Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.towernx.com
ANSI/TIA-222-G Explained
Introduction
ANSI/TIA-222-G-2005
A big change the
biggest since 1986
9 years of Work
Published August 2005
Addendum 1 published
October 2006
Addendum 2 published
by January 2008
Seismic Loading
May govern in very special circumstances
Return Periods
Flat, unobstructed shorelines exposed to wind flowing over open water (excluding shorelines in
hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at least 1 mile [1.61 km].
Shorelines in Exposure D include inland waterways, lakes and non-hurricane coastal areas.
Exposure D extends inland a distance of 660 ft [200 m] or ten times the height of the structure,
whichever is greater.
Smooth mud flats, salt flats and other similar terrain shall be considered as Exposure D.
Wind
Wind
Wind
Northwest
Alaska
Escarpment
Terrain Features
Category 1: No abrupt changes in general topography, e.g. flat or rolling terrain, no wind
speed-up consideration shall be required.
Category 1 No Impact,
Terrain Features are ignored.
Terrain Features
Category 2: Structures located at or near the crest of an escarpment. Wind speed-up
shall be considered to occur in all directions. Structures located on the lower half of
an escarpment or beyond 8 times the height of the escarpment from its crest, shall be
permitted to be considered as Topographic Category 1.
Category 1 No Impact,
Terrain Features are ignored.
10
Terrain Features
Category 3: Structures located in the upper half of a hill. Wind speed-up shall be
considered to occur in all directions. Structures located in the lower half of a hill shall
be permitted to be considered as Topographic Category 1.
Terrain Features
Category 4: Structures located in the upper half of a ridge. Wind speed-up shall be
considered to occur in all directions. Structures located in the lower half of a ridge
shall be permitted to be considered as Topographic Category 1.
Category 1 No Impact,
Terrain Features are ignored.
11
Terrain Features
Category 5: Wind speed-up criteria based on a site-specific investigation.
12
Topographic Features
Escarpment
Hill
Ridge
13
Antenna Loads
FA = qz Gh (EPA)A
Appurtenances
14
Appurtenances
Subcritical
Supercritical
15
16
Appurtenances
Defined Default Cellular Antenna Areas for bids
Ice
ti 0.50
[ti 13 mm]
No ice
Ice
0.50 < ti 1.50
[13 < ti 38 mm]
(EPA)A
ft2
[m2]
Wt
kips
[kN]
(EPA)A
ft2
[m2]
Wt
kips
[kN]
(EPA)A
ft2
[m2]
Wt
kips
[kN]
Light
(9 antennas max)
55 [6.5]
0.75 [3.3]
75 [7.9]
1.00 [3.3]
110 [10.2]
1.50 [6.7]
Heavy
(12 antennas max)
80 [8.4]
1.20 [5.3]
100 [9.3]
1.20 [5.3]
135 [12.6]
2.00 [8.9]
Carrier Type
Transmission
Lines
17
Line Loads
LINE LOADS CAN NO LONGER BE
CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE
SECTION AREA!
It is an appurtenance. No longer a
distinction between discrete and linear
The designer will utilize the same force
coefficients, Ca, factors that are applied to
antennas, and other discrete
appurtenances.
Line Loads
Sheltering:
Based upon voids ratio (1- )
Only applicable to sub-critical flow.
Sheltering effects allowed when the line loads are entirely on the inside of the
structure or is outside the cross section of the and entirely within the face zone.
18
Line Clusters
(EPA)A = Ka[(EPA)N cos2() + (EPA)T sin2()]
Can be treated as
individual lines.
Must treat as
rectangular line
clusters utilizing
(EPA)A Approach
Section 2.6.9.1.2
Note: In the absence of a detailed transmission line layout and
installation bend radii of the lines, the minimum diameter of a
pole structure shall not be less than the diameter which results in
45% utilization of the cross-section for the placement of internal
transmission lines.
USE INTERPRETATION A !
Remember: In the absence of a detailed transmission line
layout and installation bend radii of the lines
19
Mount Loads
Mounting Frames
MOUNTING FRAME
(TYP)
MOUNTING FRAME
(TYP)
A reduction of
the structure
forces is not
allowed
20
A reduction of
the structure
forces is not
allowed
(TRUSS TYPE)
A reduction of
the structure
forces is not
allowed
Figure 2-8: Low Profile Platforms
21
Ka = 0.8 can be
applied to antennas
and antenna
mounting pipes
mounted on the
Symmetric
Frame/Truss
Platform. Subcritical
Flow Only!
A reduction of
the structure
forces is not
allowed
Figure 2-9: Circular Ring Platforms
22
Shielding
Ka = 1.0 if the shielding
principals listed are to
be applied.
Seismic Loads
New Section A response to changes in building codes
and a greater understanding of how seismic loads occur.
23
24
Structure Irregularities
Type
Description
Torsional Irregularity
Stiffness Irregularity
Mass Irregularity
With
mass
or
stiffness
irregularities per Table 2-9
Poles
Latticed
100 ft
[30 m]
No Limit
N/A
N/A
1500 ft
[457 m]
No Limit
No Limit
N/A
200 ft
[61 m]
600 ft
[183 m]
N/A
Modal Analysis,
Method 3 in accordance with
2.7.9
No Limit
No Limit
N/A
No Limit
No
Limit
N/A
Time-History Analysis,
Method 4 in accordance with
2.7.10
No Limit
No Limit
No Limit
No Limit
No
Limit
No
Limit
Latticed
50 ft
[15 m]
Self-Supporting
Guyed
Masts 2
Guyed
Masts 2
Poles
Notes:
1.Vertical seismic forces may be ignored for Methods 1, 2 & 3.
