers:
Ludovico Roncalli (1654-1713)

Sylvius Leopold Weiss (1687-1750, Germany)
El Maestro by Luis de Miln (1536)
Los seys libros del Delphin by Luis de Narvez

5.1.3
(1538)
Tres Libros de Msica by Alonso Mudarra (1546)
Romantic era
Main composers of the early romantic era:
Silva de sirenas by Enrquez de Valderrbano (1547)

Libro de msica de Vihuela by Diego Pisador (1552)
31
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (18401893): Marche

Slave, The Nutcracker (various pieces)
32
CHAPTER 5. CLASSICAL GUITAR REPERTOIRE
Frdric Chopin (18101849): Prelude in D, Pre- 5.1.4 Modern era

lude in Am
Some genres of modern music include atonal music,
Carl Maria von Weber (17861826): Webers Last which rejects the tonal system of nearly all other musical
Waltz
styles, as well as aleatoric, which rejects the absolutism of
the composer and allows the player to take an active role
Ludwig van Beethoven (17701827): Moonlight
in how the piece is played. For example, in Leo Brouwers
Sonata
Etude No. 20, he supplies a series of melodies that increase in length, and he invites the player to play each
Johannes Brahms (18331897): Lullaby
section of the melody as many times as he or she chooses.
Isaac Albniz (18601909): Iberia (various pieces) Regional styles are also prevalent in modern guitar music, such as the music of Latin America, where unique
Niccol Paganini (17821840): Several virtuoso harmonies and fresh material can be found.
pieces specically for the guitar
The Golden Age
The rst 'Golden Age' of the classical guitar repertoire
was the 19th century. Some notable guitar composers
from this period are:
Guitarist-composers of the 20th century

Joo Pernambuco 1883-1947
Sergio Assad 1952 D.R. Auten 1951-
Dionisio Aguado 1784-1849
Agustn Barrios Mangor 1885-1944
Julin Arcas 1832-1882
Gilbert Biberian 1944-
Luigi Boccherini 1743-1805
Dusan Bogdanovic 1955-
Jose Broca 1805-1882
Leo Brouwer 1939-
Matteo Carcassi 1792-1853
Kevin Callahan 1958-
Ferdinando Carulli 1770-1841

Napolon Coste 1806-1883
Anton Diabelli 1781-1858
Fernando Ferandiere 1771-1816
Francois de Fossa 1775-1849
Mauro Giuliani 1781-1829
Luigi Legnani 1790-1877
Antoine de Lhoyer 1768-1852
Antonio Gimeniz Manjon 1866-1919
Wenzel Thomas Matiegka 1773-1830
Johann Kaspar Mertz 1806-1856
Abel Carlevaro 1918-2002

Behzat Cem Gunenc 1980 Roland Chadwick 1957 Constantinos Chizaris 1974 Carlo Domeniconi 1947 John W Duarte 1919-2004
Roland Dyens 1955 Dimitris Fampas 1921 - 1996
Angelo Gilardino 1941 Kostas Grigoreas 1957 Brian Head 1965 Mark Houghton 1959-
Francesco Molino 1768-1847
Evan Hirschelman 1976-
Pietro (Pierre) Porro 1750 - 1831
Simone Iannarelli 1970-
Giulio Regondi 1822-1872
Ricardo Iznaola 1949-
Fernando Sor 1778-1839
David A. Jae 1955-
Francisco Trrega 1852-1909
Francis Kleynjans 1951-
Marco Aurelio Zani de Ferranti 1800-1878
Nikita Koshkin 1956-
5.1. REPERTOIRE
33
Annette Kruisbrink 1958-
Richard Rodney Bennett 1936-2012
Ian Krouse 1956-
Niels Viggo Bentzon 1919-2000
Branimir Krstic 1970-
Luciano Berio 1925-2003
Antonio Lauro 1917-1986
Lennox Berkeley 1903-1989
Miguel Llobet 1878-1938
Benjamin Britten 1913-1976
Behzad Mirkhani 1969-
Elliott Carter 1908-
Gentil Montaa 1942-2011
Tristram Cary 1925-
Jorge Morel 1931-
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco 1895-1968
Marco Pereira 1950-
Peter Maxwell Davies 1934-
Mximo Diego Pujol 1957-
Stephen Dodgson 1924-
Stepn Rak 1945 Brad Richter 1969 Rodrigo Riera 1923-1999

