Edward k12 Fluid Mechanics Data

0
Engineering Analytic Principles and Predictive Computational Skills

for K-12 Students:
Statistics on High School
Age-Possible Fluid Mechanics Topics for
Engineering and Technology Educators and Curriculum Developers
Edward Locke
(edwardnlocke@yahoo.com)
Completed: July 9, 2009
Athens, Georgia, USA
Updated: Thursday, November 6, 2014
Monterey Park, California, USA
Original Research Data

Sources of Data
Table 1 lists (1) the college-level Textbook 1 (the primary source of data) used for the extraction of analytic and predictive
principles and computational formulas related to the subject of fluid mechanics, and (2) the instructors or students solution manuals
used to double-check for the mathematics computational skills needed for the study of various topics of fluid mechanics contained in
the selected.
Table 1. Data Source (Fluid Mechanics Textbook)
Title
Authors
Publisher
Year
ISBN
Main Textbook
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics, 5th Edition
Reference Book
A Brief Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 4th Edition
Bruce M. Munson, Donald F.

Young, Theodore H. Okiishi
Donald F. Young, Bruce R.

Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi,
Wade W. Huebsch
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2007
978-0470039625

2006
0-471-67582-2
Student Solution Manual

A Brief Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, Student Solutions
Manual, 4th Edition
Donald F. Young, Bruce R.
Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi,
Wade W. Huebsch
2007
978-0470099285
Notes for Chapter 6 and Chapter 7

Chapter 6 (Differential Analysis of Fluid Mechanics Flow) appears to be, for all practical purposes, too deep in calculus-based
mathematics for even 12th Grade students in Advanced Placement Calculus course to master.
Chapter 7 (Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling) involves a lot of abstract thinking and appears to be most likely
beyond the cognitive developmental maturity level of high school students.
Therefore, engineering analytic principles and skills from these two Chapters are NOT analyzed for the eventual inclusion into
a potentially viable K-12 engineering curriculum. However, some generic knowledge content covered in these two Chapters could still
be lightly explored by 9th or above Grade students; thus, their relative importance could still be rated at generic knowledge level. In
addition, some appropriate skills in 7.1 (Dimensional Analysis) could be considered for high schools.
Original Research Data
Table 2 (Fluid Mechanics Topic List) constitute the original research data; the way data is recorded and analyzed is shown in
Figure 1. The leftmost column in the Table 1 (Fluid Mechanics Topic List - Engineering Topics Mathematics and Science Prerequisite Completion Chart for the Subject of Fluid Mechanics) contains
1. The titles of each section under a particular chapter in the selected textbook, which in general represent particular sets of fluid
mechanics related engineering analytic and predictive principles, in a qualitative and explanatory way;
2. Computational formulas, which symbolically represent the above engineering analytic and predictive principles, in a quantitative
and mathematical way.
The middle column (divided into two sub-columns, i.e., Math, and Physics/Chemistry, is reserved for recording mathematics and
science (physics and chemistry) pre-requisites for understanding the knowledge content and using the formulas contained in the
particular chapters or sections, as well as the grade levels these pre-requisites are expected to be fulfilled according to Georgia
Performance Standards.
The right column records the prediction on the possible grade a particular chapter or section could be taught to K12 students.
Findings from the Research Project
Table 3A (Pre-Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics That Possibly Could Be Taught at 9th Grade), Table 3B (Pre-Requisite
Mathematics and Science Topics to Be Reviewed Before Teaching the Pre-Calculus Portion of Fluid Mechanics Topics to 9th Grade
Students), Table 4A (Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics for Post-Secondary Engineering Education), and Table 4B (PreRequisite Math and Science Topics to Be Reviewed Before Teaching the Calculus Portion of Fluid Mechanics Topics) constitute the
outcomes of the research, which is presented here to the public as public domain knowledge, to be used as sources of reference by
K12 engineering and technology education practitioners and curriculum developers, nationally and internationally, including myself,
of course!
Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List

Engineering Topics Mathematics and Science Pre-requisite Completion Chart for the Subject of Fluid Mechanics
Engineering Subject: Fluid
Engineering Analytic Topics & Typical Formulas
Math & Science Pre-requisite Topics & Completion Grade (Georgia Performance Standard Code)
[Pre-requisite Math Skills/Science Principles] (GPS Code) Grade (Table No.)
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
N/A
[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

[velocity] (S8P3) 8th (3A)
[force] (S4P3) 4th (3A) or (S8P3) 8th (3C)
[molecule] (S8P1) 8th (4A)
N/A
9th
[Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws] (SP1) 9th (3C)

[mass] (S8P3) 8th (3A)
[gravity] (S6E1) 6th (3A)
[density] (S6E5) 6th (4A)
9th
[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

9th
9th
[temperature] (SP3) 9th (3B)

[absolute temperature] (SP3) 9th (3B)
To be taught
9th
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluid
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
Fn
p
As
P
F n pAs
As
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Mechanics Behavior

N/A
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mechanics Mass and Weight
1.4.1 Density
m
V
V 1
1.4 2 Specific Weight
[unit conversion] (M6M1) 6th (2C)

[square root] (M8N1) 8th (2A)
N/A
[volume] (M5M4) 5th (1B) (M6M3) 6th (2B)
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
W mg
g
V
V
1.4.3 Specific Gravity
SG
9th
9th
9th
H O @ 4 C
2
1.5 Ideal Gas Law
p RT
9th
+
PS
Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[derivative] 12th (To be taught)
[trigonometric functions] (MA2G2) 10th (2F)

To be taught
PS
N/A
[derivative] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
N/A
9th
9th

[exponent] (M6A3) 6th (2A)

9th

[derivative] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
[speed of sound] (SPS9) 9th (3B)

To be taught
To be taught
9th
Chapter 1 Introduction (Continued)

1.6 Viscosity
Uy
u
b
tan
b
Ut
a Ut
lim
0
b
t
du
du

dy
dy
CT 3 / 2
T S
De B / T
U du
b dy
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids

1.7.1 Bulk Modulus
Ev
dp
d
Ev
dp
d
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases
Constant
Constant E v p E v kp
1.7.3 Speed of Sound

dp
dp
E v d d
Ev
dp
E v dp
c kRT
p RT
kp
9th
+
PS

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
1.8 Vapor Pressure
N/A
9th
1.9 Surface Tension
[areas of geometric shapes: circle, triangle]

(M5M1) 5th (2B)
(M5M1) 5th (2B)
[height] (MKM1) K (2B)
[intermolecular cohesive force] To be taught

[momentum] (SP3) 9th (3B)
[weight] (MKM1) K (2C)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
9th
9th

[sigma notation] (M6N1) 6th (1A) or
(MA1A3) 9th (2E)
[coordinate system] (M4G3) 4th (2B)
[limit] Post-Secondary
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

PS
Chapter 1 Introduction (Continued)
2R pR 2
2
R
2 cos
h
R
p pi p e
R 2 h 2R cos
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History

1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide
9th
+
PS
9th
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics (Continued)

2.1 Pressure at a Point
F ma
p yxz psxs sin
xyz
ay
2
xyz
xyz
Fz pzxy psxs cos 2 2 a z
xyz
V m V Fz ma z
2
y
PS

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[sigma notation] (M6N1) 6th (1A) or
(MA1A3) 9th (2E)
[limit] Post-Secondary
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

PS

[partial derivative] Post-Secondary
[gradient del] Post-Secondary
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

[acceleration] (S8P3) 8th (3C)
PS

2.1 Pressure at a Point (Continued)
F ma
p yxz psxs sin
xyz
ay
2
xyz
xyz
Fz pzxy psxs cos 2 2 az
xyz
V m V Fz ma z
2
y
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field
p y
p y
xz p
xz
Fy p
y
2
y 2
p
xyz
x
Fy xyz yxz V
y
p
Fz xyz
z
Fx
PS

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[gradient del] Post-Secondary
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

PS

[gradient] Post-Secondary
PS

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field (Continued)
p
p p
Fs Fx i Fy j Fz k i
j
k xyz
x
y
z
i j k
p p p
i
j
k p
x
y
z
x
y
z
F ma
Fs
p Wk xyzk
z
xyz
m pxy
F F Wk ma
pxyzk xyzkk xyzka
p k a
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid Mechanics at Rest
a 0 p k 0
p
p
p
0
0

x
y
z
dp

dz
PS

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[integration] 12th (To be taught)
9th

To be taught
[gas/liquid] (SPS5) 9th (3B) To be taught
9th

2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid
p2 p1 z2 z1
p1 dp z1 dz p1 p2 z2 z1
p1 h p2
p1 p2 h
p1 p2
h
p h p0 gh p0
p2
z2
2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
p
gp
dp
RT
dz
RT
dp
g
dz
dp
gp
dz
dz dp g dz
dz p
RT p
p
RT
p 2 dp
z2
g
g z 2 dz
p1 p z1 RT dz R z1 T
p 2 dp
p2
g z 2 dz
p1 p ln p1 R z1 T
p RT
g z2 z1
p2 p1 exp
RT0
Note: The main Formula
p h p0 gh p0
does not need calculus.
[integration] 12th (To be taught as a special
skill)
Note: The main formula
g z2 z1
p2 p1 exp
RT0
does not need calculus
9th
10

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th
9th

[cylinder] (M1G1) (M1G2) 1st (2B)
[height] (MKM1) K (2B)
9th
9th
9th

9th
N/A
N/A

2.4 Standard Atmosphere
z
p p a 1
Ta
T Ta z
g R
2.5 Measurement of Pressure
patm h pvapor
pabs p gage patm
2.6 Monometry
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube
p h p0
p A 1h1
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer
p h p0
p A 1h1 2 h2 0
p A 2 h2 1h1
p A 2 h2
p A 1h1 2 h2 3 h3 p B
p A p B 2 h2 3 h3 1h1
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
p A 1h1 2 2 sin 3 h3 p B
p A p B 2 2 sin 3 h3 1h1
p A p B 2 2 sin
p A pB
2 sin
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices
9th
+
PS
11

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
[surface] (M6M4) 6th (2B)

[integration] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)

[1st moment of the area] To be taught
[2nd moment of the area] To be taught
PS

[prism] (M6G2) 6th (2B)