2.Method 4 shall be used when the horizontal distance from the base of the structure to any guy
anchor point exceeds 1000 ft [305 m].
25
An importance factor I shall be determined from Table 2-3 based on the structure classification
listed in Table 2-1.
Determine an appropriate seismic analysis procedure method for the structure from Table 2-10.
Determine the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration (expressed as a
ratio to the acceleration due to gravity) at short periods (Ss) and at 1 second (S1) from 2.7.5.
Determine the Site Class based on the soil properties at the site in accordance with Table 2-11.
Modification factors Fa and Fv, based on the Site Class, shall be determined from Tables 2-12 and
2-13 respectively.
The design spectral response acceleration at short periods (SDS) and at 1 second (SD1) shall be
determined in accordance with 2.7.6.
Site
Class
Standard Penetration
Resistance, N
Cohesionless Soils
PI 20
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
> 50
> 2 ksf
[100 kPa]
Stiff soil.
15 to 50
< 15
26
Earthquake Detailing
Still driven by building codes and engineering practices. Not a part of the standard .
Considered covered as a product of the
Standard of Practice of the Engineering Profession
Serviceability
Values used:
1.0 D + 1.0 Dg + 1.0 W o (Refer to 2.3.1)
27
Analysis
Specific techniques are required
Meant to correct issues like
A guyed tower Column that is too narrow
Guy spans that are too large
Underestimating loads
Tuning the member selection process too closely to the
results of the wind analysis.
Inflection points reflect a mathematical concept.
A tall tower is subjected to wind that will move up and
down the tower in approximately 180 ft long segments.
The movement of gusts up and down the tower will
eliminate the inflection points.
28
29
30
31
Design Strength
Follows AISC LRFD Criteria
Adjusted where appropriate Ex. Guy Wires
Link plates
Longitudinal Welds for Tubular Pole Structures
Research data that improves or supersedes
AISC criteria
Welded Sections Bracing K-factors
Redundant capacity
Angle Bracing Capacity Tension Restraint.
32
33
34
Insulators
i = 0.5 for non-metallic fail-safe insulators
i = 0.4 for other non-metallic insulators
Other Requirements
Insulator assemblies shall be proof loaded to 60 percent
of the manufacturers rated ultimate strength.
Insulator manufacturers shall provide the expected life of
base and guy insulators.
Foundations
s = 0.50 for bearing on rock or soil for bases of guyed masts including spread
footings driven piles, drilled caissons, steel grillages. (Approximate FS = 2.72)
s = 0.75 for bearing on rock or soil for bases of self-supporting structures including
spread footings, mats, driven piles, drilled caissons, steel grillages. (Approximate
FS = 1.81)
s = 0.75 for pull-out or uplift in rock or soil for foundations and anchorages including
spread footings, deadman anchors, drilled caissons, steel grillages and battered
piles. (Approximate FS = 1.81)
s = 0.50 for pull-out or uplift in rock or soil for foundations and anchorages which
utilize one rock/soil bolt, dowel or anchoring device. (Approximate FS = 2.72)
s = 0.40 for pull-out or uplift in rock or soil for foundations and anchorages which
utilize non-battered piles with a tapered cross-section. (Approximate FS = 3.4)
s = 0.75 for friction or lateral resistance of soil or rock for all types of foundations.
(Approximate FS = 1.81)
35
Basic wind speed (3 second gust, 50 year return period) without ice.
Basic wind speed (50 year return period) with ice.
Design ice thickness (50 year return period).
Exposure category (B, C or D) for the site specified.
Structure classification (I, II, or III) used to classify the structure.
Topography category (1,2, 3,4, or 5).
Earthquake spectral response acceleration at short periods.
Foundation reactions for the loading combinations considered.
Soil design parameters or source of data.
36
Member sizes
Member yield strength
Grade of structure bolts
Foundation reactions based upon factored loads
Loading:
37
38
Existing Structures
Versions C to F
The engineer performing an analysis of an
existing structure can perform an analysis in
accordance with previous revisions of the
standard for informational purposes only.
Previous versions of the standard are
considered to be legally obsolete. (What is
considered the Standards of the Practice of the
Engineering Profession?)
Must perform modifications in accordance with
the latest revision of the standard.
and
39
40
Wind, V
Wind on Ice, Vi
Ice, ti
Short period Ss
41
Deflection
(For Curve 1)
Guy 3
Deflection
(For Curve 2)
Elevation
42
(lb/ft3 )
[kN/m3]
c
(psf)
[kPa]
Shallow
Fnds.
Deep
Fnds.
Sf
(psf)
[kPa]
k
(pci)
[kN/m3]
110
[17]
1000
[48]
5000
[240]
9000
[431]
500
[24]
150
[41,000]
.01
30
110
[17]
3000
[144]
7000
[335]
500
[24]
35
[9,500]
N/A
Soil
Type
N
(blows/ ft)
[blows /m]
(deg)
Clay
8 [26]
Sand
10 [33]
50
43
Annex G Geotechnical
Investigations
Lists the minimum data that should be included in a soil
report.
Includes Soil pH and resistivity (Corrosion Control).
A listing that can be given to the Geotechnical Engineer
Fatigue
Monopole Base Plate Design
Stress Concentrations
New Technology
Aluminum
ASD
Corrections and adjustments
44