Gyan Riley 1977 Teresa de Rogatis 1893-1979
Ashkan saberi 1987 Eduardo Sainz de la Maza 1903-1982
Reginald Smith Brindle 1917-2003
Heitor Villa-Lobos 1887-1959
Christopher Wilke 1979 Andrew York 1958 Andrei Krylov 1961 Eythor Thorlaksson 1930Composers for the classical guitar
In the 20th century, many non-guitarist composers wrote
for the instrument, which previously only players of the
instrument had done. For a larger list of composers who
have written for the solo guitar, see the list of composers
for the classical guitar. Some of the more well-known
are:
Petr Eben 1929 Manuel de Falla 1876-1946

Michael Finnissy 1946 Jean Franaix 1912-1997
Roberto Gerhard 1896-1970
Giorgio Federico Ghedini 1892-1965
Alberto Ginastera 1916-1983
Cristbal Halter 1930 Hans Werner Henze 19262012
Vagn Holmboe 1909-1996
Antonio Jos 1902-1936
Ernst Krenek 1900-1991
Gian Francesco Malipiero 1882-1973
Frank Martin 1890-1974
Nicholas Maw 1935-2009
Darius Milhaud 1892-1974
Federico Mompou 1893-1987
Federico Moreno Torroba 1891-1982
Lior Navok 1971 Per Nrgrd 1932-
Louis Andriessen 1939-
Maurice Ohana 1914-1992
Malcolm Arnold 1921-2006
Goredo Petrassi 1904-2003
Boris Asaev 1884-1949
stor Piazzolla 1921-1992
Georges Auric 1899-1983
Manuel M. Ponce 1882-1948
Milton Babbitt 19162011
Francis Poulenc 1899-1963
Robert Beaser 1954-
Andr Previn 1929-
34
Einojuhani Rautavaara 1928-
Marco Pereira - Samba Urbano
Alan Rawsthorne 1905-1971
Toru Takemitsu - Folios
George Rochberg 1918-2005
William Walton - Five Bagatelles
Joaqun Rodrigo 1901-1999

Ned Rorem 1923 Albert Roussel 1869-1937
Poul Ruders 1949-
Hans Werner Henze - Royal Winter Music

Anton del Forno - Guitar Concerto
John Rutter 1945-
5.1.6 New perspectives for the classical

guitar repertoire
Henri Sauguet 1901-1989
Music for guitar in the 21st century.
Toru Takemitsu 1930-1996

Alexandre Tansman 1897-1986
Michael Tippett 1905-1998
5.2 Transcriptions
Joaqun Turina 1882-1949
Humberto Bruni Lamanna (*1957) (Venezuela) Johann Sebastian Bach
Pteris Vasks (*1946)
Roland Dyens (*1955)
William Walton 1902-1983
5.1.5
Contemporary classical guitar
Eliot Fisk (*1958) (USA / Austria) Luciano Berio

Tilman Hoppstock (*1961) (Germany) Bla Bartk
See also: Selected contemporary repertoire for guitar
Carlo Marchione (*1964) (Italy) Georg Philipp

Telemann
Main compositions and composers:
Behzad Mirkhani (*1969) (Iran)
Solo
Robert Beaser - Shenandoah
Andrs Segovia (18931987)

Francisco Trrega (Spanish) - Johann Sebastian
Bach
Luciano Berio - Sequenza XI

Benjamin Britten - Nocturnal
Roland Chadwick - Song and Dance Nos. 1,2 & 3
Constantinos Chizaris - Guitariana
Pascale Criton - La Ritournelle et le galop for 1/16th
tone tuned guitar
5.3 Guitarists for whom many

pieces have been composed
Andrs Segovia (18931987) (Spain)
Alexandre Lagoya and Ida Presti
Brian Ferneyhough - Kurze Schatten II
Julian Bream (*1933)
Alberto Ginastera - Sonata
John Williams (*1940) (Australia)
Bruno Maderna - Y Despus
Magnus Andersson (*1955) (Sweden)
Julian Mock - Ecstatic Mechanism

Tristan Murail - Tellur
Lior Navok - Remembrances of Jerusalem / Six for
a Dance / Meditation
Maurice Ohana - Tiento
Eliot Fisk (USA)