9th

[Pythagorean Theorem] (M8G2) 8th (2B)
9th

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
FR h dA y sin dA FR sin y dA
A
y dA y c A FR Ay c sin
FR hc A FR y R y dF sin y 2 dA
A
yR
yR
y 2 dA
yc A
Ix
I Ay
xc
yc A
yc A
I xc
Ay 2
I
c xc y c
yc A yc A yc A
FR x R sin xy dA x R
A
xR
I xyc
yc A
xc
2
c
I x I xc Ay c2
xy dA
yc A
I xy
yc A
I xy I xyc Ax c y c
2.9 Pressure Prism

1
h
h
FR pav A A FR volume k bh A
2
2
2
FR F1 F2 FR y A F1 y1 F2 y2
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curves Surface
FH F2
FR
Fv F1 W
FH 2 Fv 2
9th
+
PS
12

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[volume] (M5M4) 5th (2B)
(M5M4) 5th (1B) (M6M3) 6th (2B)
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

[weight] (M4M1) 4th (2C)
9th

[partial derivative] Post-secondary
[gradient] Post-secondary

PS


PS

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
N/A
2.11.1 Archimedes Principle
FB F2 F1 W F2 F1 h2 h1 A
FB h2 h1 A h2 h1 A V
FB V FB yc F2 y1 F1 y1 Wy2
Vyc VT y1 VT V y2
2.11.2 Stability
N/A
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid Mechanics with RigidBody Motion
p
x a x
p
p k a
a y
y
p
a z
z
2.12.1 Linear Motion
p
p
p
p
a y
g a z dp
dy dz
y
z
y
z
dp a y dy g a z dz
ay
dz
dy
g az
dp
g a z
dz
9th
+
PS
13

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[partial derivatives] Post-secondary

PS
N/A
N/A
9th

To be taught
[speed] (S2P3) 2nd (3A)
9th

2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation
p
1 p
p
p
e r
e
e z a r r 2 e r
r
r
z
p
p
p
r 2
0

r
z
p
p
dp
dr
dz dp r 2 dr dz
r
z
dp 0 0 r 2 dr dz
a 0 a z 0
9th
+
PS
0 r 2 dr g dz 0 r 2 dr g dz
dz r 2
dr
g
g dz r 2 dr
dr
r
g
dz
r 2
r2 2
dr z
g
2 g
dz
z
p
2r2
2g
dr dr
dz
constant
2 r 2
2
r 2
dr
g
dp r dr dz
2
z constant
Chapter 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics The Bernoulli Equation

3.1
Newtons
Second
Law
F ma
as V
V
s
Fg ma
an V
V2
V V

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
Note: The main formula F ma

does not need calculus
9th
+
PS
14

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics The Bernoulli Equation (Continued)

3.2 F = ma along a Streamline
V
V
Fs mas mV s VV s
W V
Ws W sin XV sin
g
p s
ps
s 2
Fps p ps ny p ps ny 2psny
p
p
sny V
s
s
Fs Ws Fps sin s V
p
V
sin
V
a s
s
s
dz dp 1 d V 2
1

dp d V 2 dz 0
ds ds 2
ds
2
dp 1 2
2 V gz C (along a streamline)
1
p V 2 z constant along a streamline
2
(Bernoulli Equation)

[sigma notation] (M6N1) 6th (1A) or (MA1A3)
9th (2E)
Note: The main formulas
F ma
and
1
p V 2 z constant along a streamline
2
(Bernoulli Equation)
do not need calculus

9th
9th
+
PS
15

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.2 F = ma along a Streamline (Continued)
Alternatively
2
p N 12 N v N N g z N C streamline N
Pressure (along a streamline) Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
Constant
F F r W
p A A r V (Work per unit volume)
2
1
1 v 2 1 m v 2 2 m v KE (Kinetic energy per unit volume)
2
2
V
V
V
m
m g z PE
g z g z
V
V
V
(Potential energy per unit volume. zk h; g zk )

Law of conservation of mass
Law of conservation of energy
Bernouilli ' s Equation
p N 12 N v N N g z N C streamline N
2
vin n Ain Ain A2 out v2 out A1 out v1 out

[dot product] To be taught as a special math
topic
9th (2E)

PS
9th
+
PS
16

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline
mV 2 VV 2
Fn
Wn W cos V cos
F pn p p n sy p p n sy 2 p n sy
p
p
sny V
n
n
Fn Wn Fpn cos n V
dz p V 2 p
V 2
dn n
V 2
dz p
dn
dn
dn n

p dp
s constant
n dn
2
dp
V
dn gz constant across the streamline
V2
dn z constant across the streamline

[radius] (M3G1) 3rd (2B)

PS
9th
+
PS
17

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.4 Physical Interpretation
1
p V 2 z Constant along the streamline
2
V2
p
dn z constant across the streamline
p V2
z constant on a streamline
2g
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure
p2 p1
1
V12
2

1
2
p V z Constant along the streamline
2
p V2
z constant on a streamline
2g
do not need calculus

9th

9th

9th
1
p V 2 z pT constant along a streamline
2
2
1
1
2
p 3 p V
p3 p4 V
2
2
p4 p1 p
V
2 p3 p 4
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation
p1
1
1
V12 z1 p2 V22 z2
2
2

9th
+
PS
18

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.6.1 Free Jets
1
h V 2
2
h
V 2 2 gh
V 2 g h H
3.6.2 Confined Flows
1 A1V1 2 A2V2 A1V1 A2V2 Q1 Q2

3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
1
1
p1 V12 p 2 V 22 Q A1V1 A2V 2
2
2
2 p 1 p 2
Q A2
A 2
1 2
A1
1
1
p1 V12 z1 p 2 V 22 z 2 Q A1V1 bV1 z1 A2V 2 bV 2 z 2
2
2
2 g z1 z 2
p1 p 2 0 Q z 2 b
2
z
1 2
z1


9th

[areas of geometric shapes] (M5M1) 5th (2B)

9th

9th


9th
Q C1 Hb 2 gH C1 b 2 g H 3 / 2
z1 z 2
Q z 2 b 2 gz1
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
z constant on a streamline H
2g
2
9th
+
PS
19

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects
dp 1 2
p
RT
V gz constant
p 2
RT
V12
RT p1 V22
z1
ln
z2
2g
g p2 2 g
1
C 1 / k p 1 / k dp V 2 gz constant
2
p2
k k 1 / k
1/ k
1 / k
C p dp C 1 / k
p1k 1 / k
p2
p1
k 1
dp 1 2
RT
V gz constant
p 2
k p2 p1

k 1 p1 p1
2
2
k p1 V1
k p2 V2
gz1
gz2

2
k 1 p1 2
k 1 p2
k / k 1
p2 p1 k 1
1
Ma12
1 (compressible)
p1
2
p2 p1 kMa12
(incompressible)

V1
p1
2
Ma1
kRT1
p2 p1 kMa12 1
2k
Ma14 ... (compressible)

1 Ma1
p1
2 4
24
p2
V2
1
p1 2 RT1

[logarithmic functions] (MA2A5) 10th (2E) (To
be taught as a special skill)
And others do not need calculus
p
RT

9th
9th
+
PS
20

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

3.8.2 Unsteady Effects
V
1
ds dp d V 2 z 0 (along a streamline )
t
2
s2 V
1
1
p1 V12 z1
ds p2 V22 z 2
s
1
2
t
2
(along a streamline )
3. 8.3 Rotational Effects
1
1
V12 z1 p2 V22 z2 constant C12
2
2
V1 V2 V0
1
z1 z2 0 C12 V02 p0
2
p1 p2 p0
V3 V4 V0
z3 z 4 h
F ma
C34 C12
p3 p1 h
p3 p 4
1
p V 2 z constant throughout flow
2
p
p4 p5 H H H 4
p1
3.8.4 Other Restrictions



PS

9th
9th
+
PS
21

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[functions] (MA1A1) 9th (2E) and others
Post-secondary
PS

[calculus] Post-secondary
[Eulerian method] Post-secondary
[Lagrangian method] Post-secondary
PS

PS
Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics

4.1 The Velocity Field
V ux, y, z, t i v x, y, z, t j wx, y, z, t k
1/ 2
V V u 2 v 2 w 2
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions
x x0
T T x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t
y y0
T T x, y , z , t
z z 0
4.1.2
one-, Two-, and three-Dimensional Flows
V V x, t ui

V V x, y, , t ui vj

V V x, y, z, t ui vj wk
4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows
V
0
t
4.1.4 Streamilnes, Streaklines, and Pathlines
dy v
dx u
4.2 The Acceleration Field

a a t

PS


Post-secondary

PS
PS
22

Math
Physics/Chemistry

topic
[gradient: del] Post-secondary

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics (Continued)

4.2.1 The Material Derivative
V A V A rA , t V A x A t , y A t , z A t , t
x A x A t y A y A t z A z A t
dV A V A V A dx A V A dy A V A dz A
a A t
dt
t
x dt
y dt
z dt
V A
V A
V A
V A
aA
uA
vA
wA
t
x
y
z
V
V
V
V
a
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
u
u
u
u
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
DV
v
v
v
v
ay
u v w
a
t
x
y
z
Dt
w
w
w
w
ax
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
ax
u
v
w
V
Dt
t
x
y
z
t
( M aterial Derivative or Substantial Derivative)
x i y j z k
T T x, y , z, t

V V x, y , z, t
V u
v
w
x
y
z
dT A T A T A dx A T A dy A T A dz A
dt t x dt y dt z dt

DT T u T v T w T T V T
Dt
t
x
y
z
t
PS
PS
23

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
0
V
V
V V V V0
x
v
w
t
x
y z
t
t
v w 0

PS
4.2.3 Convective Effects

i
j
k
x
y
z
V V (Convective Accelerati on)

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates

[absolute value] (M7N1) 7th (2A)
[analytic geometry] Post-secondary
[analytic geometry] Post-secondary
[limit] Post-secondary

PS

PS
V Vs
DV
D Vs DV
Ds
a
a s s a n n a
s V
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt
V V ds V dn
s
ds
s dn
s V
t s dt n dt
t s dt n dt
V
s
a V
s V V
s
s
9th
+
PS
24

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[analytic geometry] 12th (To be taught)
[limit] Post-secondary

PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
9th

[momentum] (SP3) (3B)
9th

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates (Continued)
s 0
s
s
s 1
s 1
s
s n
lim
s s0 s
a s s
V
V2
a V
s
n
2
s
a V
n
4.3 Control Volume and System Representations
d mv
dt
4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

B m b 1
mV 2
V2
B mb B
b
2
2
B mV b V
B : Extensive Property b : Intensive Property
Infinitesimal fluid particles : V 0
9th
+
PS
25

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
topic

PS

4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem (Continued)
Bsys lim bi i Vi b dV
V 0
sys
B b V
d b dV
d b dV
dBcv
sys
cv

dt
dt
dt
dt
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
dBsys
B
CV m out bout m in bin
Dt
t
d mV
mV CV
Fsystem
m out Vout m in Vin

dt
DBsystem
d mV

dV
dt m dt ma F ( Newtons Second Law)
dm

dV
dM
d mV
dV
m V
V m
ma F &
m
ma F
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
m out Vout m in Vin M omentum Force
Note: Other Formulas used to derive the Reynolds Transport

Theorem are available in pages 171-177.
DBsys
Dt
b dV b V n dA
cv
cs
t
4.4.2 Physical Interpretation

N/A
9th
+
PS
26

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

topic

PS

topic
topic

PS

PS

4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative

V
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
D

u
v
w
V
Dt
t
x
y
z
t
( M aterial Derivative or Substantial Derivative)
4.4.4 Steady Effects
DBsys
Dt
sys
bV n dA
b dV b V n dA
cv
cs
Dt
t
DBsys
cs b V n dA 0 Dt t cv b dV
V V0i 0 B systemmomentum mV mV0i
V n 0 (out flow)
b V V0i V n 0 (in flow)
V n 0 (along the side of the CV)

DBsys
9th
+
PS
27

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

topic
To be taught as a special math topic

PS

[analytic geometry]

PS

4.4.5 Unsteady Effects (Continued)
DBsys
Dt
b dV
cs
t cv
b V n dA
b dV
Dt
t cv
V V0i 0 B systemmomentum mV mV0i
V n 0 (out flow)
b V V0i V n 0 (in flow)
V n 0 (along the side of the CV)
V n V0 (one section)

V n V0 (another section)
bV n dA V0i V n dA
cs
DBsys
b V n dA 0
cs
cs
V0i V0 dA V0i V0 dA
(1)
( 2)
V02 A1i V02 A1i 0
4.4.6 Moving
Control
Volumes
Vcv V W V W Vcv
DBsys
b dV bW n dA
cs
Dt
t cv
9th
+
PS
28

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
N/A
N/A
9th
N/A
N/A
9th

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

PS

4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume
N/A
4.5 Chapter Summary and study Guide
N/A
9th
+
PS
Chapter 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis

5.1 Conservation of Mass The Continuity Equation
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation
DM sys
0 M sys dV
sys
Dt
DV dV V n dA
dV V n dA
sys
cv
cv
cv
cs
Dt
t
t
dV 0 V n dA
cs
t cv
cs V n dA m out m in t cv V cs V n dA 0
m Q AV m V n dA
A
V n dA
Vaverage V A
A
V n dA V For uniformly distributed velocity

Vaverage V A
(one - dimensiona l flow)
A
9th
+
PS
29

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
5.1.2 Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
dV m out m in 0 Qout Qin 0

t cv
m AV
m AV
uniformly distributed
uniformly distributed
dV over the opening in the

t cv
over the opening in the
control surface
control surface
(one - dimensiona l flow)

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
9th (2E)

9th
m 1 A1V1 2 A2V2 Q A1V1 A2V2
m 1 A1V1 2 A2V2 Q A1V1 A2V2

PS

PS
N/A
9th
Chapter 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis (Continued)
in
m out
in
m out
are not based on calculus

5.1.3 Moving, Non-deforming Control Volume

DM sys
V W Vcv
dV W n dA 0
cv
cs
Dt
t
5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume
DM sys
dV W n dA 0
dV 0
cs
Dt
t cv
t cv

V W Vcs
5.2 Newtons Second Law The Linear Momentum and

Moment-of-Momentum Equation
N/A

topic
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
topic
N/A
9th
+
PS
30

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[vector] (MA3A10) 11th (2H) To be taught as
a special math topics
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
[dot product] To be taught as special math topic
[integration] 12th (To be taught as special skill)
[partial derivative]
(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
topic
skill)

PS

PS

5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
V dV Fsys
sys
Fsys Fcontentof thecoincidentcontrolvolume
V dV V dV VV n dA
cs
Dt sys
t cv
V dV VV n dA Fcontentof the
cs
t cv
control volume
5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation
V dV V dV VW n dA
sys
cv
cs
Dt
t
V dV VW n dA Fcontentof the
cv
cs
t
control volum

W Vcv dV W Vcv W n dA Fcontentsof the
cv
cs
t
control volume

For constant control volume volocity

W Vcv dV
t cv
For inertial, nondeforming control volume

W Vcv W n dA WW n dA Vcv W n dA
cs
cs
cs
For steady flow (on an instantaneous or time - average basis
cs W n dA 0

WW n dA Fcontentof the
cs
control volume
9th
+
PS
31

Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
[cross product] To be taught as a special math
topic
9th (2E)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
D
VV Fparticle r
V V r Fparticle
Dt
Dt
D VV
D
Dr
r V V
VV r
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dr
D
V V V 0
r V V r F
Dt
Dt
particle

D
sys Dt r V dV r F sys

r Fparticle r F sys

D
D
r V dV
r V dV
sys
sys
Dt
Dt

D
r V dV r F sys
sys
Dt

r F sys r F cv
r V dV r V dV r V V n dA
sys
cv
cs
Dt
t

r V dV r V V n dA r F contentsof the
cv
cs
control volume
t
PS
9th
+
PS
32

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
[vector] (MA3A10) 11th (2H) To be taught
as a special math topics
[dot product] and [cross product]
To be taught as a special math topics
skill)

PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
skill)
9th (2E)

[heat] (S2P2) 2nd (3A)
PS

5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum
Equation

r V dV 0 r V V n dA V W U
cv
cs
t

cs r V V n dA cs r V V n dA axial r2V 2 m

of the
Tshaft r2V 2 m Tshaft
r F contents
control volume
axial
W shaft Tshaft r2V 2 m W shaft U 2V 2 m wshaft U 2V 2

Tshaft m in rinVin m out routVout W shaft Tshaft
W
m r V m r V
shaft
r U
in
in
in
out
out
out
W shaft m in U inVin m out U outVout
m m in m out
wshaft U inVin U outVout
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics The Energy Equation

N/A
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
D
e dV Q in Q out sys Win Wout sys
Dt sys
V2
D
e dV Q net W net
e u
gz
Dt sys
2
in sys
in
Qnet W net Q net W net

in
in
in
in
sys
coincident
control volume
e dV e dV eV n dA
sys
cv
cs
Dt
t
PS
33

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
skill)
9th (2E)

PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
skill)

PS

5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation (Continued)
e dV eV n dA Q net W net
cv
cs
t
in cv
in
Q net 0 Q in Q ou 0
in
W shaft Tshaft W shaft W shaft W shaft

net in
in
out
p W normal stress Fnormal stress V
W normal stress n A V pn A V pV n A
W normal stress V n dA pV n dA
cs
cs
W tangentialstress Ftangentialstress V
e dV eV n dA Q net W shaft pV n dA
cs
cs
t cs
in
net in
Energy Equ ation :
p V2

e dV u
gz V n dA Q net W shaft
cs
t cs
2
in
net in
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
p V2

cs u 2 gz V n dA 0 V n 0
cs
p V2

p V2
u
gz V n dA u
gz m
2
2
flow

out
p V2
u
gz m
2
flow
in
9th
+
PS
34

Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation (Continued)
p V2

p V2
cs u 2 gz V n dA u 2 gz m out
out
p V2
u
gz m in
2
in
V 2 Vin2
p
p
m u out u in out
g zout zin
2
out in
Q W
net
in
h u
shaft
net in
V 2 Vin2
m h out h in out
g zout zin Q net W shaft
2
in
net in
Enthalpy for steady throughout, one - dimensiona l flow
involving only one fluid stream
V 2 Vin2
p
p
m u out u in out
g zout zin Q net
2
in
out
in
Enthalpy for compressive, one - dimensiona l, steady flow
V 2 Vin2
m h out h in out
g zout zin Q net
2
in
PS
9th
+
PS
35

Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the
Bernoulli Equation
p
p
V 2 Vin2
m u out u in out in out
g zout zin Q net
2
in
pout
Vout
p
V2
gzout in in gzin u out u in qnet

2
2
in
Q
net in
qnet
in
2
Vout
V 2
zout pin in zin g

g
2
2
pout
V 2
pout out zout
2
pout
2
out
V 2
pin in zin
2
2
in
V
p
V
gzout in
gzin
2
u out u in qnet 0 (Frictionless steady incompressible flow)

in
u out u in qnet 0 (Steady incompressible flow with friction)

in
u out u in qnet loss

in
9th
9th
+
PS
36

Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the
Bernoulli Equation
2
pout Vout
p
V2
gzout in in gzin loss
p
m u out u in out
2
pout Vout
gzout
pout
pout
2
Vout
gzout
2
pin
Vout
Vin2
g zout zin Q net W shaft
2
in
net in
Vin2
gzin wshaft u out u in qnet
2
net in
in
p
V2
in in gzin wshaft loss
2
net in
pin
2
Vout
V 2
zout pin in zin wshaft loss
2
2
net in
2
pout Vout
pin Vin2
gz
gzin wshaft loss

out

2
2
net in

g
2
Vout
p
V2
zout in in zin wshaft hs hL
2g
2g
net in
Wshaft W shaft
wshaft net in
net in
net in
hs
g
m g
Q
hT hs hL T h p hs hL P
pout
9th
9th
+
PS
37

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
skill)

9th

9th

5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flow
2
outVout
inVin2
V2
cs 2 V n dA m 2 2
V 2 2V n dA
m V 2
V2
V n dA
A 2
2
m V 2 2
V2
p
V2
out out gz out in in in gz in wshaft loss
2
net in
pout
pout V
2
out out
pout
gz out
pin
inV
gz in wshaft loss
2
net in
2
in

pout
2
out out
zout
pin
inVin2
wshaft
zin
net in
2g
2g
g
is based on pre-calculus mathematics. Others used
to derive this formula could be removed from
classroom instruction.
outVout2
inVin2
z out pin
z in wshaft loss
2
2
net in
2
pout outVout
pin inVin2
shaft loss
2 gz out 2 gz in wnet
in
pout
outVout2
2g
zout
pin
inVin2
2g
wshaft
zin
net in
hL
5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the