David Starobin (USA)
David Tanenbaum (USA)
Pablo Gomez (Mexico)
5.6. EXTERNAL LINKS
35
5.4 Reviewed compositions for guitar
Catalan composers of the 19th century Jos Ferrer

y Esteve (18351916), Jos Broc y Codina (1805
1882), Jos Vias y Diaz (18231888) - info
Main article: Reviewed compositions for guitar
Oviatt Library Digital Archives

creativeguitar.org
5.5 References
Noad, Fredrick. The Renaissance Guitar, The
Classical Guitar, The Romantic Guitar. Compilations of notable repertoire for each era in standard
musical notation.
Chappell, Jon; Mark Phillip (2009). Classical Guitar for Dummies. For Dummies. ISBN 978-0-47046470-0.
5.6 External links

Free music scores
Boije Collection (The Music Library of Sweden)
includes Sor, Giuliani, autographs
by J.K. Mertz, etc.
Det Kongelige Bibliotek The Royal Library of Denmark (info)
--- Advanced Search Usage example: Field All
elds extquotedbl: Sor, and Field URL (www
link) extquotedbl: http NOT sheetmusicnow
NOT freehandmusic NOT hebeonline
--- Rischel & Birket-Smiths Collection of guitar
music: Index of guitar titles (alt.)
--- Printed Music: Index of guitar titles
George C. Krick Collection of Guitar Music Gaylord Music Library, Washington University
(Index - Online access to pdf, via
Connect to resource or more info)
GFA Archive Searchable archive at Guitar Foundation of America
BNE - Biblioteca Digital Hispnica| National library
of Spain Click Advanced Search - Usage example:
Field Title extquotedbl: guitarra Or Field Title extquotedbl: vihuela Or Field Title extquotedbl: laud
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal| National library of
Portugal
ClassicalGuitarSchool.Net Free sheet music for guitar by Eythor Thorlaksson and Sveinn Eythorsson,
Iceland.
Forrest Guitar Ensembles - Music for guitar ensembles.
36
5.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

5.7.1
Text
Classical guitar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar?oldid=628369076 Contributors: Andre Engels, Tsja, Deb, Camembert, N8chz, Mrwojo, Michael Hardy, Bobby D. Bryant, Tregoweth, Ronz, Angela, Randywombat, Rossami, Pipian, Kat, Fuzheado, Furrykef, Hyacinth, Moriori, Chris 73, JackofOz, Robertoalencar, Meanos, Artakka, Peruvianllama, Brona, Chinasaur, DO'Neil, Alensha,
Bobblewik, Antandrus, Karl-Henner, Klemen Kocjancic, Liberlogos, Chrisbolt, Guppynsoup, Sysy, Discospinster, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, ESkog, KevinBot, Walden, Cap'n Refsmmat, Matve, Sietse Snel, Femto, Bobo192, Cohesion, Kappa, Nich148 9, Ikana, AppleJuggler, Polarscribe, Arthena, Supine, Alex '05, Zereshk, Czolgolz, Ebakunin, John Cardinal, JeremyA, The Wordsmith, HowardB,
Isnow, Rgbea, Mandarax, Graham87, Deltabeignet, SirRyan, Rjwilmsi, Bruce1ee, Brighterorange, Yamamoto Ichiro, Leithp, FayssalF,
RobertG, Dan Guan, Phatmonkey, RexNL, Quuxplusone, KFP, GreyCat, Its-is-not-a-genitive, Chobot, Bgwhite, Banaticus, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sceptre, AVM, Stephenb, The-GJst, NawlinWiki, Stephen Burnett, Syth, Grafen, Johann Wolfgang,
Mikeblas, Yano, Dbrs, DeadEyeArrow, Lcu, CLW, Light current, Paul Magnussen, Fang Aili, GraemeL, Jrethorst, Allens, TLSuda, Cotoco, AlonsoAlfons, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Macgreco, Meshach, Hux, Reedy, Hydrogen Iodide, Jagged 85, Callmeisobel, Donama, Hmains, Nick Roche, Bluebot, Shawn M. O'Hare, Marek4, CyberSach, WETaylor, Cralize, Da Vynci, RAlafriz, Charles
Moss, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Tamfang, OrphanBot, Nixeagle, Oseymour, IsaacBustos, Senappp, Jerry picker, Just plain Bill,
Yevgeny Kats, TenPoundHammer, TonyMorris, Krashlandon, Robomaeyhem, Ospring 18 87, F15x28, FozzyMaple, Patrick1882, Cielomobile, Beetstra, Mr Stephen, Violncello, BananaFiend, Lamuk69, Jmdlister, Antiedman, LSCoker, Provocateur, Mulder416sBot, Courcelles, Anger22, Alankroeger, Roytchaikowsky, Classicalguitarman, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Guitarservices, MrFizyx, Requestion, Karenjc,
Islander(Scandinavia), Dogman15, Neonlife, Nicktrescan, Fair Deal, Peterdjones, Gogo Dodo, Porsche997SBS, Skittleys, RottweilerCS,
R.christie, Gustav77, CarrotMan, Mojo Hand, Marek69, Moran.irene, Hmrox, AntiVandalBot, Wghezzi, Amazzing5, Mvandemar, Tommaso456, Cgram@adelphia.net, Bluedustmite, Fireice, Paul1776, JAnDbot, Tohru Honda13, Grgory Leclair, Fetchcomms, John a s,
Greyclair, Albany NY, Benzzene, Panchoytoro, LittleOldMe, Magioladitis, VoABot II, C d h, J.P.Lon, Ling.Nut, P.B. Pilhet, SnapSnap,
JaGa, Matthias Rder, Davidbreton, DancingPenguin, MartinBot, Fencewart, Sagqs, Rettetast, Gbkorol, Nono64, Rlsheehan, Eduemoni,
Uncle Dick, Doesterr, Roccoconon, Yankeesfan53, AntiSpamBot, TheScotch, Mrglasow, Y2H, Idioma-bot, Wikieditor06, CWii, Mike
Cline, Maximillion Pegasus, Abtinb, Ruggiero, Aymatth2, MarbleIndex01, Musiceditor, Beyond silence, Ace2029, BotKung, Urbanrenewal, Madhero88, Alex1077, Synthebot, Falcon8765, Deconstructhis, Gaelen S., SieBot, StAnselm, Caltas, Cashatoo, Jcbereznay,
Keilana, Guitar Enthusiast, JD554, Ferret, Mycotics, Brian R Hunter, Techman224, Jerryskid, Kertsopoulos, Jake6293, JL-Bot, Blazaki,
ClueBot, Fyyer, P.I.T.O.W., Drmies, TheRationalGuitarist, Mspraveen, Terra guitarra, Baller630, Bstcyr, Grey Matter, Wiki libs, GFA
hater, Tnxman307, Versus22, Egmontaz, Gerard Samuel, Sue dev, Timblass, Ajwiseman, XLinkBot, Shpakovich, Delicious carbuncle,
SHPAK, Sephyr slx, Rror, Raisen2, Worrensanchez, Bowers adam, Temptors, Kbdankbot, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Viktor van Niekerk,
Qetuowryip, Archeoix, Opus88888, Haruth, AlexWangombe, Ronhjones, Whododo, Leszek Jaczuk, Ka Faraq Gatri, Download, Redheylin, Comodore de qoiu, Chzz, AnnaFrance, Cooljjj, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Bguras puppy, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Themfromspace, Jordsan, Nallimbot, Gonoude, SHAHINOVE, GreenTriskele, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Iguitare006, Jim1138, Kingpin13,
GB fan, LilHelpa, Jordan1a2b3c4a, Ovens for sale, Workshywoman, Wether B, Joeyboy14, BeMajor, Whodoneitnowman, UmmmOK
lets go, 9frontier9, Yond in da pond, Venerock, Guitar chords, Aslkdfjsl, Astatine-210, GripTheHusk, FrescoBot, Laskfjh, Simonpowis,
Sky Jazz, Succer for a, Evil wiggins, Strange dude, Athanasius1, Movearounderdas, Methodguitar, Donte fammm, Wital;hn, Srunika rajkumar, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Tra, Slus, Jschnur, Giveguitara, MySorAccount, Segovia was, MyGiulianiAccount, Senzeief, Jaxdelaguerre,
Nhvfd, Lestergo, Knector, Swedehart, Hattermadder, Suusion of Yellow, Updatehelper, RjwilmsiBot, Safsafe, Hgrfd;fd, Cjfreitag, Fjd;lsa,
Dowzenn, Dewritech, GoingBatty, RA0808, Guitarist0820, Glasih, Tyeisasmartguy, Clusternote, Aytpowenbkaot, Feikkll, Marckorv87,
F, Rewotii, Mooquu, Svindland, Xela0991, Wayne Slam, John Rocher, Thine Antique Pen, Whitenoise99, Stident all, Carmichael, Orange Suede Sofa, Neostratus, DASHBotAV, Dukesfan96, ClueBot NG, Temporaryguitar, Thatpaxguy, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain,
Awesome2002, BG19bot, TGilmour, Nacasma, -silvynx, Maxneo111, Barda ciprian, Darylgolden, None but shining hours, Basemetal,
Sfranklinj, YFdyh-bot, TheJJJunk, Khazar2, Ducknish, Asisman, Dexbot, Webclient101, Cerabot, Dylked, Jujuh, Equilibrium Allure,
James Westbrook, Gadon Thek, Metadox, LithiumEnergy, Batvanio, Oshanisme, Jjveloria, Benjaminslo and Anonymous: 511
Classical guitar technique Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar_technique?oldid=625253178 Contributors: Edward,
Smyth, Zetawoof, LukeSurl, GregorB, Mandarax, Graham87, Eubot, Zsingaya, BradBeattie, TimNelson, ZsigE, Gaius Cornelius, EWayte,
SmackBot, Da Vynci, IronGargoyle, SQGibbon, Hu12, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Cahk, R.christie, Amazzing5, Tommaso456, Grgory Leclair,
Greyclair, Indon, STBot, LikuX, MarttiMantyla, Roccoconon, TheScotch, Bonadea, Feivltrford, Thewizardalbany, Kenanjabr, TheRationalGuitarist, Cgmarkle, Kubek15, BazelBaez, Addbot, Cohaniuc, Duo46, Tide rolls, Yobot, Backfromquadrangle, AnomieBOT, Noq,
Kevicoll, Xqbot, Virtuosa julie, FrescoBot, Pestilentia2, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, SAT85, Trappist the monk, Lestergo, Milotoor, John of Reading, GoingBatty, Svindland, TheGuitarPlayer1, LJMcGregor, GhostToast, ClueBot NG, Nacasma, Glacialfox, Basemetal, Asisman, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, Jamesmcmahon0, Melonkelon, Igijnbjj and Anonymous: 70
Baroque guitar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_guitar?oldid=624765520 Contributors: Andrewa, Thincat, Alansohn, Polarscribe, Bart133, Hohum, Bgwhite, Insouciance, Dialectric, Badagnani, Welsh, SmackBot, Gilliam, Frinck51, Bjankuloski06en, Geog, LadyofShalott, JForget, CmdrObot, MrFizyx, ShelfSkewed, Galassi, RottweilerCS, Alaibot, AntiVandalBot, Amazzing5, Grgory