Moment-of-momentum Equation
wshaft loss
net in
wshaft
net in
9th
+
PS
38

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
skill)
[partial derivative] Post secondary
9th (2E)

PS

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
9th (2E)

PS

5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics Irreversible Flow
u 2 u1 qnet 0
in
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of

the Energy Equation
V 2
1
m d u d d g dz Q net T ds d u pd
in

V 2
1
p
m T ds pd d d g dz Q net
2
in
V 2
d g dz T ds qnet
2
in

5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of
the Second Law of Thermodynamics
dp
Q net
D
s dV in
Dt sys
T
sys
D
s dV
Dt sys
t cv
Q net
Q net
in
T Tin
sys
cv
s dV sV n dA
cs
Q net
d
V
n
dA
Tin
cs
t cv
cv
Q
Q
m sout S IN
net
in
m ds
T
T ds qnet T ds qnet 0
in
in
net
in
s dV 0
t cv
9th
+
PS
39

Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and
Second Laws of Thermodynamics
dp
V 2
d g dz 0
2
dp
d g dz loss T ds qnet
2
in
V 2
d g dz 0
dp
dp
V 2
d g dz loss wshaft
2
net in

1
d u pd qnet loss
in
1
d 0 d u qnet loss
in

u out u in qnet loss

in
out
1
1
d 0 u out u in pd qnet loss
in

in
PS
9th
+
PS
40

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th
N/A
9th

5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form of the Energy
Equation
2 dp
p2 V22
p V2
V2
V2
gz2 1 1 gz1
2 gz2 1 gz1
2
2
2
p
constant
dp
k p2 p1

k 1 2 1
2
2
9th
+
PS
k p2 V22
k p1 V12
gz2
gz1
k 1 2 2
k 1 1 2
2
1
k p2 V
k p1 V
gz2
gz1
k 1 2
2
k 1 1 2
is not based on calculus

N/A

N/A
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Mechanics Flow (Note: This whole Chapter appears to be too deep in calculus-based mathematics. Actually, some
professors in undergraduate engineering programs cut the whole Chapter off when teaching Fluid Mechanics course. Therefore, engineering analytic principles and skills from this Chapter
are NOT analyzed for the eventual inclusion into a potentially viable K-12 engineering curriculum. The subheadings of Sections are still listed below for reference purposes).
6.1 Fluid Mechanics Element Kinematics
6.3.2 Equations of Motion
6.5.3 Vortex
6.8.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations
PS
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation
6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation
6.2 Conservation of mass
6.2.1 Differential Survey Form of Continuity
Equation
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
6.2.3 The Stream Function
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the
Differential Element
6.4 Inviscid Flow

6.4.1 Eulers Equations of Motion
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.5.1 Uniform Flow
6.5.2 Source and Sink
6.5.4 Doublet
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream Half-Body
6.6.2 Rankine Ovals
6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis
6.8 Viscous Flow
6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous,

Incompressible Fluids
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel
Plates
6.9.2 Couette Flow
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus
6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
6.10.1 Numerical Methods
Chapter Summary and Study Guide
41

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 7 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling (Note: This whole Chapter appears to be mildly deep in calculus-based mathematics. However, the
type of abstract thinking required to understand and to apply the content knowledge contained in this Chapter appears to be most likely beyond the cognitive developmental maturity
level of high school students. Therefore, engineering analytic principles and skills from this Chapter are NOT analyzed for the eventual inclusion into a potentially viable K-12 engineering
curriculum. The subheadings of Sections are still listed before for reference purposes). Some appropriate skills in 7.1 (Dimensional Analysis) could be considered for high schools.
7.1 Dimensional Analysis
7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms
7.8 Modeling and Similitude
7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies
PS
7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms
7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional
Analysis
7.4.1 Selection of Variables
7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection

7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid
Mechanics
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term
7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Term
7.8.1 Theory of Models

7.8.2 Model Space
7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models
7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface

7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential
Equations
7.9 Some Typical Model Studies

7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits
Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
8.1.1 Laminar of Turbulent Flow
VD
Re
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

e
0.06 Re (for turbulent flow)
D
e
1/ 6
4.4Re (for turbulent flow)
D
104 Re 105
8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress
p
p
p p1 p2
0
x


PS

PS
9th
+
PS
42

Math
Physics/Chemistry

[coordinate system]
[dot product]

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes (Continued)

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid
Mechanics Element
V
u
F ma
0 V V u i 0 p2 p1 p
t
x
2
2
p1 r p1 p r 2r 0 p 2 2 w r
r
D
p
4 w
du du
p
p

r dr
r du
D
dr dr
2
2
2
2r 2
pD 2 2 r
p 2
1 Vc 1
u
r C1 u r
4
16 D
D
u r
2
wD r
1
4 R
2
rR
R
r
Q u dA u r 2r dr 2 Vc 1 r dr
r 0
0
R
R 2Vc
Q
Q
R 2Vc Vc pD 2
V 2 V

2
A R
2R 2
2 32
D 4 p
128
p sin D
128
p sin 2
r
4
p sin D 2
32
PS
9th
+
PS
43

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[dot product]
[gradient: del] Post-secondary

PS

Note: Special topics from 7.1 (Dimensional
Analysis) need to be taught
PS

9th

8.2.2 From the Navier-Stokes Equations
V
p
V V 0
V V
g v 2V
t
g gk V 0 p gk 2V
p
1 u
g sin
r
x
r r r
8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis

D p
C
p F V , , D,

C constant
V
D D D
D p C p CV
4C pD 4
2 Q AV
V
D
32V D 2 64 64
p
VD D
1
1
Re D
V 2
V 2
2
2
2
V 2
64
8 w
D V
p f
f p
f Re f V 2
D 2
2
p
32 V
D2
8.2.4 Energy Considerations

V2
p
V2
1 1 z1 2 2 2 z2 hL
2g
2g
p1
p1 p2 p z2 z1 sin
hL
2
4 w
hL
r
D
p1
p
z1 2 z1 hL

9th
+
PS
44

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

skill)

PS

[logarithmic functions] (MA2A5) 10th (2E)
PS

8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
N/A
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
N/A
8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress
1 t0 T
u u x, y , z, t dt u u u' u' u u
T t0
t0 T
1 t0 T
1 t0 T
1
u ' u u dt u dt u dt Tu Tu 0
t
t
t
0
0
0
T
T
T
1 t0 T
2
2
u' t u' dt 0
T 0
u'
Turbulence intensity
du
du

dy
dy
1
T
u u y
u' dt
t0 T
1/ 2
t0
u
du

u' v ' lam turb
dy
du
du
du
2m
turb 2m
dy
dy
dy
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile
turb
u
yu *
u*
v
1/ 2

y R r u* w
Vc u 2.5 ln R
1/ n
u
r
y V 1 R
u*
c
8.3.4 Turbulent Modeling
N/A
u
yu *
2.5 ln
5.0
u*
v
9th
+
PS
45

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry
N/A
N/A
PS
9th

(M5M1) 5th (2B)
(M5M1) 5th (2B)
[graph] (S7CS6) 7th (6)

9th

8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence N/A
8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
hL hL major hL minor
8.4.1 Major Losses
hL hL major hL minor
p F V , D, , , ,
~ VD
p
VD
p

, , Re
Re,
1
1
D
D
D
D
2
2
V
V
2
2
p1
V2
p
V2
f Re,
1 1 z1 2 2 2 z2 hL
D
2g
2g
V2
V 2
hL major f
p1 p2 z 2 z1 hL z2 z1 f
D 2g
D 2
D
1
2.51
2.0 log
3
.
7
f
Re
f
8.4.2 Minor Losses

h
p
1
V2
K L L2 minor
p K L V 2 hL minor K L
V 2 g 1 V 2
2
2g
2
V2
V2
K D
K L geometry , Re hL minor K L
f eq
eq L
2g
D 2g
f
A1V1 A3V3 p1 A3 p3 A3 A3V3 V3 V1
p1
V12 p3 V32
hL
2g 2g
V 2
C p p2 p1 1
2
KL
hL
V 2g
2
1
A
K L 1 1
A
2
9th
+
PS
46

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th


9th
N/A
N/A

8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits
C
VDh
4 A 4D 2 4
f
Re h
Dh
D
Re h
P
D
hL f
Dh V 2
2g
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples
N/A
8.5.1 Single Pipes
N/A
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems
N/A
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters
2 p1 p2
Qideal A2V2 A2
Q A1V1 A2V2
1 4
p1
V12 p2 V22
2 p1 p2
hL Q C0Qidea l C0 A0
2g 2g
1 4
d
D
Re
VD
Q
V
A1
2 p1 p2
2 p1 p2
Q CvQideal Cv AT
1 4
1 4
8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters
N/A
N/A
Q CnQideal Cn An
9th
9th
+
PS
47

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

9th

[Reynolds Number] To be taught as special
topic
9th
Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies

9.1 General External Flow Characteristics
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts
dFx p dAcos w dA sin

dFy p dAin w dA cos
D dFx p cos dA w sin dA
L dFy p sin dA w cos dA
L
D
CL
CD
1
1
U 2 A
U 2 A
2
2
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object

N/A
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics
N/A
9.2.1 Boundary Layer structure and Thickness on a Flat
Plate
u
* bU U u b dy * 1 dy
0
0
U
uU u dA b uU u dy
0
u
U
1 dy
U
bU 2O uU u dy
0
CL
1
U 2 A
2
CD
1
U 2 A
2
are not based on calculus

N/A
skill)
PS
9th
+
PS
48

Math
Physics/Chemistry

Post-secondary
[3rd order non-linear differential equation]
Post-secondary

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies (Continued)

9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution
u
u
1 p 2 u 2 u
u v
x
y
x x 2 y 2
v
v
1 p 2 v 2 v
v
v
x
y
x x 2 y 2
v u
u v
u v
0

x y
x y
x
y
u
u
2u
v
v 2
x
y
y
u v 0 on
y0
1/ 2
u U
U

vx
as
2
u
y
vx
g ~
U
VxU
1/ 2
f f
vU
v
u Uf ' v
y
x
4x
2 f ' ' ' ff ' ' 0 f f ' 0 at 0
1/ 2
f f ' 0 at 0 and
vx
5
U
x
Re x
w 0.332U 3 / 2
f ' f
f ' 1 as
* 1.721
x
Re x
O 0.664
x
Re x
PS
9th
+
PS
49

Math
Physics/Chemistry

topic
9th (2E)
skill)

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

9.2.3 Momentum Integral boundary Layer Equation for
a Flat Plate
Fx 1 uV n dA 2 uV n dA
Fx D plate w dA plate w dx
D U U dA u 2 dA D U 2 bh b u 2 dy
1
2
0
Uh u dy U 2 bh b Uu dy D b u U u dy
0
0
0
dD
dO dD
dO
D bU 2 O
bU 2
b w w U 2
dx
dx dx
dx
1
2
D b u U u dy bU g Y 1 g Y dY
0
0
1
D bU 2 C1 C1 g Y 1 g Y dY
0
u
w
y
y 0
U dg
dY
Y 0
U
dg
C2 C2
dY
C 2
2vC2 x
d
dx
UC1
UC1
w
C1C 2 3 / 2
U
2
x
c f 2C1C 2
cf
2C 2 C1
Re x
w
1
U 2
2
2C1C 2
Ux
Re x
cf
0.664
Re x
Y 0
PS
9th
+
PS
50

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

topic
9th (2E)
skill)

PS


PS


9th


9th

9.2.3 Momentum Integral boundary Layer Equation for
a Flat Plate (Continued)
C Df
C Df
Df
1
U 2 b
2
1.328
b w dx
0
1
U 2 b
2
C Df
8C1C 2
1
c f dx C Df
0
Re
Re

N/A
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
N/A
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient
N/A
9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation
with Nonzero Pressure Gradient
dU fs
dU fs
dp
d
U fs
w U 2fsO *U fs
dx
dx
dx
dx
U fs U constant
9.3 Drag
D
CD
C D shape, Re, Ma, Fr ,
1
U 2 A
2
9.3.1 Friction Drag
1
D f U 2 bC Df
2
9th
+
PS
51

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th


9th
N/A
N/A

[ellipse] (MA2G4) 10th (2F) To be taught


9.3.2 Pressure Drag
D p cos dA
Dp
cos dA C p cos dA
C Dp
1
1
A
U 2 A
U 2 A
2
2
D
2CU 2C
D f U , , D CU C D
1
U 2 2 Re
2 2
U
2
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples
9.4 Lift
9.4.1 Surface
Pressure Distribution
L
CL
C L shape, Re, Ma, Fr ,
1
U 2 A
2
9.4.2 Circulation
N/A
N/A
9th
+
PS
9th
Chapter 10 Open Channel Flow

10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow
1/ 2
Re VRh Fr V g
9th
9th
+
PS
52

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Chapter 10 Open Channel Flow (Continued)

10.2 Surface Waves
10.2.1 Wave Speed
cy b c V y y b
y y V
c

y
V
y y c y
1 2
1
y b y y 2 b bcy c V c
2
2
y A y y 2 b
y A y y 2 b
F1 c1 1
F2 c 2 2
2
2
V2
y constant
2g
V V
y 0
V g
c gy

y c
y V V y 0
1/ 2
y
y
1 c gy 1
y
y
9th
9th
+
PS
53

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[analytic geometry: hyperbolic tangent] Postsecondary To be taught

9th
N/A

[potential energy] (SP3) 9th (3A)
9th

10.2.1 Wave Speed (Continued)
1/ 2
g
g
2y
c tanh
y c
2

2
y
2y
tanh
1 as

y
2y 2y
tanh
as
0

10.2.2 Froude Number Effects
N/A
10.3 Energy Considerations
p1
y1
V12
p V2
z1 2 2 z 2 hL
2g
2g
V12
V2
S 0 y 2 2 hL
2g
2g
Sf
hL
y1 y 2
S f 0

S0 0
y1 y 2
2
2
2
2
z1 z 2 S 0
p1
y1

p2
y2
V12
S f S 0
2g
V12
2g

9th
9th
+
PS
54

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[energy] (SP3) 9th (3B)

9th


PS

[perimeter] (M3M3) (M3M4) 3rd (2B)

[stress] To be taught
9th

10.3.1 Specific Energy
V2
q2
E y
E1 E 2 S f S 0 E y
2g
2 gy 2
dE
q2
1 3 0
dy
gy
q2
y c
g
1/ 3
E min
3 yc
2
q y c3 / 2 g 1 / 2
1/ 2
gy c Fr Vc gy c 1
yc
yc
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations
dH
dz
H 1 H 2 hL
Sf
S0
dx
dx
V dV dy dz
dH
d V 2
y z
dx dx 2 g
g dx dx dx
Vc
dhL V dV dy
S0
dx
g dx dx
V dV dy
S f S0
g dx dx
dV
q dy
V dy V dV V 2 dy
dy
2
Fr 2
dx
y dx
y dx g dx gy dx
dx
S
dy
1/ 2
f
0
Fr V gy
dx 1 Fr 2
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations
N/A
9th
+
PS
55

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th


9th

10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations
Fx Q V2 V1 0 F1 F2 w P W sin 0 Fx 0
AS 0
W sin WS 0
w
Rh S 0
w
P
P
P
sin tan S 0
V2
V2
w K
K
Rh S 0
2
2
S 0 1

V C Rh S 0
W A
R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
Rh A P
V h 0
2 / 3 1/ 2
2 / 3 1/ 2
V ARh S 0
Q ARh S 0
n
n
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples
N/A
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow
N/A
10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes
N/A
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows
N/A
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow
N/A
9th
+
PS
56

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump
F1 F2 Q V2 V1 V1 y1bV2 V1
y12 b
y
pc1 1
2
2
2
2 y1 y 2 V1 y1 V V
2
1
2
2
2
g
y b
y
F2 pc 2 A2 2
pc1 2
2
2
V12
V2
y1b1V1 y 2 b2V2 Q y1
y 2 2 hL
2g
2g
F1 pc1 A1
V2y
y12 y 22 V1 y1 V1 y1
V1 1 1 y1 y 2
2
2
g y2
gy 2
V
Fr1 1
2
gy`1
y2 y2
2 Fr12 0
y2 1
y1 y1
1 1 8Fr12
y1 2
y2 1
1 1 8Fr12
y1 2
2
hL
y
Fr 2 y
1 2 1 1 1
y1
y1
2 y2
9th
9th
+
PS
57

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th

9th

10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs
pA
2
1
u2 2 g h
2 g
2
2
2
1
V
u
z A H Pw h
2g
2g
Q u2 dA
hH
h 0
( 2)
u2 dh
Nore: The main formulas are not based on calculus.
1/ 2
H
V2
b Q 2 g b h 1 dh
0
2g
Pw H
3/ 2
3/ 2
V 2
V2
2
2 g b H 1 1 V12
3
2g
H
2 g
2g
2
2
2 g H 3 / 2 Q C wr
2 g bH 3 / 2
3
3
2
V
2H h tan 1 H
2 2g
8

Q C wt tan 2 g H 5 / 2
15 2
H
C wr 0.611 0.075
Pw
8

Q tan 2 g H 5 / 2
15 2
10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs

V 2 V12 Vc2
V2
V2
H Pw 1 y c p w c H y c c
2g
2g
2g
2g
V2 Vc gy c
1/ 2
V gy c
2
c
yc
H yc
2
yc
2H
3

9th
+
PS
58

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th

N/A

9th
N/A
9th

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
Post-secondary
skill)
[Ideal Gas Law] Post-secondary to be taught

PS

10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs (Continued)
1/ 2
Q by 2V 2 by cVc by c gy c b g y c3 / 2
3/ 2
2
2
Q b g H 3 / 2 Q C wb b g
3
3
0.65
C wb
1 H Pw 1 / 2
10.6.4 Underflow Gates
q Cd a 2gy1
3/ 2
9th
+
PS
H 3/ 2

N/A
Chapter 11 Compressible Flow

11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships
du
p RT R
cv
d u c v dT
M gas
dT
T
T2
1
u 2 u 1 c v dT V
u 2 u 1 c v T2 T1
T1
h u
d h c p dT
u u T
RT
T2
h 2 h 1 c p dT
T1
dh
h h T c p
dT
T
h 2 h 1 c p T2 T1 h u RT
9th
+
PS
59

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
Post-secondary
skill)

PS

PS
Chapter 11 Compressible Flow (Continued)

11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships (Continued)
d h d u R dT
cp
dh du
R c p cv R k
dT dT
cv
1
Rk
R
cv
T ds d u pd
k 1
k 1
1 1
1
d h d u pd dp T ds d h dp
cp
1
dT
dp
d ds c p
R
T
p

T
T
p
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 1 s2 s1 c p ln 2 R ln 2
T1
2
T1
p1
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound
V
Ma
Ac c V
c
c c V c V V c
ds cv
dT
R
T 1

ccA c V c V A pA p p A
ccA c V Ac pA V
p 2 p
c
c
V 2
p
p c V 2 c 2
g z loss
2
2
2
p
c
9th
+
PS
60

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

(MA1G5) 9th (2F)
Post-secondary
skill)

PS


9th

PS

11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound (Continued)
p
c
p
p constant k
c
s
p p 0
p
p
p
constantk k 1 k k k 1 k RTk c RTk
s
Ev
p
dp
c
d
s
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow
c
1
r t t wave c sin
V Ma
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional
Areas
1
dp
dV
m AV constant dp d V 2 dz 0
2
V
V 2
d dA dV
ln ln A ln V constant
A V
Ev
dV d dA
A

dp
dV
V
V
dp
V 2
V 2 dA
1

A
dp d

9th
+
PS
61

Math
Physics/Chemistry
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional
Areas (Continued)
p
c
V
dp
1 Ma 2 dA
Ma

2
c
A
dp
V 2 dA
1
V 2 dp d A
dp
dV
V
V 2
dV
dA
1

dp
V
A 1 Ma 2
1 Ma 2 dA
2
A
V
d
dA Ma 2
dA
A
1 Ma 2
2
A 1 Ma dV
V
11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
p
p 01 / k dp
V 2
V 2
p
dp
0
0
constant 0k
d
d
k
1/ k
0 p
p
p0
2
2