Leclair, Greyclair, RebelRobot, J.P.Lon, MartinBot, Ugajin, OrangePlus, J.A.McCoy, SJP, DorganBot, VolkovBot, Musiceditor, MeisterPL, Pjoef, Techman224, Bostonpop, Niceguyedc, XLinkBot, Let99, Kbdankbot, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Opus88888, Zorrobot,
Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, DanielPao, Stradfan, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Slus, Bartolimi, Pensativa, Laberintosingeniosos, Updatehelper, Clusternote, Francesco Corbetta, Helpful Pixie Bot, BobNewby, GoShow, Jchesman, Oriolespinal and Anonymous: 38
Romantic guitar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_guitar?oldid=594500437 Contributors: Ronz, Andrewa, Hyacinth,
Michael Snow, Klemen Kocjancic, El C, Insouciance, Joel7687, Tony1, SmackBot, OrphanBot, NickPenguin, Beetstra, Michaelbattig,
RottweilerCS, Alaibot, Grgory Leclair, Porsenna1, Mild Bill Hiccup, Addbot, Tleoking, Gonoude, A.amitkumar, Donte fammm, Jschnur,
MySorAccount, MyGiulianiAccount, Dona;sz, Safdsa, Andreldritch, Ioismo, Clusternote, Helpful Pixie Bot, Josvebot, ChrisGualtieri,
James Westbrook and Anonymous: 17
Classical guitar repertoire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar_repertoire?oldid=608615858 Contributors: Ronz, Andrewman327, DJ Clayworth, UninvitedCompany, JackofOz, Tobias Bergemann, MuDavid, KevinBot, Matve, Viriditas, AppleJuggler,
Ynhockey, Rjwilmsi, Missmarple, Rschen7754, Turidoth, Welsh, Chanheigeorge, Stevouk, SmackBot, Upperlip, OrphanBot, Radagast83,
Rboelen, Neddyseagoon, Violncello, Ralphwaldo, JeW, Geog, CapitalR, Alpha Ursae Minoris, CmdrObot, Wafulz, MrFizyx, Lolasummer, R.christie, Amazzing5, Ray thejake, Tommaso456, Grgory Leclair, JamesBWatson, Indon, Cost 4000, STBot, Roccoconon, Bonadea,
5.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
37
Squids and Chips, Andyforrest, Thewizardalbany, Tatiana24, ClueBot, Hrdinsk, XLinkBot, Cohaniuc, Gustepper, Tassedethe, Lightbot,
Yobot, Themfromspace, Gongshow, Ashkansaberi, Johnwilliammiller, Jubileeclipman, ZapataWren, J04n, Equinoxkarma, FrescoBot, Simonpowis, Bloodguitarist, Atillakara, MySorAccount, Brambleclawx, STuckwell, Joaosac, Svindland, ClueBot NG, Alyceobvious, Helpful
Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Cjrobe, Eantoranz, Cguitarfan, ChrisGualtieri, Roland Chadwick, Sveinne, Lolatom, Monkbot and Anonymous: 59
5.7.2
Images
File:Accord_de_visee.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Accord_de_visee.png License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pierre-tienne Nataf
File:Accord_montesardo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Accord_montesardo.png License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pierre-tienne Nataf
File:Accord_sanz.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Accord_sanz.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pierre-tienne Nataf
File:Acoustic_guitar_parts.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Acoustic_guitar_parts.png License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Alisa_Gladyseva-Romanza_Espaola.ogv
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Alisa_
Gladyseva-Romanza_Espa%C3%B1ola.ogv License: Public domain Contributors: Courtesy of Alias Guitar Alisa Gladyseva Original artist: Composer Unknown. (Anonymous). Popular song.
File:Ambox_content.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png License: ? Contributors:
Derived from Image:Information icon.svg Original artist:
El T (original icon); David Levy (modied design); Penubag (modied color)
File:Audio_a.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Audio_a.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
'A'_(PSF).png Original artist: 'A'_(PSF).png: Pearson Scott Foresman
File:Bandera_de_Andalucia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Bandera_de_Andalucia.svg License:
Attribution Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Oren neu dag
File:Baroque_Guitar_Etienne_Picart_(1680).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Baroque_Guitar_
Etienne_Picart_%281680%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.federico-tarazona.com/elcharango.html Original
artist: Etienne Picart
File:Christopher_Morrongiello_playing_a_baroque_guitar_(by_Princess_Ruto,_2013-02-11).jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Christopher_Morrongiello_playing_a_baroque_guitar_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_
2013-02-11%29.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Christopher Morrongiello Original artist: Ching
File:Classicalguitarhorizontal.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Classicalguitarhorizontal.png License: CC-BY-SA-2.0-de Contributors: Image based on this one Original artist: Martin Mller
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Deutsches_Museum_(121282425).jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Deutsches_Museum_
%28121282425%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: IMG_1615 Original artist: Andrew Plumb from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: ? Contributors: The Tango! Desktop
Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/
Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.
svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides
File:Guitar_latina_morisca.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Guitar_latina_morisca.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://rbme.patrimonionacional.es Original artist: unknown artist
File:Guitarra_de_Torres.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Guitarra_de_Torres.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aleix herreras2
File:Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery online catalogue.
Original artist: Johannes Vermeer
File:Jean-Nicolas_Grobert_-_Early_Romantic_Guitar,_Paris_around_1830.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Jean-Nicolas_Grobert_-_Early_Romantic_Guitar%2C_Paris_around_1830.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/simclient/consultation/binaries/image.asp?INSTANCE=MULTIMEDIA&
Muse de la musique, Paris / A Giordan eidmpa=CMIM000015274&HEIGHT=2846&WIDTH=2846 Original artist:
http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/musee
File:Jwcrdba86.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d5/Jwcrdba86.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Magoado_(Joo_Pernambuco)_-_Joo_Pernambuco_1930.ogg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/
Magoado_%28Jo%C3%A3o_Pernambuco%29_-_Jo%C3%A3o_Pernambuco_1930.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: Public domain Original artist: Joo Pernambuco
File:Modern_Classical_Guitar_121.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Modern_Classical_Guitar_
121.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/76533631@N03/6868761259/ Original artist: Maxneo111
38
File:Musee-de-la-musique-2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Musee-de-la-musique-2.jpg License:

CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Musee-de-la-musique-6.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Musee-de-la-musique-6.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: ? Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Range_guitar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Range_guitar.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: File:Range guitar.png; Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Rannphirt anaithnid .
Original artist:
Original: Mezzofortist
File:Vienna_-_Double_guitar_Paris_1690_-_9606.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Vienna_-_
Double_guitar_Paris_1690_-_9606.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jorge Royan
File:Vihuela_-_Frontispiece_Libro_de_msica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Vihuela_-_Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_
intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Frontispiece Libro de msica de vihuela de mano
intitulado El maestro by Luis Milan.jpg <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_
vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Frontispiece Libro de msica de vihuela de mano
intitulado El maestro by Luis Milan.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%
BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg/50px-Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_
de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg' width='50' height='62' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
1/1d/Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg/75px-Frontispiece_
Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/1d/Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg/
100px-Frontispiece_Libro_de_m%C3%BAsica_de_vihuela_de_mano_intitulado_El_maestro_by_Luis_Milan.jpg
2x'
data-lewidth='3724' data-le-height='4628' /></a>
Original artist: Frontispiece Libro de msica de vihuela de mano intitulado El maestro by Luis Milan.jpg: Unknown (Luis Milan)
File:Wartburg-Laute.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Wartburg-Laute.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen
File:Williams_Smallman_2005a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/93/Williams_Smallman_2005a.jpg License:
? Contributors:
self-made
Original artist:
Benfeing (talk) (Uploads)
5.7.3
Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