PS

9th
2
k p0 p V 2
kR
T0 T V 0

0
k 1 0 2
k 1
2
V2
cp
h 0 h
h 2 h 1 c p T2 T1
T0 T V

9th
+
PS
62

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow (Continued)
T
1
T0 1 k 1 2Ma 2
p 0 T

p 0 T0
T
1
T0 1 k 1 2Ma 2

k / k 1
p T
p 0 T0
p T

p 0 T0
k / k 1
p
1
p 0 1 k 1 2Ma 2
k / k 1
p 0 T

p 0 T0
k / k 1
p
1
p 0 1 k 1 2Ma 2
T
1
T0 1 k 1 2Ma 2
0
1
1 k 1 2Ma 2
p* 2
p0 k 1
T*
2
T0
k 1
k / k 1
k / k 1
p *
0.528
p 0 k 1.4
p *k 1.4 0.528 p atm
T *
0.833 T *k 1.4 0.833Tatm

T0 k 1.4
9th
9th
+
PS
63

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

Ma 1
p RT
k / k 1
p* 2

p0 k 1
T*
2
T0
k 1
* * T0 2
0 T * p0 k 1
k / k 1
k 1 2
2 k 1
k / k 1
0.634
0 k 1.4
AV * A *V *
A * V * V * RT * k
A * V V Ma RTk
A
1 * 0
A * Ma 0
T * T0
T T0
9th
9th
+
PS
64

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th
N/A

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B)
[friction] (S8P3) 8th (3A) To be taught
9th

T
1
2
T0 1 k 1 2Ma
k / k 1
p
1
p0 1 k 1 2Ma 2
T*
2

T0
k 1
k / k 1
k / k 1
* * T0 2
k
1
2
0 T * p0 k 1
2 k 1
A
1 * 0 T * T0
A * Ma 0 T T0
A
1
A * Ma
1 k 1 2Ma 2
1 k 1 2
k 1 2 k 1
11.4.3 Constant Area Duct Flow

N/A
9th
+
PS
65

Math
Physics/Chemistry

[derivative] Post-secondary

[entropy] Post-secondary To be taught
[wave] (S8P4) 8th (3A)
Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant Area Duct Flow with Friction
(Fanno Flow)
V 2 V12
m h 2 h 1 2
g z 2 z1 Q net W shaft
2
in
net in
V2
T
T0 constant
V2
h
h 0 constant
2c p
2

2
T V T constant
h h 0 c p T T0
0
2c p 2
V 2 T 2
2c p p 2 R 2
s s1 c p ln
T ds d h
T0 constant
p RT
T
p
R ln
T1
p1
dp
d h c p dT

p RT
dp d dT
d dT
d
dV
V constant
T ds c p dT RT
dV dT ds c p
1 dV 1
T ds c p dT RT
T dT
T
V
V dT T
cp
dV
dT
V
cp 1
ds c p
R 2 Va
dT
T
T
V
RTa k
PS
9th
+
PS
66

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

(Fanno Flow)
R
p1 A1 p 2 A2 R x m V2 V1 p1 p 2 x V V2 V1
A
w D d x
8 w
dp
V dV f
A
V 2
D 2
V 2 dx
dp f
V dV
4
2 D
f V 2 dx d V 2
dp
0
p 2 D p 2
dp fk
dx
Ma 2 d V 2
Ma 2
k
0
p
2
D
2 V2
V Ma RTk
2
d V 2 d Ma 2 dT
T
V2
Ma 2
dT d V 2
0
T
2c p T
d Ma 2 Ma 2
dT k 1
d V 2
d V 2
Ma 2
0
2
2
T
2
V
V
1 k 1 2Ma 2
dp 1 d V 2 d Ma 2
p
2 V2
Ma 2
2
2
1
1 kMa 2 d V2 d Ma2 f Ma 2 dx 0
2
k
D
V
Ma
PS
9th
+
PS
67

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

(Fanno Flow) (Continued)
1 Ma 2 d Ma 2 f dx
D
1 k 1 2Ma 2 kMa 4
1 Ma d Ma f
1 k 1 2Ma kMa
1 1 Ma k 1 k 1 2Ma
ln
Ma * 1
Ma
dx
D
2
f *
2
k Ma
2k
D
1
2
Ma
f * 2 f * 1 f
1 2
D
D
D
k 1
dT
d Ma 2
T
21 k 1 2Ma 2
2
k 1 2
T
T * 1 k 1 2Ma 2
V
Ma RTk
T
Ma
V*
T*
RT * k
k 1 2Ma 2
V
V * 1 k 1 2Ma 2
1/ 2
1 k 1 2Ma 2
* k 1 2Ma 2
1/ 2
k 1 2
p
1
p * Ma 1 k 1 2Ma 2
p0
1
p *0 Ma
V*
* V
p
T
p* * T *
1/ 2
p0
p p p *
0
p *0 p p * p *0
2 k 1
2
k 1 1 2 Ma
k 1 2 k 1
PS
9th
+
PS
68

Math
Physics/Chemistry

[derivative] 12th +

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

11.5.2 Frictionless Constant Area Duct Flow with Heat
Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)
V 2 constant
p1 A1 m V1 p2 A2 m V2 R x p
V 2 RT
constant V constant
dp V dV
dp
V dV
T ds c p dT V dV
T ds d h V dV
ds c p V dV
dT T T dT
ds c p V
1
Va RTa k
dT T T T V V R
Ma a 1
dT
1
1
ds ds dT c p T V T T V V R 1
dT
0 Ma b
ds
d h V dV q
dV
q
V
c pT
dV
q
1
V
c p T 1 Ma 2
p
1 k
pa 1 kMa 2
1
k
V dT V 2 k 1
T dV kRT
p V 2 pa aVa2
p V 2
1 a Va2
pa
pa
pa
T
p a
Ta pa
a V
Va
PS
9th
+
PS
69

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

[derivative] 12th +

PS


[temperature] (S3P1) 3rd (3A)
9th

11.5.2 Frictionless Constant Area Duct Flow with Heat
Transfer (Rayleigh Flow) (Continued)
a
T
Ma
Ta
T p

Ma
Ta pa
T 1 k Ma
Ta 1 kMa 2
a V
T T T
1 k Ma T
Ma
0 a
2
Va
1 kMa T0,a T Ta T0,a
T
T0,a
k 1
2k 1Ma 2 1
Ma 2
2
1 kMa2 2
p 0 p 0 p p a

p0,a p pa p0,a
p0
1 k 2 1 k 1 Ma 2
p0,a 1 kMa 2 k 1
2
11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves
V constant p V 2 constant p
k k 1
RT
constant
V2
h 0 constant h h 0 c p T T0 p RT
2
V 2 T 2
T
T0 constant
2c p p 2 R 2
py
px
p y p
a
p a p x
py
pa
1 k
1 kMa 2y
px
1 k
p a 1 kMa x2
9th
+
PS
70

Math
Physics/Chemistry


Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch

(Continued)
p y 1 kMa x2 p y p y p *
p x 1 kMa 2y p x p * p x
k 1 2
p
1
p * Ma 1 K 1 2Ma 2
V 2 V 2 kV 2
p x xV x2 p y yVY2
kMa 2
p
RT RTk
1/ 2
Ty
k 1 2
T y T * T * 1 k 1 2Ma 2y

T x T * T x T x
k 1 2
T * 1 k 1 2Ma x2
Ty
Ty
Tx
1 k 1 2Ma x2
1 k 1 2Ma 2y
Ty

p x Tx
py
V x
V y
py
px
Ty

p x Tx
py
1 k 1 2Ma x2
p x 1 k 1 2Ma 2y
Ma x2 2 k 1
Ma 2y
2k k 1Ma x2 1
Tx
1/ 2
Ma x
Ma
y
xV x yV y
1/ 2
py
Ty
Ty

Tx
Ma x
Ma y
py
px
2k
k 1
Ma x2
k 1
k 1
1 k 1 2Ma 2k k 1Ma
k 1
2
x
2k 1 Ma
2
x
2
x
9th
9th
+
PS
71

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th

9th

[triangle] (M5M1) 5th (2B)
9th
N/A
N/A
9th
N/A

[work] (S8P3) 8th (3A)
[power] (SP3) 9th (3B)
9th

11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves (Continued)
y V x y p y T x y V x
k 1Ma x2
x V y x p x T y x V y k 1Ma x2 2
p0, y
p0, x
p 0 , y p y p x

p p p
y x 0 , x
k k 1
k 1 k
k 1
k 1
Ma x2
Ma x2
1
p0, y 2
2
1 k 1
p0, x
2
k
k
Ma x2
k 1
k 1
11.6 Analogy between Compressible and Open-Channel
Flows
V
V
V
Ma
Fr oc coc gy Fr oc AV constant
c
coc
gy
ybVoc constant c constantk k 1
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow
Vt1 Vt 2

N/A

9th
+
PS
Chapter 12 Turbomachines
12.1 Introduction
N/A
9th
72

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

9th

9th (2E)
skill)
[special math: cross product]

[torque] Post-secondary To be taught
9th
N/A
N/A
9th


9th
Chapter 12 Turbomachines (Continued)

12.2 Basic Energy Considerations

V W U U r
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations

r F r V V n dA Tshaft m 1 r1V 1 m 2 r1V 2
cs
m Q W shaft Tshaft W shaft m 1 U 1V 1 m 2 U 1V 2

wshaft
W shaft
m
wshaft U 1V 1 U 1V 2 V 2 V2 Vx2
V 2 U 2 W 2
2
V22 V12 U 22 U 12 W22 W12
wshaft
2
Vx2 V U W 2 V U
2
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump

N/A
12.4.1
Theoretical Considerations

V1 W1 U 1 U 1 r1
m 1 m 2 m
V2 W2 U 2 U 2 r2
Tshaft m r2V 2 r1V 1 Tshaft Q r2V 2 r1V 1
W shaft Tshaft W shaft Q r2V 2 r1V 1

W shaft
W shaft Q U 2V 2 U 1V 1 wshaft
U 2V 2 U 1V 1
Q
1
W shaft gQhi hi U 2V 2 U 1V 1
g
9th
73

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th


9th

9th (2E)

9th

12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations (Continued)
1
V22 V12 U 22 U12 W22 W12 hi U 2V 2
hi
2g
g
cot 2
U 2 V 2
Vr 2
hi
U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot 2
g
g
Q 2r2 b2Vr 2
U 22 U 2 cot 2
Q
g
2r2 b2 g
12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics
p p1
V 2 V12
ha 2
z 2 z1 2
2g
p p1
ha h p hs hL ha 2
f Qha
hi
Qha
f water horsepower
550
f
power gained by thev fluid
shaft power driving the pump W shaft
Qha 550
h m v
bhp
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
p V2 p
patm
p V2
NPSH s s v
z1 s s hL
2g
2g
Vs2 patm
z1 hL
2g
p
p
NPSH atm z1 hL v
ps
9th
74

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

9th (2E)
[ratio] (M6A1) 6th (2A)

9th

9th

(M5M1) 5th (2B)
(M5M1) 5th (2B)

9th

12.4 4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection
h p z2 z1 hL h p z2 z1 KQ 2
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws
dependent variable f D, i , , Q, , ,
Q D 2
dependent pi term i , ,
,
3

D D D
Q D 2
gha
1 i , ,
,
2
2
3
D

D D D
W shaft
Q D 2
C
2 i , ,
,
3 5
3
D

D D D
CH
Q D 2
gQh
a 3 i , ,
,
3
Wshaft

D D D
gha
Q W shaft
Q
Q
1
2
3 3
2
2
3
3 5
3
D
D D
D
D
gh
gh
Q
Q

2 a2 2 a2
3
3
D 1 D 2 D 1 D 2
W shaft W shaft

2
3 D 5 3 D 5
1
2
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws

Q1 1 ha1 12 W shaft1 13 Q1 D13
Q2 2 ha 2 22 W shaft2 23 Q2 D23
W shaft1 D15
W shaft2 D25
1 2 D1

1 1 D2
1/ 5
2
1
2
2
ha1 D
ha 2 D
9th
75

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry

9th

9th
9th

(M5M1) 5th (2B)
(M5M1) 5th (2B)

9th


9th

12.5.2 Specific Speed
Q D 3 1/ 2 Q N
gha 2 D 2 3/ 4 gha 3/ 4 s
N sd
rpm Q gpm
ha ft 3 / 4
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed

Q
rpm Q gpm
Ss
S
g NPSH R 3 / 4 sd NPSH R ft 3 / 4
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pump
N/A
12.7 Fans
pa pa
2 2
2 2
D 1 D 2
12.8 Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines
V 1 V1 W1 U V 2 W2 cos U
V 2 V 1 U V1 1 cos Tshaft m rm U V1 1 cos
2
V
W shaft Tshaft m U U V1 1 cos U max
power
2
9th
76

Possible
Grade
to Start
the Topic
Sec
Ch
Math
Physics/Chemistry


9th


9th
12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines

N/A
N/A
9th

N/A
N/A

N/A

12.8.2 Reaction Turbines
W shaft
W
gh
Q
CQ
C H 2 T 2 C
shaft
3
3 5
D
D
D
gQhT
C
C H 1 CQ C 2 CQ 3 CQ
C H CQ
N 's
W shaft
ghT
5/ 4
N ' sd
rpm W shaft bhp
hT ft 5 / 4
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines

12.9.1 Compressors
m std T01 test T0 std
Rm kRT01
Rm kRT01
m std
2
2
D p01
p`01 test p0 std
test D p01 std

ND
N
N std
kRT01
T01 Tstd
THE END
9th
9th
77
Table 3A. Pre-Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics That Possibly Could Be Taught at 9th Grade
Chapter/Section
Page Numbers
Chapter 1 Introduction (pp. 1-30 30 pages sub-total. 10 sections out of 11)
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluid
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Mechanics Behavior
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mechanics Mass and Weight
1.4.1 Density
1.4 2 Specific Weight
1.4.3 Specific Gravity
1.5 Ideal Gas Law
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases
1.7.3 Speed of Sound
1.8 Vapor Pressure
1.9 Surface Tension
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History
Number of Pages
1-13
13
20-30
11
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics (pp. 38-79 42 pages sub-total. 9 sections out of 13)
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest (Concept only)*
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid
2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
2.4 Standard Atmosphere
2.5 Measurement of Pressure
2.6 Monometry
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices
2.9 Pressure Prism
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curves Surface
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
2.11.1 Archimedes Principle
2.11.2 Stability
42-56
15
63-72
10
78-79
* Basic principles covered under this section heading could be explored; but the formulas used are calculus-based.
78
Table 3A. Pre-Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics That Possibly Could Be Taught at 9th Grade (Continued)
Chapter/Section
Chapter 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics The Bernoulli Equation
(pp. 95-135 41 pages sub-total. 8 sections out of 9)
3.1 Newtons Second Law
3.2 F = ma along a Streamline
3.4 Physical Interpretation
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.6.1 Free Jets
3.6.2 Confined Flows
3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects
3.8.3 Rotational Effects
3.8.4 Other Restrictions
Page Numbers
Number of Pages
95-101
104-135
32
Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics (pp. 150-184 35 pages sub-total. 3 sections out of 5)

4.3 Control Volume and System Representations
4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume
4.5 Chapter Summary and study Guide
168-169
170-171
182-182
2
2
3
Chapter 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis (pp. 192-252 61 pages sub-total 2 sections out of 5)
5.1 Conservation of Mass The Continuity Equation (Concept only)*
5.1.2 Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation
5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Non-uniform Flow
5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-momentum Equation
5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form of the Energy Equation
195-200
236-246
6
11
249-252
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow (pp. 272-334 63 pages sub-total. 0 sections out of 11)
Chapter 7 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
(pp. 346-391 46 pages sub-total. 0 sections out of 11)
79
Chapter/Section
Page Numbers
Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes (pp. 401-472 72 pages sub-total. 5 sections out of 7)
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow (Concept only)*
8.2.4 Energy Considerations
8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
8.4.1 Major Losses
8.4.2 Minor Losses
8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples
8.5.1 Single Pipes
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters
8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters
416-417
430-472
Number of Pages
2
43
Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies (pp. 483-550 68 pages sub-total. 4 sections out of 5)
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object
9.3 Drag
9.3.1 Friction Drag
9.3.2 Pressure Drag
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples
9.4 Lift
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution
9.4.2 Circulation
484-493
10
518-550
33
Chapter 10 Open Channel Flow (Whole Chapter; pp. 561-605 45 pages sub-total. 7 sections out of 7)
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow
10.2 Surface Waves
10.2.1 Wave Speed
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects
10.3.1 Specific Energy
561-573
13
80
Chapter/Section
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow
10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump
10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs
10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs
10.6.4 Underflow Gates
Page Numbers
574-605
Number of Pages
32
Chapter 11 Compressible Flow (pp. 614-678 65 pages sub-total. 6 sections out of 8)

11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow
11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
11.4.3 Constant Area Duct Flow
11.5 Non-isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
11.6 Analogy between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow
623-628
631-646
665-678
14
Chapter 12 Turbomachines (Whole Chapter; pp. 684-736 53 pages sub-total. 10 sections out of 10)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations
12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
12.4 4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection
684-736
53
81
Chapter/Section
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws
12.5.2 Specific Speed
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pump
12.7 Fans
12.8 Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines
12.8.2 Reaction Turbines
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines
12.9.1 Compressors
12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines
Page Numbers
Number of Pages
Statistical Summary
Total Number of Pages Covered by Text (Excluding Problems Section) 621
Total Numbers of Sections Covered Under All Chapters 64 out of 102
Percentage of Pre-Calculus Sections
Number of Pre - Calculus Sections
64
% Pre -Calculus
100%
100% 62.7%
Total Number of Sections
102
Total Numbers of Chapters Covered 10 out of 12
Percentage of Chapters with Pre-Calculus Sections
Number of Chapters with Pre - Calculus Sections
10
% Pre -Calculus
100% 100% 83.3%
Total Number of Chapters
12
Total Number of Pages Covered by Pre-Calculus Portion 317

Percentage of Pre-Calculus Volume
Number of Pre - Calculus Pages
317
% Pre -Calculus
100%
100% 51.0%
Total Number of Pages
621
82
Table 3B. Pre-Requisite Mathematics and Science Topics to Be Reviewed Before Teaching the Pre-Calculus Portion of Fluid
Mechanics Topics to 9th Grade Students
Math
1. [analytic geometry] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
2. [analytic geometry: hyperbolic tangent] Post-secondary To be taught
3. [areas of geometric shapes: circle, triangle, etc.] (M5M1) 5th (2B)
4. [cylinder] (M1G1) (M1G2) 1st (2B)
5. [derivative] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
6. cross product] To be taught as a special math topic
7. [ellipse] (MA2G4) 10th (2F) To be taught
8. [exponent] (M6A3) 6th (2A)
9. [four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)
10. [graph] (S7CS6) 7th (6)
11. [height] (MKM1) K (2B)
12. [integration] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
13. [logarithmic functions] (MA2A5) 10th (2E) (To be taught as a special skill)
14. [perimeter] (M3M3) (M3M4) 3rd (2B)
15. [Pythagorean Theorem] (M8G2) 8th (2B)
16. [prism] (M6G2) 6th (2B)
17. [radius] (M3G1) 3rd (2B)
18. [ratio] (M6A1) 6th (2A)
19. [sigma notation] (M6N1) 6th (1A) or (MA1A3) 9th (2E)
20. [square root] (M8N1) 8th (2A)
21. [triangle] (M5M1) 5th (2B)
22. [trigonometric functions] (MA2G2) 10th (2F)
23. [unit conversion] (M6M1) 6th (2C)
24. [volume] (M5M4) 5th (1B) (M6M3) 6th (2B) (MA1G5) 9th (2F)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Physics/Chemistry
[absolute temperature] (SP3) 9th (3B) To be taught
[Dimensional Analysis] Special topics from 7.1 to be taught
[Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws] (SP1) 9th (3C) To be taught
[Reynolds Number] To be taught as special topic
[speed of sound] (SPS9) 9th (3B) To be taught
[temperature] (S3P1) 3rd (3A) and (SP3) 9th (3B)
83
Table 4A. Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics for Post-Secondary Engineering Education
Chapter/Section
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.6 Viscosity
Page Nos.
13-20
4.1 The Velocity Field

4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions
38-42
4.1.2 one-, Two-, and three-Dimensional Flows

4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows
4.1.4 Streamilnes, Streaklines, and Pathlines
4.2 The Acceleration Field
4.2.1 The Material Derivative
4.2.3 Convective Effects
4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

2.1 Pressure at a Point
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid Mechanics at Rest
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid Mechanics with Rigid-Body Motion
2.12.1 Linear Motion
2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation
57-63
73-78
Chapter 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics The Bernoulli