3 BBG 2 Xzy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 BBG 2 Xzy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

Classical and Romantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overview of the classical guitars history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Early romantic guitar or Guitar during the Classical music era . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Modern classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contemporary classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plucking of the string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Direct contact with strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.13.1 Guitar history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.13.2 Articles and Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classical guitar technique

Guitaristic Technique and Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How are ngerings marked? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right hand technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tirando versus Apoyando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right hand wrist/hand position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Left hand technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classical guitar repertoire

Contemporary classical guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New perspectives for the classical guitar repertoire

Guitarists for whom many pieces have been composed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reviewed compositions for guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1 Early guitars

While classical guitar is today mainly associated with

CHAPTER 1. CLASSICAL GUITAR

Todays use of Torres and post-Torres type guitars for

Guitars from the Museum Cit de la Musique in Paris (which

Dierent types of guitars have dierent sound aesthetics,

1.3. STYLE PERIODS

1.3 Style periods

Hector Berlioz studied the guitar as a teenager,[10]

1.3.4 Francisco Trrega

CHAPTER 1. CLASSICAL GUITAR

New music - avant-garde

1.4 Background information

1.5.1 Overview of the classical guitars history

The evolution of the classical guitar and its repertoire

During the Middle Ages, instruments called guitars

The Guitar Player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer,

Baroque guitar[35] with rounded-back

Early romantic guitar by Jean-Nicolas Grobert (1830)

1.5.4 Baroque guitar

See also: Renaissance music

Main article: Baroque guitar

The gittern, often referred to as Renaissance guitar, is a

Main article: Vihuela

The earliest extant six-string guitar is believed to have

CHAPTER 1. CLASSICAL GUITAR

is known for developing the mandolin. This guitar has

Popular song (public domain): Spanish Romance.

Spanish guitar by Antonio de Torres Jurado (1862)

1.6.1 Plucking of the string

Direct contact with strings

As with other plucked instruments (such as the lute), the

In guitar scores the ve ngers of the right-hand (which

CHAPTER 1. CLASSICAL GUITAR

Because of the low string tension

1.8 Physical characteristics