Equation
3.2 F = ma along a Streamline (Continued)
3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline
97-104
131-132
Chapter 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis

5.1 Conservation of Mass The Continuity Equation
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation
5.1.3 Moving, Non-deforming Control Volume
5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation
5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics The Energy Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics Irreversible Flow
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy
Equation
5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second
Law of Thermodynamics
5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of
Thermodynamics
Chapter/Section
Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics
193-195
200-205
205-236
246-249
Page Nos.
150-168
170-182
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem

4.4.2 Physical Interpretation
4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative
4.4.4 Steady Effects
4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

6.1 Fluid Mechanics Element Kinematics
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation
6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation
6.2 Conservation of mass
6.2.1 Differential Survey Form of Continuity Equation
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
6.2.3 The Stream Function
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element
6.3.2 Equations of Motion
6.4 Inviscid Flow
6.4.1 Eulers Equations of Motion
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow
272-334
84
Table 4A. Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics for Post-Secondary Engineering Education (Continued)
Chapter/Section
Page Nos.
Chapter 7 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
Chapter/Section
Page Nos.
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow (Continued)
7.1 Dimensional Analysis

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms
7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis
7.4.1 Selection of Variables
7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions
7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection
7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term
7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Term
7.8 Modeling and Similitude
7.8.1 Theory of Models
7.8.2 Model Space
7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow

6.4.5The Velocity Potential
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.5.1 Uniform Flow
6.5.2 Source and Sink
6.5.3 Vortex
6.5.4 Doublet
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream Half-Body
6.6.2 Rankine Ovals
6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis
6.8 Viscous Flow
6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships
6.8.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids
346-391
7.9 Some Typical Model Studies

7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits
7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates

6.9.2 Couette Flow
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface

7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations
6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
6.10.1 Numerical Methods
Chapter Summary and Study Guide
Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
8.1.1 Laminar of Turbulent Flow
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow
8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Mechanics Element
8.2.2 From the Navier-Stokes Equations
8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis
401-415
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow

8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile
8.3.4 Turbulent Modeling
8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence
418-429
85
Table 4A. Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics for Post-Secondary Engineering Education (Continued)
Chapter/Section
Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics
Page Nos.
493-518
9.2.1 Boundary Layer structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate

9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution
9.2.3 Momentum Integral boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient
9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero
Pressure Gradient
Chapter 11 Compressible Flow

11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Areas
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant Area Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno
Flow)
11.5.2 Frictionless Constant Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer
(Rayleigh Flow)
614-623
628-631
647-664
Chapter/Section
Chapter 10 Open Channel Flow
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations
Page Nos.
573-574
86
Table 4B. Pre-Requisite Math and Science Topics to Be Reviewed Before Teaching the Calculus Portion of Fluid Mechanics Topics
Math
1. [absolute value] (M7N1) 7th (2A)
2. [analytic geometry] Post-secondary
3. [analytic geometry: hyperbolic tangent] Post-secondary To be taught
4. [areas of geometric shapes: circle, triangle, etc.] (M5M1) 5th (2B)
5. [coordinate system] (M4G3) 4th (2B)
6. [cross product] To be taught as a special math topic
7. [cylinder] (M1G1) (M1G2) 1st (2B)
8. [derivative] 12th and [partial derivative] Post-Secondary
9. [dot product] To be taught as a special math topic
10. [ellipse] (MA2G4) 10th (2F) To be taught
11. [Eulerian method] Post-secondary
12. [exponent] (M6A3) 6th (2A)
13. [four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)
14. [functions] (MA1A1) 9th (2E) and others Post-secondary
15. [gradient del] Post-Secondary
16. [graph] (S7CS6) 7th (6)
17. [height] (MKM1) K (2B)
18. [integration] 12th (To be taught as a special skill)
19. [Lagrangian method] Post-secondary
20. [limit] Post-secondary
21. [logarithmic functions] (MA2A5) 10th (2E)
22. [perimeter] (M3M3) (M3M4) 3rd (2B)
23. [Pythagorean Theorem] (M8G2) 8th (2B)
24. [prism] (M6G2) 6th (2B)
25. [radius] (M3G1) 3rd (2B)
26. [ratio] (M6A1) 6th (2A)
27. [sigma notation] (M6N1) 6th (1A) or (MA1A3) 9th (2E)
28. [square root] (M8N1) 8th (2A)
29. [surface] (M6M4) 6th (2B)
30. [3rd order non-linear differential equation] Post-secondary
31. [triangle] (M5M1) 5th (2B) and [trigonometric functions] (MA2G2) 10th (2F)
32. [unit conversion] (M6M1) 6th (2C)
33. [vector] (MA3A10) 11th (2H) To be taught as a special math topics
34. [volume] (M5M4) 5th (1B) (M6M3) 6th (2B) (MA1G5) 9th (2F)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Physics/Chemistry
[absolute temperature] (SP3) 9th (3B) To be taught
[Dimensional Analysis] Special topics from 7.1 to be taught
[1st moment of the area] To be taught
[Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws] (SP1) 9th (3C) To be taught
[Reynolds Number] To be taught as special topic
[2nd moment of the area] To be taught
[speed of sound] (SPS9) 9th (3B) To be taught
[temperature] (S3P1) 3rd (3A) and (SP3) 9th (3B)
87
Conclusions and Recommendations

This report has presented (1) information about one popular college-level fluid mechanics textbook (the first textbook or the
primary source of data) selected for the initial determination and selection of high school age-possible topics (Table 1), and (2) the
outcomes of the research on the inclusion of mathematics, physics and chemistry concepts and skills needed for reading and homework
assignments (Tables 2 through 4C). The following are recommended: (1) Pilot study: High schools could conduct pilot pedagogic
experiments to determine the actual age-feasibility and age-appropriateness of all pre-calculus level fluid mechanics-related analytic
knowledge content identified in Table 3 (Pre-Calculus Based Fluid Mechanics Topics That Possibly Could Be Taught at 9th Grade),
and Table 4A (Pre-Requisite Mathematics and Science Topics to Be Reviewed Before Teaching the Pre-Calculus Portion of Fluid
Mechanics Topics to 9th Grade Students), using the selected textbook; and K-12 mathematics and science teachers could use the same
Tables as references to incorporate fluid mechanics topics into respective curriculum; and (2) Curriculum development: Existing K12 engineering and technology curriculum developers could use the same Tables as references for the development of new K-12
engineering instructional materials or for the incorporation of fluid mechanics-related knowledge and skills into their previously
developed instructional materials.
About the Author:

Edward Locke is a product designer, CADD specialist, digital graphic artist, and independent scholar on K12 STEAM issues. He taught engineering graphics and
CADD technology with product design projects to students from diverse ethnic backgrounds (Latino, Vietnamese-, African-, Caucasian-Americans, and others)
at Santa Ana College, California (2000-2007) as an adjunct instructor, practiced product design and graphic design (1994-2014), pursued graduate studies at
California State University Los Angeles (2004-2007) and then at the University of Georgia as a National Center for Engineering and Technology Education
Fellow (2007-2009). He graduated in 2009 with an Education Specialist degree from the College of Education, Department of Workforce Education, Leadership
and Social Foundations at The University of Georgia, Athens. He is currently working on issues of K12 engineering and technology curriculum, in collaboration
with professors of the Engineering Department, at East Los Angeles College; and he could be reached at edwardnlocke@yahoo.com. Edward Lockes
professional works, college-level textbooks and instructional materials, as well as research writings and curriculum development documents are featured in his
four websites: (1) Scholar STEAM K12 Plus (K12 engineering and technology curriculum at http://scholarsteamk12plus.weebly.com/), (2) SuniSea Products
(consumer product design, engineering graphics and CADD technology at http://suniseaproducts.weebly.com/), (3) SuniSea Design (graphic design and visual
communication at http://suniseadesign.weebly.com/), and (4) SuniSea Creation (traditional and digital arts at http://suniseacreation.weebly.com/).
88
Acknowledgement:
This is to acknowledge the great teaching, inspiration, and advice provided by Dr. Robert Wicklein, Dr. Roger Hill and Dr. John Mativo at the College of
Education, and by Dr. Sidney Thompson and Dr. David Gattie at Driftmier Engineering Center, the University of Georgia, which has made this research possible.
This is also to acknowledge the assistance and advice provided by Professor Jose Ramirez, Professor Kamyar Khashayar, Professor Humberto Gallegos, and
Professor Artin Davidian, at the Engineering Department, as well as Learning Assistance Center Director Maria Elena Yepes, and Instructional Aide Elizabeth
Arroyo, at East Los Angeles College, in supporting the agenda to improve K12 STEAM education in the United States on the basis of my published Vision
Paper.

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Engineering Analytic Principles and Predictive Computational Skills

Original Research Data

Bruce M. Munson, Donald F.

Donald F. Young, Bruce R.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Student Solution Manual

Notes for Chapter 6 and Chapter 7

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

[Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws] (SP1) 9th (3C)

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[force] (S4P3) 4th (3A) or (S8P3) 8th (3C)

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[temperature] (SP3) 9th (3B)

1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

1.3 Analysis of Fluid Mechanics Behavior

1.4 2 Specific Weight

[unit conversion] (M6M1) 6th (2C)

1.4.3 Specific Gravity

1.5 Ideal Gas Law

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[density] (S6E5) 6th (4A)

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[speed of sound] (SPS9) 9th (3B)

Chapter 1 Introduction (Continued)

1.7 Compressibility of Fluids

1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases

1.7.3 Speed of Sound

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

1.8 Vapor Pressure

1.9 Surface Tension

[areas of geometric shapes: circle, triangle]

[intermolecular cohesive force] To be taught

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[force] (S4P3) 4th (3A) or (S8P3) 8th (3C)

Chapter 1 Introduction (Continued)

1.10 A Brief Look Back in History

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics (Continued)

p yxz psxs sin

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[force] (S4P3) 4th (3A) or (S8P3) 8th (3C)

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics (Continued)

p yxz psxs sin

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)

[pressure] (SC5) 9th (4B) To be taught

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics (Continued)

pxyzk xyzkk xyzka

2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid Mechanics at Rest

Table 2. Fluid Mechanics Topic List (Continued).

[four operations] (M1N3) 1st (2A)